Developmental ORIgins of healthy and unhealthy AgeiNg: The role of maternal obesity - Introduction to DORIAN

Obesity Facts

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 130-151

  Iozzo, Patricia ^a   Holmes, Megan ^c   Schmidt, Mathias V ^d   Cirulli, Francesca ^b   Guzzardi, Maria Angela ^a   Berry, Alessandra ^b   Balsevich, Georgia ^d   Andreassi, Maria Grazia ^a   Wesselink, Jan Jaap ^e   Liistro, Tiziana ^a   Gómez Puertas, Paulino ^e   Eriksson, Johan G ^f,g   Seckl, Jonathan ^c  

^a INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY   (Italy)

^b ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^d MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY   (Germany)

^e Biomol Informatics SL Campus UAM   (Spain)

^f FOLKHÄLSAN RESEARCH CENTER   (Finland)

^g UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Foetal programming; HSD2; Insulin resistance; Obesity; Oxidative damage; p66; Pregnancy; Stress

Indexed keywords

11BETA HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE 2; ARGIPRESSIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; DEXAMETHASONE; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 1; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3A; DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3B; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 3; HUMAN PLACENTA LACTOGEN; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; METHYL CPG BINDING PROTEIN; MINERALOCORTICOID; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SOMATOMEDIN B; TELOMERASE;

ADIPOCYTE; AGING; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; BIRTH WEIGHT; BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CATABOLISM; CHILD HEALTH; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; CHRONIC STRESS; COGNITION; CONCEPTION; CORTICOSTEROID METABOLISM; CPG ISLAND; DNA DAMAGE; DNA METHYLATION; DNA SEQUENCE; ENERGY BALANCE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; EPIGENETICS; EXON; FEMALE; FETUS GROWTH; GENE EXPRESSION; GENOTYPE; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INTRAABDOMINAL FAT; LIPID STORAGE; LONGEVITY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MATERNAL NUTRITION; MATERNAL OBESITY; MENTAL STRESS; METABOLIC DISORDER; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRENATAL STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGENY; PROMOTER REGION; SOCIAL STRESS; TELOMERE; TELOMERE SHORTENING; WEIGHT GAIN; CHROMOSOME; DNA STRUCTURE; GENE CONTROL; LIFESPAN; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; COMPLICATION; EUROPE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; GENETICS; METABOLISM; OBESITY; PATHOLOGY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION;

AGING; DNA DAMAGE; EUROPE; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; OBESITY; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; PRENATAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA;

EID: 84899608584     PISSN: 16624025     EISSN: 16624033     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000362656     Document Type: Article

References (201)

1. Kim SY, Dietz PM, England L, Morrow B, Callaghan WM: Trends in pre-pregnancy obesity in nine states, 1993-2003. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15: 986-993.
2. Catalano PM, Ehrenberg HM: The short- and long-term implications of maternal obesity on the mother and her offspring. BJOG 2006; 113: 1126-1133.
3. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R, Vohr BR: Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005; 115:e290-296.
4. Catalano PM, McIntyre HD, Cruickshank JK, McCance DR, Dyer AR, Metzger BE, Lowe LP, Trimble ER, Coustan DR, Hadden DR, Persson B, Hod M, Oats JJ, for the HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group: The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study: associations of GDM and obesity with pregnancy outcomes. Diabetes Care 2012; 35: 780-786.
5. Dabelea D, Crume T: Maternal environment and the transgenerational cycle of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60: 1849-1855.
6. Martorell R, Stein AD, Schroeder DG: Early nutrition and later adiposity. J Nutr 2001; 131: 874S-880S.
7. Owans LA, O'Sullivan EP, Kirwan B, Avalos G, Gaffney G, Dunne F; ATLANTIC DIP Collaborators: ATLANTIC DIP: the impact of obesity on pregnancy outcome in glucose-tolerant women. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 577-579.
8. Pettitt DJ, Knowler WC: Diabetes and obesity in the Pima Indians: a cross-generational vicious cycle. J Obesity Weight Regul 1988; 7: 61-65.
9. Pirkola J, Pouta A, Bloigu A, Miettola S, Hartikainen AL, Järvelin MR, Vääräsmäki M: Prepregnancy overweight and gestational diabetes as determinants of subsequent diabetes and hypertension after 20-year follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 772-778.
10. Pirkola J, Pouta A, Bloigu A, Hartikainen AL, Laitinen J, Järvelin MR; Vääräsmäki M: Risks of overweight and abdominal obesity at age 16 years associated with prenatal exposures to maternal prepregnancy overweight and gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 1115-1121.
11. Yajnik CS. Nutrient-mediated teratogenesis and fuel-mediated teratogenesis: two pathways of intrauterine programming of diabetes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009; 104(suppl 1):S27-S31.
12. Schaefer-Graf UM, Graf K, Kulbacka I, Kjos SL, Dudenhausen J, Vetter K, Herrera E: Maternal lipids as strong determinants of fetal environment and growth in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1858-1863.
13. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA: Developmental and epigenetic pathways to obesity: an evolutionary-developmental perspective. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32(suppl 7):S62-S71.
14. Relton CL, Groom A, St Pourcain B, Sayers AE, Swan DC, Embleton ND, Pearce MS, Ring SM, Northstone K, Tobias JH, Trakalo J, Ness AR, Shaheen SO, Davey Smith G: DNA methylation patterns in cord blood DNA and body size in childhood. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31821.
15. Catalano PM. Obesity, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcome. Reproduction 2010; 140: 365-371.
16. Scholl TO, Chen X: Insulin and the 'thrifty' woman: the influence of insulin during pregnancy on gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention. Matern Child Health J 2002; 6: 255-261.
17. Ryan EA, Enns L: Role of gestational hormones in the induction of insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 341-347.
18. Hotamisligil GS, Murray DL, Choy LN, Spiegelman BM. Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits signaling from the insulin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 4854-4858.
19. Kirwan JP, Hauguel-De Mouzon S, Lepercq J, Challier JC, Huston-Presley L, Friedman JE, Kalhan SC, Catalano PM: TNF-alpha is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy. Diabetes 2002; 51: 2207-2213.
20. Samuelsson AM, Matthews PA, Argenton M, Christie MR, McConnell JM, Jansen EH, Piersma AH, Ozanne SE, Twinn DF, Remacle C, Rowlerson A, Poston L, Taylor PD: Diet-induced obesity in female mice leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity, hypertension, and insulin resistance: a novel murine model of developmental programming. Hypertension 2008; 51: 383-392.
21. Sewell MF, Huston-Presley L, Super DM, Catalano P: Increased neonatal fat mass, not lean body mass, is associated with maternal obesity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 1100-1103.
22. Hoffman EC, Wangsness PJ, Hagen DR, Etherton TD: Fetuses of lean and obese swine in late gestation: body composition, plasma hormones and muscle development. J Anim Sci 1983; 57: 609-620.
23. Beck B, Richy S, Archer ZA, Mercer JG: Ingestion of carbohydrate-rich supplements during gestation programs insulin and leptin resistance but not body weight gain in adult rat offspring. Front Physiol 2012; 3: 224.
24. Murabayashi N, Sugiyama T, Zhang L, Kamimoto Y, Umekawa T, Ma N, Sagawa N: Maternal high-fat diets cause insulin resistance through inflammatory changes in fetal adipose tissue. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013; 169: 39-44.
25. Wang J, Ma H, Tong C, Zhang H, Lawlis GB, Li Y, Zang M, Ren J, Nijland MJ, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW, Li J: Overnutrition and maternal obesity in sheep pregnancy alter the JNK-IRS-1 signaling cascades and cardiac function in the fetal heart. FASEB J 2010; 24: 2066-2076.
26. Calvert JW, Lefer DJ, Gundewar S, Poston L, Coetzee WA: Developmental programming resulting from maternal obesity in mice: effects on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Exp Physiol 2009; 94: 805-814.
27. Yan X, Huang Y, Zhao JX, Long NM, Uthlaut AB, Zhu MJ, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW, Du M: Maternal obesityimpaired insulin signaling in sheep and induced lipid accumulation and fibrosis in skeletal muscle of offspring. Biol Reprod 2011; 85: 172-178.
28. Zhu MJ, Han B, Tong J, Ma C, Kimzey JM, Underwood KR, Xiao Y, Hess BW, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW, Du M: AMPactivated protein kinase signalling pathways are down regulated and skeletal muscle development impaired in fetuses of obese, over-nourished sheep. J Physiol 2008; 586: 2651-2664.
29. Challier JC, Basu S, Bintein T, Minium J, Hotmire K, Catalano PM, Hauguel-de Mouzon S: Obesity in pregnancy stimulates macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the placenta. Placenta 2008; 29: 274-281.
30. Das S, Behera MK, Misra S, Baliarsihna AK: Beta-cell function and insulin resistance in pregnancy and their relation to fetal development. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010; 8: 25-32.
31. Catalano PM, Presley L, Minium J, Hauguel-de Mouzon S: Fetuses of obese mothers develop insulin resistance in utero. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1076-1080.
32. Catalano PM, Farrell K, Thomas A, Huston-Presley L, Mencin P, Hauguel de Mouzon SH, Amini SB: Perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity and metabolic dysregulation. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90: 1303-1313.
33. Whitaker RC: Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics 2004; 114:e29-36.
34. Catalano PM, Thomas AJ, Huston LP, Fung CM: Effect of maternal metabolism on fetal growth and body composition. Diabetes Care 1998; 21(suppl 2):B85-90.
35. Guiducci L, Burchielli S, Chubuchny V, Sicari R, Liistro T, Corciu AI, Pardini S, Di Cecco P, Manfredi S, Bucci M, Salvadori PA, Andreassi MG, Iozzo P: Maternal and sex dependency of insulin resistance: longitudinal PET and echocardiography study from the healthy fetus to the adult minipig. J Nucl Med 2011; 52: 1993-2000.
36. Tamashiro KL: Metabolic syndrome: links to social stress and socioeconomic status. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1231: 46-55.
37. Chrousos GP: Stressors, stress, and neuroendocrine integration of the adaptive response. The 1997 Hans Selye Memorial Lecture. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 851: 311-335.
38. Abraham NG, Brunner EJ, Eriksson JW, Robertson RP: Metabolic syndrome: psychosocial, neuroendocrine, and classical risk factors in type 2 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1113: 256-275.
39. Charney DS, Manji HK: Life stress, genes, and depression: multiple pathways lead to increased risk and new opportunities for intervention. Sci STKE 2004; 225:re5.
40. Dallman MF: Stress-induced obesity and the emotional nervous system. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010; 21: 159-165.
41. de Kloet ER, Joëls M, Holsboer F: Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005; 6: 463-475.
42. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA, Blackett KN, Sitthi-amorn C, Sato H, Yusuf S, for the INTERHEART investigators: Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13 648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): casecontrol study. Lancet 2004; 364: 953-962.
43. Branth S, Ronquist G, Stridsberg M, Hambraeus L, Kindgren E, Olsson R, Carlander D, Arnetz B: Development of abdominal fat and incipient metabolic syndrome in young healthy men exposed to long-term stress. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007; 17: 427-435.
44. Chandola T, Brunner E, Marmot M: Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome: prospective study. BMJ 2006; 332: 521-525.
45. Foster MT, Warne JP, Ginsberg AB, Horneman HF, Pecoraro NC, Akana SF, Dallman MF: Palatable foods, stress, and energy stores sculpt corticotropin-releasing factor, adrenocorticotropin, and corticosterone concentrations after restraint. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 2325-2333.
46. Cedergren MI: Maternal morbid obesity and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103: 219-224.
47. Barker DJ: The developmental origins of insulin resistance. Horm Res 2005; 64(suppl 3):2-7.
48. Khan IY, Taylor PD, Dekou V, Seed PT, Lakasing L, Graham D, Dominiczak AF, Hanson MA, Poston L: Genderlinked hypertension in offspring of lard-fed pregnant rats. Hypertension 2003; 41: 168-175.
49. Dunn GA, Bale TL: Maternal high-fat diet promotes body length increases and insulin insensitivity in secondgeneration mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 4999-5009.
50. Armitage JA., Khan IY, Taylor PD, Nathanielsz PW, Poston L: Developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome by maternal nutritional imbalance: how strong is the evidence from experimental models in mammals? J Physiol 2004; 561: 355-377.
51. Simmons R: Perinatal programming of obesity. Semin Perinatol 2008; 32: 371-374.
52. Sullivan EL, Smith MS., Grove KL: Perinatal exposure to high-fat diet programs energy balance, metabolism and behavior in adulthood. Neuroendocrinology 2011; 93: 1-8.
53. Bilbo SD, Tsang V: Enduring consequences of maternal obesity for brain inflammation and behavior of offspring. FASEB J 2010; 24: 2104-2115.
54. Sullivan EL, Grayson B, Takahashi D, Robertson N, Maier A, Bethea CL, Smith MS, Coleman K, Grove KL: Chronic consumption of a high-fat diet during pregnancy causes perturbations in the serotonergic system and increased anxiety-like behavior in nonhuman primate offspring. J Neurosci 2010; 30: 3826-3830.
55. Naef L, Srivastava L, Gratton A, Hendrickson H, Owens SM, Walker CD: Maternal high fat diet during the perinatal period alters mesocorticolimbic dopamine in the adult rat offspring: reduction in the behavioral responses to repeated amphetamine administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 197: 83-94.
56. Naef L, Moquin L, Dal Bo G, Giros B, Gratton A, Walker CD: Maternal high-fat intake alters presynaptic regulation of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and increases motivation for fat rewards in the offspring. Neuroscience 2011; 176: 225-236.
57. Tozuka Y, Kumon M, Wada E, Onodera M, Mochizuki H, Wada K: Maternal obesity impairs hippocampal BDNF production and spatial learning performance in young mouse offspring. Neurochem Int 2010; 57: 235-247.
58. Vucetic Z, Kimmel J, Totoki K, Hollenbeck E, Reyes TM: Maternal high-fat diet alters methylation and gene expression of dopamine and opioid-related genes. Endocrinology 2010; 151: 4756-4764.
59. Walker CD, Naef L, d'Asti E, Long H, Xu Z, Moreau A, Azeddine B: Perinatal maternal fat intake affects metabolism and hippocampal function in the offspring: a potential role for leptin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1144: 189-202.
60. Wright T, Langley-Evans SC, Voigt JP: The impact of maternal cafeteria diet on anxiety-related behaviour and exploration in the offspring. Physiol Behav 2011; 103: 164-172.
61. Nieuwenhuizen AG, Rutters F: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis in the regulation of energy balance. Physiol Behav 2008; 94: 169-177.
62. Bertram C, Trowern AR, Copin N, Jackson AA, Whorwood CB: The maternal diet during pregnancy programs altered expression of the glucocorticoid receptor and type 2 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: potential molecular mechanisms underlying the programming of hypertension in utero. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 2841-2853.
63. Lindsay RS, Lindsay RM, Waddell BJ, Seckl JR: Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure leads to offspring hyperglycaemia in the rat: studies with the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor carbenoxolone. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 1299-1305.
64. Nyirenda MJ, Lindsay RS, Kenyon CJ, Burchell A, Seckl JR: Glucocorticoid exposure in late gestation permanently programs rat hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucocorticoid receptor expression and causes glucose intolerance in adult offspring. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 2174-2181.
65. Tamashiro KL, Terrillion CE, Hyun J, Koenig JI, Moran TH: Prenatal stress or high-fat diet increases susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in rat offspring. Diabetes 2009; 58: 1116-1125.
66. Mueller BR, Bale TL: Impact of prenatal stress on long term body weight is dependent on timing and maternal sensitivity. Physiol Behav 2006; 88: 605-614.
67. Trottier G, Koski KG, Brun T, Toufexis DJ, Richard D, Walker CD: Increased fat intake during lactation modifies hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in developing rat pups: a possible role for leptin. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 3704-3711.
68. Schmidt MV, Levine S, Alam S, Harbich D, Sterlemann V, Ganea K, de Kloet ER, Holsboer F, Müller MB: Metabolic signals modulate hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis activation during maternal separation of the neonatal mouse. J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18: 865-874.
69. Gallagher P, Watson S, Smith MS, Young AH, Ferrier IN: Plasma cortisol-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) ratios in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2007; 90: 258-265.
70. Holsboer F: The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000; 23: 477-501.
71. Holsboer F, Ising M: Stress hormone regulation: biological role and translation into therapy. Annu Rev Psychol 2010; 61: 81-109, C1-11.
72. Faith MS, Matz PE, Jorge MA: Obesity-depression associations in the population. J Psychosom Res 2002; 53: 935-942.
73. Viinamäki H, Heiskanen T, Lehto SM, Niskanen L, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Tolmunen T, Honkalampi K, Saharinen T, Haatainen K, Hintikka J: Association of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in men. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 120: 23-29.
74. Räikkönen K, Matthews KA, Kuller LH: The relationship between psychological risk attributes and the metabolic syndrome in healthy women: antecedent or consequence? Metabolism 2002; 51: 1573-1577.
75. Skilton MR, Moulin P, Terra JL, Bonnet F: Associations between anxiety, depression, and the metabolic syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62: 1251-1257.
76. Toker S, Shirom A, Melamed S: Depression and the metabolic syndrome: gender-dependent associations. Depress Anxiety 2008; 25: 661-669.
77. Barden N: Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor gene expression by antidepressant drugs. Pharmacopsychiatry 1996; 29: 12-22.
78. Holsboer F, Barden N: Antidepressants and hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical regulation. Endocr Rev 1996; 17: 187-205.
79. Rosmond R, Björntorp P: The role of antidepressants in the treatment of abdominal obesity. Med Hypotheses 2000; 54: 990-994.
80. Edwards CR, Benediktsson R, Lindsay RS, Seckl JR: Dysfunction of placental glucocorticoid barrier: link between fetal environment and adult hypertension? Lancet 1993; 341: 355-357.
81. Benediktsson R, Lindsay RS, Noble J, Seckl JR, Edwards CR: Glucocorticoid exposure in utero: new model for adult hypertension. Lancet 1993; 341: 339-341.
82. Stewart PM, Whorwood CB, Mason JI: Type 2 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in foetal and adult life. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 55: 465-471.
83. Murphy VE, Zakar T, Smith R, Giles WB, Gibson PG, Clifton VL: Reduced 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity is associated with decreased birth weight centile in pregnancies complicated by asthma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002; 87: 1660-1668.
84. Kajantie E, Dunkel L, Turpeinen U, Stenman UH, Wood PJ, Nuutila M, Andersson S: Placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 and fetal cortisol/cortisone shuttle in small preterm infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 493-500.
85. Aufdenblatten M, Baumann M, Raio L, Dick B, Frey BM, Schneider H, Surbek D, Hocher B, Mohaupt MG: Prematurity is related to high placental cortisol in preeclampsia. Pediatr Res 2009; 65: 198-202.
86. Mune T, Rogerson FM, Nikkilä H, Agarwal AK, White PC: Human hypertension caused by mutations in the kidney isozyme of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Nat Genet 1995; 10: 394-399.
87. Lindsay RS, Lindsay RM, Edwards CR, Seckl JR: Inhibition of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in pregnant rats and the programming of blood pressure in the offspring. Hypertension 1996; 27: 1200-1204.
88. Dave-Sharma S, Wilson RC, Harbison MD, Newfield R, Azar MR, Krozowski ZS, Funder JW, Shackleton CH, Bradlow HL, Wei JQ, Hertecant J, Moran A, Neiberger RE, Balfe JW, Fattah A, Daneman D, Akkurt HI, De Santis C, New MI: Examination of genotype and phenotype relationships in 14 patients with apparent mineralocorticoid excess. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2244-2254.
89. Smith JT, Waddell BJ: Increased fetal glucocorticoid exposure delays puberty onset in postnatal life. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 2422-2428.
90. Welberg LA, Seckl JR, Holmes MC: Inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the foeto-placental barrier to maternal glucocorticoids, permanently programs amygdala GR mRNA expression and anxiety-like behaviour in the offspring. Eur J Neurosci 2000; 12: 1047-1054.
91. O'Regan D, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR, Holmes MC: Glucocorticoid exposure in late gestation in the rat permanently programs gender-specific differences in adult cardiovascular and metabolic physiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E863-870.
92. Holmes MC, Abrahamsen CT, French KL, Paterson JM, Mullins JJ, Seckl JR: The mother or the fetus? 11betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 null mice provide evidence for direct fetal programming of behavior by endogenous glucocorticoids. J Neurosci 2006; 26: 3840-3844.
93. Wyrwoll CS, Mark PJ, Mori TA, Puddey IB, Waddell BJ: Prevention of programmed hyperleptinemia and hypertension by postnatal dietary omega-3 fatty acids. Endocrinology 2006; 147: 599-606.
94. de Vries A, Holmes MC, Heijnis A, Seier JV, Heerden J, Louw J, Wolfe-Coote S, Meaney MJ, Levitt NS, Seckl JR: Prenatal dexamethasone exposure induces changes in nonhuman primate offspring cardiometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 1058-1067.
95. Wyrwoll CS, Mark PJ, Waddell BJ: Developmental programming of renal glucocorticoid sensitivity and the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 2007; 50: 579-584.
96. Newnham JP, Jobe AH: Should we be prescribing repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids? Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 14: 157-163.
97. Nyirenda MJ, Carter R, Tang JI, de Vries A, Schlumbohm C, Hillier SG, Streit F, Oellerich M, Armstrong VW, Fuchs E, Seckl JR: Prenatal programming of metabolic syndrome in the common marmoset is associated with increased expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. Diabetes 2009; 58: 2873-2879.
98. Wyrwoll CS, Seckl JR, Holmes MC: Altered placental function of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 knockout mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150: 1287-1293.
99. O'Donnell KJ, Bugge Jensen A, Freeman L, Khalife N, O'Connor TG, Glover V: Maternal prenatal anxiety and downregulation of placental 11β-HSD2. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37: 818-826.
100. Kitanaka S, Tanae A, Hibi I: Apparent mineralocorticoid excess due to 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: a possible cause of intrauterine growth retardation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996; 44: 353-359.
101. Räikkönen K, Pesonen AK, Heinonen K, Lahti J, Komsi N, Eriksson JG, Seckl JR, Järvenpää AL, Strandberg TE: Maternal licorice consumption and detrimental cognitive and psychiatric outcomes in children. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 170: 1137-1146.
102. Räikkönen K, Seckl JR, Heinonen K, Pyhälä R, Feldt K, Jones A, Pesonen AK, Phillips DI, Lahti J, Järvenpää AL, Eriksson JG, Matthews KA, Strandberg TE, Kajantie E: Maternal prenatal licorice consumption alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function in children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35: 1587-1593.
103. Welberg LA, Seckl JR, Holmes MC: Prenatal glucocorticoid programming of brain corticosteroid receptors and corticotrophin-releasing hormone: possible implications for behaviour. Neuroscience 2001; 104: 71-79.
104. Nagano M, Ozawa H, Suzuki H: Prenatal dexamethasone exposure affects anxiety-like behaviour and neuroendocrine systems in an age-dependent manner. Neurosci Res 2008; 60: 364-371.
105. Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ: Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci 2004; 7: 847-854.
106. Drake AJ, Walker BR, Seckl JR: Intergenerational consequences of fetal programming by in utero exposure to glucocorticoids in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 288:R34-38.
107. Nyirenda MJ, Dean S, Lyons V, Chapman KE, Seckl JR: Prenatal programming of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha in the rat: A key mechanism in the 'foetal origins of hyperglycaemia'? Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1412-1420.
108. Seckl JR: Glucocorticoids, developmental 'programming' and the risk of affective dysfunction. Prog Brain Res 2008; 167: 17-34.
109. Drake AJ, Liu L, Kerrigan D, Meehan RR, Seckl JR: Multigenerational programming in the glucocorticoid programmed rat is associated with generation-specific and parent of origin effects. Epigenetics 2011; 6: 1334-1343.
110. Sandovici I, Smith NH, Nitert MD, Ackers-Johnson M, Uribe-Lewis S, Ito Y, Jones RH, Marquez VE, Cairns W, Tadayyon M, O'Neill LP, Murrell A, Ling C, Constância M, Ozanne SE: Maternal diet and aging alter the epigenetic control of a promoter-enhancer interaction at the Hnf4a gene in rat pancreatic islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108: 5449-5454.
111. Weaver IC, Szyf M, Meaney MJ: From maternal care to gene expression: DNA methylation and the maternal programming of stress responses. Endocr Res 2002; 28: 699.
112. Alikhani-Koopaei R, Fouladkou F, Frey FJ, Frey BM: Epigenetic regulation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression. J Clin Invest 2004; 114: 1146-1157.
113. Mueller BR, Bale TL: Sex-specific programming of offspring emotionality after stress early in pregnancy. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 9055-9065.
114. Murgatroyd C, Patchev AV, Wu Y, Micale V, Bockmühl Y, Fischer D, Holsboer F, Wotjak CT, Almeida OF, Spengler D: Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nat Neurosci 2009; 12: 1559-1566.
115. Waterland RA, Jirtle RL: Transposable elements: targets for early nutritional effects on epigenetic gene regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23: 5293-5300.
116. Wyrwoll CS, Holmes MC: Prenatal excess glucocorticoid exposure and adult affective disorders: a role for serotonergic and catecholamine pathways. Neuroendocrinology 2012; 95: 47-55.
117. Kotelevtsev Y, Brown RW, Fleming S, Kenyon C, Edwards CR, Seckl JR, Mullins JJ: Hypertension in mice lacking 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 683-689.
118. Jensen E, Wood CE, Keller-Wood M: Reduction of maternal adrenal steroids results in increased VEGF protein without increased eNOS in the ovine placenta. Placenta 2007; 28: 658-667.
119. Waddell BJ, Hisheh S, Dharmarajan AM, Burton PJ: Apoptosis in rat placenta is zone-dependent and stimulated by glucocorticoids. Biol Reprod 2000; 63: 1913-1917.
120. Whorwood CB, Firth KM, Budge H, Symonds ME: Maternal undernutrition during early to midgestation programs tissue-specific alterations in the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoforms, and type 1 angiotensin II receptor in neonatal sheep. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 2854-2864.
121. Yehuda R, Bierer LM, Andrew R, Schmeidler J, Seckl JR: Enduring effects of severe developmental adversity, including nutritional deprivation, on cortisol metabolism in aging Holocaust survivors. J Psychiatr Res 2009; 43: 877-883.
122. Lesage J, Blondeau B, Grino M, Bréant B, Dupouy JP: Maternal undernutrition during late gestation induces fetal overexposure to glucocorticoids and intrauterine growth retardation, and disturbs the hypothalamopituitary adrenal axis in the newborn rat. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 1692-1702.
123. Guzmán C, Cabrera R, Cárdenas M, Larrea F, Nathanielsz PW, Zambrano E: Protein restriction during fetal and neonatal development in the rat alters reproductive function and accelerates reproductive ageing in female progeny. J Physiol 2006; 572: 97-108.
124. Langley-Evans SC, Phillips GJ, Benediktsson R, Gardner DS, Edwards CRW, Jackson AA, Seckl JR: Protein intake in pregnancy, placental glucocorticoid metabolism and the programming of hypertension in the rat. Placenta 1996; 17: 169-172.
125. Stocker C, O'Dowd J, Morton NM, Wargent E, Sennitt MV, Hislop D, Glund S, Seckl JR, Arch JR, Cawthorne MA: Modulation of susceptibility to weight gain and insulin resistance in low birthweight rats by treatment of their mothers with leptin during pregnancy and lactation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2004; 28: 129-136.
126. LaBorde JB, Hansen DK, Young JF, Sheehan DM, Holson RR: Prenatal dexamethasone exposure in rats: effects of dose, age at exposure, and drug-induced hypophagia on malformations and fetal organ weights. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1992; 19: 545-554.
127. Cottrell EC, Holmes MC, Livingstone DE, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR: Reconciling the nutritional and glucocorticoid hypotheses of fetal programming. FASEB J 2012; 26: 1866-1874.
128. Khorram NM, Magee TR, Wang C, Desai M, Ross M, Khorram O: Maternal undernutrition programs offspring adrenal expression of steroidogenic enzymes. Reprod Sci 2011; 18: 931-940.
129. Shiell AW, Campbell-Brown M, Haselden S, Robinson S, Godfrey KM, Barker DJ: High-meat, low-carbohydrate diet in pregnancy: relation to adult blood pressure in the offspring. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1282-1288.
130. Herrick K, Phillips DI, Haselden S, Shiell AW, Campbell-Brown M, Godfrey KM: Maternal consumption of a highmeat, low-carbohydrate diet in late pregnancy: relation to adult cortisol concentrations in the offspring. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3554-3560.
131. Reynolds RM, Godfrey KM, Barker M, Osmond C, Phillips DI: Stress responsiveness in adult life: influence of mother's diet in late pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 2208-2210.
132. Drake AJ, McPherson RC, Godfrey KM, Cooper C, Lillycrop KA, Hanson MA, Meehan RR, Seckl JR, Reynolds RM: An unbalanced maternal diet in pregnancy associates with offspring epigenetic changes in genes controlling glucocorticoid action and foetal growth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77: 808-815.
133. Samuelsson AM, Matthews PA, Argenton M, Christie MR, McConnell JM, Jansen EH, Piersma AH, Ozanne SE, Twinn DF, Remacle C, Rowlerson A, Poston L, Taylor PD: Diet-induced obesity in female mice leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity, hypertension, and insulin resistance: a novel murine model of developmental programming. Hypertension 2008; 51: 383-392.
134. Drake AJ, Reynolds RM: Impact of maternal obesity on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk. Reproduction 2010; 140: 387-398.
135. Berniakovich I, Trinei M, Stendardo M, Migliaccio E, Minucci S, Bernardi P, Pelicci PG, Giorgio M: p66Shcgenerated oxidative signal promotes fat accumulation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 34283-34293.
136. Berry A, Amrein I, Nötzli S, Lazic SE, Bellisario V, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, Alleva E, Lipp HP, Cirulli F: Sustained hippocampal neurogenesis in females is amplified in P66(Shc-/-) mice: An animal model of healthy aging. Hippocampus 2012; 22: 2249-2259.
137. Berry A, Capone F, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, de Kloet ER, Alleva E, Minghetti L, Cirulli F: Deletion of the life span determinant p66Shc prevents age-dependent increases in emotionality and pain sensitivity in mice. Exp Gerontol 2007; 42: 37-45.
138. Berry A, Carnevale D, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, de Kloet ER, Alleva E, Minghetti L, Cirulli F: Greater resistance to inflammation at adulthood could contribute to extended life span of p66(Shc-/-) mice. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45: 343-350.
139. Berry A, Greco A, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, de Kloet R, Alleva E, Minghetti L, Cirulli F: Deletion of the lifespan determinant p66(Shc) improves performance in a spatial memory task, decreases levels of oxidative stress markers in the hippocampus and increases levels of the neurotrophin BDNF in adult mice. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43: 200-208.
140. Giorgio M, Berry A, Berniakovich I, Poletaeva I, Trinei M, Stendardo M, Hagopian K, Ramsey JJ, Cortopassi G, Migliaccio E, Nötzli S, Amrein I, Lipp HP, Cirulli F, Pelicci PG: The p66Shc knocked out mice are short lived under natural condition. Aging Cell 2012; 11: 162-168.
141. Migliaccio E, Giorgio M, Mele S, Pelicci G, Reboldi P, Pandolfi PP, Lanfrancone L, Pelicci PG: The p66shc adaptor protein controls oxidative stress response and life span in mammals. Nature 1999; 402: 309-313.
142. Bayram B, Nikolai S, Huebbe P, Ozcelik B, Grimm S, Grune T, Frank J, Rimbach G: Biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant defence and inflammation are altered in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8. Age (Dordr) 2013; 35: 1205-1217.
143. Holzenberger M, Dupont J, Ducos B, Leneuve P, Géloën A, Even PC, Cervera P, Le Bouc Y: IGF-1 receptor regulates lifespan and resistance to oxidative stress in mice. Nature 2003; 421: 182-187.
144. Kenyon C, Chang J, Gensch E, Rudner A, Tabtiang R: A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type. Nature 1993; 366: 461-464.
145. Kimura KD, Tissenbaum HA, Liu Y, Ruvkun G: daf-2, an insulin receptor-like gene that regulates longevity and diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 1997; 277: 942-946.
146. Longo VD, Finch CE: Evolutionary medicine: from dwarf model systems to healthy centenarians? Science 2003; 299: 1342-1346.
147. Tatar M, Kopelman A, Epstein D, Tu MP, Yin CM, Garofalo RS: A mutant Drosophila insulin receptor homolog that extends life-span and impairs neuroendocrine function. Science 2001; 292: 107-110.
148. Treiber N, Maity P, Singh K, Kohn M, Keist AF, Ferchiu F, Sante L, Frese S, Bloch W, Kreppel F, Kochanek S, Sindrilaru A, Iben S, Högel J, Ohnmacht M, Claes LE, Ignatius A, Chung JH, Lee MJ, Kamenisch Y, Berneburg M, Nikolaus T, Braunstein K, Sperfeld AD, Ludolph AC, Briviba K, Wlaschek M, Florin L, Angel P, Scharffetter-Kochanek K: Accelerated aging phenotype in mice with conditional deficiency for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in the connective tissue. Aging Cell 2011; 10: 239-254.
149. Barzilai N, Huffman DM, Muzumdar RH, Bartke A: The critical role of metabolic pathways in aging. Diabetes 2012; 61: 1315-1322.
150. Folsom AR, Kaye SA, Sellers TA, Hong CP, Cerhan JR, Potter JD, Prineas RJ: Body fat distribution and 5-year risk of death in older women. JAMA 1993; 269: 483-487.
151. Morley JE: Diabetes and aging: epidemiologic overview. Clin Geriatr Med 2008; 24: 395-405.
152. Sepe A, Tchkonia T, Thomou T, Zamboni M, Kirkland JL: Aging and regional differences in fat cell progenitors - a mini-review. Gerontology 2011; 57: 66-75.
153. Haffner S, Taegtmeyer H: Epidemic obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 2003; 108: 1541-1545.
154. Fadini GP, Ceolotto G, Pagnin E, de Kreutzenberg S, Avogaro A: At the crossroads of longevity and metabolism: the metabolic syndrome and lifespan determinant pathways. Aging Cell 2011; 10: 10-17.
155. Engum A: The role of depression and anxiety in onset of diabetes in a large population-based study. J Psychosom Res 2007; 62: 31-38.
156. Goldbacher EM, Bromberger J, Matthews KA: Lifetime history of major depression predicts the development of the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged women. Psychosom Med 2009; 71: 266-272.
157. Muller M, van Raamt F, Visseren FL, Kalmijn S, Geerlings MI, Mali WP, van der Graaf Y: Metabolic syndrome and cognition in patients with manifest atherosclerotic disease: the SMART study. Neuroepidemiology 2010; 34: 83-89.
158. Raffaitin C, Féart C, Le Goff M, Amieva H, Helmer C, Akbaraly TN, Tzourio C, Gin H, Barberger-Gateau P: Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in French elders: the Three-City Study. Neurology 2011; 76: 518-525.
159. van Reedt Dortland AK, Giltay EJ, van Veen T, Zitman FG, Penninx BW: Metabolic syndrome abnormalities are associated with severity of anxiety and depression and with tricyclic antidepressant use. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 122: 30-39.
160. Zeugmann S, Quante A, Heuser I, Schwarzer R, Anghelescu I: Inflammatory biomarkers in 70 depressed inpatients with and without the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry 2010; 71: 1007-1016.
161. Bandyopadhyay D, Medrano EE: The emerging role of epigenetics in cellular and organismal aging. Exp Gerontol 2003; 38: 1299-1307.
162. Park LK, Friso S, Choi SW: Nutritional influences on epigenetics and age-related disease. Proc Nutr Soc 2012; 71: 75-83.
163. Li KK, Li F, Li QS, Yang K, Jin B: DNA methylation as a target of epigenetic therapeutics in cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2013; 13: 242-247.
164. Wu G, Bazer FW, Cudd TA, Meininger CJ, Spencer TE: Maternal nutrition and fetal development. J Nutr 2004; 134: 2169-2172.
165. Lillycrop KA, Phillips ES, Jackson AA, Hanson MA, Burdge GC: Dietary protein restriction of pregnant rats induces and folic acid supplementation prevents epigenetic modification of hepatic gene expression in the offspring. J Nutr 2005; 135: 1382-1386.
166. Lillycrop KA, Phillips ES, Torrens C, Hanson MA, Jackson AA, Burdge GC: Feeding pregnant rats a proteinrestricted diet persistently alters the methylation of specific cytosines in the hepatic PPAR alpha promoter of the offspring. Br J Nutr 2008; 100: 278-282.
167. Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL: Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 61-73.
168. Godfrey KM, Sheppard A, Gluckman PD, Lillycrop KA, Burdge GC, McLean C, Rodford J, Slater-Jefferies JL, Garratt E, Crozier SR, Emerald BS, Gale CR, Inskip HM, Cooper C, Hanson MA: Epigenetic gene promoter methylation at birth is associated with child's later adiposity. Diabetes 2011; 60: 1528-1534.
169. Portela A, Esteller M: Epigenetic modifications and human disease. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28: 1057-1068.
170. Meaburn E, Schulz R: Next generation sequencing in epigenetics: insights and challenges. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23: 192-199.
171. Heyn H, Vidal E, Sayols S, Sanchez-Mut JV, Moran S, Medina I, Sandoval J, Simó-Riudalbas L, Szczesna K, Huertas D, Gatto S, Matarazzo MR, Dopazo J, Esteller M: Whole-genome bisulfite DNA sequencing of a DNMT3B mutant patient. Epigenetics 2012; 7: 542-550.
172. Serre D, Lee BH, Ting AH: MBD-isolated genome sequencing provides a high-throughput and comprehensive survey of DNA methylation in the human genome. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38: 391-399.
173. Li H, Durbin R: Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 2009; 25: 1754-1760.
174. Huang J, Renault V, Sengenès J, Touleimat N, Michel S, Lathrop M, Tost J: MeQA: a pipeline for MeDIP-seq data quality assessment and analysis. Bioinformatics 2012; 28: 587-588.
175. Bailey TL, Williams N, Misleh C, Li WW: MEME: discovering and analyzing DNA and protein sequence motifs. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:W369-373.
176. Gorska E, Popko K, Stelmaszczyk-Emmel A, Ciepiela O, Kucharska A, Wasik M: Leptin receptors. Eur J Med Res 2010; 15(suppl 2):50-54.
177. Price LH, Kao HT, Burgers DE, Carpenter LL, Tyrka AR: Telomeres and early-life stress: an overview. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73: 15-23.
178. Song Z, von Figura G, Liu Y, Kraus JM, Torrice C, Dillon P, Rudolph-Watabe M, Ju Z, Kestler HA, Sanoff H, Lenhard Rudolph K: Lifestyle impacts on the aging-associated expression of biomarkers of DNA damage and telomere dysfunction in human blood. Aging Cell 2010; 9: 607-615.
179. Valdes AM, Andrew T, Gardner JP, Kimura M, Oelsner E, Cherkas LF, Aviv A, Spector TD: Obesity, cigarette smoking, and telomere length in women. Lancet 2005; 366: 662-664.
180. Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, Nakayama O, Makishima M, Matsuda M, Shimomura I: Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2004; 114: 1752-1761.
181. Monickaraj F, Gokulakrishnan K, Prabu P, Sathishkumar C, Anjana RM, Rajkumar JS, Mohan V, Balasubramanyam M: Convergence of adipocyte hypertrophy, telomere shortening and hypoadiponectinemia in obese subjects and in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Biochem 2012; 45: 1432-1438.
182. Njajou OT, Cawthon RM, Blackburn EH, Harris TB, Li R, Sanders JL, Newman AB, Nalls M, Cummings SR, Hsueh WC: Shorter telomeres are associated with obesity and weight gain in the elderly. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 36: 1176-1179.
183. Cassidy A, De Vivo I, Liu Y, Han J, Prescott J, Hunter DJ, Rimm EB: Associations between diet, lifestyle factors, and telomere length in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 1273-1280.
184. Jennings BJ, Ozanne SE, Dorling MW, Hales CN: Early growth determines longevity in male rats and may be related to telomere shortening in the kidney. FEBS Lett 1999; 448: 4-8.
185. Epel ES, Blackburn EH, Lin J, Dhabhar FS, Adler NE, Morrow JD, Cawthon RM: Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 17312-17315.
186. Buxton JL, Walters RG, Visvikis-Siest S, Meyre D, Froguel P, Blakemore AL: Childhood obesity is associated with shorter leukocyte telomere length. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 1500-1505.
187. Zannolli R, Mohn A, Buoni S, Pietrobelli A, Messina M, Chiarelli F, Miracco C: Telomere length and obesity. Acta Paediatr 2008; 97: 952-954.
188. Al-Attas OS, Al-Daghri N, Bamakhramah A, Shaun Sabico S, McTernan P, Huang TT: Telomere length in relation to insulin resistance, inflammation and obesity among Arab youth. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99: 896-899.
189. Entringer S, Buss C, Wadhwa PD: Prenatal stress, telomere biology, and fetal programming of health and disease risk. Sci Signal 2012; 5:pt12.
190. Tarry-Adkins JL, Chen JH, Smith NS, Jones RH, Cherif H, Ozanne SE: Poor maternal nutrition followed by accelerated postnatal growth leads to telomere shortening and increased markers of cell senescence in rat islets. FASEB J 2009; 23: 1521-1528.
191. Tarry-Adkins JL, Martin-Gronert MS, Chen JH, Cripps RL, Ozanne SE: Maternal diet influences DNA damage, aortic telomere length, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense capacity in rats. FASEB J 2008; 22: 2037-2044.
192. Haussmann MF, Longenecker AS, Marchetto NM, Juliano SA, Bowden RM: Embryonic exposure to corticosterone modifies the juvenile stress response, oxidative stress and telomere length. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279: 1447-1456.
193. Entringer S, Epel ES, Kumsta R, Lin J, Hellhammer DH, Blackburn EH, Wü st S, Wadhwa PD: Stress exposure in intrauterine life is associated with shorter telomere length in young adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E513-518.
194. Okuda K, Bardeguez A, Gardner JP, Rodriguez P, Ganesh V, Kimura M, Skurnick J, Awad G, Aviv A: Telomere length in the newborn. Pediatr Res 2002; 52: 377-381.
195. Davy P, Nagata M, Bullard P, Fogelson NS, Allsopp R: Fetal growth restriction is associated with accelerated telomere shortening and increased expression of cell senescence markers in the placenta. Placenta 2009; 30: 539-542.
196. Biron-Shental T, Kidron D, Sukenik-Halevy R, Goldberg-Bittman L, Sharony R, Fejgin MD, Amiel A: TERC telomerase subunit gene copy number in placentas from pregnancies complicated with intrauterine growth restriction. Early Hum Dev 2011; 87: 73-75.
197. Cross JA, Temple RC, Hughes JC, Dozio NC, Brennan C, Stanley K, Murphy HR, Fowler D, Hughes DA, Sampson MJ: Cord blood telomere length, telomerase activity and inflammatory markers in pregnancies in women with diabetes or gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 2010; 27: 1264-1270.
198. Sahin E, DePinho RA: Axis of ageing: telomeres, p53 and mitochondria. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13: 397-404.
199. Lin PH, Lee SH, Su CP, Wei YH: Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA in atrial muscle of patients with atrial fibrillation. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35: 1310-1318.
200. Corral-Debrinski M, Shoffner JM, Lott MT, Wallace DC: Association of mitochondrial DNA damage with aging and coronary atherosclerotic heart disease. Mutat Res 1992; 275: 169-180.
201. Botto N, Berti S, Manfredi S, Al-Jabri A, Federici C, Clerico A, Ciofini E, Biagini A, Andreassi MG: Detection of mtDNA with 4977 bp deletion in blood cells and atherosclerotic lesions of patients with coronary artery disease. Mutat Res 2005; 570: 81-88.