Nopal cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) as a source of bioactive compounds for nutrition, health and disease

Molecules

Volumn 19, Issue 9, 2014, Pages 14879-14901

  El Mostafa, Karym ^a,b   El Kharrassi, Youssef ^a,b   Badreddine, Asmaa ^a,b   Andreoletti, Pierre ^a   Vamecq, Joseph ^c   El Kebbaj, M'hammed Saïd ^d   Latruffe, Norbert ^a   Lizard, Gérard ^a   Nasser, Boubker ^b   Cherkaoui Malki, Mustapha ^a  

^a Faculté des Sciences Gabriel   (France)

^b Hassan 1st University   (Morocco)

^c INSERM   (France)

^d FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES BEN M SIK   (Morocco)

Author keywords

Anti inflammatory; Antioxidants; Cell signaling; Opuntia ficus indica; Polyphenols

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; PLANT EXTRACT; POLYPHENOL;

ANIMAL; CHEMISTRY; DRUG SCREENING; HUMAN; OPUNTIA;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; DRUG SCREENING ASSAYS, ANTITUMOR; HUMANS; OPUNTIA; PLANT EXTRACTS; POLYPHENOLS;

EID: 84907909091     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14203049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914879     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Butera, D.; Tesoriere, L.; di Gaudio, F.; Bongiorno, A.; Allegra, M.; Pintaudi, A.M.; Kohen, R.; Livrea, M.A. Antioxidant activities of sicilian prickly pear ( Opuntia ficus indica ) fruit extracts and reducing properties of its betalains: Betanin and indicaxanthin. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 6895-6901.
2. Alimi, H.; Hfaiedh, N.; Bouoni, Z.; Hfaiedh, M.; Sakly, M.; Zourgui, L.; Rhouma, K.B. Antioxidant and antiulcerogenic activities of Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis root extract in rats. Phytomedicine 2010, 17, 1120-1126.
3. Morales, P.; Ramírez-Moreno, E.; de Cortes Sanchez-Mata, M.; Carvalho, A.M.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Nutritional and antioxidant properties of pulp and seeds of two xoconostle cultivars (Opuntia joconostle F.A.C. Weber ex Diguet and Opuntia matudae Scheinvar) of high consumption in Mexico. Food Res. Int. 2012, 46, 279-285.
4. Valente, L.M.M.; da Paixão, D.; do Nascimento, A.C.; dos Santos, P.F.P.; Scheinvar, L.A.; Moura, M.R.L.; Tinoco, L.W.; Gomes, L.N.F.; da Silva, J.F.M. Antiradical activity, nutritional potential and flavonoids of the cladodes of Opuntia monacantha (Cactaceae). Food Chem. 2010, 123, 1127-1131.
5. Kuti, J.O. Antioxidant compounds from four Opuntia cactus pear fruit varieties. Food Chem. 2004, 85, 527-533.
6. Valente, L.; Scheinvar, L.; da Silva, G.; Antunes, A.; dos Santos, F.; Oliveira, T.; Tappin, M.; Aquino Neto, F.; Pereira, A.; Carvalhaes, S.; et al. Evaluation of the antitumor and trypanocidal activities and alkaloid profile in species of Brazilian Cactaceae. Pharmacogn. Mag. 2007, 3, 167-172.
7. Yang, N.; Zhao, M.; Zhu, B.; Yang, B.; Chen, C.; Cui, C.; Jiang, Y. Anti-diabetic effects of polysaccharides from Opuntia monacantha cladode in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2008, 9, 570-574.
8. Osorio-Esquivel, O.; Alicia-Ortiz-Moreno; Álvarez, V.B.; Dorantes-Álvarez, L.; Giusti, M.M. Phenolics, betacyanins and antioxidant activity in Opuntia joconostle fruits. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 2160-2168.
9. Paiz, R.C.; Juárez-Flores, B.I.; Aguirre, R.J.R.; Cárdenas, O.C.; Reyes, A.J.A.; García, C.E.; Álvarez, F.G. Glucose-lowering effect of xoconostle (Opuntia joconostle A. Web. Cactaceae) in diabetic rats. J. Med. Plants Res. 2010, 4, 2326-2333.
10. Schaffer, S.; Schmitt-Schillig, S.; Müller, W.E.; Eckert, G.P. Antioxidant properties of Mediterranean food plant extracts: Geographical differences. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2005, 56 (Suppl. S1), 115-124.
11. Stintzing, F.C.; Schieber, A.; Carle, R. Evaluation of colour properties and chemical quality parameters of cactus juices. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2003, 216, 303-311.
12. Stintzing, F.C.; Schieber, A.; Carle, R. Phytochemical and nutritional significance of cactus pear. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 2001, 212, 396-407.
13. Galati, E.M.; Mondello, M.R.; Giuffrida, D.; Dugo, G.; Miceli, N.; Pergolizzi, S.; Taviano, M.F. Chemical characterization and biological effects of Sicilian Opuntia ficus indica (L.) mill. Fruit juice: Antioxidant and antiulcerogenic activity. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 4903-4908.
14. Galati, E.M.; Mondello, M.R.; Monforte, M.T.; Galluzzo, M.; Miceli, N.; Tripodo, M.M. Effect of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. cladodes in the wound-healing process. J. Prof. Assoc. Cactus Dev. 2003, 5, 1-16.
15. Tesoriere, L.; Allegra, M.; Butera, D.; Livrea, M.A. Absorption, excretion, and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs: Potential health effects of betalains in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 941-945.
16. Zou, D.-M.; Brewer, M.; Garcia, F.; Feugang, J.M.; Wang, J.; Zang, R.; Liu, H.; Zou, C. Cactus pear: a natural product in cancer chemoprevention. Nutr. J. 2005, 4,25.
17. . Dok-Go, H.; Lee, K.H.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, E.H.; Lee, J.; Song, Y.S.; Lee, Y.-H.; Jin, C.; Lee, Y.S.; Cho, J. Neuroprotective effects of antioxidative flavonoids, quercetin, (+)-dihydroquercetin and quercetin 3-Methyl ether, isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. Brain Res. 2003, 965, 130-136.
18. Galati, E.M.; Mondello, M.R.; Lauriano, E.R.; Taviano, M.F.; Galluzzo, M.; Miceli, N. Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill. fruit juice protects liver from carbon tetrachloride-induced injury. Phytother. Res. 2005, 19, 796-800.
19. Sreekanth, D.; Arunasree, M.K.; Roy, K.R.; Chandramohan Reddy, T.; Reddy, G.V.; Reddanna, P. Betanin a betacyanin pigment purified from fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia Cell line-K562. Phytomedicine 2007, 14, 739-746.
20. De Leo, M.; Abreu, M.B.D.; Pawlowska, A.M.; Cioni, P.L.; Braca, A. Profiling the chemical content of Opuntia ficus-indica flowers by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS and GC/EIMS analyses. Phytochem. Lett. 2010, 3, 48-52.
21. Ramadan, M.F.; Mörsel, J.-T. Oil cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.). Food Chem. 2003, 82, 339-345.
22. Lee, J.-C.; Kim, H.-R.; Kim, J.; Jang, Y.-S. Antioxidant property of an ethanol extract of the stem of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 6490-6496.
23. Stintzing, F.C.; Carle, R. Cactus stems (Opuntia spp.): A review on their chemistry, technology, and uses. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2005, 49, 175-194.
24. Laughton, M.J.; Evans, P.J.; Moroney, M.A.; Hoult, J.R.; Halliwell, B. Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase by flavonoids and phenolic dietary additives. Relationship to antioxidant activity and to iron ion-reducing ability. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1991, 42, 1673-1681.
25. Ahmed, M.S.; Tanbouly, N.D.E.; Islam, W.T.; Sleem, A.A.; Senousy, A.S.E. Antiinflammatory flavonoids from Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl) Haw. flowers growing in Egypt. Phytother. Res. 2005, 19, 807-809.
26. Ammar, I.; Ennouri, M.; Khemakhem, B.; Yangui, T.; Attia, H. Variation in chemical composition and biological activities of two species of Opuntia flowers at four stages of flowering. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2012, 37, 34-40.
27. Clark, W.D.; Brown, G.K.; Mays, R.L. Flower flavonoids of Opuntia subgenus Cylindropuntia. Phytochemistry 1980, 19, 2042-2043.
28. Fernández-López, J.A.; Almela, L.; Obón, J.M.; Castellar, R. Determination of Antioxidant Constituents in Cactus Pear Fruits. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 2010, 65, 253-259.
29. Bensadón, S.; Hervert-Hernández, D.; Sáyago-Ayerdi, S.G.; Goñi, I. By-Products of Opuntia ficus-indica as a Source of Antioxidant Dietary Fiber. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 2010, 65, 210-216.
30. Moussa-Ayoub, T.E.; El-Samahy, S.K.; Kroh, L.W.; Rohn, S. Identification and quantification of flavonol aglycons in cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica) fruit using a commercial pectinase and cellulase preparation. Food Chem. 2011, 124, 1177-1184.
31. Salim, N.; Abdelwaheb, C.; Rabah, C.; Ahcene, B. Chemical composition of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) fruit. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2009, 8, 1623-1624.
32. Tesoriere, L.; Fazzari, M.; Allegra, M.; Livrea, M.A. Biothiols, Taurine, and Lipid-Soluble Antioxidants in the Edible Pulp of Sicilian Cactus Pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) Fruits and Changes of Bioactive Juice Components upon Industrial Processing. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 7851-7855.
33. Chougui, N.; Tamendjari, A.; Hamidj, W.; Hallal, S.; Barras, A.; Richard, T.; Larbat, R. Oil composition and characterisation of phenolic compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica seeds. Food Chem. 2013, 139, 796-803.
34. Jorge, A.J.; de La Garza, T.H.; Alejandro, Z.C.; Ruth, B.C.; Noé, A.C. The optimization of phenolic compounds extraction from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) skin in a reflux system using response surface methodology. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2013, 3, 436-442.
35. Gallegos-Infante, J.-A.; Rocha-Guzman, N.-E.; González-Laredo, R.-F.; Reynoso-Camacho, R.; Medina-Torres, L.; Cervantes-Cardozo, V. Effect of air flow rate on the polyphenols content and antioxidant capacity of convective dried cactus pear cladodes (Opuntia ficus indica ). Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2009, 60, 80-87.
36. Ginestra, G.; Parker, M.L.; Bennett, R.N.; Robertson, J.; Mandalari, G.; Narbad, A.; Lo Curto, R.B.; Bisignano, G.; Faulds, C.B.; Waldron, K.W. Anatomical, Chemical, and Biochemical Characterization of Cladodes from Prickly Pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 10323-10330.
37. Guevara-Figueroa, T.; Jiménez-Islas, H.; Reyes-Escogido, M.L.; Mortensen, A.G.; Laursen, B.B.; Lin, L.-W.; de León-Rodríguez, A.; Fomsgaard, I.S.; Barba de la Rosa, A.P. Proximate composition, phenolic acids, and flavonoids characterization of commercial and wild nopal (Opuntia spp.). J. Food Compos. Anal. 2010, 23, 525-532.
38. Khatabi, O.; Hanine, H.; Elothmani, D.; Hasib, A. Extraction and determination of polyphenols and betalain pigments in the Moroccan Prickly pear fruits (Opuntia ficus indica). Arab. J. Chem. 2013, doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.04.001.
39. Khan, N.S.; Ahmad, A.; Hadi, S.M. Anti-oxidant, pro-oxidant properties of tannic acid and its binding to DNA. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2000, 125, 177-189.
40. Yen, G.-C.; Duh, P.-D.; Tsai, H.-L. Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Food Chem. 2002, 79, 307-313.
41. You, B.R.; Park, W.H. Gallic acid-induced lung cancer cell death is related to glutathione depletion as well as reactive oxygen species increase. Toxicol. In Vitro 2010, 24, 1356-1362.
42. Li, R.; Guo, M.; Zhang, G.; Xu, X.; Li, Q. Nicotiflorin reduces cerebral ischemic damage and upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase in primarily cultured rat cerebral blood vessel endothelial cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 107, 143-150.
43. Nakayama, M.; Aihara, M.; Chen, Y.-N.; Araie, M.; Tomita-Yokotani, K.; Iwashina, T. Neuroprotective effects of flavonoids on hypoxia-, glutamate-, and oxidative stress-induced retinal ganglion cell death. Mol. Vis. 2011, 17, 1784.
44. Huang, J.-L.; Fu, S.-T.; Jiang, Y.-Y.; Cao, Y.-B.; Guo, M.-L.; Wang, Y.; Xu, Z. Protective effects of Nicotiflorin on reducing memory dysfunction, energy metabolism failure and oxidative stress in multi-infarct dementia model rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2007, 86, 741-748.
45. Kim, J.-E.; Lee, D.-E.; Lee, K.W.; Son, J.E.; Seo, S.K.; Li, J.; Jung, S.K.; Heo, Y.-S.; Mottamal, M.; Bode, A.M.; et al. Isorhamnetin Suppresses Skin Cancer through Direct Inhibition of MEK1 and PI3-K. Cancer Prev. Res. 2011, 4, 582-591.
46. Zhang, N.; Pei, F.; Wei, H.; Zhang, T.; Yang, C.; Ma, G.; Yang, C. Isorhamnetin protects rat ventricular myocytes from ischemia and reperfusion injury. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 2011, 63, 33-38.
47. Kim, B.; Choi, Y.-E.; Kim, H.-S. Eruca sativa and its Flavonoid Components, Quercetin and Isorhamnetin, Improve Skin Barrier Function by Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)-? and Suppression of Inflammatory Cytokines. Phytother. Res. 2014, doi:10.1002/ptr.5138.
48. Lee, J.; Jung, E.; Lee, J.; Kim, S.; Huh, S.; Kim, Y.; Kim, Y.; Byun, S.Y.; Kim, Y.-S.; Park, D. Isorhamnetin represses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Obesity 2009, 17, 226-232.
49. Ramachandran, L.; Manu, K.A.; Shanmugam, M.K.; Li, F.; Siveen, K.S.; Vali, S.; Kapoor, S.; Abbasi, T.; Surana, R.; Smoot, D.T.; et al. Isorhamnetin inhibits proliferation and invasion and induces apoptosis through the modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? activation pathway in gastric cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287, 38028-38040.
50. Abidi, S.; Ben Salem, H.; Vasta, V.; Priolo, A. Supplementation with barley or spineless cactus (Opuntia ficus indica f. inermis) cladodes on digestion, growth and intramuscular fatty acid composition in sheep and goats receiving oaten hay. Small Rumin. Res. 2009, 87, 9-16.
51. Charouf, Z.; Guillaume, D. Phenols and Polyphenols from Argania spinosa. Am. J. Food Technol. 2007, 2, 679-683.
52. Ramadan, M.F.; Moersel, J.-T. Lipid profile of prickly pear pulp fractions. J. Food Agric. Environ. 2003, 1, 66-70.
53. Ennouri, M.; Evelyne, B.; Laurence, M.; Hamadi, A. Fatty acid composition and rheological behaviour of prickly pear seed oils. Food Chem. 2005, 93, 431-437.
54. Marfil, R.; Cabrera-Vique, C.; Gimenez, R.; Bouzas, P.R.; Martinez, O.; Sanchez, J.A. Metal content and physicochemical parameters used as quality criteria in virgin argan oil: Influence of the extraction method. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 7279-7284.
55. Ollivier, D.; Artaud, J.; Pinatel, C.; Durbec, J.P.; Guerere, M. Triacylglycerol and fatty acid compositions of French virgin olive oils. Characterization by chemometrics. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 5723-5731.
56. Rubio, M.; Alvarez-Ortí, M.; Alvarruiz, A.S.; Fernández, E.; Pardo, J.E. Characterization of Oil Obtained from Grape Seeds Collected during Berry Development. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 2812-2815.
57. Ayorinde, F.O.; Garvin, K.; Saeed, K. Determination of the fatty acid composition of saponified vegetable oils using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2000, 14, 608-615.
58. Karoui, I.J.; Wannes, W.A.; Marzouk, B. Refined corn oil aromatization by Citrus aurantium peel essential oil. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2010, 32, 202-207.
59. Filip, S.; Hribar, J.; Vidrih, R. Influence of natural antioxidants on the formation of trans-fatty-acid isomers during heat treatment of sunflower oil. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2011, 113, 224-230.
60. Ramadan, M.F.; Mörsel, J.-T. Recovered lipids from prickly pear [Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill] peel: A good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, natural antioxidant vitamins and sterols. Food Chem. 2003, 83, 447-456.
61. Soel, S.M.; Choi, O.S.; Bang, M.H.; Yoon Park, J.H.; Kim, W.K. Influence of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on the metastasis of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2007, 18, 650-657.
62. Cayuela, J.A.; Rada, M.; del Carmen Pérez-Camino, M.; Benaissa, M.; Abdelaziz, E.; Guinda, Á. Characterization of artisanally and semiautomatically extracted argan oils from Morocco. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2008, 110, 1159-1166.
63. Khallouki, F.; Younos, C.; Soulimani, R.; Oster, T.; Charrouf, Z.; Spiegelhalder, B.; Bartsch, H.; Owen, R.W. Consumption of argan oil (Morocco) with its unique profile of fatty acids, tocopherols, squalene, sterols and phenolic compounds should confer valuable cancer chemopreventive effects. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 2003, 12, 67-75.
64. Piga, A. Cactus pear: A fruit of nutraceutical and functional importance. J. Prof. Assoc. Cactus Dev. 2004, 6, 9-22.
65. Feugang, J.M.; Konarski, P.; Zou, D.; Stintzing, F.C.; Zou, C. Nutritional and medicinal use of Cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) cladodes and fruits. Front. Biosci. 2006, 11, 2574-2589.
66. Sawaya, W.N.; Khan, P. Chemical Characterization of Prickly Pear Seed Oil, Opuntia ficus-indica. J. Food Sci. 1982, 47, 2060-2061.
67. Gharby, S.; Harhar, H.; Guillaume, D.; Haddad, A.; Matthäus, B.; Charrouf, Z. Oxidative stability of edible argan oil: A two-year study. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 44, 1-8.
68. El Kossori, R.L.; Villaume, C.; El Boustani, E.; Sauvaire, Y.; Méjean, L. Composition of pulp, skin and seeds of prickly pears fruit (Opuntia ficus indica sp.). Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 1998, 52, 263-270.
69. Sawaya, W.N.; Khatchadourian, H.A.; Safi, W.M.; Al-Muhammad, H. Chemical characterization of prickly pear pulp, Opuntia ficus-indica, and the manufacturing of prickly pear jam. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 1983, 18, 183-193.
70. Medina, E.M.D.; Rodríguez, E.M.R.; Romero, C.D. Chemical characterization of Opuntia dillenii and Opuntia ficus indica fruits. Food Chem. 2007, 103, 38-45.
71. Ayadi, M.A.; Abdelmaksoud, W.; Ennouri, M.; Attia, H. Cladodes from Opuntia ficus indica as a source of dietary fiber: Effect on dough characteristics and cake making. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2009, 30, 40-47.
72. Trachtenberg, S.; Mayer, A.M. Mucilage Cells, Calcium Oxalate Crystals and Soluble Calcium in Opuntia ficus-indica. Ann. Bot. 1982, 50, 549-557.
73. Sawaya, W.N.; Khalil, J.K.; Al-Mohammad, M.M. Nutritive value of prickly pear seeds, Opuntia ficus-indica. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 1983, 33, 91-97.
74. Contreras-Padilla, M.; Pérez-Torrero, E.; Hernández-Urbiola, M.I.; Hernández-Quevedo, G.; del Real, A.; Rivera-Muñoz, E.M.; Rodríguez-García, M.E. Evaluation of oxalates and calcium in nopal pads (Opuntia ficus-indica var. redonda) at different maturity stages. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2011, 24, 38-43.
75. Nassar, A.G. Chemical composition and functional properties of prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica) seeds flour and protein concentrate. World J. Dairy Food Sci. 2008, 3, 11-16.
76. Uchoa, A.F.; Souza, P.A.S.; Zarate, R.M.L.; Gomes-Filho, E.; Campos, F.A.P. Isolation and characterization of a reserve protein from the seeds of Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae). Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1998, 31, 757-761.
77. Zito, P.; Sajeva, M.; Bruno, M.; Rosselli, S.; Maggio, A.; Senatore, F. Essential oils composition of two Sicilian cultivars of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (Cactaceae) fruits (prickly pear). Nat. Prod. Res. 2013, 27, 1305-1314.
78. Castellanos-Santiago, E.; Yahia, E.M. Identification and Quantification of Betalains from the Fruits of 10 Mexican Prickly Pear Cultivars by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 5758-5764.
79. Fernández-López, J.A.; Castellar, R.; Obón, J.M.; Almela, L. Screening and mass-spectral confirmation of betalains in cactus pears. Chromatographia 2002, 56, 591-595.
80. Fernández-López, J.A.; Giménez, P.J.; Angosto, J.M.; Moreno, J.I. A process of recovery of a natural yellow colourant from opuntia fruits. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2012, 50, 246-251.
81. Strack, D.; Vogt, T.; Schliemann, W. Recent advances in betalain research. Phytochemistry 2003, 62, 247-269.
82. Stintzing, F.C.; Herbach, K.M.; Mosshammer, M.R.; Carle, R.; Yi, W.; Sellappan, S.; Akoh, C.C.; Bunch, R.; Felker, P. Color, betalain pattern, and antioxidant properties of cactus pear (Opuntia spp.) clones. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 442-451.
83. Ahmad, A.; Davies, J.; Randall, S.; Skinner, G.R.B. Antiviral properties of extract of Opuntia streptacantha. Antivir. Res. 1996, 30, 75-85.
84. Kaur, M.; Kaur, A.; Sharma, R. Pharmacological actions of Opuntia ficus indica: A Review. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 2012, 2, 1.
85. Lee, J.-A.; Jung, B.-G.; Kim, T.-H.; Lee, S.-G.; Park, Y.-S.; Lee, B.-J. Dietary feeding of Opuntia humifusa inhibits UVB radiation-induced carcinogenesis by reducing inflammation and proliferation in hairless mouse model. Photochem. Photobiol. 2013, 89, 1208-1215.
86. Lee, J.-A.; Jung, B.-G.; Lee, B.-J. Inhibitory effects of Opuntia humifusa on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[ a]anthracene and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate induced two-stage skin carcinogenesis. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012, 13, 4655-4660.
87. Tomczyk, M.; Zovko-Konci?, M.; Chrostek, L. Phytotherapy of alcoholism. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2012, 7, 273-280.
88. Tesoriere, L.; Attanzio, A.; Allegra, M.; Gentile, C.; Livrea, M.A. Indicaxanthin inhibits NADPH oxidase (NOX)-1 activation and NF-?B-dependent release of inflammatory mediators and prevents the increase of epithelial permeability in IL-1?-exposed Caco-2 cells. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 111, 415-423.
89. Panico, A.M.; Cardile, V.; Garufi, F.; Puglia, C.; Bonina, F.; Ronsisvalle, S. Effect of hyaluronic acid and polysaccharides from Opuntia ficus indica (L.) cladodes on the metabolism of human chondrocyte cultures. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 111, 315-321.
90. Gentile, C.; Tesoriere, L.; Allegra, M.; Livrea, M.A.; D?Alessio, P. Antioxidant betalains from cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) inhibit endothelial ICAM-1 expression. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2004, 1028, 481-486.
91. Lee, M.H.; Kim, J.Y.; Yoon, J.H.; Lim, H.J.; Kim, T.H.; Jin, C.; Kwak, W.-J.; Han, C.-K.; Ryu, J.-H. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase expression in activated microglia and peroxynitrite scavenging activity by Opuntia ficus indica var. saboten. Phytother. Res. 2006, 20, 742-747.
92. Kim, J.-H.; Park, S.-M.; Ha, H.-J.; Moon, C.-J.; Shin, T.-K.; Kim, J.-M.; Lee, N.-H.; Kim, H.-C.; Jang, K.-J.; Wie, M.-B. Opuntia ficus-indica attenuates neuronal injury in in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral ischemia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 104, 257-262.
93. Allegra, M.; Ianaro, A.; Tersigni, M.; Panza, E.; Tesoriere, L.; Livrea, M.A. Indicaxanthin from cactus pear fruit exerts anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenin-induced rat pleurisy. J. Nutr. 2014, 144, 185-192.
94. Morán-Ramos, S.; Avila-Nava, A.; Tovar, A.R.; Pedraza-Chaverri, J.; López-Romero, P.; Torres, N. Opuntia ficus indica (nopal) attenuates hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress in obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats. J. Nutr. 2012, 142, 1956-1963.
95. Castillo, S.L.; Heredia, N.; Contreras, J.F.; García, S. Extracts of edible and medicinal plants in inhibition of growth, adherence, and cytotoxin production of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. J. Food Sci. 2011, 76, M421-M426.
96. Sánchez, E.; García, S.; Heredia, N. Extracts of Edible and Medicinal Plants Damage Membranes of Vibrio cholerae. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2010, 76, 6888-6894.
97. Vázquez-Ramírez, R.; Olguín-Martínez, M.; Kubli-Garfias, C.; Hernández-Muñoz, R. Reversing gastric mucosal alterations during ethanol-induced chronic gastritis in rats by oral administration of Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage. World J. Gastroenterol. 2006, 12, 4318-4324.
98. Wiese, J.; McPherson, S.; Odden, M.C.; Shlipak, M.G. Effect of Opuntia ficus indica on symptoms of the alcohol hangover. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164, 1334-1340.
99. Kleiner, O.; Cohen, Z.; Mares, A.J. Low colonic obstruction due to Opuntia ficus indica seeds: The aftermath of enjoying delicious cactus fruits. Acta Paediatr. 2002, 91, 606-607.
100. Oh, P.-S.; Lim, K.-T. Glycoprotein (90 kDa) isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten MAKINO lowers plasma lipid level through scavenging of intracellular radicals in Triton WR-1339-induced mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006, 29, 1391-1396.
101. Deldicque, L.; van Proeyen, K.; Ramaekers, M.; Pischel, I.; Sievers, H.; Hespel, P. Additive insulinogenic action of Opuntia ficus-indica cladode and fruit skin extract and leucine after exercise in healthy males. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2013, 10, 45.
102. Godard, M.P.; Ewing, B.A.; Pischel, I.; Ziegler, A.; Benedek, B.; Feistel, B. Acute blood glucose lowering effects and long-term safety of OpunDia supplementation in pre-diabetic males and females. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2010, 130, 631-634.
103. Butterweck, V.; Semlin, L.; Feistel, B.; Pischel, I.; Bauer, K.; Verspohl, E.J. Comparative evaluation of two different Opuntia ficus-indica extracts for blood sugar lowering effects in rats. Phytother. Res. 2011, 25, 370-375.
104. Van Proeyen, K.; Ramaekers, M.; Pischel, I.; Hespel, P. Opuntia ficus-indica ingestion stimulates peripheral disposal of oral glucose before and after exercise in healthy men. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab. 2012, 22, 284-291.
105. Alarcon-Aguilar, F.J.; Valdes-Arzate, A.; Xolalpa-Molina, S.; Banderas-Dorantes, T.; Jimenez-Estrada, M.; Hernandez-Galicia, E.; Roman-Ramos, R. Hypoglycemic activity of two polysaccharides isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica and O. streptacantha. Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 2003, 46, 139-142.
106. Nuñez-López, M.A.; Paredes-López, O.; Reynoso-Camacho, R. Functional and Hypoglycemic Properties of Nopal Cladodes (O. ficus-indica) at Different Maturity Stages Using in Vitro and in Vivo Tests. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 10981-10986.
107. Park, E.H.; Kahng, J.H.; Lee, S.H.; Shin, K.H. An anti-inflammatory principle from cactus. Fitoterapia 2001, 72, 288-290.
108. Allegra, M.; Furtmuller, P.G.; Jantschko, W.; Zederbauer, M.; Tesoriere, L.; Livrea, M.A.; Obinger, C. Mechanism of interaction of betanin and indicaxanthin with human myeloperoxidase and hypochlorous acid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 332, 837-844.
109. Tesoriere, L.; Butera, D.; Pintaudi, A.M.; Allegra, M.; Livrea, M.A. Supplementation with cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) fruit decreases oxidative stress in healthy humans: A comparative study with vitamin C. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80, 391-395.
110. Ennouri, M.; Ammar, I.; Khemakhem, B.; Attia, H. Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Opuntia Ficus-Indica F. Inermis (Cactus Pear) Flowers. J. Med. Food 2014, 17, 908-914.
111. Yasmeen, R.; Hashmi, A.S.; Anjum, A.A.; Saeed, S.; Muhammad, K. Antibacterial activity of indigenous herbal extracts against urease producing bacteria. J. Anim. Plant. Sci. 2012, 22, 416-419.