Glial development: The crossroads of regeneration and repair in the CNS

Neuron

Volumn 83, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 283-308

  Gallo, Vittorio ^a   Deneen, Benjamin ^b  

^a CHILDREN'S NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b CENTER FOR CELL AND GENE THERAPY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

B RAF KINASE; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN; CARDIOTROPHIN 1; CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE; NOTCH RECEPTOR; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; STAT3 PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR;

ASTROCYTE; BRAIN HYPOXIA; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MATURATION; CELL POPULATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL REGENERATION; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; EPIGENETICS; GLIA; HUMAN; NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY; NONHUMAN; OLIGODENDROGLIA; POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REGENERATIVE ABILITY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WHITE MATTER INJURY;

ANIMALS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; HUMANS; NERVE REGENERATION; NEUROGENESIS; NEUROGLIA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84904322227     PISSN: 08966273     EISSN: 10974199     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.010     Document Type: Review

References (303)

1. Aguirre A.A., Chittajallu R., Belachew S., Gallo V. NG2-expressing cells in the subventricular zone are type C-like cells and contribute tointerneuron generation in the postnatal hippocampus. J.Cell Biol. 2004, 165:575-589.
2. Aguirre A., Dupree J.L., Mangin J.M., Gallo V. A functional rolefor EGFR signaling in myelination and remyelination. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:990-1002.
3. Aguirre A., Rubio M.E., Gallo V. Notch and EGFR pathway interaction regulates neural stem cell number and self-renewal. Nature 2010, 467:323-327.
4. Albrecht P.J., Murtie J.C., Ness J.K., Redwine J.M., Enterline J.R., Armstrong R.C., Levison S.W. Astrocytes produce CNTF during the remyelination phase of viral-induced spinal cord demyelination to stimulate FGF-2 production. Neurobiol. Dis. 2003, 13:89-101.
5. Alvarez J.I., Katayama T., Prat A. Glial influence on the blood brain barrier. Glia 2013, 61:1939-1958.
6. Amankulor N.M., Hambardzumyan D., Pyonteck S.M., Becher O.J., Joyce J.A., Holland E.C. Sonic hedgehog pathway activation is induced by acute brain injury and regulated by injury-related inflammation. J.Neurosci. 2009, 29:10299-10308.
7. Anderson D.J. Stem cells and pattern formation in the nervous system: the possible versus the actual. Neuron 2001, 30:19-35.
8. Ara J., See J., Mamontov P., Hahn A., Bannerman P., Pleasure D., Grinspan J.B. Bone morphogenetic proteins 4, 6, and 7 are up-regulated in mouse spinal cord during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J.Neurosci. Res. 2008, 86:125-135.
9. Armstrong R.C., Kim J.G., Hudson L.D. Expression of myelin transcription factor I (MyTI), a "zinc-finger" DNA-binding protein, in developing oligodendrocytes. Glia 1995, 14:303-321.
10. Armstrong R.C., Le T.Q., Frost E.E., Borke R.C., Vana A.C. Absence of fibroblast growth factor 2 promotes oligodendroglial repopulation of demyelinated white matter. J.Neurosci. 2002, 22:8574-8585.
11. Arnett H.A., Mason J., Marino M., Suzuki K., Matsushima G.K., Ting J.P. TNF alpha promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination. Nat. Neurosci. 2001, 4:1116-1122.
12. Arnett H.A., Fancy S.P., Alberta J.A., Zhao C., Plant S.R., Kaing S., Raine C.S., Rowitch D.H., Franklin R.J., Stiles C.D. bHLH transcription factor Olig1 is required to repair demyelinated lesions in the CNS. Science 2004, 306:2111-2115.
13. Arumugam T.V., Chan S.L., Jo D.G., Yilmaz G., Tang S.C., Cheng A., Gleichmann M., Okun E., Dixit V.D., Chigurupati S., et al. Gamma secretase-mediated Notch signaling worsens brain damage and functional outcome in ischemic stroke. Nat. Med. 2006, 12:621-623.
14. Avolio C., Ruggieri M., Giuliani F., Liuzzi G.M., Leante R., Riccio P., Livrea P., Trojano M. Serum MMP-2 and MMP-9 are elevated in different multiple sclerosis subtypes. J.Neuroimmunol. 2003, 136:46-53.
15. Baas D., Bourbeau D., Sarliève L.L., Ittel M.E., Dussault J.H., Puymirat J. Oligodendrocyte maturation and progenitor cell proliferation are independently regulated by thyroid hormone. Glia 1997, 19:324-332.
16. Back S.A. Perinatal white matter injury: the changing spectrum of pathology and emerging insights into pathogenetic mechanisms. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 2006, 12:129-140.
17. Back S.A., Rosenberg P.A. Pathophysiology of glia in perinatal white matter injury. Glia 2014, Published online March 31, 2014. 10.1002/glia.22658.
18. Back S.A., Han B.H., Luo N.L., Chricton C.A., Xanthoudakis S., Tam J., Arvin K.L., Holtzman D.M. Selective vulnerability of late oligodendrocyte progenitors to hypoxia-ischemia. J.Neurosci. 2002, 22:455-463.
19. Badaracco M.E., Ortiz E.H., Soto E.F., Connor J., Pasquini J.M. Effect of transferrin on hypomyelination induced by iron deficiency. J.Neurosci. Res. 2008, 86:2663-2673.
20. Bain G., Ray W.J., Yao M., Gottlieb D.I. Retinoic acid promotes neural and represses mesodermal gene expression in mouse embryonic stem cells in culture. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1996, 223:691-694.
21. Bansal R. Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in oligodendrocyte development: implications for demyelination and remyelination. Dev. Neurosci. 2002, 24:35-46.
22. Barnabé-Heider F., Wasylnka J.A., Fernandes K.J., Porsche C., Sendtner M., Kaplan D.R., Miller F.D. Evidence that embryonic neurons regulate the onset of cortical gliogenesis via cardiotrophin-1. Neuron 2005, 48:253-265.
23. Baron W., Colognato H., Ffrench-Constant C. Integrin-growth factor interactions as regulators of oligodendroglial development and function. Glia 2005, 49:467-479.
24. Barres B.A., Schmid R., Sendnter M., Raff M.C. Multiple extracellular signals are required for long-term oligodendrocyte survival. Development 1993, 118:283-295.
25. Barres B.A., Lazar M.A., Raff M.C. A novel role for thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid in timing oligodendrocyte development. Development 1994, 120:1097-1108.
26. Beck K.D., Powell-Braxton L., Widmer H.R., Valverde J., Hefti F. Igf1 gene disruption results in reduced brain size, CNS hypomyelination, and loss of hippocampal granule and striatal parvalbumin-containing neurons. Neuron 1995, 14:717-730.
27. Belachew S., Aguirre A.A., Wang H., Vautier F., Yuan X., Anderson S., Kirby M., Gallo V. Cyclin-dependent kinase-2 controls oligodendrocyte progenitor cell cycle progression and is downregulated in adult oligodendrocyte progenitors. J.Neurosci. 2002, 22:8553-8562.
28. Benner E.J., Luciano D., Jo R., Abdi K., Paez-Gonzalez P., Sheng H., Warner D.S., Liu C., Eroglu C., Kuo C.T. Protective astrogenesis from the SVZ niche after injury is controlled by Notch modulator Thbs4. Nature 2013, 497:369-373.
29. Berninger B. Making neurons from mature glia: a far-fetched dream?. Neuropharmacology 2010, 58:894-902.
30. Bi B., Salmaso N., Komitova M., Simonini M.V., Silbereis J., Cheng E., Kim J., Luft S., Ment L.R., Horvath T.L., et al. Cortical glial fibrillary acidicprotein-positive cells generate neurons after perinatal hypoxic injury. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:9205-9221.
31. Bogazzi F., Hudson L.D., Nikodem V.M. A novel heterodimerization partner for thyroid hormone receptor. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. J.Biol. Chem. 1994, 269:11683-11686.
32. Bonaguidi M.A., McGuire T., Hu M., Kan L., Samanta J., Kessler J.A. LIF and BMP signaling generate separate and discrete types of GFAP-expressing cells. Development 2005, 132:5503-5514.
33. Bonni A., Sun Y., Nadal-Vicens M., Bhatt A., Frank D.A., Rozovsky I., Stahl N., Yancopoulos G.D., Greenberg M.E. Regulation of gliogenesis in the central nervous system by the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Science 1997, 278:477-483.
34. Brambilla R., Persaud T., Hu X., Karmally S., Shestopalov V.I., Dvoriantchikova G., Ivanov D., Nathanson L., Barnum S.R., Bethea J.R. Transgenic inhibition of astroglial NF-kappa B improves functional outcome in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by suppressing chronic central nervous system inflammation. J.Immunol. 2009, 182:2628-2640.
35. Burda J.E., Sofroniew M.V. Reactive gliosis and the multicellular response to CNS damage and disease. Neuron 2014, 81:229-248.
36. Burrows R.C., Wancio D., Levitt P., Lillien L. Response diversity and the timing of progenitor cell maturation are regulated by developmental changes in EGFR expression in the cortex. Neuron 1997, 19:251-267.
37. Busch S.A., Silver J. The role of extracellular matrix in CNS regeneration. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2007, 17:120-127.
38. Bushong E.A., Martone M.E., Jones Y.Z., Ellisman M.H. Protoplasmic astrocytes in CA1 stratum radiatum occupy separate anatomical domains. J.Neurosci. 2002, 22:183-192.
39. Cai J., Qi Y., Hu X., Tan M., Liu Z., Zhang J., Li Q., Sander M., Qiu M. Generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from mouse dorsal spinal cord independent of Nkx6 regulation and Shh signaling. Neuron 2005, 45:41-53.
40. Caillava C., Vandenbosch R., Jablonska B., Deboux C., Spigoni G., Gallo V., Malgrange B., Baron-Van Evercooren A. Cdk2 loss accelerates precursor differentiation and remyelination in the adult central nervous system. J.Cell Biol. 2011, 193:397-407.
41. Cajal S.R. Histologie du systeme nerveux de l'homme et des vertebres 1909, Volume 1. Maloine, Paris.
42. Calver A.R., Hall A.C., Yu W.P., Walsh F.S., Heath J.K., Betsholtz C., Richardson W.D. Oligodendrocyte population dynamics and the role of PDGF invivo. Neuron 1998, 20:869-882.
43. Cammer W., Zhang H. Maturation of oligodendrocytes is more sensitive to TNF alpha than is survival of precursors and immature oligodendrocytes. J.Neuroimmunol. 1999, 97:37-42.
44. Cantarella C., Cayre M., Magalon K., Durbec P. Intranasal HB-EGF administration favors adult SVZ cell mobilization to demyelinated lesions in mouse corpus callosum. Dev. Neurobiol. 2008, 68:223-236.
45. Carbajal K.S., Schaumburg C., Strieter R., Kane J., Lane T.E. Migration of engrafted neural stem cells is mediated by CXCL12 signaling through CXCR4 in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:11068-11073.
46. Carbonell W.S., Mandell J.W. Transient neuronal but persistent astroglial activation of ERK/MAP kinase after focal brain injury in mice. J.Neurotrauma 2003, 20:327-336.
47. Carson M.J., Behringer R.R., Brinster R.L., McMorris F.A. Insulin-like growth factor I increases brain growth and central nervous system myelination in transgenic mice. Neuron 1993, 10:729-740.
48. Casaccia-Bonnefil P. Cell death in the oligodendrocyte lineage: a molecular perspective of life/death decisions in development and disease. Glia 2000, 29:124-135.
49. Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Tikoo R., Kiyokawa H., Friedrich V., Chao M.V., Koff A. Oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation is perturbed in the absence of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1. Genes Dev. 1997, 11:2335-2346.
50. Cate H.S., Sabo J.K., Merlo D., Kemper D., Aumann T.D., Robinson J., Merson T.D., Emery B., Perreau V.M., Kilpatrick T.J. Modulation of bone morphogenic protein signalling alters numbers of astrocytes and oligodendroglia in the subventricular zone during cuprizone-induced demyelination. J.Neurochem. 2010, 115:11-22.
51. Cayre M., Courtès S., Martineau F., Giordano M., Arnaud K., Zamaron A., Durbec P. Netrin 1 contributes to vascular remodeling in the subventricular zone and promotes progenitor emigration after demyelination. Development 2013, 140:3107-3117.
52. Cerghet M., Skoff R.P., Bessert D., Zhang Z., Mullins C., Ghandour M.S. Proliferation and death of oligodendrocytes and myelin proteins are differentially regulated in male and female rodents. J.Neurosci. 2006, 26:1439-1447.
53. Chaboub L.S., Deneen B. Developmental origins of astrocyte heterogeneity: the final frontier of CNS development. Dev. Neurosci. 2012, 34:379-388.
54. Chambers C.B., Peng Y., Nguyen H., Gaiano N., Fishell G., Nye J.S. Spatiotemporal selectivity of response to Notch1 signals in mammalian forebrain precursors. Development 2001, 128:689-702.
55. Chang A., Tourtellotte W.W., Rudick R., Trapp B.D. Premyelinating oligodendrocytes in chronic lesions of multiple sclerosis. N.Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346:165-173.
56. Chang C.F., Lin S.Z., Chiang Y.H., Morales M., Chou J., Lein P., Chen H.L., Hoffer B.J., Wang Y. Intravenous administration of bone morphogenetic protein-7 after ischemia improves motor function in stroke rats. Stroke 2003, 34:558-564.
57. Chen H.L., Panchision D.M. Concise review: bone morphogenetic protein pleiotropism in neural stem cells and their derivatives-alternative pathways, convergent signals. Stem Cells 2007, 25:63-68.
58. Chen J., Leong S.Y., Schachner M. Differential expression of cell fate determinants in neurons and glial cells of adult mouse spinal cord after compression injury. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2005, 22:1895-1906.
59. Chen Y., Miles D.K., Hoang T., Shi J., Hurlock E., Kernie S.G., Lu Q.R. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor olig2 is critical for reactive astrocyte proliferation after cortical injury. J.Neurosci. 2008, 28:10983-10989.
60. Chew L.J., Shen W., Ming X., Senatorov V.V., Chen H.L., Cheng Y., Hong E., Knoblach S., Gallo V. SRY-box containing gene 17 regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:13921-13935.
61. Choi J.S., Kim S.Y., Cha J.H., Choi Y.S., Sung K.W., Oh S.T., Kim O.N., Chung J.W., Chun M.H., Lee S.B., Lee M.Y. Upregulation ofgp130 and STAT3 activation in the rat hippocampus following transient forebrain ischemia. Glia 2003, 41:237-246.
62. Chong S.Y., Chan J.R. Tapping into the glial reservoir: cells committed to remaining uncommitted. J.Cell Biol. 2010, 188:305-312.
63. Cohen R.I., Marmur R., Norton W.T., Mehler M.F., Kessler J.A. Nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 differentially regulate the proliferation and survival of developing rat brain oligodendrocytes. J.Neurosci. 1996, 16:6433-6442.
64. Colak D., Mori T., Brill M.S., Pfeifer A., Falk S., Deng C., Monteiro R., Mummery C., Sommer L., Götz M. Adult neurogenesis requiresSmad4-mediated bone morphogenic protein signaling in stem cells. J.Neurosci. 2008, 28:434-446.
65. Confavreux C., Hutchinson M., Hours M.M., Cortinovis-Tourniaire P., Moreau T. Rate of pregnancy-related relapse in multiple sclerosis. N.Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339:285-291. Pregnancy in Multiple Sclerosis Group.
66. Covey M.V., Levison S.W. Leukemia inhibitory factor participates in the expansion of neural stem/progenitors after perinatal hypoxia/ischemia. Neuroscience 2007, 148:501-509.
67. Crocker S.J., Whitmire J.K., Frausto R.F., Chertboonmuang P., Soloway P.D., Whitton J.L., Campbell I.L. Persistent macrophage/microglial activation and myelin disruption after experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1-deficient mice. Am. J. Pathol. 2006, 169:2104-2116.
68. Crockett D.P., Burshteyn M., Garcia C., Muggironi M., Casaccia-Bonnefil P. Number of oligodendrocyte progenitors recruited to the lesioned spinal cord is modulated by the levels of the cell cycle regulatory protein p27Kip-1. Glia 2005, 49:301-308.
69. Dell'Acqua M.L., Lorenzini L., D'Intino G., Sivilia S., Pasqualetti P., Panetta V., Paradisi M., Filippi M.M., Baiguera C., Pizzi M., et al. Functional and molecular evidence of myelin- and neuroprotection by thyroid hormone administration in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2012, 38:454-470.
70. Deneen B., Ho R., Lukaszewicz A., Hochstim C.J., Gronostajski R.M., Anderson D.J. The transcription factor NFIA controls the onset of gliogenesis in the developing spinal cord. Neuron 2006, 52:953-968.
71. Dong Y., Benveniste E.N. Immune function of astrocytes. Glia 2001, 36:180-190.
72. Dopp J.M., Mackenzie-Graham A., Otero G.C., Merrill J.E. Differential expression, cytokine modulation, and specific functions of type-1 and type-2 tumor necrosis factor receptors in rat glia. J.Neuroimmunol. 1997, 75:104-112.
73. Dziembowska M., Tham T.N., Lau P., Vitry S., Lazarini F., Dubois-Dalcq M. A role for CXCR4 signaling in survival and migration of neural and oligodendrocyte precursors. Glia 2005, 50:258-269.
74. Emery B. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of CNS myelination. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2010, 20:601-607.
75. Emery B. Regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Science 2010, 330:779-782.
76. Emsley J.G., Macklis J.D. Astroglial heterogeneity closely reflects the neuronal-defined anatomy of the adult murine CNS. Neuron Glia Biol. 2006, 2:175-186.
77. Eng L.F., Ghirnikar R.S., Lee Y.L. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969-2000). Neurochem. Res. 2000, 25:1439-1451.
78. Ericson J., Briscoe J., Rashbass P., van Heyningen V., Jessell T.M. Graded sonic hedgehog signaling and the specification of cell fate in the ventral neural tube. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1997, 62:451-466.
79. Fagel D.M., Ganat Y., Silbereis J., Ebbitt T., Stewart W., Zhang H., Ment L.R., Vaccarino F.M. Cortical neurogenesis enhanced by chronic perinatal hypoxia. Exp. Neurol. 2006, 199:77-91.
80. Fancy S.P., Zhao C., Franklin R.J. Increased expression of Nkx2.2 and Olig2 identifies reactive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells responding to demyelination in the adult CNS. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2004, 27:247-254.
81. Fancy S.P., Baranzini S.E., Zhao C., Yuk D.I., Irvine K.A., Kaing S., Sanai N., Franklin R.J., Rowitch D.H. Dysregulation of the Wnt pathway inhibits timely myelination and remyelination in the mammalian CNS. Genes Dev. 2009, 23:1571-1585.
82. Fancy S.P., Chan J.R., Baranzini S.E., Franklin R.J., Rowitch D.H. Myelin regeneration: a recapitulation of development?. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2011, 34:21-43.
83. Fancy S.P., Harrington E.P., Yuen T.J., Silbereis J.C., Zhao C., Baranzini S.E., Bruce C.C., Otero J.J., Huang E.J., Nusse R., et al. Axin2 as regulatory and therapeutic target in newborn brain injury and remyelination. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:1009-1016.
84. Fancy S.P., Glasgow S.M., Finley M., Rowitch D.H., Deneen B. Evidence that nuclear factor IA inhibits repair after white matter injury. Ann. Neurol. 2012, 72:224-233.
85. Farina C., Aloisi F., Meinl E. Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity. Trends Immunol. 2007, 28:138-145.
86. Farsetti A., Mitsuhashi T., Desvergne B., Robbins J., Nikodem V.M. Molecular basis of thyroid hormone regulation of myelin basic protein gene expression in rodent brain. J.Biol. Chem. 1991, 266:23226-23232.
87. Faulkner J.R., Herrmann J.E., Woo M.J., Tansey K.E., Doan N.B., Sofroniew M.V. Reactive astrocytes protect tissue and preserve function after spinal cord injury. J.Neurosci. 2004, 24:2143-2155.
88. Feigenson K., Reid M., See J., Crenshaw E.B., Grinspan J.B. Canonical Wnt signalling requires the BMP pathway to inhibit oligodendrocyte maturation. ASN Neuro. 2011, 3:e00061.
89. Felling R.J., Snyder M.J., Romanko M.J., Rothstein R.P., Ziegler A.N., Yang Z., Givogri M.I., Bongarzone E.R., Levison S.W. Neural stem/progenitor cells participate in the regenerative response to perinatal hypoxia/ischemia. J.Neurosci. 2006, 26:4359-4369.
90. Ferent J., Zimmer C., Durbec P., Ruat M., Traiffort E. Sonic Hedgehog signaling is a positive oligodendrocyte regulator during demyelination. J.Neurosci. 2013, 33:1759-1772.
91. Ferreira A.A., Nazário J.C., Pereira M.J., Azevedo N.L., Barradas P.C. Effects of experimental hypothyroidism on myelin sheath structural organization. J.Neurocytol. 2004, 33:225-231.
92. Fischer I., Alliod C., Martinier N., Newcombe J., Brana C., Pouly S. Sphingosine kinase 1 and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 are functionally upregulated on astrocytes under pro-inflammatory conditions. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e23905.
93. Fjell A.M., Westlye L.T., Amlien I.K., Walhovd K.B. Reduced white matter integrity is related to cognitive instability. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:18060-18072.
94. Fogarty M., Richardson W.D., Kessaris N. A subset of oligodendrocytes generated from radial glia in the dorsal spinal cord. Development 2005, 132:1951-1959.
95. Fortin D., Rom E., Sun H., Yayon A., Bansal R. Distinct fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGF receptor signaling pairs initiate diverse cellular responses in the oligodendrocyte lineage. J.Neurosci. 2005, 25:7470-7479.
96. Franco P.G., Silvestroff L., Soto E.F., Pasquini J.M. Thyroid hormones promote differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and improve remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination. Exp. Neurol. 2008, 212:458-467.
97. Franklin R.J., Ffrench-Constant C. Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9:839-855.
98. Franklin R.J., Gallo V. The translational biology of remyelination: Past, present, and future. Glia 2014, Published online January 20, 2014. 10.1002/glia.22622.
99. Franklin R.J., Crang A.J., Blakemore W.F. Transplanted type-1 astrocytes facilitate repair of demyelinating lesions by host oligodendrocytes in adult rat spinal cord. J.Neurocytol. 1991, 20:420-430.
100. Freeman M.R., Rowitch D.H. Evolving concepts of gliogenesis: a look way back and ahead to the next 25 years. Neuron 2013, 80:613-623.
101. Fruttiger M., Karlsson L., Hall A.C., Abramsson A., Calver A.R., Boström H., Willetts K., Bertold C.H., Heath J.K., Betsholtz C., Richardson W.D. Defective oligodendrocyte development and severe hypomyelination in PDGF-A knockout mice. Development 1999, 126:457-467.
102. Fu H., Cai J., Clevers H., Fast E., Gray S., Greenberg R., Jain M.K., Ma Q., Qiu M., Rowitch D.H., et al. A genome-wide screen for spatially restricted expression patterns identifies transcription factors that regulate glial development. J.Neurosci. 2009, 29:11399-11408.
103. Fuller M.L., DeChant A.K., Rothstein B., Caprariello A., Wang R., Hall A.K., Miller R.H. Bone morphogenetic proteins promote gliosis in demyelinating spinal cord lesions. Ann. Neurol. 2007, 62:288-300.
104. Gabay L., Lowell S., Rubin L.L., Anderson D.J. Deregulation of dorsoventral patterning by FGF confers trilineage differentiation capacity on CNS stem cells invitro. Neuron 2003, 40:485-499.
105. Gadea A., Schinelli S., Gallo V. Endothelin-1 regulates astrocyte proliferation and reactive gliosis via a JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway. J.Neurosci. 2008, 28:2394-2408.
106. Ganat Y., Soni S., Chacon M., Schwartz M.L., Vaccarino F.M. Chronic hypoxia up-regulates fibroblast growth factor ligands in the perinatal brain and induces fibroblast growth factor-responsive radial glial cells in the sub-ependymal zone. Neuroscience 2002, 112:977-991.
107. Garcia A.D., Petrova R., Eng L., Joyner A.L. Sonic hedgehog regulates discrete populations of astrocytes in the adult mouse forebrain. J.Neurosci. 2010, 30:13597-13608.
108. Ge W.P., Miyawaki A., Gage F.H., Jan Y.N., Jan L.Y. Local generation of glia is a major astrocyte source in postnatal cortex. Nature 2012, 484:376-380.
109. Gerstl B., Eng L.F., Tavaststjerna M., Smith J.K., Kruse S.L. Lipids and proteins in multiple sclerosis white matter. J.Neurochem. 1970, 17:677-689.
110. Ghiani C.A., Eisen A.M., Yuan X., DePinho R.A., McBain C.J., Gallo V. Neurotransmitter receptor activation triggers p27(Kip1)and p21(CIP1) accumulation and G1 cell cycle arrest in oligodendrocyte progenitors. Development 1999, 126:1077-1090.
111. Goldman S.A., Chen Z. Perivascular instruction of cell genesis and fate in the adult brain. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:1382-1389.
112. Gomes W.A., Mehler M.F., Kessler J.A. Transgenic overexpression of BMP4 increases astroglial and decreases oligodendroglial lineage commitment. Dev. Biol. 2003, 255:164-177.
113. Goncalves M.B., Boyle J., Webber D.J., Hall S., Minger S.L., Corcoran J.P. Timing of the retinoid-signalling pathway determines the expression of neuronal markers in neural progenitor cells. Dev. Biol. 2005, 278:60-70.
114. Gonzalez-Perez O., Romero-Rodriguez R., Soriano-Navarro M., Garcia-Verdugo J.M., Alvarez-Buylla A. Epidermal growth factor induces the progeny of subventricular zone type B cells to migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Stem Cells 2009, 27:2032-2043.
115. Gregg C., Shikar V., Larsen P., Mak G., Chojnacki A., Yong V.W., Weiss S. White matter plasticity and enhanced remyelination in the maternal CNS. J.Neurosci. 2007, 27:1812-1823.
116. Grinspan J.B., Edell E., Carpio D.F., Beesley J.S., Lavy L., Pleasure D., Golden J.A. Stage-specific effects of bone morphogenetic proteins on the oligodendrocyte lineage. J.Neurobiol. 2000, 43:1-17.
117. Guardia Clausi M., Paez P.M., Campagnoni A.T., Pasquini L.A., Pasquini J.M. Intranasal administration of aTf protects and repairs the neonatal white matter after a cerebral hypoxic-ischemic event. Glia 2012, 60:1540-1554.
118. Hack M., Flannery D.J., Schluchter M., Cartar L., Borawski E., Klein N. Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants. N.Engl. J. Med. 2002, 346:149-157.
119. Halassa M.M., Haydon P.G. Integrated brain circuits: astrocytic networks modulate neuronal activity and behavior. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 2010, 72:335-355.
120. Hammond T.R., Gadea A., Dupree J., Kerninon C., Nait-Oumesmar B., Aguirre A., Gallo V. Astrocyte-derived endothelin-1 inhibits remyelination through notch activation. Neuron 2014, 81:588-602.
121. Hampton D.W., Asher R.A., Kondo T., Steeves J.D., Ramer M.S., Fawcett J.W. A potential role for bone morphogenetic protein signalling in glial cell fate determination following adult central nervous system injury invivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007, 26:3024-3035.
122. Han X., Chen M., Wang F., Windrem M., Wang S., Shanz S., Xu Q., Oberheim N.A., Bekar L., Betstadt S., et al. Forebrain engraftment by human glial progenitor cells enhances synaptic plasticity and learning in adult mice. Cell Stem Cell 2013, 12:342-353.
123. Herrmann J.E., Imura T., Song B., Qi J., Ao Y., Nguyen T.K., Korsak R.A., Takeda K., Akira S., Sofroniew M.V. STAT3 is a critical regulator of astrogliosis and scar formation after spinal cord injury. J.Neurosci. 2008, 28:7231-7243.
124. Hirayama A., Oka A., Ito M., Tanaka F., Okoshi Y., Takashima S. Myelin transcription factor 1 (MyT1) immunoreactivity in infants with periventricular leukomalacia. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 2003, 140:85-92.
125. Hochstim C., Deneen B., Lukaszewicz A., Zhou Q., Anderson D.J. Identification of positionally distinct astrocyte subtypes whose identities are specified by a homeodomain code. Cell 2008, 133:510-522.
126. Hövelmeyer N., Hao Z., Kranidioti K., Kassiotis G., Buch T., Frommer F., von Hoch L., Kramer D., Minichiello L., Kollias G., et al. Apoptosis of oligodendrocytes via Fas and TNF-R1 is a key event in the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J.Immunol. 2005, 175:5875-5884.
127. Hu Q.D., Ang B.T., Karsak M., Hu W.P., Cui X.Y., Duka T., Takeda Y., Chia W., Sankar N., Ng Y.K., et al. F3/contactin acts as a functional ligand for Notch during oligodendrocyte maturation. Cell 2003, 115:163-175.
128. Huang J.K., Jarjour A.A., Nait Oumesmar B., Kerninon C., Williams A., Krezel W., Kagechika H., Bauer J., Zhao C., Baron-Van Evercooren A., et al. Retinoid X receptor gamma signaling accelerates CNS remyelination. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:45-53.
129. Ibarrola N., Rodríguez-Peña A. Hypothyroidism coordinately and transiently affects myelin protein gene expression in most rat brain regions during postnatal development. Brain Res. 1997, 752:285-293.
130. Ichiyama T., Kajimoto M., Suenaga N., Maeba S., Matsubara T., Furukawa S. Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and its tissue inhibitor (TIMP-1) in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. J.Neuroimmunol. 2006, 172:182-186.
131. Ivkovic S., Canoll P., Goldman J.E. Constitutive EGFR signaling in oligodendrocyte progenitors leads to diffuse hyperplasia in postnatal white matter. J.Neurosci. 2008, 28:914-922.
132. Jablonska B., Aguirre A., Raymond M., Szabo G., Kitabatake Y., Sailor K.A., Ming G.L., Song H., Gallo V. Chordin-induced lineage plasticity of adult SVZ neuroblasts after demyelination. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:541-550.
133. Jablonska B., Scafidi J., Aguirre A., Vaccarino F., Nguyen V., Borok E., Horvath T.L., Rowitch D.H., Gallo V. Oligodendrocyte regeneration after neonatal hypoxia requires FoxO1-mediated p27Kip1 expression. J.Neurosci. 2012, 32:14775-14793.
134. Jadasz J.J., Rivera F.J., Taubert A., Kandasamy M., Sandner B., Weidner N., Aktas O., Hartung H.P., Aigner L., Küry P. p57kip2 regulates glial fate decision in adult neural stem cells. Development 2012, 139:3306-3315.
135. Jean I., Lavialle C., Barthelaix-Pouplard A., Fressinaud C. Neurotrophin-3 specifically increases mature oligodendrocyte population and enhances remyelination after chemical demyelination of adult rat CNS. Brain Res. 2003, 972:110-118.
136. Jiang P., Chen C., Wang R., Chechneva O.V., Chung S.H., Rao M.S., Pleasure D.E., Liu Y., Zhang Q., Deng W. hESC-derived Olig2+ progenitors generate a subtype of astroglia with protective effects against ischaemic brain injury. Nat. Commun. 2013, 4:2196.
137. John G.R., Shankar S.L., Shafit-Zagardo B., Massimi A., Lee S.C., Raine C.S., Brosnan C.F. Multiple sclerosis: re-expression of a developmental pathway that restricts oligodendrocyte maturation. Nat. Med. 2002, 8:1115-1121.
138. John G.R., Lee S.C., Brosnan C.F. Cytokines: powerful regulators of glial cell activation. Neuroscientist 2003, 9:10-22.
139. Jones S.A., Jolson D.M., Cuta K.K., Mariash C.N., Anderson G.W. Triiodothyronine is a survival factor for developing oligodendrocytes. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2003, 199:49-60.
140. Justicia C., Gabriel C., Planas A.M. Activation of the JAK/STAT pathway following transient focal cerebral ischemia: signaling through Jak1 and Stat3 in astrocytes. Glia 2000, 30:253-270.
141. Kang P., Lee H.K., Glasgow S.M., Finley M., Donti T., Gaber Z.B., Graham B.H., Foster A.E., Novitch B.G., Gronostajski R.M., Deneen B. Sox9 and NFIA coordinate a transcriptional regulatory cascade during the initiation of gliogenesis. Neuron 2012, 74:79-94.
142. Kessaris N., Fogarty M., Iannarelli P., Grist M., Wegner M., Richardson W.D. Competing waves of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain and postnatal elimination of an embryonic lineage. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:173-179.
143. Kim J.H., Juraska J.M. Sex differences in the development of axon number in the splenium of the rat corpus callosum from postnatal day 15 through 60. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 1997, 102:77-85.
144. Kremer D., Heinen A., Jadasz J., Göttle P., Zimmermann K., Zickler P., Jander S., Hartung H.P., Küry P. p57kip2 is dynamically regulated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and interferes with oligodendroglial maturation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:9087-9092.
145. Kriegstein A., Alvarez-Buylla A. The glial nature of embryonic and adult neural stem cells. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 32:149-184.
146. Kumral A., Tuzun F., Yesilirmak D., Duman N., Ozkan H. Role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Med. Hypotheses 2009, 72:692-693.
147. Kumral A., Tuzun F., Tugyan K., Ozbal S., Yslmaz O., Yesilirmak C.D., Duman N., Ozkan H. Role of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Early Hum. Dev. 2013, 89:165-173.
148. Laywell E.D., Rakic P., Kukekov V.G., Holland E.C., Steindler D.A. Identification of a multipotent astrocytic stem cell in the immature and adult mouse brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97:13883-13888.
149. Levison S.W., Goldman J.E. Both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes develop from progenitors in the subventricular zone of postnatal rat forebrain. Neuron 1993, 10:201-212.
150. Lewén A., Söderström S., Hillered L., Ebendal T. Expression of serine/threonine kinase receptors in traumatic brain injury. Neuroreport 1997, 8:475-479.
151. Li X., Newbern J.M., Wu Y., Morgan-Smith M., Zhong J., Charron J., Snider W.D. MEK Is a Key Regulator of Gliogenesis in the Developing Brain. Neuron 2012, 75:1035-1050.
152. Ligon K.L., Fancy S.P., Franklin R.J., Rowitch D.H. Olig gene function in CNS development and disease. Glia 2006, 54:1-10.
153. Lin S., Fan L.W., Pang Y., Rhodes P.G., Mitchell H.J., Cai Z. IGF-1 protects oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and improves neurological functions following cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal rat. Brain Res. 2005, 1063:15-26.
154. Liu J., Casaccia P. Epigenetic regulation of oligodendrocyte identity. Trends Neurosci. 2010, 33:193-201.
155. Liu J., Marino M.W., Wong G., Grail D., Dunn A., Bettadapura J., Slavin A.J., Old L., Bernard C.C. TNF is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine in autoimmune-mediated demyelination. Nat. Med. 1998, 4:78-83.
156. López-Otín C., Blasco M.A., Partridge L., Serrano M., Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell 2013, 153:1194-1217.
157. Lu Q.R., Sun T., Zhu Z., Ma N., Garcia M., Stiles C.D., Rowitch D.H. Common developmental requirement for Olig function indicates a motor neuron/oligodendrocyte connection. Cell 2002, 109:75-86.
158. Mandell J.W., VandenBerg S.R. ERK/MAP kinase is chronically activated in human reactive astrocytes. Neuroreport 1999, 10:3567-3572.
159. Mandell J.W., Gocan N.C., Vandenberg S.R. Mechanical trauma induces rapid astroglial activation of ERK/MAP kinase: Evidence for a paracrine signal. Glia 2001, 34:283-295.
160. Marta C.B., Adamo A.M., Soto E.F., Pasquini J.M. Sustained neonatal hyperthyroidism in the rat affects myelination in the central nervous system. J.Neurosci. Res. 1998, 53:251-259.
161. Martinez G., Carnazza M.L., Di Giacomo C., Sorrenti V., Vanella A. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein-6 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in the rat brain after a mild and reversible ischemic damage. Brain Res. 2001, 894:1-11.
162. Mason J.L., Ye P., Suzuki K., D'Ercole A.J., Matsushima G.K. Insulin-like growth factor-1 inhibits mature oligodendrocyte apoptosis during primary demyelination. J.Neurosci. 2000, 20:5703-5708.
163. Mason J.L., Suzuki K., Chaplin D.D., Matsushima G.K. Interleukin-1beta promotes repair of the CNS. J.Neurosci. 2001, 21:7046-7052.
164. Mason J.L., Toews A., Hostettler J.D., Morell P., Suzuki K., Goldman J.E., Matsushima G.K. Oligodendrocytes and progenitors become progressively depleted within chronically demyelinated lesions. Am. J. Pathol. 2004, 164:1673-1682.
165. Matsuura I., Taniguchi J., Hata K., Saeki N., Yamashita T. BMP inhibition enhances axonal growth and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J.Neurochem. 2008, 105:1471-1479.
166. Matthieu J.M., Comte V., Tosic M., Honegger P. Myelin gene expression during demyelination and remyelination in aggregating brain cell cultures. J.Neuroimmunol. 1992, 40:231-234.
167. Matyash V., Kettenmann H. Heterogeneity in astrocyte morphology and physiology. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 2010, 63:2-10.
168. McKinnon R.D., Matsui T., Dubois-Dalcq M., Aaronson S.A. FGF modulates the PDGF-driven pathway of oligodendrocyte development. Neuron 1990, 5:603-614.
169. McTigue D.M., Tripathi R.B. The life, death, and replacement of oligodendrocytes in the adult CNS. J.Neurochem. 2008, 107:1-19.
170. Meijer D.H., Kane M.F., Mehta S., Liu H., Harrington E., Taylor C.M., Stiles C.D., Rowitch D.H. Separated at birth? The functional and molecular divergence of OLIG1 and OLIG2. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2012, 13:819-831.
171. Mekki-Dauriac S., Agius E., Kan P., Cochard P. Bone morphogenetic proteins negatively control oligodendrocyte precursor specification in the chick spinal cord. Development 2002, 129:5117-5130.
172. Mela A., Goldman J.E. CD82 blocks cMet activation and overcomes hepatocyte growth factor effects on oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation. J.Neurosci. 2013, 33:7952-7960.
173. Menn B., Garcia-Verdugo J.M., Yaschine C., Gonzalez-Perez O., Rowitch D., Alvarez-Buylla A. Origin of oligodendrocytes in the subventricular zone of the adult brain. J.Neurosci. 2006, 26:7907-7918.
174. Messersmith D.J., Murtie J.C., Le T.Q., Frost E.E., Armstrong R.C. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and FGF receptor expression inanexperimental demyelinating disease with extensive remyelination. J.Neurosci. Res. 2000, 62:241-256.
175. Mi S., Lee X., Shao Z., Thill G., Ji B., Relton J., Levesque M., Allaire N., Perrin S., Sands B., et al. LINGO-1 is a component of the Nogo-66 receptor/p75 signaling complex. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:221-228.
176. Mi S., Miller R.H., Lee X., Scott M.L., Shulag-Morskaya S., Shao Z., Chang J., Thill G., Levesque M., Zhang M., et al. LINGO-1 negatively regulates myelination by oligodendrocytes. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:745-751.
177. Mi S., Hu B., Hahm K., Luo Y., Kam Hui E.S., Yuan Q., Wong W.M., Wang L., Su H., Chu T.H., et al. LINGO-1 antagonist promotes spinal cord remyelination and axonal integrity in MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Nat. Med. 2007, 13:1228-1233.
178. Mi S., Lee X., Hu Y., Ji B., Shao Z., Yang W., Huang G., Walus L., Rhodes K., Gong B.J., et al. Death receptor 6 negatively regulates oligodendrocyte survival, maturation and myelination. Nat. Med. 2011, 17:816-821.
179. Miller R.H. Regulation of oligodendrocyte development in the vertebrate CNS. Prog. Neurobiol. 2002, 67:451-467.
180. Miller F.D., Gauthier A.S. Timing is everything: making neurons versus glia in the developing cortex. Neuron 2007, 54:357-369.
181. Miller R.H., Mi S. Dissecting demyelination. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:1351-1354.
182. Min J., Singh S., Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P., Wood T.L. Insulin-like growth factor I regulates G2/M progression through mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in oligodendrocyte progenitors. Glia 2012, 60:1684-1695.
183. Ming X., Chew L.J., Gallo V. Transgenic overexpression of Sox17 promotes oligodendrocyte development and attenuates demyelination. J.Neurosci. 2013, 33:12528-12542.
184. Miron V.E., Boyd A., Zhao J.W., Yuen T.J., Ruckh J.M., Shadrach J.L., van Wijngaarden P., Wagers A.J., Williams A., Franklin R.J., Ffrench-Constant C. M2 microglia and macrophages drive oligodendrocyte differentiation during CNS remyelination. Nat. Neurosci. 2013, 16:1211-1218.
185. Mitew S., Hay C.M., Peckham H., Xiao J., Koenning M., Emery B. Mechanisms regulating the development of oligodendrocytes and central nervous system myelin. Neuroscience 2013, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.
186. Moll N.M., Hong E., Fauveau M., Naruse M., Kerninon C., Tepavcevic V., Klopstein A., Seilhean D., Chew L.J., Gallo V., Oumesmar B.N. SOX17 is expressed in regenerating oligodendrocytes in experimental models of demyelination and in multiple sclerosis. Glia 2013, 61:1659-1672.
187. Molofsky A.V., Krencik R., Ullian E.M., Tsai H.H., Deneen B., Richardson W.D., Barres B.A., Rowitch D.H. Astrocytes and disease: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Genes Dev. 2012, 26:891-907.
188. Moore C.S., Milner R., Nishiyama A., Frausto R.F., Serwanski D.R., Pagarigan R.R., Whitton J.L., Miller R.H., Crocker S.J. Astrocytic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and enhances CNS myelination. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:6247-6254.
189. Morga E., Mouad-Amazzal L., Felten P., Heurtaux T., Moro M., Michelucci A., Gabel S., Grandbarbe L., Heuschling P. Jagged1 regulates the activation of astrocytes via modulation of NFkappaB and JAK/STAT/SOCS pathways. Glia 2009, 57:1741-1753.
190. Morgenstern D.A., Asher R.A., Fawcett J.W. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans in the CNS injury response. Prog. Brain Res. 2002, 137:313-332.
191. Mozell R.L., McMorris F.A. Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates oligodendrocyte development and myelination in rat brain aggregate cultures. J.Neurosci. Res. 1991, 30:382-390.
192. Murtie J.C., Zhou Y.X., Le T.Q., Vana A.C., Armstrong R.C. PDGF and FGF2 pathways regulate distinct oligodendrocyte lineage responses in experimental demyelination with spontaneous remyelination. Neurobiol. Dis. 2005, 19:171-182.
193. Nagy Z., Westerberg H., Skare S., Andersson J.L., Lilja A., Flodmark O., Fernell E., Holmberg K., Bohm B., Forssberg H., et al. Preterm children have disturbances of white matter at 11 years of age as shown by diffusion tensor imaging. Pediatr. Res. 2003, 54:672-679.
194. Nait-Oumesmar B., Decker L., Lachapelle F., Avellana-Adalid V., Bachelin C., Baron-Van Evercooren A. Progenitor cells of the adult mouse subventricular zone proliferate, migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes after demyelination. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999, 11:4357-4366.
195. Nait-Oumesmar B., Picard-Riera N., Kerninon C., Decker L., Seilhean D., Höglinger G.U., Hirsch E.C., Reynolds R., Baron-Van Evercooren A. Activation of the subventricular zone in multiple sclerosis: evidence for early glial progenitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2007, 104:4694-4699.
196. Nakatani H., Martin E., Hassani H., Clavairoly A., Maire C.L., Viadieu A., Kerninon C., Delmasure A., Frah M., Weber M., et al. Ascl1/Mash1 promotes brain oligodendrogenesis during myelination and remyelination. J.Neurosci. 2013, 33:9752-9768.
197. Namihira M., Kohyama J., Semi K., Sanosaka T., Deneen B., Taga T., Nakashima K. Committed neuronal precursors confer astrocytic potential on residual neural precursor cells. Dev. Cell 2009, 16:245-255.
198. Namura S., Iihara K., Takami S., Nagata I., Kikuchi H., Matsushita K., Moskowitz M.A., Bonventre J.V., Alessandrini A. Intravenous administration of MEK inhibitor U0126 affords brain protection against forebrain ischemia and focal cerebral ischemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98:11569-11574.
199. Nave K.A., Trapp B.D. Axon-glial signaling and the glial support of axon function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 31:535-561.
200. Ness J.K., Mitchell N.E., Wood T.L. IGF-I and NT-3 signaling pathways in developing oligodendrocytes: differential regulation and activation of receptors and the downstream effector Akt. Dev. Neurosci. 2002, 24:437-445.
201. Nielsen J.A., Berndt J.A., Hudson L.D., Armstrong R.C. Myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1) modulates the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2004, 25:111-123.
202. Nishiyama A., Komitova M., Suzuki R., Zhu X. Polydendrocytes (NG2 cells): multifunctional cells with lineage plasticity. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 10:9-22.
203. Niu Y., Shen B., Cui Y., Chen Y., Wang J., Wang L., Kang Y., Zhao X., Si W., Li W., et al. Generation of gene-modified cynomolgus monkey via Cas9/RNA-mediated gene targeting in one-cell embryos. Cell 2014, 156:836-843.
204. Nobuta H., Ghiani C.A., Paez P.M., Spreuer V., Dong H., Korsak R.A., Manukyan A., Li J., Vinters H.V., Huang E.J., et al. STAT3-mediated astrogliosis protects myelin development in neonatal brain injury. Ann. Neurol. 2012, 72:750-765.
205. Nygårdas P.T., Hinkkanen A.E. Up-regulation of MMP-8 and MMP-9 activity in the BALB/c mouse spinal cord correlates with the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2002, 128:245-254.
206. O'Leary M.T., Hinks G.L., Charlton H.M., Franklin R.J. Increasing local levels of IGF-I mRNA expression using adenoviral vectors does not alter oligodendrocyte remyelination in the CNS of aged rats. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2002, 19:32-42.
207. Ohya W., Funakoshi H., Kurosawa T., Nakamura T. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) promotes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and inhibits its differentiation during postnatal development in the rat. Brain Res. 2007, 1147:51-65.
208. Okada S., Nakamura M., Mikami Y., Shimazaki T., Mihara M., Ohsugi Y., Iwamoto Y., Yoshizaki K., Kishimoto T., Toyama Y., Okano H. Blockade of interleukin-6 receptor suppresses reactive astrogliosis and ameliorates functional recovery in experimental spinal cord injury. J.Neurosci. Res. 2004, 76:265-276.
209. Okada S., Nakamura M., Katoh H., Miyao T., Shimazaki T., Ishii K., Yamane J., Yoshimura A., Iwamoto Y., Toyama Y., Okano H. Conditional ablation of Stat3 or Socs3 discloses a dual role for reactive astrocytes after spinal cord injury. Nat. Med. 2006, 12:829-834.
210. Okada A., Tominaga M., Horiuchi M., Tomooka Y. Plexin-A4 isexpressed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and acts as a mediator of semaphorin signals. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 352:158-163.
211. Ong J., Plane J.M., Parent J.M., Silverstein F.S. Hypoxic-ischemic injury stimulates subventricular zone proliferation and neurogenesis in the neonatal rat. Pediatr. Res. 2005, 58:600-606.
212. Orentas D.M., Hayes J.E., Dyer K.L., Miller R.H. Sonic hedgehog signaling is required during the appearance of spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursors. Development 1999, 126:2419-2429.
213. Pacey L.K., Doering L.C. Developmental expression of FMRP in the astrocyte lineage: implications for fragile X syndrome. Glia 2007, 55:1601-1609.
214. Parras C.M., Galli R., Britz O., Soares S., Galichet C., Battiste J., Johnson J.E., Nakafuku M., Vescovi A., Guillemot F. Mash1 specifies neurons and oligodendrocytes in the postnatal brain. EMBO J. 2004, 23:4495-4505.
215. Parras C.M., Hunt C., Sugimori M., Nakafuku M., Rowitch D., Guillemot F. The proneural gene Mash1 specifies an early population of telencephalic oligodendrocytes. J.Neurosci. 2007, 27:4233-4242.
216. Patel J.R., McCandless E.E., Dorsey D., Klein R.S. CXCR4 promotes differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107:11062-11067.
217. Patel J.R., Williams J.L., Muccigrosso M.M., Liu L., Sun T., Rubin J.B., Klein R.S. Astrocyte TNFR2 is required for CXCL12-mediated regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation within the adult CNS. Acta Neuropathol. 2012, 124:847-860.
218. Picard-Riera N., Decker L., Delarasse C., Goude K., Nait-Oumesmar B., Liblau R., Pham-Dinh D., Baron-Van Evercooren A. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mobilizes neural progenitors from the subventricular zone to undergo oligodendrogenesis in adult mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:13211-13216.
219. Planas A.M., Justicia C., Soriano M.A., Ferrer I. Epidermal growth factor receptor in proliferating reactive glia following transient focal ischemia in the rat brain. Glia 1998, 23:120-129.
220. Plane J.M., Liu R., Wang T.W., Silverstein F.S., Parent J.M. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury increases forebrain subventricular zone neurogenesis in the mouse. Neurobiol. Dis. 2004, 16:585-595.
221. Raine C.S., Bonetti B., Cannella B. Multiple sclerosis: expression of molecules of the tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor families in relationship to the demyelinated plaque. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 1998, 154:577-585.
222. Ransohoff R.M. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: the good, the bad and the bottom line. Nat. Neurosci. 2012, 15:1074-1077.
223. Rempe D.A., Nedergaard M. Targeting glia for treatment of neurological disease. Neurotherapeutics 2010, 7:335-337.
224. Rice J.E., Vannucci R.C., Brierley J.B. The influence ofimmaturity on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the rat. Ann. Neurol. 1981, 9:131-141.
225. Richardson W.D., Kessaris N., Pringle N. Oligodendrocyte wars. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2006, 7:11-18.
226. Richardson W.D., Young K.M., Tripathi R.B., McKenzie I. NG2-glia as multipotent neural stem cells: fact or fantasy?. Neuron 2011, 70:661-673.
227. Robel S., Berninger B., Götz M. The stem cell potential of glia: lessons from reactive gliosis. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2011, 12:88-104.
228. Rolls A., Shechter R., Schwartz M. The bright side of the glial scar in CNS repair. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 10:235-241.
229. Rothstein J.D., Dykes-Hoberg M., Pardo C.A., Bristol L.A., Jin L., Kuncl R.W., Kanai Y., Hediger M.A., Wang Y., Schielke J.P., Welty D.F. Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate. Neuron 1996, 16:675-686.
230. Rowitch D.H. Glial specification in the vertebrate neural tube. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 5:409-419.
231. Ruckh J.M., Zhao J.W., Shadrach J.L., van Wijngaarden P., Rao T.N., Wagers A.J., Franklin R.J. Rejuvenation of regeneration in the aging central nervous system. Cell Stem Cell 2012, 10:96-103.
232. Sabo J.K., Aumann T.D., Merlo D., Kilpatrick T.J., Cate H.S. Remyelination is altered by bone morphogenic protein signaling in demyelinated lesions. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:4504-4510.
233. Sahni V., Mukhopadhyay A., Tysseling V., Hebert A., Birch D., Mcguire T.L., Stupp S.I., Kessler J.A. BMPR1a and BMPR1b signaling exert opposing effects on gliosis after spinal cord injury. J.Neurosci. 2010, 30:1839-1855.
234. Salmaso N., Jablonska B., Scafidi J., Vaccarino F.M., Gallo V. Neurobiology of premature brain injury. Nat. Neurosci. 2014, 17:341-346.
235. Samanta J., Kessler J.A. Interactions between ID and OLIG proteins mediate the inhibitory effects of BMP4 on oligodendroglial differentiation. Development 2004, 131:4131-4142.
236. Samanta J., Burke G.M., McGuire T., Pisarek A.J., Mukhopadhyay A., Mishina Y., Kessler J.A. BMPR1a signaling determines numbers of oligodendrocytes and calbindin-expressing interneurons in the cortex. J.Neurosci. 2007, 27:7397-7407.
237. Sanai N., Nguyen T., Ihrie R.A., Mirzadeh Z., Tsai H.H., Wong M., Gupta N., Berger M.S., Huang E., Garcia-Verdugo J.M., et al. Corridors of migrating neurons in the human brain and their decline during infancy. Nature 2011, 478:382-386.
238. Sarafian T.A., Montes C., Imura T., Qi J., Coppola G., Geschwind D.H., Sofroniew M.V. Disruption of astrocyte STAT3 signaling decreases mitochondrial function and increases oxidative stress invitro. PLoS ONE 2010, 5:e9532.
239. Scafidi J., Fagel D.M., Ment L.R., Vaccarino F.M. Modeling premature brain injury and recovery. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2009, 27:863-871.
240. Scafidi J., Hammond T.R., Scafidi S., Ritter J., Jablonska B., Roncal M., Szigeti-Buck K., Coman D., Huang Y., McCarter R.J., et al. Intranasal epidermal growth factor treatment rescues neonatal brain injury. Nature 2014, 506:230-234.
241. Schweizer S., Meisel A., Märschenz S. Epigenetic mechanisms in cerebral ischemia. J.Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 2013, 33:1335-1346.
242. Scott C.E., Wynn S.L., Sesay A., Cruz C., Cheung M., Gomez Gaviro M.V., Booth S., Gao B., Cheah K.S., Lovell-Badge R., Briscoe J. SOX9 induces and maintains neural stem cells. Nat. Neurosci. 2010, 13:1181-1189.
243. See J.M., Grinspan J.B. Sending mixed signals: bone morphogenetic protein in myelination and demyelination. J.Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2009, 68:595-604.
244. See J., Zhang X., Eraydin N., Mun S.B., Mamontov P., Golden J.A., Grinspan J.B. Oligodendrocyte maturation is inhibited by bone morphogenetic protein. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2004, 26:481-492.
245. See J., Mamontov P., Ahn K., Wine-Lee L., Crenshaw E.B., Grinspan J.B. BMP signaling mutant mice exhibit glial cell maturation defects. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2007, 35:171-182.
246. Setoguchi T., Yone K., Matsuoka E., Takenouchi H., Nakashima K., Sakou T., Komiya S., Izumo S. Traumatic injury-induced BMP7 expression in the adult rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 2001, 921:219-225.
247. Shen S., Li J., Casaccia-Bonnefil P. Histone modifications affect timing of oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation in the developing rat brain. J.Cell Biol. 2005, 169:577-589.
248. Shen S., Sandoval J., Swiss V.A., Li J., Dupree J., Franklin R.J., Casaccia-Bonnefil P. Age-dependent epigenetic control of differentiation inhibitors is critical for remyelination efficiency. Nat. Neurosci. 2008, 11:1024-1034.
249. Shimada I.S., Borders A., Aronshtam A., Spees J.L. Proliferating reactive astrocytes are regulated by Notch-1 in the peri-infarct area after stroke. Stroke 2011, 42:3231-3237.
250. Shimada I.S., LeComte M.D., Granger J.C., Quinlan N.J., Spees J.L. Self-renewal and differentiation of reactive astrocyte-derived neural stem/progenitor cells isolated from the cortical peri-infarct area after stroke. J.Neurosci. 2012, 32:7926-7940.
251. Shimizu T., Kagawa T., Wada T., Muroyama Y., Takada S., Ikenaka K. Wnt signaling controls the timing of oligodendrocyte development in the spinal cord. Dev. Biol. 2005, 282:397-410.
252. Sim F.J., Zhao C., Penderis J., Franklin R.J. The age-related decrease in CNS remyelination efficiency is attributable to an impairment of both oligodendrocyte progenitor recruitment and differentiation. J.Neurosci. 2002, 22:2451-2459.
253. Singh N., Sharma G., Mishra V. Hypoxia inducible factor-1: its potential role in cerebral ischemia. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2012, 32:491-507.
254. Sirko S., Behrendt G., Johansson P.A., Tripathi P., Costa M., Bek S., Heinrich C., Tiedt S., Colak D., Dichgans M., et al. Reactive glia in the injured brain acquire stem cell properties in response to sonic hedgehog. [corrected]. Cell Stem Cell 2013, 12:426-439.
255. Sofroniew M.V. Molecular dissection of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Trends Neurosci. 2009, 32:638-647.
256. Sofroniew M.V., Vinters H.V. Astrocytes: biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2010, 119:7-35.
257. Sohn J., Natale J., Chew L.J., Belachew S., Cheng Y., Aguirre A., Lytle J., Nait-Oumesmar B., Kerninon C., Kanai-Azuma M., et al. Identification of Sox17 as a transcription factor that regulates oligodendrocyte development. J.Neurosci. 2006, 26:9722-9735.
258. Soula C., Danesin C., Kan P., Grob M., Poncet C., Cochard P. Distinct sites of origin of oligodendrocytes and somatic motoneurons in the chick spinal cord: oligodendrocytes arise from Nkx2.2-expressing progenitors by a Shh-dependent mechanism. Development 2001, 128:1369-1379.
259. Spassky N., Heydon K., Mangatal A., Jankovski A., Olivier C., Queraud-Lesaux F., Goujet-Zalc C., Thomas J.L., Zalc B. Sonic hedgehog-dependent emergence of oligodendrocytes in the telencephalon: evidence for a source of oligodendrocytes in the olfactory bulb that is independent of PDGFRalpha signaling. Development 2001, 128:4993-5004.
260. Spassky N., de Castro F., Le Bras B., Heydon K., Quéraud-LeSaux F., Bloch-Gallego E., Chédotal A., Zalc B., Thomas J.L. Directional guidance of oligodendroglial migration by class 3 semaphorins and netrin-1. J.Neurosci. 2002, 22:5992-6004.
261. Sriram K., Benkovic S.A., Hebert M.A., Miller D.B., O'Callaghan J.P. Induction of gp130-related cytokines and activation of JAK2/STAT3 pathway in astrocytes precedes up-regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of neurodegeneration: key signaling pathway for astrogliosis invivo?. J.Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:19936-19947.
262. Stankoff B., Aigrot M.S., Noël F., Wattilliaux A., Zalc B., Lubetzki C. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) enhances myelin formation: a novel role for CNTF and CNTF-related molecules. J.Neurosci. 2002, 22:9221-9227.
263. Stolt C.C., Lommes P., Sock E., Chaboissier M.C., Schedl A., Wegner M. The Sox9 transcription factor determines glial fate choice in the developing spinal cord. Genes Dev. 2003, 17:1677-1689.
264. Sun Y., Nadal-Vicens M., Misono S., Lin M.Z., Zubiaga A., Hua X., Fan G., Greenberg M.E. Neurogenin promotes neurogenesis and inhibits glial differentiation by independent mechanisms. Cell 2001, 104:365-376.
265. Swanson R.A., Ying W., Kauppinen T.M. Astrocyte influences on ischemic neuronal death. Curr. Mol. Med. 2004, 4:193-205.
266. Syed Y.A., Hand E., Möbius W., Zhao C., Hofer M., Nave K.A., Kotter M.R. Inhibition of CNS remyelination by the presence of semaphorin 3A. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:3719-3728.
267. Talbott J.F., Loy D.N., Liu Y., Qiu M.S., Bunge M.B., Rao M.S., Whittemore S.R. Endogenous Nkx2.2+/Olig2+ oligodendrocyte precursor cells fail to remyelinate the demyelinated adult rat spinal cord in the absence of astrocytes. Exp. Neurol. 2005, 192:11-24.
268. Taylor M.K., Yeager K., Morrison S.J. Physiological Notch signaling promotes gliogenesis in the developing peripheral and central nervous systems. Development 2007, 134:2435-2447.
269. Tchélingérian J.L., Monge M., Le Saux F., Zalc B., Jacque C. Differential oligodendroglial expression of the tumor necrosis factor receptors invivo and invitro. J.Neurochem. 1995, 65:2377-2380.
270. Tien A.C., Tsai H.H., Molofsky A.V., McMahon M., Foo L.C., Kaul A., Dougherty J.D., Heintz N., Gutmann D.H., Barres B.A., Rowitch D.H. Regulated temporal-spatial astrocyte precursor cell proliferation involves BRAF signalling in mammalian spinal cord. Development 2012, 139:2477-2487.
271. Todorich B., Pasquini J.M., Garcia C.I., Paez P.M., Connor J.R. Oligodendrocytes and myelination: the role of iron. Glia 2009, 57:467-478.
272. Tsai H.W., Grant P.A., Rissman E.F. Sex differences in histone modifications in the neonatal mouse brain. Epigenetics 2009, 4:47-53.
273. Tsai H.H., Li H., Fuentealba L.C., Molofsky A.V., Taveira-Marques R., Zhuang H., Tenney A., Murnen A.T., Fancy S.P., Merkle F., et al. Regional astrocyte allocation regulates CNS synaptogenesis and repair. Science 2012, 337:358-362.
274. Tyler W.A., Gangoli N., Gokina P., Kim H.A., Covey M., Levison S.W., Wood T.L. Activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) isessential for oligodendrocyte differentiation. J.Neurosci. 2009, 29:6367-6378.
275. Vaccarino F.M., Ment L.R. Injury and repair in developing brain. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004, 89:F190-F192.
276. Vallstedt A., Klos J.M., Ericson J. Multiple dorsoventral origins ofoligodendrocyte generation in the spinal cord and hindbrain. Neuron 2005, 45:55-67.
277. van Wijngaarden P., Franklin R.J. Ageing stem and progenitor cells: implications for rejuvenation of the central nervous system. Development 2013, 140:2562-2575.
278. Vana A.C., Lucchinetti C.F., Le T.Q., Armstrong R.C. Myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1) expression in demyelinated lesions of rodent and human CNS. Glia 2007, 55:687-697.
279. Vondran M.W., Clinton-Luke P., Honeywell J.Z., Dreyfus C.F. BDNF+/- mice exhibit deficits in oligodendrocyte lineage cells of the basal forebrain. Glia 2010, 58:848-856.
280. VonDran M.W., Singh H., Honeywell J.Z., Dreyfus C.F. Levels of BDNF impact oligodendrocyte lineage cells following a cuprizone lesion. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:14182-14190.
281. Vose L.R., Vinukonda G., Jo S., Miry O., Diamond D., Korumilli R., Arshad A., Zia M.T., Hu F., Kayton R.J., et al. Treatment with thyroxine restores myelination and clinical recovery after intraventricular hemorrhage. J.Neurosci. 2013, 33:17232-17246.
282. Voskuhl R.R., Peterson R.S., Song B., Ao Y., Morales L.B., Tiwari-Woodruff S., Sofroniew M.V. Reactive astrocytes form scar-like perivascular barriers to leukocytes during adaptive immune inflammation of the CNS. J.Neurosci. 2009, 29:11511-11522.
283. Wang S., Sdrulla A.D., diSibio G., Bush G., Nofziger D., Hicks C., Weinmaster G., Barres B.A. Notch receptor activation inhibits oligodendrocyte differentiation. Neuron 1998, 21:63-75.
284. Wang Y., Cheng X., He Q., Zheng Y., Kim D.H., Whittemore S.R., Cao Q.L. Astrocytes from the contused spinal cord inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation of adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells by increasing the expression of bone morphogenetic proteins. J.Neurosci. 2011, 31:6053-6058.
285. Werther G.A., Russo V., Baker N., Butler G. The role of the insulin-like growth factor system in the developing brain. Horm. Res. 1998, 49(Suppl 1):37-40.
286. Wolswijk G. Chronic stage multiple sclerosis lesions contain a relatively quiescent population of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. J.Neurosci. 1998, 18:601-609.
287. Xia X.G., Hofmann H.D., Deller T., Kirsch M. Induction of STAT3 signaling in activated astrocytes and sprouting septal neurons following entorhinal cortex lesion in adult rats. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2002, 21:379-392.
288. Xiang X., Zhang X., Huang Q.L. Plexin A3 is involved in semaphorin 3F-mediated oligodendrocyte precursor cell migration. Neurosci. Lett. 2012, 530:127-132.
289. Yan H., Rivkees S.A. Hepatocyte growth factor stimulates the proliferation and migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. J.Neurosci. Res. 2002, 69:597-606.
290. Yang Z., Levison S.W. Hypoxia/ischemia expands the regenerative capacity of progenitors in the perinatal subventricular zone. Neuroscience 2006, 139:555-564.
291. Yao D.L., Liu X., Hudson L.D., Webster H.D. Insulin-like growth factor I treatment reduces demyelination and up-regulates gene expression of myelin-related proteins in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92:6190-6194.
292. Ye P., D'Ercole A.J. Insulin-like growth factor I protects oligodendrocytes from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced injury. Endocrinology 1999, 140:3063-3072.
293. Ye P., Li L., Richards R.G., DiAugustine R.P., D'Ercole A.J. Myelination is altered in insulin-like growth factor-I null mutant mice. J.Neurosci. 2002, 22:6041-6051.
294. Ye F., Chen Y., Hoang T., Montgomery R.L., Zhao X.H., Bu H., Hu T., Taketo M.M., van Es J.H., Clevers H., et al. HDAC1 and HDAC2 regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation by disrupting the beta-catenin-TCF interaction. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:829-838.
295. Younes-Rapozo V., Berendonk J., Savignon T., Manhães A.C., Barradas P.C. Thyroid hormone deficiency changes the distribution of oligodendrocyte/myelin markers during oligodendroglial differentiation invitro. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 2006, 24:445-453.
296. Yu K., McGlynn S., Matise M.P. Floor plate-derived sonic hedgehog regulates glial and ependymal cell fates in the developing spinal cord. Development 2013, 140:1594-1604.
297. Yung S.Y., Gokhan S., Jurcsak J., Molero A.E., Abrajano J.J., Mehler M.F. Differential modulation of BMP signaling promotes the elaboration of cerebral cortical GABAergic neurons or oligodendrocytes from a common sonic hedgehog-responsive ventral forebrain progenitor species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:16273-16278.
298. Zaidi A.U., Bessert D.A., Ong J.E., Xu H., Barks J.D., Silverstein F.S., Skoff R.P. New oligodendrocytes are generated after neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rodents. Glia 2004, 46:380-390.
299. Zeger M., Popken G., Zhang J., Xuan S., Lu Q.R., Schwab M.H., Nave K.A., Rowitch D., D'Ercole A.J., Ye P. Insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor signaling in the cells of oligodendrocyte lineage is required for normal invivo oligodendrocyte development and myelination. Glia 2007, 55:400-411.
300. Zhang Y., Argaw A.T., Gurfein B.T., Zameer A., Snyder B.J., Ge C., Lu Q.R., Rowitch D.H., Raine C.S., Brosnan C.F., John G.R. Notch1 signaling plays a role in regulating precursor differentiation during CNS remyelination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:19162-19167.
301. Zhong J., Zhao L., Du Y., Wei G., Yao W.G., Lee W.H. Delayed IGF-1 treatment reduced long-term hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain damage and improved behavior recovery of immature rats. Neurol. Res. 2009, 31:483-489.
302. Zhou Y.X., Pannu R., Le T.Q., Armstrong R.C. Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGFR1) modulation regulates repair capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells following chronic demyelination. Neurobiol. Dis. 2012, 45:196-205.
303. Zuo H., Nishiyama A. Polydendrocytes in development and myelin repair. Neurosci. Bull. 2013, 29:165-176.