Leptin and its receptors

Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy

Volumn 61, Issue , 2014, Pages 191-199

  Wada, Nobuhiro ^a   Hirako, Satoshi ^a   Takenoya, Fumiko ^a,b   Kageyama, Haruaki ^a,c   Okabe, Mai ^a,d   Shioda, Seiji ^a  

^a SHOWA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b HOSHI UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c KIRYU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^d Tokyo Dietitian Academy   (Japan)

Author keywords

Db Gene; JAK STAT; Leptin; Leptin receptor; Neuropeptide; Ob Gene

Indexed keywords

ACETYL COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE; GALANIN; GALANIN LIKE PEPTIDE; GLUCOSE; GONADORELIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE KINASE; INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE; JANUS KINASE 2; LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NEUROPEPTIDE; NEUROPEPTIDE W; NEUROPEPTIDE Y; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN SH2; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE; S6 KINASE; STAT3 PROTEIN; STAT5 PROTEIN; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 3; TYROSINE 3 MONOOXYGENASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ARCUATE NUCLEUS; ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BODY WEIGHT; DECREASED APPETITE; ENERGY BALANCE; ENERGY CONSUMPTION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; FOOD INTAKE; GENE EXPRESSION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; LIGAND BINDING; NONHUMAN; POINT MUTATION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN HOMEOSTASIS; PROTEIN INDUCTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE; APPETITE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; LEPTIN; RECEPTORS, LEPTIN;

EID: 84916597645     PISSN: 08910618     EISSN: 18736300     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Ahima R.S., Prabakaran D., Mantzoros C., Qu D., Lowell B., Maratos-Flier E., Flier J.S. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature 1996, 382:250-252.
2. Aponte Y., Atasoy D., Sternson S.M. AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:351-355.
3. Bado A., Levasseur S., Attoub S., Kermorgant S., Laigneau J.P., Bortoluzzi M.N., Moizo L., Lehy T., Guerre-Millo M., Le Marchand-Brustel Y., Lewin M.J. The stomach is a source of leptin. Nature 1998, 394:790-793.
4. Balthasar N., Coppari R., McMinn J., Liu S.M., Lee C.E., Tang V., Kenny C.D., McGovern R.A., Chua S.C., Elmquist J.K., Lowell B.B. Leptin receptor signaling in POMC neurons is required for normal body weight homeostasis. Neuron 2004, 42:983-991.
5. Banks A.S., Davis S.M., Bates S.H., Myers M.G. Activation of downstream signals by the long form of the leptin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275:14563-14572.
6. Baskin D.G., Schwartz M.W., Seeley R.J., Woods S.C., Porte D., Breininger J.F., Jonak Z., Schaefer J., Krouse M., Burghardt C., Campfield L.A., Burn P., Kochan J.P. Leptin receptor long-form splice-variant protein expression in neuron cell bodies of the brain and co-localization with neuropeptide Y mRNA in the arcuate nucleus. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1999, 47:353-362. (Official journal of the Histochemistry Society).
7. Bates S.H., Stearns W.H., Dundon T.A., Schubert M., Tso A.W., Wang Y., Banks A.S., Lavery H.J., Haq A.K., Maratos-Flier E., Neel B.G., Schwartz M.W., Myers M.G. STAT3 signalling is required for leptin regulation of energy balance but not reproduction. Nature 2003, 421:856-859.
8. Baumann H., Morella K.K., White D.W., Dembski M., Bailon P.S., Kim H., Lai C.F., Tartaglia L.A. The full-length leptin receptor has signaling capabilities of interleukin 6-type cytokine receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93:8374-8378.
9. Bittencourt J.C., Presse F., Arias C., Peto C., Vaughan J., Nahon J.L., Vale W., Sawchenko P.E. The melanin-concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: an immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization. J. Comp. Neurol. 1992, 319:218-245.
10. Bjorbaek C., Buchholz R.M., Davis S.M., Bates S.H., Pierroz D.D., Gu H., Neel B.G., Myers M.G., Flier J.S. Divergent roles of SHP-2 in ERK activation by leptin receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276:4747-4755.
11. Bjorbaek C., El-Haschimi K., Frantz J.D., Flier J.S. The role of SOCS-3 in leptin signaling and leptin resistance. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:30059-30065.
12. Bjorbaek C., Uotani S., da Silva B., Flier J.S. Divergent signaling capacities of the long and short isoforms of the leptin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:32686-32695.
13. Bouret S.G., Bates S.H., Chen S., Myers M.G., Simerly R.B. Distinct roles for specific leptin receptor signals in the development of hypothalamic feeding circuits. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:1244-1252. (The official journal of the Society for Neuroscience).
14. Bray G.A., York D.A. Hypothalamic and genetic obesity in experimental animals: an autonomic and endocrine hypothesis. Physiol. Rev. 1979, 59:719-809.
15. Burguera B., Couce M.E., Long J., Lamsam J., Laakso K., Jensen M.D., Parisi J.E., Lloyd R.V. The long form of the leptin receptor (OB-Rb) is widely expressed in the human brain. Neuroendocrinology 2000, 71:187-195.
16. Butler A.A., Cone R.D. The melanocortin receptors: lessons from knockout models. Neuropeptides 2002, 36:77-84.
17. Butler A.A., Kesterson R.A., Khong K., Cullen M.J., Pelleymounter M.A., Dekoning J., Baetscher M., Cone R.D. A unique metabolic syndrome causes obesity in the melanocortin-3 receptor-deficient mouse. Endocrinology 2000, 141:3518-3521.
18. Campfield L.A., Smith F.J., Guisez Y., Devos R., Burn P. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 1995, 269:546-549.
19. Canale M.P., Manca di Villahermosa S., Martino G., Rovella V., Noce A., De Lorenzo A., Di Daniele N. Obesity-related metabolic syndrome: mechanisms of sympathetic overactivity. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2013, 2013:865965.
20. Carpenter L.R., Farruggella T.J., Symes A., Karow M.L., Yancopoulos G.D., Stahl N. Enhancing leptin response by preventing SH2-containing phosphatase 2 interaction with Ob receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998, 95:6061-6066.
21. Chen H., Charlat O., Tartaglia L.A., Woolf E.A., Weng X., Ellis S.J., Lakey N.D., Culpepper J., Moore K.J., Breitbart R.E., Duyk G.M., Tepper R.I., Morgenstern J.P. Evidence that the diabetes gene encodes the leptin receptor: identification of a mutation in the leptin receptor gene in db/db mice. Cell 1996, 84:491-495.
22. Chotiwat C., Kelso E.W., Harris R.B. The effects of repeated restraint stress on energy balance and behavior of mice with selective deletion of CRF receptors. Stress 2010, 13:203-213.
23. Chua S.C., Chung W.K., Wu-Peng X.S., Zhang Y., Liu S.M., Tartaglia L., Leibel R.L. Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science 1996, 271:994-996.
24. Clement K., Vaisse C., Lahlou N., Cabrol S., Pelloux V., Cassuto D., Gourmelen M., Dina C., Chambaz J., Lacorte J.M., Basdevant A., Bougneres P., Lebouc Y., Froguel P., Guy-Grand B. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 1998, 392:398-401.
25. Couce M.E., Burguera B., Parisi J.E., Jensen M.D., Lloyd R.V. Localization of leptin receptor in the human brain. Neuroendocrinology 1997, 66:145-150.
26. Cowley M.A., Smart J.L., Rubinstein M., Cerdan M.G., Diano S., Horvath T.L., Cone R.D., Low M.J. Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature 2001, 411:480-484.
27. Cusin I., Rohner-Jeanrenaud F., Stricker-Krongrad A., Jeanrenaud B. The weight-reducing effect of an intracerebroventricular bolus injection of leptin in genetically obese fa/fa rats. Reduced sensitivity compared with lean animals. Diabetes 1996, 45:1446-1450.
28. Date Y., Mondal M.S., Kageyama H., Ghamari-Langroudi M., Takenoya F., Yamaguchi H., Shimomura Y., Mori M., Murakami N., Shioda S., Cone R.D., Nakazato M. Neuropeptide W: an anorectic peptide regulated by leptin and metabolic state. Endocrinology 2010, 151:2200-2210.
29. De Matteis R., Cinti S. Ultrastructural immunolocalization of leptin receptor in mouse brain. Neuroendocrinology 1998, 68:412-419.
30. Diano S., Kalra S.P., Horvath T.L. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity is associated with the Golgi apparatus of hypothalamic neurons and glial cells. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1998, 10:647-650.
31. Drel V.R., Mashtalir N., Ilnytska O., Shin J., Li F., Lyzogubov V.V., Obrosova I.G. The leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mouse: a new animal model of peripheral neuropathy of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Diabetes 2006, 55:3335-3343.
32. Duan C., Li M., Rui L. SH2-B promotes insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1)- and IRS2-mediated activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in response to leptin. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:43684-43691.
33. Duggal P., Guo X., Haque R., Peterson K.M., Ricklefs S., Mondal D., Alam F., Noor Z., Verkerke H.P., Marie C., Leduc C.A., Chua S.C., Myers M.G., Leibel R.L., Houpt E., Gilchrist C.A., Sher A., Porcella S.F., Petri W.A. A mutation in the leptin receptor is associated with Entamoeba histolytica infection in children. J. Clin. Invest. 2011, 121:1191-1198.
34. Elias C.F., Lee C., Kelly J., Aschkenasi C., Ahima R.S., Couceyro P.R., Kuhar M.J., Saper C.B., Elmquist J.K. Leptin activates hypothalamic CART neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Neuron 1998, 21:1375-1385.
35. Elmquist J.K., Ahima R.S., Elias C.F., Flier J.S., Saper C.B. Leptin activates distinct projections from the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998, 95:741-746.
36. Elmquist J.K., Ahima R.S., Maratos-Flier E., Flier J.S., Saper C.B. Leptin activates neurons in ventrobasal hypothalamus and brainstem. Endocrinology 1997, 138:839-842.
37. Elmquist J.K., Bjorbaek C., Ahima R.S., Flier J.S., Saper C.B. Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 395:535-547.
38. Elmquist J.K., Elias C.F., Saper C.B. From lesions to leptin: hypothalamic control of food intake and body weight. Neuron 1999, 22:221-232.
39. Fan W., Boston B.A., Kesterson R.A., Hruby V.J., Cone R.D. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome. Nature 1997, 385:165-168.
40. Flier J.S., Maratos-Flier E. Obesity and the hypothalamus: novel peptides for new pathways. Cell 1998, 92:437-440.
41. Frederich R.C., Hamann A., Anderson S., Lollmann B., Lowell B.B., Flier J.S. Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action. Nat. Med. 1995, 1:1311-1314.
42. Friedman J.M. Leptin, leptin receptors, and the control of body weight. Nutr. Rev. 1998, 56:s38-s46. (discussion s54-75).
43. Friedman J.M., Halaas J.L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 1998, 395:763-770.
44. Funahashi H., Hori T., Shimoda Y., Mizushima H., Ryushi T., Katoh S., Shioda S. Morphological evidence for neural interactions between leptin and orexin in the hypothalamus. Regul. Pept. 2000, 92:31-35.
45. Funahashi H., Ryushi T., Mizushima H., Katoh S., Shioda S. Ultrastructural localization of the receptor for leptin in the rat hypothalamus. Horm. Behav. 2000, 37:327-334.
46. Gao Q., Wolfgang M.J., Neschen S., Morino K., Horvath T.L., Shulman G.I., Fu X.Y. Disruption of neural signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 causes obesity, diabetes, infertility, and thermal dysregulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:4661-4666.
47. Germano C.M., Castro M., Rorato R., Costa D.B., Antunes-Rodrigues J., Elias C.F., Elias L.L. Downregulation of melanocortin-4 receptor during refeeding and its modulation by adrenalectomy in rats. Horm. Metab. Res.[[*]]Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung[[*]]Hormones et metabolisme 2008, 40:842-847.
48. Ghilardi N., Ziegler S., Wiestner A., Stoffel R., Heim M.H., Skoda R.C. Defective STAT signaling by the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93:6231-6235.
49. Goldstone A.P., Mercer J.G., Gunn I., Moar K.M., Edwards C.M., Rossi M., Howard J.K., Rasheed S., Turton M.D., Small C., Heath M.M., O'Shea D., Steere J., Meeran K., Ghatei M.A., Hoggard N., Bloom S.R. Leptin interacts with glucagon-like peptide-1 neurons to reduce food intake and body weight in rodents. FEBS Lett. 1997, 415:134-138.
50. Gong Y., Ishida-Takahashi R., Villanueva E.C., Fingar D.C., Munzberg H., Myers M.G. The long form of the leptin receptor regulates STAT5 and ribosomal protein S6 via alternate mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:31019-31027.
51. Goto M., Arima H., Watanabe M., Hayashi M., Banno R., Sato I., Nagasaki H., Oiso Y. Ghrelin increases neuropeptide Y and agouti-related peptide gene expression in the arcuate nucleus in rat hypothalamic organotypic cultures. Endocrinology 2006, 147:5102-5109.
52. Grundy S.M., Brewer H.B., Cleeman J.I., Smith S.C., Lenfant C., National Heart L., Blood I., American Heart A. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004, 24:e13-e18.
53. Guan X.M., Hess J.F., Yu H., Hey P.J., van der Ploeg L.H. Differential expression of mRNA for leptin receptor isoforms in the rat brain. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1997, 133:1-7.
54. Hahn T.M., Breininger J.F., Baskin D.G., Schwartz M.W. Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 1998, 1:271-272.
55. Hakansson M.L., Brown H., Ghilardi N., Skoda R.C., Meister B. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically defined target neurons of the hypothalamus. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:559-572. (The official journal of the Society for Neuroscience).
56. Halaas J.L., Gajiwala K.S., Maffei M., Cohen S.L., Chait B.T., Rabinowitz D., Lallone R.L., Burley S.K., Friedman J.M. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 1995, 269:543-546.
57. Harris R.B., Ramsay T.G., Smith S.R., Bruch R.C. Early and late stimulation of ob mRNA expression in meal-fed and overfed rats. J. Clin. Invest. 1996, 97:2020-2026.
58. Hassink S.G., de Lancey E., Sheslow D.V., Smith-Kirwin S.M., O'Connor D.M., Considine R.V., Opentanova I., Dostal K., Spear M.L., Leef K., Ash M., Spitzer A.R., Funanage V.L. Placental leptin: an important new growth factor in intrauterine and neonatal development?. Pediatrics 1997, 100:E1.
59. Hay-Schmidt A., Helboe L., Larsen P.J. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity is present in ascending serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurons of the rat. Neuroendocrinology 2001, 73:215-226.
60. He Z., Zhang S.S., Meng Q., Li S., Zhu H.H., Raquil M.A., Alderson N., Zhang H., Wu J., Rui L., Cai D., Feng G.S. Shp2 controls female body weight and energy balance by integrating leptin and estrogen signals. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2012, 32:1867-1878.
61. Hekerman P., Zeidler J., Bamberg-Lemper S., Knobelspies H., Lavens D., Tavernier J., Joost H.G., Becker W. Pleiotropy of leptin receptor signalling is defined by distinct roles of the intracellular tyrosines. FEBS J. 2005, 272:109-119.
62. Hoffman G.E., Smith M.S., Verbalis J.G. c-Fos and related immediate early gene products as markers of activity in neuroendocrine systems. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 1993, 14:173-213.
63. Hommel J.D., Trinko R., Sears R.M., Georgescu D., Liu Z.W., Gao X.B., Thurmon J.J., Marinelli M., DiLeone R.J. Leptin receptor signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates feeding. Neuron 2006, 51:801-810.
64. Horvath T.L., Diano S., van den Pol A.N. Synaptic interaction between hypocretin (orexin) and neuropeptide Y cells in the rodent and primate hypothalamus: a novel circuit implicated in metabolic and endocrine regulations. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:1072-1087. (The official journal of the Society for Neuroscience).
65. Hosoi T., Okuma Y., Nomura Y. Expression of leptin receptors and induction of IL-1beta transcript in glial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 273:312-315.
66. Hsuchou H., Pan W., Barnes M.J., Kastin A.J. Leptin receptor mRNA in rat brain astrocytes. Peptides 2009, 30:2275-2280.
67. Huang X.F., Koutcherov I., Lin S., Wang H.Q., Storlien L. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA expression in mouse brain. NeuroReport 1996, 7:2635-2638.
68. Huszar D., Lynch C.A., Fairchild-Huntress V., Dunmore J.H., Fang Q., Berkemeier L.R., Gu W., Kesterson R.A., Boston B.A., Cone R.D., Smith F.J., Campfield L.A., Burn P., Lee F. Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice. Cell 1997, 88:131-141.
69. Ingalls A.M., Dickie M.M., Snell G.D. Obese, a new mutation in the house mouse. J. Hered. 1950, 41:317-318.
70. Iqbal J., Pompolo S., Murakami T., Clarke I.J. Localization of long-form leptin receptor in the somatostatin-containing neurons in the sheep hypothalamus. Brain Res. 2000, 887:1-6.
71. Iqbal J., Pompolo S., Murakami T., Grouzmann E., Sakurai T., Meister B., Clarke I.J. Immunohistochemical characterization of localization of long-form leptin receptor (OB-Rb) in neurochemically defined cells in the ovine hypothalamus. Brain Res. 2001, 920:55-64.
72. Isse N., Ogawa Y., Tamura N., Masuzaki H., Mori K., Okazaki T., Satoh N., Shigemoto M., Yoshimasa Y., Nishi S., et al. Structural organization and chromosomal assignment of the human obese gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1995, 270:27728-27733.
73. Jiang L., You J., Yu X., Gonzalez L., Yu Y., Wang Q., Yang G., Li W., Li C., Liu Y. Tyrosine-dependent and -independent actions of leptin receptor in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2008, 105:18619-18624.
74. Jureus A., Cunningham M.J., McClain M.E., Clifton D.K., Steiner R.A. Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a target for regulation by leptin in the hypothalamus of the rat. Endocrinology 2000, 141:2703-2706.
75. Kim K.W., Zhao L., Donato J., Kohno D., Xu Y., Elias C.F., Lee C., Parker K.L., Elmquist J.K. Steroidogenic factor 1 directs programs regulating diet-induced thermogenesis and leptin action in the ventral medial hypothalamic nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108:10673-10678.
76. Kim Y.B., Uotani S., Pierroz D.D., Flier J.S., Kahn B.B. In vivo administration of leptin activates signal transduction directly in insulin-sensitive tissues: overlapping but distinct pathways from insulin. Endocrinology 2000, 141:2328-2339.
77. Koob G.F., Heinrichs S.C. A role for corticotropin releasing factor and urocortin in behavioral responses to stressors. Brain Res. 1999, 848:141-152.
78. Krude H., Biebermann H., Luck W., Horn R., Brabant G., Gruters A. Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nat. Genet. 1998, 19:155-157.
79. Lam D.D., Leinninger G.M., Louis G.W., Garfield A.S., Marston O.J., Leshan R.L., Scheller E.L., Christensen L., Donato J., Xia J., Evans M.L., Elias C., Dalley J.W., Burdakov D.I., Myers M.G., Heisler L.K. Leptin does not directly affect CNS serotonin neurons to influence appetite. Cell Metab. 2011, 13:584-591.
80. Lee G.H., Proenca R., Montez J.M., Carroll K.M., Darvishzadeh J.G., Lee J.I., Friedman J.M. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 1996, 379:632-635.
81. Lee J.Y., Muenzberg H., Gavrilova O., Reed J.A., Berryman D., Villanueva E.C., Louis G.W., Leinninger G.M., Bertuzzi S., Seeley R.J., Robinson G.W., Myers M.G., Hennighausen L. Loss of cytokine-STAT5 signaling in the CNS and pituitary gland alters energy balance and leads to obesity. PLoS One 2008, 3:e1639.
82. Leinninger G.M., Jo Y.H., Leshan R.L., Louis G.W., Yang H., Barrera J.G., Wilson H., Opland D.M., Faouzi M.A., Gong Y., Jones J.C., Rhodes C.J., Chua S., Diano S., Horvath T.L., Seeley R.J., Becker J.B., Munzberg H., Myers M.G. Leptin acts via leptin receptor-expressing lateral hypothalamic neurons to modulate the mesolimbic dopamine system and suppress feeding. Cell Metab. 2009, 10:89-98.
83. Levy J.R., LeGall-Salmon E., Santos M., Pandak W.M., Stevens W. Effect of enteral versus parenteral nutrition on leptin gene expression and release into the circulation. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 1997, 237:98-102.
84. Li C., Friedman J.M. Leptin receptor activation of SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 modulates Ob receptor signal transduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1999, 96:9677-9682.
85. Li C., Ioffe E., Fidahusein N., Connolly E., Friedman J.M. Absence of soluble leptin receptor in plasma from dbPas/dbPas and other db/db mice. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273:10078-10082.
86. Loos R.J., Lindgren C.M., Li S., Wheeler E., Zhao J.H., Prokopenko I., Inouye M., Freathy R.M., Attwood A.P., Beckmann J.S., Berndt S.I., Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, Jacobs K.B., Chanock S.J., Hayes R.B., Bergmann S., Bennett A.J., Bingham S.A., Bochud M., Brown M., Cauchi S., Connell J.M., Cooper C., Smith G.D., Day I., Dina C., De S., Dermitzakis E.T., Doney A.S., Elliott K.S., Elliott P., Evans D.M., Sadaf Farooqi I., Froguel P., Ghori J., Groves C.J., Gwilliam R., Hadley D., Hall A.S., Hattersley A.T., Hebebrand J., Heid I.M., KORA, Lamina C., Gieger C., Illig T., Meitinger T., Wichmann H.E., Herrera B., Hinney A., Hunt S.E., Jarvelin M.R., Johnson T., Jolley J.D., Karpe F., Keniry A., Khaw K.T., Luben R.N., Mangino M., Marchini J., McArdle W.L., McGinnis R., Meyre D., Munroe P.B., Morris A.D., Ness A.R., Neville M.J., Nica A.C., Ong K.K., O'Rahilly S., Owen K.R., Palmer C.N., Papadakis K., Potter S., Pouta A., Qi L., Nurses' Health Study, Randall J.C., Rayner N.W., Ring S.M., Sandhu M.S., Scherag A., Sims M.A., Song K., Soranzo N., Speliotes E.K., Diabetes Genetics Initiative, Syddall H.E., Teichmann S.A., Timpson N.J., Tobias J.H., Uda M., SardiNIA Study, Vogel C.I., Wallace C., Waterworth D.M., Weedon M.N., Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Willer C.J., FUSION, Wraight, Yuan X., Zeggini E., Hirschhorn J.N., Strachan D.P., Ouwehand W.H., Caulfield M.J., Samani N.J., Frayling T.M., Vollenweider P., Waeber G., Mooser V., Deloukas P., McCarthy M.I., Wareham N.J., Barroso I., Jacobs K.B., Chanock S.J., Hayes R.B., Lamina C., Gieger C., Illig T., Meitinger T., Wichmann H.E., Kraft P., Hankinson S.E., Hunter D.J., Hu F.B., Lyon H.N., Voight B.F., Ridderstrale M., Groop L., Scheet P., Sanna S., Abecasis G.R., Albai G., Nagaraja R., Schlessinger D., Jackson A.U., Tuomilehto J., Collins F.S., Boehnke M., Mohlke K.L. Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity. Nat. Genet. 2008, 40:768-775.
87. Maffei M., Halaas J., Ravussin E., Pratley R.E., Lee G.H., Zhang Y., Fei H., Kim S., Lallone R., Ranganathan S., et al. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat. Med. 1995, 1:1155-1161.
88. Mantzoros C.S., Magkos F., Brinkoetter M., Sienkiewicz E., Dardeno T.A., Kim S.Y., Hamnvik O.P., Koniaris A. Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology. Am. J. Physiol.: Endocrinol. Metab. 2011, 301:E567-E584.
89. Margetic S., Gazzola C., Pegg G.G., Hill R.A. Leptin: a review of its peripheral actions and interactions. Int. J. Obes. Rel. Metab. Disord. 2002, 26:1407-1433. (Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity).
90. Marti A., Berraondo B., Martinez J.A. Leptin: physiological actions. J. Physiol. Biochem. 1999, 55:43-49.
91. Masuzaki H., Ogawa Y., Isse N., Satoh N., Okazaki T., Shigemoto M., Mori K., Tamura N., Hosoda K., Yoshimasa Y., et al. Human obese gene expression. Adipocyte-specific expression and regional differences in the adipose tissue. Diabetes 1995, 44:855-858.
92. Mercer J.G., Hoggard N., Williams L.M., Lawrence C.B., Hannah L.T., Morgan P.J., Trayhurn P. Coexpression of leptin receptor and preproneuropeptide Y mRNA in arcuate nucleus of mouse hypothalamus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1996, 8:733-735.
93. Mercer J.G., Hoggard N., Williams L.M., Lawrence C.B., Hannah L.T., Trayhurn P. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA and the long form splice variant (Ob-Rb) in mouse hypothalamus and adjacent brain regions by in situ hybridization. FEBS Lett. 1996, 387:113-116.
94. Mondal M.S., Yamaguchi H., Date Y., Shimbara T., Toshinai K., Shimomura Y., Mori M., Nakazato M. A role for neuropeptide W in the regulation of feeding behavior. Endocrinology 2003, 144:4729-4733.
95. Montague C.T., Farooqi I.S., Whitehead J.P., Soos M.A., Rau H., Wareham N.J., Sewter C.P., Digby J.E., Mohammed S.N., Hurst J.A., Cheetham C.H., Earley A.R., Barnett A.H., Prins J.B., O'Rahilly S. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 1997, 387:903-908.
96. Morris D.L., Rui L. Recent advances in understanding leptin signaling and leptin resistance. Am. J. Physiol.: Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 297:E1247-E1259.
97. Mutze J., Roth J., Gerstberger R., Hubschle T. Nuclear translocation of the transcription factor STAT5 in the rat brain after systemic leptin administration. Neurosci. Lett. 2007, 417:286-291.
98. Nagatani S., Guthikonda P., Thompson R.C., Tsukamura H., Maeda K.I., Foster D.L. Evidence for GnRH regulation by leptin: leptin administration prevents reduced pulsatile LH secretion during fasting. Neuroendocrinology 1998, 67:370-376.
99. Niswender K.D., Morton G.J., Stearns W.H., Rhodes C.J., Myers M.G., Schwartz M.W. Intracellular signalling. Key enzyme in leptin-induced anorexia. Nature 2001, 413:794-795.
100. Ollmann M.M., Wilson B.D., Yang Y.K., Kerns J.A., Chen Y., Gantz I., Barsh G.S. Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. Science 1997, 278:135-138.
101. Patterson C.M., Leshan R.L., Jones J.C., Myers M.G. Molecular mapping of mouse brain regions innervated by leptin receptor-expressing cells. Brain Res. 2011, 1378:18-28.
102. Pelleymounter M.A., Cullen M.J., Baker M.B., Hecht R., Winters D., Boone T., Collins F. Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 1995, 269:540-543.
103. Piper M.L., Unger E.K., Myers M.G., Xu A.W. Specific physiological roles for signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in leptin receptor-expressing neurons. Mol. Endocrinol. 2008, 22:751-759.
104. Rahmouni K., Sigmund C.D., Haynes W.G., Mark A.L. Hypothalamic ERK mediates the anorectic and thermogenic sympathetic effects of leptin. Diabetes 2009, 58:536-542.
105. Rau H., Reaves B.J., O'Rahilly S., Whitehead J.P. Truncated human leptin (delta133) associated with extreme obesity undergoes proteasomal degradation after defective intracellular transport. Endocrinology 1999, 140:1718-1723.
106. Ren D., Li M., Duan C., Rui L. Identification of SH2-B as a key regulator of leptin sensitivity, energy balance, and body weight in mice. Cell Metab. 2005, 2:95-104.
107. Ren D., Zhou Y., Morris D., Li M., Li Z., Rui L. Neuronal SH2B1 is essential for controlling energy and glucose homeostasis. J. Clin. Invest. 2007, 117:397-406.
108. Rentsch J., Levens N., Chiesi M. Recombinant ob-gene product reduces food intake in fasted mice. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Commun. 1995, 214:131-136.
109. Sagar S.M., Sharp F.R. Early response genes as markers of neuronal activity and growth factor action. Adv. Neurol. 1993, 59:273-284.
110. Saladin R., De Vos P., Guerre-Millo M., Leturque A., Girard J., Staels B., Auwerx J. Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration. Nature 1995, 377:527-529.
111. Sarmiento U., Benson B., Kaufman S., Ross L., Qi M., Scully S., DiPalma C. Morphologic and molecular changes induced by recombinant human leptin in the white and brown adipose tissues of C57BL/6 mice. Lab. Invest. 1997, 77:243-256.
112. Sato I., Arima H., Ozaki N., Watanabe M., Goto M., Hayashi M., Banno R., Nagasaki H., Oiso Y. Insulin inhibits neuropeptide Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus through GABAergic systems. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:8657-8664. (The official journal of the Society for Neuroscience).
113. Sawchenko P.E. Toward a new neurobiology of energy balance, appetite, and obesity: the anatomists weigh in. J. Comp. Neurol. 1998, 402:435-441.
114. Schwartz M.W., Baskin D.G., Bukowski T.R., Kuijper J.L., Foster D., Lasser G., Prunkard D.E., Porte D., Woods S.C., Seeley R.J., Weigle D.S. Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 1996, 45:531-535.
115. Schwartz M.W., Seeley R.J., Campfield L.A., Burn P., Baskin D.G. Identification of targets of leptin action in rat hypothalamus. J. Clin. Invest. 1996, 98:1101-1106.
116. Scarpace P.J., Matheny M., Pollock B.H., Tumer N. Leptin increases uncoupling protein expression and energy expenditure. Am. J. Physiol. 1997, 273:E226-E230.
117. Schwartz M.W., Seeley R.J., Woods S.C., Weigle D.S., Campfield L.A., Burn P., Baskin D.G. Leptin increases hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the rostral arcuate nucleus. Diabetes 1997, 46:2119-2123.
118. Scott M.M., Williams K.W., Rossi J., Lee C.E., Elmquist J.K. Leptin receptor expression in hindbrain Glp-1 neurons regulates food intake and energy balance in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 2011, 121:2413-2421.
119. Seeley R.J., van Dijk G., Campfield L.A., Smith F.J., Burn P., Nelligan J.A., Bell S.M., Baskin D.G., Woods S.C., Schwartz M.W. Intraventricular leptin reduces food intake and body weight of lean rats but not obese Zucker rats. Horm. Metab. Res.[[*]]Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung[[*]]Hormones et metabolisme 1996, 28:664-668.
120. Shimizu H., Shimomura Y., Nakanishi Y., Futawatari T., Ohtani K., Sato N., Mori M. Estrogen increases in vivo leptin production in rats and human subjects. J. Endocrinol. 1997, 154:285-292.
121. Shioda S., Funahashi H., Nakajo S., Yada T., Maruta O., Nakai Y. Immunohistochemical localization of leptin receptor in the rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 1998, 243:41-44.
122. Spina M., Merlo-Pich E., Chan R.K., Basso A.M., Rivier J., Vale W., Koob G.F. Appetite-suppressing effects of urocortin, a CRF-related neuropeptide. Science 1996, 273:1561-1564.
123. Strobel A., Issad T., Camoin L., Ozata M., Strosberg A.D. A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity. Nat. Genet. 1998, 18:213-215.
124. Taga T. The signal transducer gp130 is shared by interleukin-6 family of haematopoietic and neurotrophic cytokines. Ann. Med. 1997, 29:63-72.
125. Takatsu Y., Matsumoto H., Ohtaki T., Kumano S., Kitada C., Onda H., Nishimura O., Fujino M. Distribution of galanin-like peptide in the rat brain. Endocrinology 2001, 142:1626-1634.
126. Takaya K., Ogawa Y., Hiraoka J., Hosoda K., Yamori Y., Nakao K., Koletsky R.J. Nonsense mutation of leptin receptor in the obese spontaneously hypertensive Koletsky rat. Nat. Genet. 1996, 14:130-131.
127. Takenoya F., Aihara K., Funahashi H., Matsumoto H., Ohtaki T., Tsurugano S., Yamada S., Katoh S., Kageyama H., Takeuchi M., Shioda S. Galanin-like peptide is target for regulation by orexin in the rat hypothalamus. Neurosci. Lett. 2003, 340:209-212.
128. Takenoya F., Funahashi H., Matsumoto H., Ohtaki T., Katoh S., Kageyama H., Suzuki R., Takeuchi M., Shioda S. Galanin-like peptide is co-localized with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone but not with neuropeptide Y in the rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 2002, 331:119-122.
129. Takenoya F., Kitamura S., Kageyama H., Nonaka N., Seki M., Itabashi K., Date Y., Nakazato M., Shioda S. Neuronal interactions between neuropeptide W- and orexin- or melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons in the rat hypothalamus. Regul. Pept. 2008, 145:159-164.
130. Tartaglia L.A., Dembski M., Weng X., Deng N., Culpepper J., Devos R., Richards G.J., Campfield L.A., Clark F.T., Deeds J., Muir C., Sanker S., Moriarty A., Moore K.J., Smutko J.S., Mays G.G., Wool E.A., Monroe C.A., Tepper R.I. Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R. Cell 1995, 83:1263-1271.
131. Tempel D.L., Leibowitz K.J., Leibowitz S.F. Effects of PVN galanin on macronutrient selection. Peptides 1988, 9:309-314.
132. Trayhurn P., Thomas M.E., Duncan J.S., Rayner D.V. Effects of fasting and refeeding on ob gene expression in white adipose tissue of lean and obese (oblob) mice. FEBS Lett. 1995, 368:488-490.
133. Vaccarino F.J., Bloom F.E., Rivier J., Vale W., Koob G.F. Stimulation of food intake in rats by centrally administered hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor. Nature 1985, 314:167-168.
134. Vaisse C., Halaas J.L., Horvath C.M., Darnell J.E., Stoffel M., Friedman J.M. Leptin activation of Stat3 in the hypothalamus of wild-type and ob/ob mice but not db/db mice. Nat. Genet. 1996, 14:95-97.
135. Wabitsch M., Jensen P.B., Blum W.F., Christoffersen C.T., Englaro P., Heinze E., Rascher W., Teller W., Tornqvist H., Hauner H. Insulin and cortisol promote leptin production in cultured human fat cells. Diabetes 1996, 45:1435-1438.
136. Wang M.Y., Zhou Y.T., Newgard C.B., Unger R.H. A novel leptin receptor isoform in rat. FEBS Lett. 1996, 392:87-90.
137. Wang Y., Kuropatwinski K.K., White D.W., Hawley T.S., Hawley R.G., Tartaglia L.A., Baumann H. Leptin receptor action in hepatic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:16216-16223.
138. White D.W., Kuropatwinski K.K., Devos R., Baumann H., Tartaglia L.A. Leptin receptor (OB-R) signaling. Cytoplasmic domain mutational analysis and evidence for receptor homo-oligomerization. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:4065-4071.
139. White D.W., Wang D.W., Chua S.C., Morgenstern J.P., Leibel R.L., Baumann H., Tartaglia L.A. Constitutive and impaired signaling of leptin receptors containing the Gln --> Pro extracellular domain fatty mutation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1997, 94:10657-10662.
140. Wrann C.D., Eguchi J., Bozec A., Xu Z., Mikkelsen T., Gimble J., Nave H., Wagner E.F., Ong S.E., Rosen E.D. FOSL2 promotes leptin gene expression in human and mouse adipocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 2012, 122:1010-1021.
141. Wu-Peng X.S., Chua S.C., Okada N., Liu S.M., Nicolson M., Leibel R.L. Phenotype of the obese Koletsky (f) rat due to Tyr763Stop mutation in the extracellular domain of the leptin receptor (Lepr): evidence for deficient plasma-to-CSF transport of leptin in both the Zucker and Koletsky obese rat. Diabetes 1997, 46:513-518.
142. Xu A.W., Kaelin C.B., Takeda K., Akira S., Schwartz M.W., Barsh G.S. PI3K integrates the action of insulin and leptin on hypothalamic neurons. J. Clin. Invest. 2005, 115:951-958.
143. Xu A.W., Ste-Marie L., Kaelin C.B., Barsh G.S. Inactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) neurons causes decreased pomc expression, mild obesity, and defects in compensatory refeeding. Endocrinology 2007, 148:72-80.
144. Yamano Y., Yoshioka M., Toda Y., Oshida Y., Chaki S., Hamamoto K., Morishima I. Regulation of CRF, POMC and MC4R gene expression after electrical foot shock stress in the rat amygdala and hypothalamus. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2004, 66:1323-1327. (the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science).
145. Yarnell D.O., Knight D.S., Hamilton K., Tulp O., Tso P. Localization of leptin receptor immunoreactivity in the lean and obese Zucker rat brain. Brain Res. 1998, 785:80-90.
146. Yen T.T., Shaw W.N., Yu P.L. Genetics of obesity of Zucker rats and Koletsky rats. Heredity 1977, 38:373-377.
147. Zhang S.Q., Yang W., Kontaridis M.I., Bivona T.G., Wen G., Araki T., Luo J., Thompson J.A., Schraven B.L., Philips M.R., Neel B.G. Shp2 regulates SRC family kinase activity and Ras/Erk activation by controlling Csk recruitment. Mol. Cell 2004, 13:341-355.
148. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedman J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994, 372:425-432.
149. Zhao A.Z., Huan J.N., Gupta S., Pal R., Sahu A. A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphodiesterase 3B-cyclic AMP pathway in hypothalamic action of leptin on feeding. Nat. Neurosci. 2002, 5:727-728.
150. Zhou Y., Rui L. Leptin signaling and leptin resistance. Front. Med. 2013, 7:207-222.