Curcumin: A Potential Candidate in Prevention of Cancer via Modulation of Molecular Pathways

BioMed Research International

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Rahmani, Arshad H ^a   Al Zohairy, Mohammad A ^a   Aly, Salah M ^a,b   Khan, Masood A ^a  

^a QASSIM UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^b Suez Canal University   (Egypt)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; CURCUMIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; GELATINASE B; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; STAT3 PROTEIN; ANTIOXIDANT;

ANDROGEN METABOLISM; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER THERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; HUMAN; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; PROTO ONCOGENE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE; XENOBIOTIC METABOLISM; AYURVEDA; CHEMISTRY; CURCUMA; DRUG EFFECTS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; MEDICINAL PLANT; NEOPLASMS; PATHOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

CURCUMA LONGA;

ANTIOXIDANTS; CURCUMA; CURCUMIN; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; HUMANS; MEDICINE, AYURVEDIC; NEOPLASMS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84919736419     PISSN: 23146133     EISSN: 23146141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/761608     Document Type: Article

References (195)

1. A. Rahmani, M. Alzohairy, A. Y. Babiker, M. A. Rizvi, and G. H. Elkarimahmad, "Clinicopathological significance of PTEN and bcl2 expressions in oral squamous cell carcinoma, " International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. 965-971, 2012.
2. A. Rahmani, M. Alzohairy, H. Khadri, A. K. Mandal, andM. A. Rizvi, "Expressional evaluation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in urinary bladder carcinoma patients exposed to cigarette smoke, " International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 195-202, 2012.
3. J. Teng, Z.-Y. Wang, D. F. Jarrard, and D. E. Bjorling, "Roles of estrogen receptor α and β in modulating urothelial cell proliferation, " Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 351-364, 2008.
4. Dar-ul-Iman Healing, "Food of the Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam), " 2000, http://chishti.org/foods-of-the-prophet.htm.
5. M. I. Al-Bukhari, Sahi Al-Bukhari, The Collection of Authentic Sayings of ProphetMohammad (peace be upon him), Division 71 on Medicine, Hilal Yayinlari, Ankara, Turkey, 2nd edition, 1976.
6. A. H. Rahmani, S. M. Aly, H. Ali, A. Y. Babiker, S. Srikar, and A. A. Khan, "Therapeutic effects of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera) in the prevention of diseases viamodulation of antiinflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumour activity, " International Journal of Clinical and ExperimentalMedicine, vol. 7, pp. 483-491, 2014.
7. A. H. Rahmani, A. S. Albutti, and S. M. Aly, "Therapeutics role of olive fruits/oil in the prevention of diseases via modulation of anti-oxidant, anti-tumour and genetic activity, " International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, vol. 7, pp. 799-808, 2014.
8. A. H. Rahmani, M. A. Alzohairy, M. A. Khan, and S. M. Aly, "Therapeutic implications of black seed and its constituent thymoquinone in the prevention of cancer through inactivation and activation ofmolecular pathways, " Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2014, Article ID 724658, pages, 2014.
9. I. Chattopadhyay, K. Biswas, U. Bandyopadhyay, and R. K. Banerjee, "Turmeric and curcuminBiological actions and medicinal applications, " Current Science, vol. 87, pp. 44-50, 2004.
10. J. Milobedeska, V. Kostanecki, and V. Lampe, "Structure of curcumin, " Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, vol. 43, pp. 2163-2170, 1910.
11. V. Lampe and J. Milobedeska, "Studienuber curcumin, " Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, vol. 46, pp. 2235-2240, 1913.
12. M. Sharma, R. Manoharlal, N. Puri, and R. Prasad, "Antifungal curcumin induces reactive oxygen species and triggers an early apoptosis but prevents hyphae development by targeting the global repressor TUP1 in Candida albicans, " Bioscience Reports, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 391-404, 2010.
13. O. A. K. Khalil, O. M. M. de Faria Oliveira, J. C. R. Vellosa et al., "Curcumin antifungal and antioxidant activities are increased in the presence of ascorbic acid, " Food Chemistry, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 1001-1005, 2012.
14. S. Prasad, S. C. Gupta, A. K. Tyagi, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Curcumin, a component of golden spice: from bedside to bench and back, " Biotechnology Advances, 2014.
15. M. Kanai, "Therapeutic applications of curcumin for patients with pancreatic cancer, " World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 20, pp. 9384-9391, 2014.
16. A. Rahmani, M. Alzohairy, A. K. Mandal, and M. A. Rizvi, "Expressional evaluation of androgen receptor in transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder patients, " British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research, vol. 1, pp. 233-238, 2011.
17. A. Y. Babiker, A. H. Rahmani, M. S. Abdalaziz et al., "Expressional analysis of p16 and cytokeratin19 protein in the genesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients, " International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, vol. 7, pp. 1524-1530, 2014.
18. S.-S. Han, S.-T. Chung, D. A. Robertson, D. Ranjan, and S. Bondada, "Curcumin causes the growth arrest and apoptosis of B cell lymphoma by downregulation of egr-1, C-myc, Bcl-X(l), NF-κB, and p53, " Clinical Immunology, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 152-161, 1999.
19. M.-J. Park, E.-H. Kim, I.-C. Park et al., "Curcumin inhibits cell cycle progression of immortalized human umbilical vein endothelial (ECV304) cells by up-regulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21WAF1/CIP1, p27KIP1 and p53, " International Journal of Oncology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 379-383, 2002.
20. G. Sa and T. Das, "Anti cancer effects of curcumin: cycle of life and death, " Cell Division, vol. 3, article 14, 2008.
21. S. Shankar and R. K. Srivastava, "Involvement of Bcl-2 family members, phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase/AKT and mitochondrial p53 in curcumin (diferulolylmethane)-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer, " International Journal of Oncology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 905-918, 2007.
22. S. Ali, A. Ahmad, A. Aboukameel et al., "Increased Ras GTPase activity is regulated by miRNAs that can be attenuated by CDF treatment in pancreatic cancer cells, " Cancer Letters, vol. 319, no. 2, pp. 173-181, 2012.
23. S. Ali, A. Ahmad, S. Banerjee et al., "Gemcitabine sensitivity can be induced in pancreatic cancer cells through modulation of miR-200 and miR-21 expression by curcumin or its analogue CDF, " Cancer Research, vol. 70, no. 9, pp. 3606-3617, 2010.
24. B. Bao, S. Ali, S. Banerjee et al., "Curcumin analogue CDF inhibits pancreatic tumor growth by switching on suppressor microRNAs and attenuating EZH2 expression, " Cancer Research, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 335-345, 2012.
25. B. Bao, S. Ali, D. Kong et al., "Anti-tumor activity of a novel compound-CDF is mediated by regulating miR-21, miR-200, and pten in pancreatic cancer, " PLoS ONE, vol. 6, no. 3, Article ID e17850, 2011.
26. R. A. Weinberg, "The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control, " Cell, vol. 81, pp. 323-330, 1995.
27. C. Broceno, S. Wilkie, and S. Mittnacht, "RB activation defect in tumor cell lines, " Proceedings of theNationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 99, no. 22, pp. 14200-14205, 2002.
28. J. S. Foster, D. C. Henley, A. Bukovsky, P. Seth, and J. Wimalasena, "Multifaceted regulation of cell cycle progression by estrogen: regulation of Cdk inhibitors and Cdc25A independent of cyclin D1-Cdk4 function, " Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 794-810, 2001.
29. R. L. Sutherland and E. A. Musgrove, "Cyclins and breast cancer, " Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 95-104, 2004.
30. R. K. Srivastava, Q. Chen, I. Siddiqui, K. Sarva, and S. Shankar, "Linkage of curcumin-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/WAF1/CIP1, " Cell Cycle, vol. 6, no. 23, pp. 2953-2961, 2007.
31. A. Mukhopadhyay, S. Banerjee, L. J. Stafford, C. Xia, M. Liu, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Curcumin-induced suppression of cell proliferation correlates with down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression and CDK4-mediated retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, " Oncogene, vol. 21, no. 57, pp. 8852-8861, 2002.
32. K. Hollowood and J. C. Macartney, "Reduced apoptotic cell death in follicular lymphoma, "TheJournal of Pathology, vol. 163, no. 4, pp. 337-342, 1991.
33. L. Sachs and J. Lotem, "Control of programmed cell death in normal and leukemic cells: newimplications for therapy, " Blood, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 15-21, 1993.
34. E. Tourkina, P. Gooz, J. C. Oates, A. Ludwicka-Bradley, R. M. Silver, and S. Hoffman, "Curcumin-induced apoptosis in scleroderma lung fibroblasts: Role of protein kinase Cε, " The American Journal of Respiratory Cell andMolecular Biology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 28-35, 2004.
35. J. Yu, X. Zhou, X. He, M. Dai, andQ. Zhang, "Curcumin induces apoptosis involving Bax/Bcl-2 in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells, " Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1925-1929, 2011.
36. C. Ramachandran and W. You, "Differential sensitivity of human mammary epithelial and breast carcinoma cell lines to curcumin, " Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 269-278, 1999.
37. Z. M. Shao, M. I. Dawson, X. S. Li et al., "p53 independentG0/G1 arrest and apoptosis induced by a novel retinoid in human breast cancer cells, " Oncogene, vol. 11, pp. 493-504, 1995.
38. T. Choudhuri, S. Pal, M. L. Agwarwal, T. Das, and G. Sa, "Curcumin induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through p53-dependent Bax induction, " FEBS Letters, vol. 512, no. 1-3, pp. 334-340, 2002.
39. J. H. Bae, J.-W. Park, and T. K. Kwon, "Ruthenium red, inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, inhibits curcumin-induced apoptosis via the prevention of intracellular Ca2+ depletion and cytochrome c release, " Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 303, no. 4, pp. 1073-1079, 2003.
40. S. Mukherjee, U. Ghosh, N. P. Bhattacharyya, R. K. Bhattacharya, S. Dey, and M. Roy, "Curcumin-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cell HL-60 is associated with inhibition of telomerase activity, " Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 297, no. 1-2, pp. 31-39, 2007.
41. A. R. Hussain, M. Al-Rasheed, P. S. Manogaran et al., "Curcumin induces apoptosis via inhibition of PI3′-kinase/AKT pathway in acute T cell leukemias, " Apoptosis, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 245-254, 2006.
42. M. Tomita, H. Kawakami, J. N. Uchihara et al., "Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive active NF-kappaB, leading to suppression of cell growth of human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected T-cell lines and primary adult T-cell leukemia cells, " International Journal ofCancer, vol. 118, pp. 765-772, 2006.
43. H.-W. Chen and H.-C. Huang, "Effect of curcumin on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells, " British Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 124, no. 6, pp. 1029-1040, 1998.
44. B. Agarwal, P. Swaroop, P. Protiva, S. V. Raj, H. Shirin, and P. R. Holt, "Cox-2 is needed but not sufficient for apoptosis induced by Cox-2 selective inhibitors in colon cancer cells, " Apoptosis, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 649-654, 2003.
45. M. A. Azuine and S. V. Bhide, "Chemopreventive effect of turmeric against stomach and skin tumors induced by chemical carcinogens in Swiss mice, " Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 77-83, 1992.
46. C. Ramachandran, H. B. Fonseca, P. Jhabvala, E. A. Escalon, and S. J. Melnick, "Curcumin inhibits telomerase activity through human telomerase reverse transcritpase inMCF-7 breast cancer cell line, " Cancer Letters, vol. 184, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2002.
47. T. Dorai, Y.-C. Cao, B. Dorai, R. Buttyan, and A. E. Katz, "Therapeutic potential of curcumin in human prostate cancer. III. Curcumin inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis of LNCaP prostate cancer cells in vivo, " Prostate, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 293-303, 2001.
48. L. Moragoda, R. Jaszewski, and A. P. N. Majumdar, "Curcumin induced modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis in gastric and colon cancer cells, " Anticancer Research, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 873-878, 2001.
49. R. Hanif, L. Qiao, S. J. Shiff, and B. Rigas, "Curcumin, a natural plant phenolic food additive, inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell cycle changes in colon adenocarcinoma cell lines by a prostaglandin-independent pathway, " Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 576-584, 1997.
50. M. J. van Erk, E. Teuling, Y. C. M. Staal et al., "Time-and dosedependent effects of curcumin on gene expression in human colon cancer cells, " Journal of Carcinogenesis, vol. 3, article 8, 2004.
51. P. Sindhwani, J. A. Hampton, M. Baig, R. Keck, and S. Selman, "Curcumin: a food spice with cytotoxic activity against urinary bladder cancer, " Journal of theAmericanCollege of Surgeons, vol. 191, pp. 94-95, 2000.
52. A. M. Kamat, G. Sethi, and B. B. Aggarwal, " Curcumin potentiates the apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and cytokines through down-regulation of nuclear factor-κB and nuclear factor-κB-regulated gene products in IFN-α-sensitive and IFN-α-resistant human bladder cancer cells, " Molecular CancerTherapeutics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1022-1030, 2007.
53. P. Sindhwani, J. A. Hampton, M. M. Baig, R. Keck, and S. H. Selman, "Curcumin prevents intravesical tumor implantation of theMBT-2 tumor cell line in C3H mice, " Journal of Urology, vol. 166, no. 4, pp. 1498-1501, 2001.
54. C. Park, G. Y. Kim, G. D. Kim, B. T. Choi, Y.-M. Park, and Y. H. Choi, "Induction of G2/M arrest and inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity by curcumin in human bladder cancer T24 cells, " Oncology Reports, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 1225-1231, 2006.
55. S. D. Catz and J. L. Johnson, "Transcriptional regulation of bcl by nuclear factor κB and its significance in prostate cancer, " Oncogene, vol. 20, no. 50, pp. 7342-7351, 2001.
56. J. L. Herrmann, F. Briones Jr., S. Brisbay, C. J. Logothetis, and T. J. McDonnell, "Prostate carcinoma cell death resulting from inhibition of proteasome activity is independent of functional Bcl-2 and p53, " Oncogene, vol. 17, no. 22, pp. 2889-2899, 1998.
57. S. Liekens, E. De Clercq, and J. Neyts, "Angiogenesis: regulators and clinical applications, " Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 253-270, 2001.
58. J. Folkman, "Tumor angiogenesis theraperutic implications, " The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 285, pp. 1182-1186, 1971.
59. S. Shishodia, M. M. Chaturvedi, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Role of curcumin in cancer therapy, " Current Problems in Cancer, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 243-305, 2007.
60. H.-P. Gerber, V. Dixit, and N. Ferrara, "Vascular endothelial growth factor induces expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and A1 in vascular endothelial cells, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 273, no. 21, pp. 13313-13316, 1998.
61. A. B. Kunnumakkara, S. Guha, S. Krishnan, P. Diagaradjane, J. Gelovani, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Curcumin potentiates antitumor activity of gemcitabine in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer through suppression of proliferation, angiogenesis, and inhibition of nuclear factor-κB-regulated gene products, " Cancer Research, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 3853-3861, 2007.
62. A. K. Singh, G. S. Sidhu, T. Deepa, and R. K. Maheshwari, "Curcumin inhibits the proliferation and cell cycle progression of human umbilical vein endothelial cell, " Cancer Letters, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 109-115, 1996.
63. R. Mohan, J. Sivak, P. Ashton et al., "Curcuminoids inhibit the angiogenic response stimulated by fibroblast growth factor-2, including expression of matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase B, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 275, no. 14, pp. 10405-10412, 2000.
64. C. C. Chua, R. C. Hamdy, and B. H. L. Chua, "Mechanism of transforming growth factor-β1-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, " Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Molecular Cell Research, vol. 1497, no. 1, pp. 69-76, 2000.
65. G. Chadalapaka, I. Jutooru, S. Chintharlapalli et al., "Curcumin decreases specificity protein expression in bladder cancer cells, " Cancer Research, vol. 68, no. 13, pp. 5345-5354, 2008.
66. S. Singh and B. B. Aggarwal, "Activation of transcriptionfactor NFκB is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane), " Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 270, pp. 24995-25000, 1995.
67. Z. J. Sun, G. Chen, W. Zhang et al., "Curcumin dually inhibits both mammalian target of rapamycin and nuclear factor-κB pathways througha crossed phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/IκB kinase complex signaling axis in adenoid cystic carcinoma, " Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 79, pp. 106-118, 2011.
68. R. Thapliyal and G. B. Maru, "Inhibition of cytochrome P450 isozymes by curcumins in vitro and in vivo, " Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 541-547, 2001.
69. P. F. Firozi, V. S. Aboobaker, and R. K. Bhattacharya, "Action of curcumin on the cytochrome P450-system catalyzing the activation of aflatoxin B1, " Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 41-51, 1996.
70. H. P. Ciolino, P. J. Daschner, T. T. Y. Wang, andG. C. Yeh, "Effect of curcumin on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and cytochrome P450 1A1 inMCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells, " Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 197-206, 1998.
71. S. V. Singh, X. Hu, S. K. Srivastava et al., "Mechanism of inhibition of benzoa]pyrene-induced forestomach cancer in mice by dietary curcumin, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 1357-1360, 1998.
72. R. Thapliyal, S. S. Deshpande, andG. B. Maru, "Mechanism(s)of turmeric-mediated protective effects against benzo(a)pyrenederived DNA adducts, " Cancer Letters, vol. 175, no. 1, pp. 79-88, 2002.
73. R. A. Sharma, C. R. Ireson, R. D. Verschoyle et al., "Effects of dietary curcumin on glutathione S-transferase and malondialdehyde-DNA adducts in rat liver and colon mucosa: relationship with drug levels, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1452-1458, 2001.
74. T. Nishinaka, Y. Ichijo, M. Ito et al., "Curcumin activates human glutathione S-transferase P1 expression through antioxidant response element, " Toxicology Letters, vol. 170, no. 3, pp. 238-247, 2007.
75. J. T. Piper, S. S. Singhal, M. S. Salameh, R. T. Torman, Y. C. Awasthi, and S. Awasthi, "Mechanisms of anticarcinogenic properties of curcumin: the effect of curcumin on glutathione linked detoxification enzymes in rat liver, " The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 445-456, 1998.
76. S. P. Valentine, M. J. Le Nedelec, A. R. Menzies, M. J. Scandlyn, M. G. Goodin, and R. J. Rosengren, "Curcumin modulates drug metabolizing enzymes in the female SwissWebster mouse, " Life Sciences, vol. 78, no. 20, pp. 2391-2398, 2006.
77. R. Garg, S. Gupta, and G. B. Maru, "Dietary curcumin modulates transcriptional regulators of phase I and phase II enzymes in benzoa]pyrene-treated mice: mechanism of its anti-initiating action, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1022-1032, 2008.
78. J. Park and C. N. Conteas, "Anti-carcinogenic properties of curcumin on colorectal cancer, " World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, vol. 2, pp. 169-176, 2010.
79. W. Gao, C. E. Bohl, and J. T. Dalton, "Chemistry and structural biology of androgen receptor, " Chemical Reviews, vol. 105, no. 9, pp. 3352-3370, 2005.
80. C. A. Heinlein and C. Chang, "Androgen receptor in prostate cancer, " Endocrine Reviews, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 276-308, 2004.
81. A. H. Rahmani, M. Alzohairy, A. Y. Y. Babiker, A. A. Khan, S. M. Aly, and M. A. Rizvi, "Implication of androgen receptor in urinary bladder cancer: a critical mini review, " International Journal ofMolecular Epidemiology and Genetics, vol. 4, pp. 150-155, 2013.
82. B. J. Feldman and D. Feldman, "The development of androgenindependent prostate cancer, " Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 34-45, 2001.
83. H. Guo, Y.-M. Xu, Z.-Q. Ye, J.-H. Yu, and X.-Y. Hu, "Curcumin induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by regulating the expression of IκBα, c-Jun and androgen receptor, " Pharmazie, vol. 68, no. 6, pp. 431-434, 2013.
84. K. Nakamura, Y. Yasunaga, T. Segawa et al., "Curcumin downregulates AR gene expression and activation in prostate cancer cell lines, " International Journal of Oncology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 825-830, 2002.
85. T. Dorai, N. Gehani, and A. Katz, "Therapeutic potential of curcumin in human prostate cancer-I. Curcumin induces apoptosis in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, " Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 84-93, 2000.
86. K.-H. Tsui, T.-H. Feng, C.-M. Lin, P.-L. Chang, and H.-H. Juang, "Curcumin blocks the activation of androgen and interlukin on prostate-specific antigen expression in human prostatic carcinoma cells, " Journal of Andrology, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 661-668, 2008.
87. B. Li, W. Xu, C. Luo, D. Gozal, and R. Liu, "VEGF-induced activation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway reduces mutant SOD1-mediated motor neuron cell death, " Molecular Brain Research, vol. 111, no. 1-2, pp. 155-164, 2003.
88. E. R. Isenovic, Y. Meng, A. Divald, N. Milivojevic, and J. R. Sowers, "Role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway in angiotensin II and insulin-like growth factor-1 modulation of nitric oxide synthase in vascular smooth muscle cells, " Endocrine, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 287-291, 2002.
89. A. J. Philp, I. G. Campbell, C. Leet et al., "Thephosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase p85α gene is an oncogene in human ovarian and colon tumors, " Cancer Research, vol. 61, no. 20, pp. 7426-7429, 2001.
90. H. K. Roy, B. F. Olusola, D. L. Clemens et al., "AKT protooncogene overexpression is an early event during sporadic colon carcinogenesis, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 201-205, 2002.
91. D. D. Sarbassov, D. A. Guertin, S. M. Ali, and D. M. Sabatini, "Phosphorylation and regulation of Akt/PKB by the rictormTOR complex, " Science, vol. 307, no. 5712, pp. 1098-1101, 2005.
92. C. Belham, S. Wu, and J. Avruch, "Intracellular signalling: PDK1-a kinase atthe hub of things, " Current Biology, vol. 9, pp. 93-96, 1999.
93. S. I. Yu, G. Shen, O. K. Tin, J.-H. Kim, and A.-N. T. Kong, "Curcumin inhibits Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling through protein phosphatase-dependent mechanism, " Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 2609-2620, 2008.
94. M. H. Cardone, N. Roy, H. R. Stennicke et al., "Regulation of cell death protease caspase-9 by phosphorylation, " Science, vol. 282, no. 5392, pp. 1318-1321, 1998.
95. M. Pap and G. M. Cooper, "Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt cell survival pathway, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 273, no. 32, pp. 19929-19932, 1998.
96. C. Rommel, B. A. Clarke, S. Zimmermann et al., "Differentiation stage-specific inhibition of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway by Akt, " Science, vol. 286, no. 5445, pp. 1738-1741, 1999.
97. S. Pugazhenthit, A. Nesterova, C. Sable et al., "Akt/protein kinase B up-regulates Bcl-2 expression throughcAMP-response element-binding protein, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 275, no. 15, pp. 10761-10766, 2000.
98. T. Maehama and J. E. Dixon, "The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5-trisphosphate, " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 273, no. 22, pp. 13375-13378, 1998.
99. S. Yu, G. Shen, T. O. Khor, J.-H. Kim, and A.-N. T. Kong, "Curcumin inhibits Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling through protein phosphatase-dependent mechanism, " Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 2609-2620, 2008.
100. R. A. Gupta and R. N. DuBois, "Colorectal cancer and the cyclooxygenase pathway, " Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 1, pp. 11-21, 2001.
101. A. Koki, N. K. Khan, B. M. Woerner et al., "Cyclooxygenase in human pathological disease, " Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 507, pp. 177-184, 2002.
102. A. G. Asting, H. Caren, M. Andersson, C. Lonnroth, K. Lagerstedt, and K. Lundholm, "COX-2 gene expression in colon cancer tissue related to regulating factors and promoter methylation status, " BMC Cancer, vol. 11, article 238, 2011.
103. M.-T. Huang, W. Ma, Y.-P. Lu et al., "Effects of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced tumor promotion, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 2493-2497, 1995.
104. C. V. Rao, A. Rivenson, B. Simi, and B. S. Reddy, "Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by dietary curcumin, a naturally occurring plant phenolic compound, " Cancer Research, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 259-266, 1995.
105. M.-T. Huang, T. Lysz, T. Ferraro, T. F. Abidi, J. D. Laskin, and A. H. Conney, "Inhibitory effects of curcumin on in vitro lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase activities in mouse epidermis, " Cancer Research, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 813-819, 1991.
106. A. Goel, C. R. Boland, andD. P. Chauhan, "Specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression by dietary curcumin in HT-29 human colon cancer cells, " Cancer Letters, vol. 172, no. 2, pp. 111-118, 2001.
107. B. B. Aggarwal, A. Kumar, and A. C. Bharti, "Anticancer potential of curcumin: preclinical and clinical studies, " Anticancer Research, vol. 23, no. 1A, pp. 363-398, 2003.
108. S.-S. Han, Y.-S. Keum, H.-J. Seo, and Y.-J. Surh, "Curcumin suppresses activation of NF-κB and AP-1 induced by phorbol ester in cultured human promyelocytic leukemia cells, " Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 337-342, 2002.
109. C. Jobin, C. A. Bradham, M. P. Russo et al., "Curcumin blocks cytokine-mediated NF-κB activation and proinflammatory gene expression by inhibiting inhibitory factor I-κB kinase activity, " The Journal of Immunology, vol. 163, no. 6, pp. 3474-3483, 1999.
110. S. Singh and B. B. Aggarwal, "Activation of transcription factor NF-κB is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane), " The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 270, pp. 24995-25000, 2005.
111. S. M. Plummer, K. A. Holloway, M. M. Manson et al., "Inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression in colon cells by the chemopreventive agent curcumin involves inhibition of NF-κB activation via the NIK/IKK signalling complex, " Oncogene, vol. 18, no. 44, pp. 6013-6020, 1999.
112. M. S. Lan Li, B. B. Aggarwal, S. Shishodia, J. Abbruzzese, and R. Kurzrock, "Nuclear factor-κB and IκB are constitutively active in human pancreatic cells, and their down-regulation by curcumin (Diferuloylmethane) is associated with the suppression of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis, " Cancer, vol. 101, no. 10, pp. 2351-2362, 2004.
113. A. B. Kunnumakkara, P. Diagaradjane, P. Anand et al., "Curcumin sensitizes human colorectal cancer to capecitabine by modulation of cyclin D1, COX-2, MMP-9, VEGF and CXCR4 expression in an orthotopic mouse model, " International Journal of Cancer, vol. 125, no. 9, pp. 2187-2197, 2009.
114. S. T. Tharakan, T. Inamoto, B. Sung, B. B. Aggarwal, and A. M. Kamat, "Curcumin potentiates the antitumor effects of gemcitabine in an orthotopic model of human bladder cancer through suppression of proliferative and angiogenic biomarkers, " Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 218-228, 2010.
115. R. Wilken, M. S. Veena, M. B. Wang, and E. S. Srivatsan, "Curcumin: a review of anti-cancer properties and therapeutic activity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, " Molecular Cancer, vol. 10, article 12, 2011.
116. A. Kumar, S. Dhawan, N. J. Hardegen, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells by suppression of cell surface expression of adhesion molecules and of nuclear factor-κB activation, " Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 775-783, 1998.
117. M.-H. Pan, S.-Y. Lin-Shiau, and J.-K. Lin, "Comparative studies on the suppression of nitric oxide synthase by curcumin and its hydrogenated metabolites through down-regulation of IκB kinase and NFκB activation in macrophages, " Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1665-1676, 2000.
118. F. Zhang, N. K. Altorki, J. R. Mestre, K. Subbaramaiah, and A. J. Dannenberg, "Curcumin inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 transcription in bile acid-and phorbol ester-treated human gastrointestinal epithelial cells, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 445-451, 1999.
119. M. K. Jang, D. H. Sohn, and J.-H. Ryu, "A curcuminoid and sesquiterpenes as inhibitors of macrophage TNF-α release from Curcuma zedoaria, " Planta Medica, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 550-552, 2001.
120. D. J. Slamon, W. Godolphin, L. A. Jones et al., "Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer, " Science, vol. 244, no. 4905, pp. 707-712, 1989.
121. K. Sato, M. Moriyama, S. Mori et al., "An immunohistologic evaluation of c-erbB-2 gene product in patients with urinary bladder carcinoma, " Cancer, vol. 70, pp. 2493-2499, 1992.
122. J. Avruch, D. Zhou, and N. Bardeesy, "YAP oncogene overexpression supercharges colon cancer proliferation, " Cell Cycle, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1090-1096, 2012.
123. M. H. Elamin, Z. Shinwari, S.-F. Hendrayani et al., "Curcumin inhibits the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and triggers apoptosis in medulloblastoma cells, " Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 302-314, 2010.
124. P. Limtrakul, S. Anuchapreeda, S. Lipigorngoson, and F. W. Dunn, "Inhibition of carcinogen induced c-Ha-ras and cfos proto-oncogenes expression by dietary curcumin, " BMC Cancer, vol. 1, article 1, 2001.
125. D.-W. Seol, Q. Chen, and R. Zarnegar, "Transcriptional activation of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-met) gene by its ligand (hepatocyte growth factor) is mediated through AP-1, " Oncogene, vol. 19, no. 9, pp. 1132-1137, 2000.
126. M. L. Y. Bangaru, S. Chen, J. Woodliff, and S. Kansra, "Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) induces apoptosis and blocks migration of humanmedulloblastoma cells, " Anticancer Research, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 499-504, 2010.
127. A. Chen, J. Xu, and A. C. Johnson, "Curcumin inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by suppressing gene expression of epidermal growth factor receptor through reducing the activity of the transcription factor Egr-1, " Oncogene, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 278-287, 2006.
128. L. Korutla, J. Y. Cheung, J. Mendelsohn, and R. Kumar, "Inhibition of ligand-induced activation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine phosphorylation by curcumin, " Carcinogenesis, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1741-1745, 1995.
129. T. Dorai, N. Gehani, and A. Katz, "Therapeutic potential of curcumin in human prostate cancer. II. Curcumin inhibits tyrosine kinase activity of epidermal growth factor receptor and depletes the protein, " Molecular Urology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-6, 2000.
130. R.-L. Hong, W. H. Spohn, and M.-C. Hung, "Curcumin inhibits tyrosine kinase activity of p185(neu) and also depletes p185(neu1), " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 1884-1891, 1999.
131. L. Camacho-Barquero, I. Villegas, J. M. Sanchez-Calvo et al., "Curcumin, a Curcuma longa constituent, acts on MAPK p38 pathway modulating COX-2 and iNOS expression in chronic experimental colitis, " International Immunopharmacology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 333-342, 2007.
132. Y. Wu, Y. Chen, J. Xu, and L. Lu, "Anticancer activities of curcumin on human Burkitts lymphoma, " Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 348-352, 2002.
133. N. Diaz, S. Minton, C. Cox et al., "Activation of Stat3 in primary tumors from high-risk breast cancer patients is associated with elevated levels of activated Src and survivin expression, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 20-28, 2006.
134. D. Germain and D. A. Frank, "Targeting the cytoplasmic and nuclear functions of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 for cancer therapy, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 13, no. 19, pp. 5665-5669, 2007.
135. L. Lin, S. Deangelis, E. Foust et al., "A novel small molecule inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation and DNA binding activity and exhibits potent growth suppressive activity in human cancer cells, " Molecular Cancer, vol. 9, article 217, 2010.
136. W. Glienke, L. Maute, J. Wicht, and L. Bergmann, "Curcumin inhibits constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and downregulation of survivin/BIRC5 gene expression, " Cancer Investigation, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 166-171, 2010.
137. M. G. Alexandrow, L. J. Song, S. Altiok, J. Gray, E. B. Haura, and N. B. Kumar, "Curcumin: a novel Stat3 pathway inhibitor for chemoprevention of lung cancer, " European Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 407-412, 2012.
138. A. Jacob, R. Wu, M. Zhou, andP. Wang, "Mechanismof the antiinflammatory effect of curcumin: PPAR-γ activation, " PPAR Research, vol. 2007, Article ID 89369, 5 pages, 2007.
139. J. Xu, Y. Fu, andA. Chen, "Activationof peroxisomeproliferatoractivated receptor-γ contributes to the inhibitory effects of curcumin on rat hepatic stellate cell growth, " The American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol. 285, no. 1, pp. G20-G30, 2003.
140. Y. Zhou, S. Zheng, J. Lin, Q.-J. Zhang, and A. Chen, "The interruption of the PDGF and EGF signaling pathways by curcumin stimulates gene expression of PPARγ in rat activated hepatic stellate cell in vitro, " Laboratory Investigation, vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 488-498, 2007.
141. A. Chen and J. Xu, "Activation of PPARγ by curcumin inhibits Moser cell growth and mediates suppression of gene expression of cyclin D1 and EGFR, " American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol. 288, no. 3, pp. G447-G456, 2005.
142. M. D. Sternlicht and Z. Werb, "Howmatrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior, "Annual Review of Cell andDevelopmental Biology, vol. 17, pp. 463-516, 2001.
143. M. Egeblad and Z. Werb, "New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression, " Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 161-174, 2002.
144. C. C. Lynch and L. M. Matrisian, "Matrixmetalloproteinases in tumor-host cell communication, " Differentiation, vol. 70, no. 9-10, pp. 561-573, 2002.
145. B. Fingleton, "Matrix metalloproteinases: roles in cancer and metastasis, " Frontiers in Bioscience, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 479-491, 2006.
146. R. Fridman, M. Toth, D. Pena, and S. Mobashery, "Activation of progelatinase B (MMP-9) by gelatinase A (MMP-2), " Cancer Research, vol. 55, no. 12, pp. 2548-2555, 1995.
147. S. K. Kim, Y. W. Kim, H. J. Youn, and S. H. Jung, "Curcumin suppresses MMP-9 expression via inhibition of PKCa/MAPKs and NF-B/AP-1 activation, " Cancer Research, vol. 72, 2012.
148. M.-S. Woo, S.-H. Jung, S.-Y. Kim et al., "Curcumin suppresses phorbol ester-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by inhibiting the PKC to MAPK signaling pathways in human astroglioma cells, " Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 335, no. 4, pp. 1017-1025, 2005.
149. B. B. Aggarwal, S. Shishodia, Y. Takada et al., "Curcumin suppresses the paclitaxel-induced nuclear factor-κB pathway in breast cancer cells and inhibits lung metastasis of human breast cancer in nude mice, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 11, no. 20, pp. 7490-7498, 2005.
150. Z. K. Hassan andM. H. Daghestani, "Curcumin effect onMMPs and TIMPs genes in a breast cancer cell line, " Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 3259-3264, 2012.
151. K. W. Lee, J.-H. Kim, H. J. Lee, and Y.-J. Surh, "Curcumin inhibits phorbol ester-induced up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 by blocking ERK1/2 phosphorylation and NF-κB transcriptional activity inMCF10A human breast epithelial cells, " Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, vol. 7, no. 11-12, pp. 1612-1620, 2005.
152. A.-L. Chen, C.-H. Hsu, J.-K. Lin et al., "Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions, " Anticancer Research, vol. 21, no. 4B, pp. 2895-2900, 2001.
153. R. A. Sharma, H. R. McLelland, K. A. Hill et al., "Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 1894-1900, 2001.
154. K. Polasa, T. C. Raghuram, T. P. Krishna, andK. Krishnaswamy, "Effect of turmeric on urinary mutagens in smokers, " Mutagenesis, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 107-109, 1992.
155. S. G. Kim, M. S. Veena, S. K. Basak et al., "Curcumin treatment suppresses IKKβ kinase activity of salivary cells of patients with head and neck cancer: a pilot study, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 5953-5961, 2011.
156. M. Kanai, K. Yoshimura, M. Asada et al., "A phase I/II study of gemcitabine-based chemotherapy plus curcumin for patients with gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer, " Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 157-164, 2011.
157. G. Garcea, D. P. Berry, D. J. L. Jones et al., "Consumption of the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin by cancer patients: assessment of curcumin levels in the colorectum and their pharmacodynamic consequences, " Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 120-125, 2005.
158. M. Majeed, V. Badmaev, U. Shivakumar, and R. Rajendran, Curcuminoids. Antioxidant Phytonutrients, Nutriscience, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 1995.
159. K. B. Soni and R. Kuttan, "Effect of oral curcumin administration on serum peroxides and cholesterol levels in human volunteers, " Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 273-275, 1992.
160. N. Dhillon, B. B. Aggarwal, R. A. Newman et al., "Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. 4491-4499, 2008.
161. R. Epelbaum, M. Schaffer, B. Vizel, V. Badmaev, and G. Bar-Sela, "Curcumin and gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, " Nutrition and Cancer, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 1137-1141, 2010.
162. S. V. Kandarkar, S. S. Sawant, A. D. Ingle, S. S. Deshpande, and G. B. Maru, "Subchronic oral hepatotoxicity of turmeric in mice-histopathological and ultrastructural studies, " Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 675-679, 1998.
163. R. A. Sharma, S. A. Euden, S. L. Platton et al., "Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 6847-6854, 2004.
164. P. Anand, A. B. Kunnumakkara, R. A. Newman, andB. B. Aggarwal, "Bioavailability of curcumin: problems and promises, " Molecular Pharmaceutics, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 807-818, 2007.
165. H. Shibata, H. Yamakoshi, A. Sato et al., "Newly synthesized curcumin analog has improved potential to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis in vivo, " Cancer Science, vol. 100, no. 5, pp. 956-960, 2009.
166. L. Cen, B. Hutzen, S. Ball et al., "New structural analogues of curcumin exhibit potent growth suppressive activity in human colorectal carcinoma cells, " BMC Cancer, vol. 9, article 99, 2009.
167. J. Bromberg, M. Wrzeszczynska, G. Devgan et al., "Stat3 as an oncogene, " Cell, vol. 98, pp. 295-303, 1999.
168. T. Gritsko, A. Williams, J. Turkson et al., "Persistent activation of Stat3 signaling induces survivin gene expression and confers resistance to apoptosis in human breast cancer cells, " Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 11-19, 2006.
169. M. M. Yallapu, M. R. Dobberpuhl, D. M. Maher, M. Jaggi, and S. C. Chauhan, "Design of curcumin loaded cellulose nanoparticles for prostate cancer, " Current Drug Metabolism, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 120-128, 2012.
170. L. Lin, Y. Liu, H. Li et al., "Targeting colon cancer stem cells using a new curcumin analogue, GO-Y030, " British Journal of Cancer, vol. 105, no. 2, pp. 212-220, 2011.
171. C. Kudo, H. Yamakoshi, A. Sato et al., "Novel curcumin analogs, GO-Y030 and GO-Y078, aremultitargeted agents with enhanced abilities for multiple myeloma, " Anticancer Research, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 3719-3726, 2011.
172. B. Hutzen, L. Friedman, M. Sobo et al., "Curcumin analogue GO-Y030 inhibits STAT3 activity and cell growth in breast and pancreatic carcinomas, " International Journal of Oncology, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 867-872, 2009.
173. L. Lin, B. Hutzen, S. Ball et al., "Newcurcumin analogues exhibit enhanced growth-suppressive activity and inhibit AKT and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation in breast and prostate cancer cells, " Cancer Science, vol. 100, no. 9, pp. 1719-1727, 2009.
174. M. Pisano, G. Pagnan, M. A. Dettori et al., "Enhanced antitumor activity of a new curcumin-related compound against melanoma and neuroblastoma cells, " Molecular Cancer, vol. 9, article 137, 2010.
175. T. J. Somers-Edgar, S. Taurin, L. Larsen, A. Chandramouli, M. A. Nelson, and R. J. Rosengren, "Mechanisms for the activity of heterocyclic cyclohexanone curcumin derivatives in estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer cell lines, " Investigational New Drugs, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 87-97, 2011.
176. B. Yadav, S. Taurin, L. Larsen, and R. J. Rosengren, "RL66 a second-generation curcumin analog has potent in vivo and in vitro anticancer activity in ER-negative breast cancer models, " International Journal of Oncology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1723-1732, 2012.
177. A. L. Kasinski, Y. Du, S. L. Thomas et al., "Inhibition of IκB kinase-nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway by 3, 5-bis(2-flurobenzylidene)piperidin-4-one (EF24), a novel monoketone analog of curcumin?" Molecular Pharmacology, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 654-661, 2008.
178. E. M. Al-Hujaily, A. G. Mohamed, I. Al-Sharif et al., "PAC, a novel curcumin analogue, has anti-breast cancer properties with higher efficiency on ER-negative cells, " Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 97-107, 2011.
179. B. Wahlstr, G. Blennow, and B. Wahlstrom, "A study on the fate of curcumin in the rat, " Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica, vol. 43, pp. 86-92, 1978.
180. K.-Y. Yang, L.-C. Lin, T.-Y. Tseng, S.-C. Wang, and T.-H. Tsai, "Oral bioavailability of curcumin in rat and the herbal analysis from Curcuma longa by LC-MS/MS, " Journal of Chromatography B: Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences, vol. 853, no. 1-2, pp. 183-189, 2007.
181. G. Shoba, D. Joy, T. Joseph, M. Majeed, R. Rajendran, and P. S. S. R. Srinivas, "Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers, " PlantaMedica, vol. 64, no. 4, pp. 353-356, 1998.
182. S. Bisht and A. Maitra, "Systemic delivery of curcumin: 21st century solutions for an ancient conundrum, " Current Drug Discovery Technologies, vol. 6, pp. 192-199, 2009.
183. J. Shaikh, D. D. Ankola, V. Beniwal, D. Singh, M. N. V. Ravi Kumar, and J. Pharm, "Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer, " European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 37, pp. 223-230, 2009.
184. M. Takahashi, S. Uechi, K. Takara, Y. Askin, K. Wada, and J. Agric, "Evaluation of an oral carrier system in rats: bioavailability and antioxidant properties of liposome-encapsulated curcumin, " Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 57, pp. 9141-9146, 2009.
185. S. Onoue, H. Takanashi, Y. Kawabata et al., "Formulation design and photochemical studies on nanocrystal solid dispersion of curcumin with improved oral bioavailability, " Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 99, pp. 1871-1881, 2009.
186. B. Antony, B. Merina, V. Iyer, N. Judy, K. Lennertz, and S. Joyal, "A pilot cross-over study to evaluate human oral bioavailability of BCM-95 CG (Biocurcumax), a novel bioenhanced preparation of curcumin, " Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 445-449, 2008.
187. H. Sasaki, Y. Sunagawa, K. Takahashi et al., "Innovative preparation of curcumin for improved oral bioavailability, " Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 660-665, 2011.
188. M. Kanai, A. Imaizumi, Y. Otsuka et al., "Dose-escalation and pharmacokinetic study of nanoparticle curcumin, a potential anticancer agent with improved bioavailability, in healthy human volunteers, " Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 65-70, 2012.
189. V. Gupta, A. Aseh, C. N. Rios, B. B. Aggarwal, and A. B. Mathur, "Fabrication and characterization of silk fibroin-derived curcumin nanoparticles for cancer therapy, " International Journal of Nanomedicine, vol. 4, pp. 115-122, 2009.
190. S. S. Dhule, P. Penfornis, T. Frazier et al., "Curcumin-loaded γ-cyclodextrin liposomal nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for osteosarcoma, " Nanomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 440-451, 2012.
191. J. Shaikh, D. D. Ankola, V. Beniwal, D. Singh, andM. N. V. R. Kumar, "Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer, " European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 37, no. 3-4, pp. 223-230, 2009.
192. L. Li, B. Ahmed, K. Mehta, and R. Kurzrock, "Liposomal curcumin with and without oxaliplatin: effects on cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer, " Molecular CancerTherapeutics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1276-1282, 2007.
193. D. Guzman-Villanueva, I. M. El-Sherbiny, D. Herrera-Ruiz, and H. D. C. Smyth, "Design and in vitro evaluation of a new nanomicroparticulate systemfor enhanced aqueous-phase solubility of curcumin, " BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, Article ID 724763, 9 pages, 2013.
194. X. Xie, Q. Tao, Y. Zou et al., "PLGA nanoparticles improve the oral bioavailability of curcumin in rats: characterizations and mechanisms, " Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 59, no. 17, pp. 9280-9289, 2011.
195. S. Prasad, A. K. Tyagi, and B. B. Aggarwal, "Recent developments in delivery, bioavailability, absorption and metabolism of curcumin: the golden pigment from golden spice, " Cancer Research and Treatment, vol. 46, pp. 2-18, 2014.