Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and the kidney: Pathophysiological and clinical implications

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 234-281

  Kamenický, Peter ^a,b,c   Mazziotti, Gherardo ^d   Lombès, Marc ^a,b,c   Giustina, Andrea ^d   Chanson, Philippe ^a,b,c  

^a BICÊTRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ PARIS SACLAY   (France)

^c INSERM   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE; GROWTH HORMONE; PHOSPHATE; RECOMBINANT GROWTH HORMONE; SODIUM; SOMATOMEDIN C;

ACROMEGALY; ASTHMA; AVASCULAR NECROSIS; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DRUG EFFECT; EDEMA; FLUID RETENTION; GLOMERULUS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; GRAFT REJECTION; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE; GROWTH RETARDATION; HAND PARESTHESIA; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; INJECTION PAIN; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY; KIDNEY CANCER; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY HYPERTROPHY; KIDNEY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; KIDNEY SIZE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; KIDNEY TUBULE FUNCTION; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NAUSEA; NEPHRON; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PRURITUS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SODIUM METABOLISM; VALGUS KNEE; VOMITING; WHEEZING;

ANIMALS; CALCIUM; FEMALE; GLUCOSE; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; KIDNEY; KIDNEY DISEASES; MALE; MICE; PHOSPHATES; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SODIUM; WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE;

EID: 84897407234     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1071     Document Type: Review

References (490)

1. Guyton AC. Blood pressure control-special role of the kidneys and body fluids. Science. 1991;252:1813-1816.
2. Morel F, Doucet A. Hormonal control of kidney functions at the cell level. Physiol Rev. 1986;66:377-468.
3. Feld S, Hirschberg R. Growth hormone, the insulin-like growth factor system, and the kidney. Endocr Rev. 1996; 17:423-480.
4. SalmonWDJr, Daughaday WH. A hormonally controlled serum factor which stimulates sulfate incorporation by cartilage in vitro. J Lab Clin Med. 1957;49:825-836.
5. Le Roith D, Bondy C, Yakar S, Liu JL, Butler A. The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001. Endocr Rev. 2001;22: 53-74.
6. Isaksson OG, Jansson JO, Gause IA. Growth hormone stimulates longitudinal bone growth directly. Science. 1982;216:1237-1239.
7. Morikawa M, Nixon T, Green H. Growth hormone and the adipose conversion of 3T3 cells. Cell. 1982;29:783-789.
8. Clemmons DR. Modifying IGF1 activity: an approach to treat endocrine disorders, atherosclerosis and cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2007;6:821-833.
9. Leung DW, Spencer SA, Cachianes G, et al. Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression. Nature. 1987;330:537-543.
10. Kelly PA, Djiane J, Postel-Vinay MC, Edery M. The prolactin/ growth hormone receptor family. Endocr Rev. 1991;12:235-251.
11. Herrington J, Carter-Su C. Signaling pathways activated by the growth hormone receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2001;12:252-257.
12. Rosenfeld RG, Belgorosky A, Camacho-Hubner C, Savage MO,Wit JM, Hwa V. Defects in growth hormone receptor signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007;18:134-141.
13. Pilecka I, Whatmore A, Hooft van Huijsduijnen R, Destenaves B, Clayton P. Growth hormone signalling: sprouting links between pathways, human genetics and therapeutic options. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2007;18: 12-18.
14. Jones JI, Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev. 1995;16:3-34.
15. LeRoith D, Werner H, Beitner-Johnson D, Roberts CT Jr. Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Endocr Rev. 1995;16:143-163.
16. Haraldsson B, Nyström J, Deen WM. Properties of the glomerular barrier and mechanisms of proteinuria. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:451-487.
17. Wright EM, Loo DD, Hirayama BA. Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Physiol Rev. 2011;91:733- 794.
18. Bröer S. Amino acid transport across mammalian intestinal and renal epithelia. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:249-286.
19. Murer H, Hernando N, Forster I, Biber J. Proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption: molecular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2000;80:1373-1409.
20. Féraille E, Doucet A. Sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase-dependent sodium transport in the kidney: hormonal control. Physiol Rev. 2001;81:345-418.
21. Russell JM. Sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport. Physiol Rev. 2000;80:211-276.
22. Reilly RF, Ellison DH. Mammalian distal tubule: physiology, pathophysiology, and molecular anatomy. Physiol Rev. 2000;80:277-313.
23. Mathews LS, Enberg B, Norstedt G. Regulation of rat growth hormone receptor gene expression. J Biol Chem. 1989;264:9905-9910.
24. Tiong TS, Herington AC. Tissue distribution, characterization, and regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid for growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein in the rat. Endocrinology. 1991;129:1628-1634.
25. Smith WC, Kuniyoshi J, Talamantes F. Mouse serum growth hormone (GH) binding protein has GH receptor extracellular and substituted transmembrane domains. Mol Endocrinol. 1989;3:984-990.
26. Chin E, Zhou J, Bondy CA. Renal growth hormone receptor gene expression: relationship to renal insulin-like growth factor system. Endocrinology. 1992;131:3061- 3066.
27. Mertani HC, Morel G. In situ gene expression of growth hormone (GH) receptor and GH binding protein in adult male rat tissues. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1995;109:47-61.
28. Lobie PE, García-Aragón J,WangBS, BaumbachWR,Waters MJ. Cellular localization of the growth hormone binding protein in the rat. Endocrinology. 1992;130:3057- 3065.
29. Hill DJ, Riley SC, Bassett NS, Waters MJ. Localization of the growth hormone receptor, identified by immunocytochemistry, in second trimester human fetal tissues and in placenta throughout gestation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:646-650.
30. Simard M, Manthos H, Giaid A, Lefèbvre Y, Goodyer CG. Ontogeny of growth hormone receptors in human tissues: an immunohistochemical study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:3097-3102.
31. Doi SQ, Jacot TA, Sellitti DF, et al. Growth hormone increases inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in mesangial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:1419-1425.
32. Meinhardt U, Eblé A, Besson A, Strasburger CJ, Sraer JD, Mullis PE. Regulation of growth-hormone-receptor gene expression by growth hormone and pegvisomant in human mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 2003;64:421-430.
33. Reddy GR, Pushpanathan MJ, Ransom RF, et al. Identification of the glomerular podocyte as a target for growth hormone action. Endocrinology. 2007;148:2045-2055.
34. Bortz JD, Rotwein P, DeVol D, Bechtel PJ, Hansen VA, Hammerman MR. Focal expression of insulin-like growth factor I in rat kidney collecting duct. J Cell Biol. 1988;107: 811-819.
35. Kamenicky P, Viengchareun S, Blanchard A, et al. Epithelial sodium channel is a key mediator of growth hormoneinduced sodium retention in acromegaly. Endocrinology. 2008;149:3294-3305.
36. Firsov D. Revisiting sodium and water reabsorption with functional genomics tools. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004;13:59-65.
37. Chabardès-Garonne D, Mejéan A, Aude JC, et al. A panoramic view of gene expression in the human kidney. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:13710-13715.
38. Baumbach WR, Bingham B. One class of growth hormone (GH) receptor and binding protein messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver, GHR1, is sexually dimorphic and regulated by GH. Endocrinology. 1995;136:749-760.
39. Schwartzbauer G, Menon RK. Regulation of growth hormone receptor gene expression. Mol Genet Metab. 1998; 63:243-253.
40. Leung KC, Johannsson G, Leong GM, Ho KK. Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action. Endocr Rev. 2004; 25:693-721.
41. Thimmarayappa J, Sun J, Schultz LE, et al. Inhibition of growth hormone receptor gene expression by saturated fatty acids: role of Kruppel-like zinc finger factor, ZBP-89. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20:2747-2760.
42. Frick GP, Leonard JL, Goodman HM. Effect of hypophysectomy on growth hormone receptor gene expression in rat tissues. Endocrinology. 1990;126:3076-3082.
43. Butler AA, Funk B, Breier BH, LeRoith D, Roberts CT Jr, Gluckman PD. Growth hormone (GH) status regulatesGH receptor and GH binding protein mRNA in a tissue- and transcript-specific manner but has no effect on insulin-like growth factor-I receptor mRNA in the rat. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1996;116:181-189.
44. Jiang H, Wang Y, Wu M, Gu Z, Frank SJ, Torres-Diaz R. Growth hormone stimulates hepatic expression of bovine growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid through signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 activation of a major growth hormone receptor gene promoter. Endocrinology. 2007;148:3307-3315.
45. Sjögren K, Liu JL, Blad K, et al. Liver-derived insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the principal source of IGF-I in blood but is not required for postnatal body growth in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:7088-7092.
46. Yakar S, Liu JL, Stannard B, et al. Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:7324-7329.
47. D'Ercole AJ, Applewhite GT, Underwood LE. Evidence that somatomedin is synthesized by multiple tissues in the fetus. Dev Biol. 1980;75:315-328.
48. D'Ercole AJ, Stiles AD, Underwood LE. Tissue concentrations of somatomedin C: further evidence for multiple sites of synthesis and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms of action. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1984;81:935-939.
49. Schimpff RM, Donnadieu M, Duval M. Serum somatomedin activity measured as sulphation factor in peripheral, hepatic and renal veins in normal mongrel dogs: early effects of intravenous injection of growth hormone. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1980;93:155-161.
50. Murphy LJ, Bell GI, Friesen HG. Growth hormone stimulates sequential induction of c-myc and insulin-like growth factor I expression in vivo. Endocrinology. 1987; 120:1806-1812.
51. Roberts CT Jr, Lasky SR, Lowe WL Jr, Seaman WT, Le-Roith D. Molecular cloning of rat insulin-like growth factor I complementary deoxyribonucleic acids: differential messenger ribonucleic acid processing and regulation by growth hormone in extrahepatic tissues. Mol Endocrinol. 1987;1:243-248.
52. Han VK, Hill DJ, Strain AJ, et al. Identification of somatomedin/ insulin-like growth factor immunoreactive cells in the human fetus. Pediatr Res. 1987;22:245-249.
53. Miller SB, Rotwein P, Bortz JD, et al. Renal expression of IGF I in hypersomatotropic states. Am J Physiol. 1990; 259:F251-F257.
54. Rogers SA, Miller SB,HammermanMR.Growth hormone stimulates IGF I gene expression in isolated rat renal collecting duct. Am J Physiol. 1990;259:F474-F479.
55. Chin E, Zhou J, Bondy C. Anatomical relationships in the patterns of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-1, and IGF-I receptor gene expression in the rat kidney. Endocrinology. 1992;130:3237-3245.
56. Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Rosato RR, van Neck JW, et al. Gene expression of the insulin-like growth factor system during mouse kidney development. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1997;132:81-91.
57. Cingel-Ristic V, Flyvbjerg A, Drop SL. The physiological and pathophysiological roles of the GH/IGF-axis in the kidney: lessons from experimental rodent models. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2004;14:418-430.
58. Daughaday WH, Rotwein P. Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum, and tissue concentrations. Endocr Rev. 1989; 10:68-91.
59. Bondy CA, Werner H, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D. Cellular pattern of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and type I IGF receptor gene expression in early organogenesis: comparison with IGF-II gene expression. Mol Endocrinol. 1990;4:1386-1398.
60. Guler HP, Zapf J, Scheiwiller E, Froesch ER. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I stimulates growth and has distinct effects on organ size in hypophysectomized rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85:4889-4893.
61. Guler HP, Schmid C, Zapf J, Froesch ER. Effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I on insulin secretion and renal function in normal human subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1989;86:2868-2872.
62. Ullrich A, Gray A, Tam AW, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: comparison with insulin receptor suggests structural determinants that define functional specificity. EMBO J. 1986;5:2503-2512.
63. Wada J, Liu ZZ, Alvares K, et al. Cloning of cDNA for the a subunit of mouse insulin-like growth factor I receptor and the role of the receptor in metanephric development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1993;90:10360-10364.
64. Rabkin R, Brody M, Lu LH, Chan C, Shaheen AM, Gillett N. Expression of the genes encoding the rat renal insulinlike growth factor-I system. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;6: 1511-1518.
65. Chin E, Bondy C. Insulin-like growth factor system gene expression in the human kidney. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:962-968.
66. Chin E, Michels K, Bondy CA. Partition of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding sites between the IGF-I and IGF-II receptors and IGF-binding proteins in the human kidney. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:156-164.
67. LoweWLJr,AdamoM,Werner H, RobertsCTJr, Le Roith D. Regulation by fasting of rat insulin-like growth factor I and its receptor. Effects on gene expression and binding. J Clin Invest. 1989;84:619-626.
68. Werner H, Shen-Orr Z, Stannard B, Burguera B, Roberts CTJr, LeRoith D. Experimental diabetes increases insulinlike growth factor I and II receptor concentration and gene expression in kidney. Diabetes. 1990;39:1490-1497.
69. Mulroney SE, Haramati A, Werner H, Bondy C, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith D. Altered expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF receptor genes after unilateral nephrectomy in immature rats. Endocrinology. 1992;130:249-256.
70. Gonzalez-Rodriguez E, Gaeggeler HP, Rossier BC. IGF-1 vs insulin: respective roles in modulating sodium transport via the PI-3 kinase/Sgk1 pathway in a cortical collecting duct cell line. Kidney Int. 2007;71:116-125.
71. Staruschenko A, Pochynyuk O, Vandewalle A, Bugaj V, Stockand JD. Acute regulation of the epithelial Na+channel by phosphatidylinositide 3-OH kinase signaling in native collecting duct principal cells. JAmSoc Nephrol. 2007; 18:1652-1661.
72. Quigley R. Developmental changes in renal function. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012;24:184-190.
73. List EO, Sackmann-Sala L, Berryman DE, et al. Endocrine parameters and phenotypes of the growth hormone receptor gene disrupted (GHR_/_) mouse. Endocr Rev. 2011; 32:356-386.
74. Flyvbjerg A, Bennett WF, Rasch R, et al. Compensatory renal growth in uninephrectomized adult mice is growth hormone dependent. Kidney Int. 1999;56:2048-2054.
75. Liu JP, Baker J, Perkins AS, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulinlike growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r). Cell. 1993;75:59-72.
76. Rogers SA, Powell-Braxton L, Hammerman MR. Insulinlike growth factor I regulates renal development in rodents. Dev Genet. 1999;24:293-298.
77. Hammerman MR. The growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in kidney re-revisited. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:1853-1860.
78. Powell-Braxton L, Hollingshead P, Warburton C, et al. IGF-I is required for normal embryonic growth in mice. Genes Dev. 1993;7:2609-2617.
79. Nordstrom SM, Tran JL, Sos BC, Wagner KU, Weiss EJ. Liver-derived IGF-I contributes to GH-dependent increases in lean mass and bone mineral density in mice with comparable levels of circulating GH. Mol Endocrinol. 2011;25:1223-1230.
80. Rogers SA, Ryan G, HammermanMR.Insulin-like growth factors I and II are produced in the metanephros and are required for growth and development in vitro. J Cell Biol. 1991;113:1447-1453.
81. Corvilain J, Abramow M, Bergans A. Some effects of human growth hormone on renal hemodynamics and on tubular phosphate transport in man. J Clin Invest. 1962;41: 1230-1235.
82. Hirschberg R, Rabb H, Bergamo R, Kopple JD. The delayed effect of growth hormone on renal function in humans. Kidney Int. 1989;35:865-870.
83. Hirschberg R, Kopple JD, Blantz RC, Tucker BJ. Effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on glomerular dynamics in the rat. J Clin Invest. 1991;87:1200- 1206.
84. Guler HP, Eckardt KU, Zapf J, Bauer C, Froesch ER. Insulin-like growth factor I increase glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in man. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1989;121:101-106.
85. Hirschberg R, Kopple JD. Evidence that insulin-like growth factor I increases renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate in fasted rats. J Clin Invest. 1989;83:326- 330.
86. Hirschberg R, Kopple JD. Effects of growth hormone and IGF-I on renal function. Kidney Int Suppl. 1989;27:S20- S26.
87. Haylor J, Singh I, el Nahas AM. Nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor prevents vasodilation by insulin-like growth factor I. Kidney Int. 1991;39:333-335.
88. Møller J. Effects of growth hormone on fluid homeostasis. Clinical and experimental aspects. GrowthHormIGF Res. 2003;13:55-74.
89. Kumar PA, Kotlyarevska K, Dejkhmaron P, et al. Growth hormone (GH)-dependent expression of a natural antisense transcript induces zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) in the glomerular podocyte: a novel action of GH with implications for the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:31148-31156.
90. LiCX,XiaM,HanWQ,et al. Reversal by growth hormone of homocysteine-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through membrane raft-redox signaling in podocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2011;27:691-702.
91. Vasylyeva TL, Chen X, Ferry RJ Jr. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 mediates cytokine-induced mesangial cell apoptosis. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2005;15: 207-214.
92. Romanelli G, Giustina A, Cimino A, et al. Short term effect of captopril on microalbuminuria induced by exercise in normotensive diabetics. BMJ. 1989;298:284-288.
93. Manelli F, Bossoni S, Burattin A, et al. Exercise-induced microalbuminuria in patients with active acromegaly: acute effects of slow-release lanreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analog. Metabolism. 2000;49:634-639.
94. Li CH, Evans HM. The isolation of pituitary growth hormone. Science. 1944;99:183-184.
95. Whitney JE, Bennett LL, Li CH. Reduction of urinary sodium and potassium produced by hypophyseal growth hormone in normal female rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1952;79:584-587.
96. Beck JC, McGarry EE, Dyrenfurth I, Venning EH. Metabolic effects of human and monkey growth hormone in man. Science. 1957;125:884-885.
97. Beck JC, McGarry EE, Dyrenfurth I, Venning EH. The metabolic effects of human and monkey growth hormone in man. Ann Intern Med. 1958;49:1090-1105.
98. Møller J, Jørgensen JO, Møller N, Hansen KW, Pedersen EB, Christiansen JS. Expansion of extracellular volume and suppression of atrial natriuretic peptide after growth hormone administration in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72:768-772.
99. Ehrnborg C, Ellegård L, Bosaeus I, Bengtsson BA, Rosén T. Supraphysiological growth hormone: less fat, more extracellular fluid but uncertain effects on muscles in healthy, active young adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;62:449- 457.
100. Meinhardt U, Nelson AE, Hansen JL, et al. The effects of growth hormone on body composition and physical performance in recreational athletes: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:568-577.
101. Venning EH, Lucis OJ. Effect of growth hormone on the biosynthesis of aldosterone in the rat. Endocrinology. 1962;70:486-491.
102. Ho KY, Weissberger AJ. The antinatriuretic action of biosynthetic human growth hormone in man involves activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Metabolism. 1990; 39:133-137.
103. Møller J, Møller N, Frandsen E, Wolthers T, Jørgensen JO, Christiansen JS. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system prevents growth hormone-induced fluid retention in humans. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:E803-E808.
104. Stein JD Jr, Bennett LL, Batts AA, Li CH. Sodium, potassium and chloride retention produced by growth hormone in the absence of the adrenals. Am J Physiol. 1952;171: 587-591.
105. Ludens JH, Bach RR, Williamson HE. Characteristics of the antinatriuretic action of growth hormone. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1969;130:1156-1158.
106. Hansen TK, Møller J, Thomsen K, et al. Effects of growth hormone on renal tubular handling of sodium in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;281: E1326-E1332.
107. Johannsson G, Sverrisdóttir YB, Ellegård L, Lundberg PA, Herlitz H. GH increases extracellular volume by stimulating sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron and preventing pressure natriuresis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1743-1749.
108. Johannsson G, Gibney J, Wolthers T, Leung KC, Ho KK. Independent and combined effects of testosterone and growth hormone on extracellular water in hypopituitary men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3989-3994.
109. Hirschberg R. Effects of growth hormone and IGF-I on glomerular ultrafiltration in growth hormone-deficient rats. Regul Pept. 1993;48:241-250.
110. Hirschberg R, Brunori G, Kopple JD, Guler HP. Effects of insulin-like growth factor I on renal function in normal men. Kidney Int. 1993;43:387-397.
111. Walker JL, Ginalska-Malinowska M, Romer TE, Pucilowska JB, Underwood LE. Effects of the infusion of insulin-like growth factor I in a child with growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (Laron dwarfism). N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1483-1488.
112. Thompson JL, Butterfield GE, Gylfadottir UK, et al. Effects ofhumangrowth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and diet and exercise on body composition of obese postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83: 1477-1484.
113. Møller J, Jørgensen JO, Marqversen J, Frandsen E, Christiansen JS. Insulin-like growth factor I administration induces fluid and sodium retention in healthy adults: possible involvement of renin and atrial natriuretic factor. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000;52:181-186.
114. Quigley R, Baum M. Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on rabbit proximal convoluted tubule transport. J Clin Invest. 1991;88:368-374.
115. Dimke H, Flyvbjerg A, Bourgeois S, et al. Acute growth hormone administration induces antidiuretic and antinatriuretic effects and increases phosphorylation of NKCC2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007;292:F723-F735.
116. Giménez I, Forbush B. Short-term stimulation of the renal Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC2) by vasopressin involves phosphorylation and membrane translocation of the protein. J Biol Chem. 2003;278:26946-26951.
117. Fuller PJ, Young MJ. Mechanisms of mineralocorticoid action. Hypertension. 2005;46:1227-1235.
118. Viengchareun S, Le Menuet D, Martinerie L, Munier M, Pascual-Le Tallec L, Lombès M. The mineralocorticoid receptor: insights into its molecular and (patho)physiological biology. Nucl Recept Signal. 2007;5:e012.
119. Blazer-Yost BL, Cox M, Furlanetto R. Insulin and IGF I receptor-mediated Na+ transport in toad urinary bladders. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:C612-C620.
120. Matsumoto PS, Ohara A, Duchatelle P, Eaton DC. Tyrosine kinase regulates epithelial sodium transport in A6 cells. Am J Physiol. 1993;264:C246-C250.
121. DeFronzo RA, Goldberg M, Agus ZS. The effects of glucose and insulin on renal electrolyte transport. J Clin Invest. 1976;58:83-90.
122. Féraille E, Rousselot M, Rajerison R, Favre H. Effect of insulin on Na+,K(+)-ATPase in rat collecting duct. J Physiol. 1995;488:171-180.
123. Crabbe J. Stimulation of active sodium transport by the isolated toad bladder with aldosterone in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1961;40:2103-2110.
124. Canessa CM, Horisberger JD, Rossier BC. Epithelial sodium channel related to proteins involved in neurodegeneration. Nature. 1993;361:467-470.
125. Escoubet B, Coureau C, Bonvalet JP, Farman N. Noncoordinate regulation of epithelial Na channel and Na pump subunit mRNAs in kidney and colon by aldosterone. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:C1482-C1491.
126. Masilamani S, Kim GH, Mitchell C, Wade JB, Knepper MA. Aldosterone-mediated regulation of ENaC a, b, and g subunit proteins in rat kidney. J Clin Invest. 1999;104: R19-R23.
127. Chen SY, Bhargava A, Mastroberardino L, et al. Epithelial sodium channel regulated by aldosterone-induced protein sgk. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1999;96:2514-2519.
128. Debonneville C, Flores SY, Kamynina E, et al. Phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 by Sgk1 regulates epithelial Na(+) channel cell surface expression. EMBO J. 2001;20:7052- 7059.
129. Wang J, Barbry P, Maiyar AC, et al. SGK integrates insulin and mineralocorticoid regulation of epithelial sodium transport. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;280:F303- F313.
130. Viengchareun S, Kamenicky P, Teixeira M, et al. Osmotic stress regulates mineralocorticoid receptor expression in a novel aldosterone-sensitive cortical collecting duct cell line. Mol Endocrinol. 2009;23:1948-1962.
131. Stöcklin E, Wissler M, Gouilleux F, Groner B. Functional interactions between Stat5 and the glucocorticoid receptor. Nature. 1996;383:726-728.
132. Michlig S, Mercier A, Doucet A, et al. ERK1/2 controls Na,K-ATPase activity and transepithelial sodium transport in the principal cell of the cortical collecting duct of the mouse kidney. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:51002-51012.
133. Soundararajan R, Zhang TT, Wang J, Vandewalle A, Pearce D. A novel role for glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein in epithelial sodium channel-mediated sodium transport. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:39970-39981.
134. Liu NA, Liu Q, Wawrowsky K, Yang Z, Lin S, Melmed S. Prolactin receptor signaling mediates the osmotic response of embryonic zebrafish lactotrophs. Mol Endocrinol. 2006;20:871-880.
135. Sakamoto T, McCormick SD. Prolactin and growth hormone in fish osmoregulation. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2006;147:24-30.
136. Takada M, Hokari S. Prolactin increases Na+ transport across adult bullfrog skin via stimulation of both ENaC and Na+/K+-pump. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2007;151: 325-331.
137. Henneman PH, Forbes AP, Moldawer M, Dempsey EF, Carroll EL. Effects of human growth hormone in man. J Clin Invest. 1960;39:1223-1238.
138. Corvilain J, Abramow M. Effect of growth hormone on tubular transport of phosphate in normal and parathyroidectomized dogs. J Clin Invest. 1964;43:1608-1612.
139. Caverzasio J, Faundez R, Fleisch H, Bonjour JP. Tubular adaptation to Pi restriction in hypophysectomized rats. Pflugers Arch. 1981;392:17-21.
140. Mulroney SE, Lumpkin MD, Haramati A. Antagonist to GH-releasing factor inhibits growth and renal Pi reabsorption in immature rats. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:F29-F34.
141. Marcus R, Butterfield G, Holloway L, et al. Effects of short term administration of recombinant human growth hormone to elderly people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990; 70:519-527.
142. Holloway L, Butterfield G, Hintz RL, Gesundheit N, Marcus R. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on metabolic indices, body composition, and bone turnover in healthy elderly women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 79:470-479.
143. Joseph F, Ahmad AM, Ul-Haq M, et al. Effects of growth hormone administration on bone mineral metabolism, PTH sensitivity and PTH secretory rhythm in postmenopausalwomenwith established osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23:721-729.
144. Bengtsson BA, Edén S, Lönn L, et al. Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:309-317.
145. Ahmad AM, Thomas J, Clewes A, et al. Effects of growth hormone replacement on parathyroid hormone sensitivity and bone mineral metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2860-2868.
146. White HD, Ahmad AM, Durham BH, et al. Growth hormone replacement is important for the restoration of parathyroid hormone sensitivity and improvement in bone metabolism in older adult growth hormone-deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:3371-3380.
147. Westby GR, Goldfarb S, Goldberg M, Agus ZS. Acute effects of bovine growth hormone on renal calcium and phosphate excretion. Metabolism. 1977;26:525-530.
148. Caverzasio J, Montessuit C, Bonjour JP. Stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on renal Pi transport and plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology. 1990; 127:453-459.
149. Jehle AW, Forgo J, Biber J, Lederer E, Krapf R, Murer H. IGF-I and vanadate stimulate Na/Pi-cotransport in OK cells by increasing type II Na/Pi-cotransporter protein stability. Pflugers Arch. 1998;437:149-154.
150. Hirschberg R, Ding H, Wanner C. Effects of insulin-like growth factor I on phosphate transport in cultured proximal tubule cells. J Lab Clin Med. 1995;126:428-434.
151. Woda CB, Halaihel N, Wilson PV, Haramati A, Levi M, Mulroney SE. Regulation of renal NaPi-2 expression and tubular phosphate reabsorption by growth hormone in the juvenile rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2004;287:F117- F123.
152. Hoenderop JG, Nilius B, Bindels RJ. Calcium absorption across epithelia. Physiol Rev. 2005;85:373-422.
153. Peacock M. Calcium absorption efficiency and calcium requirements in children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54:261S-265S.
154. Spanos E, Barrett D, MacIntyre I, Pike JW, Safilian EF, Haussler MR. Effect of growth hormone on vitamin D metabolism. Nature. 1978;273:246-247.
155. Brown DJ, Spanos E, MacIntyre I. Role of pituitary hormones in regulating renal vitaminDmetabolism in man. Br Med J. 1980;280:277-278.
156. Menaa C, Vrtovsnik F, Friedlander G, Corvol M, Garabédian M. Insulin-like growth factor I, a unique calciumdependent stimulator of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. Studies in cultured mouse kidney cells. J Biol Chem. 1995;270:25461-25467.
157. Suzuki Y, Landowski CP, Hediger MA. Mechanisms and regulation of epithelial Ca2+absorption in health and disease. Annu Rev Physiol. 2008;70:257-271.
158. Kamenickỳ P, Blanchard A, Gauci C, et al. Pathophysiology of renal calcium handling in acromegaly: what lies behind hypercalciuria? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97: 2124-2133.
159. Loffing J, Loffing-Cueni D, Valderrabano V, et al. Distribution of transcellular calcium and sodium transport pathways along mouse distal nephron. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2001;281:F1021-F1027.
160. Hoenderop JG, Müller D, Van Der Kemp AW, et al. Calcitriol controls the epithelial calcium channel in kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:1342-1349.
161. Gerich JE, Meyer C, Woerle HJ, Stumvoll M. Renal gluconeogenesis: its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:382-391.
162. Owen OE, Felig P, Morgan AP, Wahren J, Cahill GF Jr. Liver and kidney metabolism during prolonged starvation. J Clin Invest. 1969;48:574-583.
163. Cahill GF Jr. Starvation in man. N Engl J Med. 1970;282: 668-675.
164. Cahill GF Jr. Fuel metabolism in starvation. Annu Rev Nutr. 2006;26:1-22.
165. Mutel E, Gautier-Stein A, Abdul-Wahed A, et al. Control of blood glucose in the absence of hepatic glucose production during prolonged fasting in mice: induction of renal and intestinal gluconeogenesis by glucagon. Diabetes. 2011;60:3121-3131.
166. Ho KY, Veldhuis JD, Johnson ML, et al. Fasting enhances growth hormone secretion and amplifies the complex rhythms of growth hormone secretion in man. J Clin Invest. 1988;81:968-975.
167. Møller N, Jørgensen JO. Effects of growth hormone on glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in human subjects. Endocr Rev. 2009;30:152-177.
168. Zhao TJ, Liang G, Li RL, et al. Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is essential for growth hormone-mediated survival of calorie-restricted mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:7467-7472.
169. Rogers SA, Karl IE, Hammerman MR. Growth hormone directly stimulates gluconeogenesis in canine renal proximal tubule. Am J Physiol. 1989;257:E751-E756.
170. Melmed S. Medical progress: acromegaly. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2558-2573.
171. Melmed S. Acromegaly pathogenesis and treatment. J Clin Invest. 2009;119:3189-3202.
172. Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Lombardi G. Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr Rev. 2004;25:102-152.
173. Giustina A, Casanueva FF, Cavagnini F, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly complications. J Endocrinol Invest. 2003;26:1242-1247.
174. Palmiter RD, Brinster RL, Hammer RE, et al. Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionein-growth hormone fusion genes. Nature. 1982;300:611-615.
175. Palmiter RD, Norstedt G, Gelinas RE, Hammer RE, Brin-ster RL. Metallothionein-human GH fusion genes stimulate growth of mice. Science. 1983;222:809-814.
176. Kopchick JJ, Bellush LL, Coschigano KT. Transgenic models of growth hormone action. Annu Rev Nutr. 1999; 19:437-461.
177. Doi T, Striker LJ, Quaife C, et al. Progressive glomerulosclerosis develops in transgenic mice chronically expressing growth hormone and growth hormone releasing factor but not in those expressing insulinlike growth factor-1. Am J Pathol. 1988;131:398-403.
178. Doi T, Striker LJ, Gibson CC, Agodoa LY, Brinster RL, Striker GE. Glomerular lesions in mice transgenic for growth hormone and insulinlike growth factor-I. I. Relationship between increased glomerular size and mesangial sclerosis. Am J Pathol. 1990;137:541-552.
179. Timsit J, Riou B, Bertherat J, et al. Effects of chronic growth hormone hypersecretion on intrinsic contractility, energetics, isomyosin pattern, and myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity of rat left ventricle. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:507-515.
180. Auriemma RS, Galdiero M, De Martino MC, et al. The kidney in acromegaly: renal structure and function in patients with acromegaly during active disease and 1 year after disease remission. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;162:1035- 1042.
181. Yoshida H, Akikusa B, Saeki N, et al. Effect of pituitary microsurgery on acromegaly complicated nephrotic syndrome with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: report of a rare clinical case. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999;33:1158-1163.
182. Takai M, Izumino K, Oda Y, Terada Y, Inoue H, Takata M. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with acromegaly. Clin Nephrol. 2001;56:75-77.
183. Luft R, Sjogren B. The significance of endocrine factors on renal function and blood pressure as revealed by a case of chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1950;246:129-136.
184. Ikkos D, Ljunggren H, Luft R. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in acromegaly. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1956;21:226-236.
185. Falkheden T, Sjoegren B. Extracellular fluid volume and renal function in pituitary insufficiency and acromegaly. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1964;46:80-88.
186. Grunenwald S, Tack I, Chauveau D, Bennet A, Caron P. Impact of growth hormone hypersecretion on the adult human kidney. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2011;72:485- 495.
187. Kamenicky P, Blanchard A, Frank M, et al. Body fluid expansion in acromegaly is related to enhanced epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:2127-2135.
188. Ikkos D, Luft R, Sjogren B. Body water and sodium in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Invest. 1954;33:989- 994.
189. Hoogenberg K, Sluiter WJ, Dullaart RP. Effect of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I on urinary albumin excretion: studies in acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993;129:151- 157.
190. Baldelli R, De Marinis L, Bianchi A, et al. Microalbuminuria in insulin sensitivity in patients with growth hormonesecreting pituitary tumor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93:710-714.
191. Chanson P, Salenave S. Acromegaly. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2008;3:17.
192. O'Sullivan AJ, Kelly JJ, Hoffman DM, Freund J, Ho KK. Body composition and energy expenditure in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:381-386.
193. Hirsch EZ, Sloman JG, Martin FI. Cardiac function in acromegaly. Am J Med Sci. 1969;257:1-8.
194. Strauch G, Vallotton MB, Touitou Y, Bricaire H. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normotensive and hypertensive patients with acromegaly. N Engl J Med. 1972;287:795-799.
195. Deray G, Rieu M, et al. Evidence of an endogenous digitalis-like factor in the plasma of patients with acromegaly. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:575-580.
196. Chanson P, Timsit J, Masquet C, et al. Cardiovascular effects of the somatostatin analog octreotide in acromegaly. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:921-925.
197. Sherlock M, Ayuk J, Tomlinson JW, et al. Mortality in patients with pituitary disease. Endocr Rev. 2010;31:301- 342.
198. Gouya H, Vignaux O, Le Roux P, et al. Rapidly reversible myocardial edema in patients with acromegaly: assessment with ultrafast T2 mapping in a single-breath-hold MRI sequence. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:1576-1582.
199. Maison P, Tropeano AI, Macquin-Mavier I, Giustina A, Chanson P. Impact of somatostatin analogs on the heart in acromegaly: a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:1743-1747.
200. Jenkins PJ, Sohaib SA, Akker S, et al. The pathology of median neuropathy in acromegaly. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 133:197-201.
201. Tagliafico A, Resmini E, Nizzo R, et al. Ultrasound measurement of median and ulnar nerve cross-sectional area in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:905-909.
202. Attal P, Chanson P. Endocrine aspects of obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:483-495.
203. Davi' MV, Dalle Carbonare L, Giustina A, et al. Sleep apnoea syndrome is highly prevalent in acromegaly and only partially reversible after biochemical control of the disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008;159:533-540.
204. Cain JP, Williams GH, Dluhy RG. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone secretion in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1972;34:73-81.
205. McKnight JA, McCance DR, Hadden DR, et al. Basal and saline-stimulated levels of plasma atrial natriuretic factor in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1989;31:431-438.
206. Deray G, Chanson P, Maistre G, et al. Atrial natriuretic factor in patients with acromegaly. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;38:409-413.
207. Soszynski P, Slowinska-Srzednicka J, Zgliczynski S. Plasma concentrations of atrial natriuretic hormone in acromegaly: relationship to hypertension. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991;125:268-272.
208. Karlberg BE, Ottosson AM. Acromegaly and hypertension: role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1982;100:581-587.
209. BielohubyM,Roemmler J, Manolopoulou J, et al. Chronic growth hormone excess is associated with increased aldosterone: a study in patients with acromegaly and in growth hormone transgenic mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2009;234:1002-1009.
210. Williams GH, Cain JP, Dluhy RG, Underwood RH. Studies of the control of plasma aldosterone concentration in normal man. I. Response to posture, acute and chronic volume depletion, and sodium loading. J Clin Invest. 1972; 51:1731-1742.
211. Mantero F, Opocher G, Armanini D, Paviotti G, Boscaro M, Muggeo M. Plasma renin activity and urinary aldosterone in acromegaly. J Endocrinol Invest. 1979;2:13-18.
212. Lang RE, Thölken H, Ganten D, Luft FC, Ruskoaho H, Unger T. Atrial natriuretic factor-a circulating hormone stimulated by volume loading. Nature. 1985;314:264- 266.
213. Hughey RP, Bruns JB, Kinlough CL, et al. Epithelial sodium channels are activated by furin-dependent proteolysis. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:18111-18114.
214. Ergonul Z, Frindt G, Palmer LG. Regulation of maturation and processing of ENaC subunits in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2006;291:F683-F693.
215. Duc C, Farman N, Canessa CM, Bonvalet JP, Rossier BC. Cell-specific expression of epithelial sodium channel a, b, andg subunits in aldosterone-responsive epithelia from the rat: localization by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. J Cell Biol. 1994;127:1907-1921.
216. Farman N, Talbot CR, Boucher R, et al. Noncoordinated expression of a-, b-, and g-subunit mRNAs of epithelial Na+ channel along rat respiratory tract. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:C131-C141.
217. Shimkets RA, Warnock DG, Bositis CM, et al. Liddle's syndrome: heritable human hypertension caused by mutations in the g subunit of the epithelial sodium channel. Cell. 1994;79:407-414.
218. Conn JW. Aldosterone in clinical medicine; past, present, and future. AMA Arch Intern Med. 1956;97:135-144.
219. Deschênes G, Doucet A. Collecting duct (Na+/K+)-ATPase activity is correlated with urinary sodium excretion in rat nephrotic syndromes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11: 604-615.
220. Lourdel S, Loffing J, Favre G, et al. Hyperaldosteronemia and activation of the epithelial sodium channel are not required for sodium retention in puromycin-induced nephrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:3642-3650.
221. Shimomura Y, Lee M, Oku J, Bray GA, Glick Z. Sodium potassium dependent ATPase in hypophysectomized rats: response to growth hormone, triiodothyronine, and cortisone. Metabolism. 1982;31:213-216.
222. Ng LL, Evans DJ. Leucocyte sodium transport in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1987;26:471-480.
223. Landin K, Petruson B, Jakobsson KE, Bengtsson BA. Skeletal muscle sodium and potassium changes after successful surgery in acromegaly: relation to body composition, blood glucose, plasma insulin and blood pressure. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993;128:418-422.
224. Takamoto S, Tsuchiya H, Onishi T, et al. Changes in calcium homeostasis in acromegaly treated by pituitary adenomectomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;61:7-11.
225. MolinattiGM,Camanni F, Losana O, OlivettiM.Changes in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the various phases of acromegaly and following the implantation of the pituitary gland with 90Y. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1961;36:161-179.
226. Ajmal A, Haghshenas A, Attarian S, et al. The effect of somatostatin analogs on vitamin D and calcium concentrations in patients with acromegaly [published online September 4, 2013]. Pituitary. doi:10.1007/s11102-013-0514-0.
227. Fredstorp L, Pernow Y, Werner S. The short and long-term effects of octreotide on calcium homeostasis in patients with acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993;39:331- 336.
228. Parkinson C, Kassem M, Heickendorff L, Flyvbjerg A, Trainer PJ. Pegvisomant-induced serum insulin-like growth factor-I normalization in patients with acromegaly returns elevated markers of bone turnover to normal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5650-5655.
229. Ezzat S, Melmed S, Endres D, Eyre DR, Singer FR. Biochemical assessment of bone formation and resorption in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1452- 1457.
230. Hai N, Aoki N, Shimatsu A, Mori T, Kosugi S. Clinical features of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) phenocopy without germlineMEN1gene mutations: analysis of 20 Japanese sporadic cases with MEN1. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000;52:509-518.
231. White HD, Ahmad AM, Durham BH, et al. Effect of active acromegaly and its treatment on parathyroid circadian rhythmicity and parathyroid target-organ sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:913-919.
232. Bonadonna S, Burattin A, Nuzzo M, et al. Chronic glucocorticoid treatment alters spontaneous pulsatile parathyroid hormone secretory dynamics in human subjects. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;152:199-205.
233. Sigurdsson G, Nunziata V, Reiner M, Nadarajah A, Joplin GF. Calcium absorption and excretion in the gut in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1973;2:187-192.
234. Legovini P, De Menis E, Breda F, et al. Long-term effects of octreotide on markers of bone metabolism in acromegaly: evidence of increased serum parathormone concentrations. J Endocrinol Invest. 1997;20:434-438.
235. Ito N, Fukumoto S. FGF23-related hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia [in Japanese]. Clin Calcium. 2007; 17:1514-1520.
236. Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Canalis E. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:535-559.
237. Bonadonna S, Mazziotti G, NuzzoM,et al. Increased prevalence of radiological spinal deformities in active acromegaly: a cross-sectional study in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20:1837-1844.
238. Mazziotti G, GolaM,Bianchi A, et al. Influence of diabetes mellitus on vertebral fractures in men with acromegaly. Endocrine. 2011;40:102-108.
239. Mazziotti G, Bianchi A, Porcelli T, et al. Vertebral fractures in patients with acromegaly: a 3-year prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:3402-3410.
240. Gola M, Bonadonna S, Doga M, Giustina A. Clinical review: growth hormone and cardiovascular risk factors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1864-1870.
241. Mazziotti G, Bianchi A, Bonadonna S, et al. Increased prevalence of radiological spinal deformities in adult patients with GH deficiency: influence of GH replacement therapy. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:520-528.
242. Maison P, Griffin S, Nicoue-Beglah M, Haddad N, Balkau B, Chanson P. Impact of growth hormone (GH) treatment on cardiovascular risk factors in GH-deficient adults: a metaanalysis of blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2192-2199.
243. Maison P, Chanson P. Less is more risky? Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels and cardiovascular risk. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006;2: 650-651.
244. Zhou Y, Xu BC, Maheshwari HG, et al. A mammalian model for Laron syndrome produced by targeted disruption of the mouse growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene (the Laron mouse). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94:13215-13220.
245. Lupu F, Terwilliger JD, Lee K, Segre GV, Efstratiadis A. Roles of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 in mouse postnatal growth. Dev Biol. 2001;229:141-162.
246. Moerth C, Schneider MR, Renner-Mueller I, et al. Postnatally elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II fail to rescue the dwarfism of IGF-I-deficient mice except kidney weight. Endocrinology. 2007;148:441-451.
247. DeChiara TM, Efstratiadis A, Robertson EJ. A growthdeficiency phenotype in heterozygous mice carrying an insulin-like growth factor II gene disrupted by targeting. Nature. 1990;345:78-80.
248. Ludwig T, Eggenschwiler J, Fisher P, D'Ercole AJ, DavenportML, Efstratiadis A. Mouse mutants lacking the type 2 IGF receptor (IGF2R) are rescued from perinatal lethality in Igf2 and Igf1r null backgrounds. Dev Biol. 1996;177: 517-535.
249. Holzenberger M, Hamard G, Zaoui R, et al. Experimental IGF-I receptor deficiency generates a sexually dimorphic pattern of organ-specific growth deficits in mice, affecting fat tissue in particular. Endocrinology. 2001;142:4469- 4478.
250. Van Buul-Offers SC, Van Kleffens M, Koster JG, et al. Human insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-1 inhibits IGF-I-stimulated body growth but stimulates growth of the kidney in snell dwarf mice. Endocrinology. 2000;141:1493-1499.
251. van KleffensM,Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Koster JG, et al. The role of the IGF axis in IGFBP-1 and IGF-I induced renal enlargement in Snell dwarf mice. J Endocrinol. 2001;170: 333-346.
252. Goossens M, Brauner R, Czernichow P, Duquesnoy P, Rappaport R. Isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency type1Aassociated with a double deletion in thehumanGH gene cluster. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;62:712-716.
253. Amselem S, Duquesnoy P, Attree O, et al. Laron dwarfism and mutations of the growth hormone-receptor gene. N Engl J Med. 1989;321:989-995.
254. Woods KA, Camacho-Hübner C, Savage MO, Clark AJ. Intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal growth failure associated with deletion of the insulin-like growth factor I gene. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1363-1367.
255. Oliveira CR, Salvatori R, Nóbrega LM, et al. Sizes of abdominal organs in adults with severe short stature due to severe, untreated, congenital GH deficiency caused by a homozygous mutation in the GHRH receptor gene. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;69:153-158.
256. Chernausek SD, Backeljauw PF, Frane J, Kuntze J, Underwood LE. Long-term treatment with recombinant insulinlike growth factor (IGF)-I in children with severe IGF-I deficiency due to growth hormone insensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:902-910.
257. Link K, Bülow B, Westman K, Salmonsson EC, Eskilsson J, Erfurth EM. Low individualized growth hormone (GH) dose increased renal and cardiac growth in young adults with childhood onset GH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;55:741-748.
258. Riedl M, Hass M, Oberbauer R, Gisinger J, Luger A, Mayer G. The effects of prolonged substitution of recombinant human growth hormone on renal functional reserve in growth hormone-deficient adults. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;6:1434-1438.
259. Jørgensen JO, Pedersen SA, Thuesen L, et al. Beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment in GH-deficient adults. Lancet. 1989;1:1221-1225.
260. Caidahl K, Edén S, Bengtsson BA. Cardiovascular and renal effects of growth hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994;40:393-400.
261. Klinger B, Laron Z. Renal function in Laron syndrome patients treated by insulin-like growth factor-I. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994;8:684-688.
262. HoffmanDM,Crampton L, Sernia C, Nguyen TV,HoKK. Short-term growth hormone (GH) treatment of GH-deficient adults increases body sodium and extracellular water, but not blood pressure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81:1123-1128.
263. De Boer H, Blok GJ, Voerman HJ, De Vries PM, van der Veen EA. Body composition in adult growth hormonedeficient men, assessed by anthropometry and bioimpedance analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:833- 837.
264. Mauras N, O'Brien KO, Welch S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient humans: differential effects on protein, glucose, lipid, and calcium metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1686-1694.
265. Jørgensen JO. Human growth hormone replacement therapy: pharmacological and clinical aspects. Endocr Rev. 1991;12:189-207.
266. de Boer H, Blok GJ, Van der Veen EA. Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Endocr Rev. 1995; 16:63-86.
267. Parra A, Argote RM, García G, Cervantes C, Alatorre S, Pérez-Pasten E. Body composition in hypopituitary dwarfs before and during human growth hormone therapy. Metabolism. 1979;28:851-857.
268. Rosén T, Bosaeus I, Tölli J, Lindstedt G, Bengtsson BA. Increased body fat mass and decreased extracellular fluid volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993;38:63-71.
269. Salomon F, Cuneo RC, Hesp R, Sönksen PH. The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency.NEngl J Med. 1989;321:1797-1803.
270. Whitehead HM, Boreham C, McIlrath EM, et al. Growth hormone treatment of adults with growth hormone deficiency: results of a 13-month placebo controlled cross-over study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1992;36:45-52.
271. Binnerts A, Deurenberg P, SwartGR,Wilson JH, Lamberts SW. Body composition in growth hormone-deficient adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:918-923.
272. Amato G, Carella C, Fazio S, et al. Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:1671-1676.
273. Møller J, Frandsen E, Fisker S, Jørgensen JO, Christiansen JS. Decreased plasma and extracellular volume in growth hormone deficient adults and the acute and prolonged effects of GH administration: a controlled experimental study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1996;44:533-539.
274. Janssen YJ, Deurenberg P, Roelfsema F. Using dilution techniques and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance to assess both total body water and extracellular water at baseline and during recombinant human growth hormone (GH) treatment in GH-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3349-3355.
275. Jepson JH, McGarry EE. Hemopoiesis in pituitary dwarfs treated with human growth hormone and testosterone. Blood. 1972;39:229-248.
276. Christ ER, Cummings MH, Westwood NB, et al. The importance of growth hormone in the regulation of erythropoiesis, red cell mass, and plasma volume in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2985-2990.
277. Rosenfeld RG, Rosenbloom AL, Guevara-Aguirre J. Growth hormone (GH) insensitivity due to primary GH receptor deficiency. Endocr Rev. 1994;15:369-390.
278. Hayes FJ, Fiad TM, McKenna TJ. Activity of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone axis is dependent on the occurrence of edema in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults treated with GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:322- 323.
279. Kaufman JM, Taelman P, Vermeulen A, Vandeweghe M. Bone mineral status in growth hormone-deficient males with isolated and multiple pituitary deficiencies of childhood onset. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74:118-123.
280. O'Halloran DJ, Tsatsoulis A, WhitehouseRW,Holmes SJ, Adams JE, Shalet SM. Increased bone density after recombinant human growth hormone (GH) therapy in adults with isolated GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1344-1348.
281. Holmes SJ, Economou G, Whitehouse RW, Adams JE, Shalet SM. Reduced bone mineral density in patients with adult onset growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:669-674.
282. Boot AM, Engels MA, Boerma GJ, Krenning EP, De Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM. Changes in bone mineral density, body composition, and lipid metabolism during growth hormone (GH) treatment in children with GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2423-2428.
283. Burstein S, Chen IW, Tsang RC. Effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983; 56:1246-1251.
284. Saggese G, Baroncelli GI, Bertelloni S, Cinquanta L, Di Nero G. Effects of long-term treatment with growth hormone on bone and mineral metabolism in children with growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr. 1993;122:37-45.
285. Wei S, Tanaka H, Kubo T, Ono T, Kanzaki S, Seino Y. Growth hormone increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin Dlevels and decreases 24,25-dihydroxyvitaminDlevels in children with growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997;136:45-51.
286. Beshyah SA, Thomas E, Kyd P, Sharp P, Fairney A, Johnston DG. The effect of growth hormone replacement therapy in hypopituitary adults on calcium and bone metabolism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1994;40:383-391.
287. Beshyah SA, Kyd P, Thomas E, Fairney A, Johnston DG. The effects of prolonged growth hormone replacement on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf).1995;42:249-254.
288. Hansen TB, Brixen K, Vahl N, et al. Effects of 12 months of growth hormone (GH) treatment on calciotropic hormones, calcium homeostasis, and bone metabolism in adults with acquired GH deficiency: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:3352-3359.
289. Vaccarello MA, Diamond FB Jr, Guevara-Aguirre J, et al. Hormonal and metabolic effects and pharmacokinetics of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I in growth hormone receptor deficiency/Laron syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:273-280.
290. Bianda T, Glatz Y, Bouillon R, Froesch ER, Schmid C. Effects of short-term insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or growth hormone (GH) treatment on bone metabolism and on production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in GHdeficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:81-87.
291. Ahmad AM, Hopkins MT, Thomas J, Durham BH, Fraser WD,Vora JP. Parathyroid responsiveness to hypocalcemic and hypercalcemic stimuli in adult growth hormone deficiency after growth hormone replacement. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;286:E986-E993.
292. White HD, Ahmad AM, Durham BH, et al. PTH circadian rhythm and PTH target-organ sensitivity is altered in patients with adult growth hormone deficiency with low BMD. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22:1798-1807.
293. Schrijvers BF, De Vriese AS, Flyvbjerg A. From hyperglycemia to diabetic kidney disease: the role of metabolic, hemodynamic, intracellular factors and growth factors/cytokines. Endocr Rev. 2004;25:971-1010.
294. Brosius FC 3rd. Trophic factors and cytokines in early diabetic glomerulopathy. Exp Diabesity Res. 2003;4:225- 233.
295. Hoshi S, Shu Y, Yoshida F, et al. Podocyte injury promotes progressive nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Lab Invest. 2002;82:25-35.
296. Meyer TW, Bennett PH, Nelson RG. Podocyte number predicts long-term urinary albumin excretion in Pima Indians with type II diabetes and microalbuminuria. Diabetologia. 1999;42:1341-1344.
297. Giustina A, Bossoni S, Cimino A, Pizzocolo G, Romanelli G, Wehrenberg WB. Impaired growth hormone (GH) response to pyridostigmine in type 1 diabetic patients with exaggerated GH-releasing hormone-stimulated GH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71:1486-1490.
298. Giustina A, Wehrenberg WB. Growth hormone neuroregulation in diabetes mellitus. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1994;5:73-78.
299. Blankestijn PJ, Derkx FH, Birkenhäger JC, et al. Glomerular hyperfiltration in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is correlated with enhanced growth hormone secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;77:498-502.
300. Flyvbjerg A. Putative pathophysiological role of growth factors and cytokines in experimental diabetic kidney disease. Diabetologia. 2000;43:1205-1223.
301. Baud L, Fouqueray B, Bellocq A, Doublier S, Dumoulin A. Growth hormone and somatostatin in glomerular injury. J Nephrol. 1999;12:18-23.
302. Elliot SJ, Striker LJ, Hattori M, et al. Mesangial cells from diabetic NOD mice constitutively secrete increased amounts of insulin-like growth factor-I. Endocrinology. 1993;133:1783-1788.
303. Vasylyeva TL, Ferry RJ Jr. Novel roles of the IGF-IGFBP axis in etiopathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76:177-186.
304. Oemar BS, Foellmer HG, Hodgdon-Anandant L, Rosenzweig SA. Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I receptors in diabetic mesangial cells. J Biol Chem. 1991;266: 2369-2373.
305. Tack I, Elliot SJ, Potier M, Rivera A, Striker GE, Striker LJ. Autocrine activation of the IGF-I signaling pathway in mesangial cells isolated from diabetic NOD mice. Diabetes. 2002;51:182-188.
306. Poulaki V, Joussen AM, Mitsiades N, Mitsiades CS, Iliaki EF, Adamis AP. Insulin-like growth factor-I plays a pathogenetic role in diabetic retinopathy. Am J Pathol. 2004; 165:457-469.
307. Feld SM, Hirschberg R, Artishevsky A, Nast C, Adler SG. Insulin-like growth factor I induces mesangial proliferation and increases mRNA and secretion of collagen. Kidney Int. 1995;48:45-51.
308. Gooch JL, Tang Y, Ricono JM, Abboud HE. Insulin-like growth factor-I induces renal cell hypertrophy via a calcineurin-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem. 2001;276: 42492-42500.
309. Haylor J, Hickling H, El Eter E, et al. JB3, an IGF-I receptor antagonist, inhibits early renal growth in diabetic and uninephrectomized rats. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:2027- 2035.
310. Schreiber BD, Hughes ML, Groggel GC. Insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulates production of mesangial cell matrix components. Clin Nephrol. 1995;43:368-374.
311. Kang BP, Frencher S, Reddy V, Kessler A, Malhotra A, Meggs LG. High glucose promotes mesangial cell apoptosis by oxidant-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003;284:F455-F466.
312. Yang S, Chintapalli J, Sodagum L, et al. Activated IGF-1R inhibits hyperglycemia-induced DNA damage and promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;289:F1144-F1152.
313. Alric C, Pecher C, Cellier E, et al. Inhibition of IGF-I-induced Erk 1 and 2 activation and mitogenesis in mesangial cells by bradykinin. Kidney Int. 2002;62:412-421.
314. Clemmons DR. Role of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in controlling IGF actions. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998;140:19-24.
315. Horney MJ, Shirley DW, Kurtz DT, Rosenzweig SA. Elevated glucose increases mesangial cell sensitivity to insulinlike growth factor I. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:F1045- F1053.
316. Wolf E, Lahm H, Wu M, Wanke R, Hoeflich A. Effects of IGFBP-2 overexpression in vitro and in vivo. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14:572-578.
317. Fornoni A, Rosenzweig SA, Lenz O, Rivera A, Striker GE, Elliot SJ. Low insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 expression is responsible for increased insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation in mesangial cells from mice susceptible to glomerulosclerosis. Endocrinology. 2006; 147:3547-3554.
318. Pagtalunan ME, Miller PL, Jumping-Eagle S, et al. Podocyte loss and progressive glomerular injury in type II diabetes. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:342-348.
319. Landau D, Segev Y, Eshet R, Flyvbjerg A, Phillip M. Changes in the growth hormone-IGF-I axis in non-obese diabetic mice. Int J Exp Diabetes Res. 2000;1:9-18.
320. Landau D, Domene H, Flyvbjerg A, et al. Differential expression of renal growth hormone receptor and its binding protein in experimental diabetes mellitus. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1998;8:39-45.
321. Thirone AC, Scarlett JA, Gasparetti AL, et al. Modulation of growth hormone signal transduction in kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals: effect of a growth hormone receptor antagonist. Diabetes. 2002;51:2270- 2281.
322. Landau D, Israel E, Rivkis I, et al. The effect of growth hormone on the development of diabetic kidney disease in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003;18:694-702.
323. Flyvbjerg A, Bennett WF, Rasch R, Kopchick JJ, Scarlett JA. Inhibitory effect of a growth hormone receptor antagonist (G120K-PEG) on renal enlargement, glomerular hypertrophy, and urinary albumin excretion in experimental diabetes in mice. Diabetes. 1999;48:377-382.
324. Segev Y, Landau D, MarbachM,Shehadeh N, Flyvbjerg A, Phillip M. Renal hypertrophy in hyperglycemic non-obese diabetic mice is associated with persistent renal accumulation of insulin-like growth factor I. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8:436-444.
325. Park IS, Kiyomoto H, Alvarez F, Xu YC, Abboud HE, Abboud SL. Preferential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins-1, -3, and -5 during early diabetic renal hypertrophy in rats. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32: 1000-1010.
326. Flyvbjerg A, Kessler U, Kiess W. Increased kidney and liver insulin-like growth factor II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor concentration in experimental diabetes in rats. Growth Regul. 1994;4:188-193.
327. Isshiki K, He Z, Maeno Y, et al. Insulin regulates SOCS2 expression and the mitogenic effect of IGF-1 in mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 2008;74:1434-1443.
328. Grønbaek H, Volmers P, Bjørn SF, Osterby R, Orskov H, Flyvbjerg A. Effect of GH/IGF-I deficiency on long-term renal changes and urinary albumin excretion in diabetic dwarf rats. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:E918-E924.
329. Levin-Iaina N, Iaina A, Raz I. The emerging role ofNOand IGF-1 in early renal hypertrophy in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011;27:235-243.
330. Bellush LL, Doublier S, Holland AN, Striker LJ, Striker GE, Kopchick JJ. Protection against diabetes-induced nephropathy in growth hormone receptor/binding protein gene-disrupted mice. Endocrinology. 2000;141:163-168.
331. Chen NY, Chen WY, Bellush L, et al. Effects of streptozotocin treatment in growth hormone (GH) and GH antagonist transgenic mice. Endocrinology. 1995;136:660- 667.
332. Chen NY, Chen WY, Kopchick JJ. Liver and kidney growth hormone (GH) receptors are regulated differently in diabetic GH and GH antagonist transgenic mice. Endocrinology. 1997;138:1988-1994.
333. Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J, Thorlacius-Ussing O, Orskov H. Somatostatin analogue administration prevents increase in kidney somatomedin C and initial renal growth in diabetic and uninephrectomized rats. Diabetologia. 1989;32:261- 265.
334. Grønbaek H, Nielsen B, Frystyk J, Orskov H, Flyvbjerg A. Effect of octreotide on experimental diabetic renal and glomerular growth: importance of early intervention. J Endocrinol. 1995;147:95-102.
335. Segev Y, Eshet R, Rivkis I, et al. Comparison between somatostatin analogues and ACE inhibitor in the NOD mouse model of diabetic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2004;19:3021-3028.
336. Giustina A, Bodini C, Bossoni S, Valentini U, Wehrenberg WB.Variability in the growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone alone or combined with pyridostigmine in type 1 diabetic patients. J Endocrinol Invest. 1993;16:585-590.
337. Giustina A, Desenzani P, Perini P, et al. Hypothalamic control of growth hormone (GH) secretion in type I diabetic men: effect of the combined administration of GH-releasing hormone and hexarelin, a novel GHRP-6 analog. Endocr Res. 1996;22:159-174.
338. Giustina A, Bossoni S, Bodini C, et al. Effects of exogenous growth hormone pretreatment on the pituitary growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone alone or in combination with pyridostigmine in type I diabetic patients. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1991;125: 510-517.
339. Giustina A, Desenzani P, Perini P, et al. Glutamate decarboxylase autoimmunity and growth hormone secretion in type I diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 1997;46:382-387.
340. Mercado M, Molitch ME, Baumann G. Low plasma growth hormone binding protein in IDDM. Diabetes. 1992;41:605-609.
341. Tattersall RB, Pyke DA. Growth in diabetic children. Studies in identical twins. Lancet. 1973;2:1105-1109.
342. Orskov H. Somatostatin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and diabetes: friends or foes? Metabolism. 1996;45:91-95.
343. Cummings EA, Sochett EB, Dekker MG, Lawson ML, Daneman D. Contribution of growth hormone and IGF-I to early diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 1998;47:1341-1346.
344. Verrotti A, Cieri F, Petitti MT, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. Growth hormone and IGF-I in diabetic children with and without microalbuminuria. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 1999; 12:271-276.
345. Bacci S, De Cosmo S, Garruba M, et al. Role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 in the modulation of renal haemodynamics in type I diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2000; 43:922-926.
346. Brezis M, Epstein FH. Cellular mechanisms of acute ischemic injury in the kidney. Annu Rev Med. 1993;44:27-37.
347. Matejka GL, Jennische E. IGF-I binding and IGF-I mRNA expression in the post-ischemic regenerating rat kidney. Kidney Int. 1992;42:1113-1123.
348. Andersson G, Jennische E. IGF-I immunoreactivity is expressed by regenerating renal tubular cells after ischaemic injury in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand. 1988;132:453-457.
349. Imberti B, Morigi M, Tomasoni S, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-1 sustains stem cell mediated renal repair. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2921-2928.
350. Miller SB, Martin DR, Kissane J, Hammerman MR. Insulin-like growth factor I accelerates recovery from ischemic acute tubular necrosis in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992;89:11876-11880.
351. Yasuda H, Kato A, Miyaji T, Zhou H, Togawa A, Hishida A. Insulin-like growth factor-I increases p21 expression and attenuates cisplatin-induced acute renal injury in rats. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2004;8:27-35.
352. Takeda R, Nishimatsu H, Suzuki E, et al. Ghrelin improves renal function in mice with ischemic acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:113-121.
353. Franklin SC, Moulton M, Sicard GA, Hammerman MR, Miller SB. Insulin-like growth factor I preserves renal function postoperatively.AmJ Physiol. 1997;272:F257-F259.
354. Hladunewich MA, Corrigan G, Derby GC, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of IGF-1 for delayed graft function: a human model to study postischemic ARF. Kidney Int. 2003;64:593-602.
355. Bengtsson BA. Rethink about growth-hormone therapy for critically ill patients. Lancet. 1999;354:1403-1404.
356. Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:785-792.
357. Tönshoff B, Veldhuis JD, Heinrich U, Mehls O. Deconvolution analysis of spontaneous nocturnal growth hormone secretion in prepubertal children with preterminal chronic renal failure and with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Res. 1995;37:86-93.
358. Tönshoff B, Kiepe D, Ciarmatori S. Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor system in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:279-289.
359. Veldhuis JD, Iranmanesh A, Wilkowski MJ, Samojlik E. Neuroendocrine alterations in the somatotropic and lactotropic axes in uremic men. Eur J Endocrinol. 1994;131: 489-498.
360. Schaefer F, Veldhuis JD, Stanhope R, Jones J, Schärer K. Alterations in growth hormone secretion and clearance in peripubertal boys with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation. Cooperative Study Group of Pubertal Development in Chronic Renal Failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:1298-1306.
361. Ivarsen P, Chen JW, Tietze I, Christiansen JS, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J. Marked reductions in bioactive insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during hemodialysis. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2010;20:156-161.
362. Tönshoff B, Blum WF, Mehls O. Serum insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 1996;10:269- 274.
363. Tönshoff B, Blum WF, Wingen AM, Mehls O. Serum insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and IGF binding proteins 1, 2, and 3 in children with chronic renal failure: relationship to height and glomerular filtration rate. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80: 2684-2691.
364. Frystyk J, Ivarsen P, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Pedersen EB, Orskov H. Serum-free insulin-like growth factor I correlates with clearance in patients with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. 1999;56:2076-2084.
365. Abdulle AM, Gillett MP, Abouchacra S, et al. Low IGF-1 levels are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in haemodialysis patients. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007;302: 195-201.
366. Rabkin R, Sun DF, Chen Y, Tan J, Schaefer F. Growth hormone resistance in uremia, a role for impaired JAK/ STAT signaling. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:313-318.
367. Edmondson SR, Baker NL, Oh J, Kovacs G, Werther GA, Mehls O. Growth hormone receptor abundance in tibial growth plates of uremic rats: GH/IGF-I treatment. Kidney Int. 2000;58:62-70.
368. Tönshoff B, Cronin MJ, Reichert M, et al. Reduced concentration of serum growth hormone (GH)-binding protein in children with chronic renal failure: correlation with GH insensitivity. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. The German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1007-1013.
369. Amit T, Youdim MB, Hochberg Z. Clinical review 112: does serum growth hormone (GH) binding protein reflect human GH receptor function? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:927-932.
370. Schaefer F, Chen Y, Tsao T, Nouri P, Rabkin R. Impaired JAK-STAT signal transduction contributes to growth hormone resistance in chronic uremia. J Clin Invest. 2001; 108:467-475.
371. Tönshoff B, Edén S, Weiser E, et al. Reduced hepatic growth hormone (GH) receptor gene expression and increased plasma GH binding protein in experimental uremia. Kidney Int. 1994;45:1085-1092.
372. Sun DF, Zheng Z, Tummala P,OhJ, Schaefer F, Rabkin R. Chronic uremia attenuates growth hormone-induced signal transduction in skeletal muscle. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:2630-2636.
373. Greenhalgh CJ, Bertolino P, Asa SL, et al. Growth enhancement in suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS-2)-deficient mice is dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b). Mol Endocrinol. 2002;16:1394-1406.
374. Powell DR, Durham SK, Brewer ED, et al. Effects of chronic renal failure and growth hormone on serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) and IGFBP-5 in children: a report of the Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:596-601.
375. Ulinski T, Mohan S, Kiepe D, et al. Serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4 and IGFBP-5 in children with chronic renal failure: relationship to growth and glomerular filtration rate. The European Study Group for Nutritional Treatment of Chronic Renal Failure in Childhood. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14:589-597.
376. Baxter RC. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins: interactions with IGFs and intrinsic bioactivities. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;278:E967-E976.
377. Powell DR, Liu F, Baker BK, et al. Modulation of growth factors by growth hormone in children with chronic renal failure. The Southwest Pediatric Nephrology Study Group. Kidney Int. 1997;51:1970-1979.
378. Lewis M, Shaw J, Reid C, Evans J, Webb N, Verrier-Jones K. Growth in children with established renal failure-a Registry analysis (chapter 14). Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007; 22(suppl 7):vii176-vii180.
379. Betts PR, Magrath G. Growth pattern and dietary intake of children with chronic renal insufficiency. Br Med J. 1974; 2:189-193.
380. Fine RN. Etiology and treatment of growth retardation in children with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: a historical perspective. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010; 25:725-732.
381. Rosenkranz J, Reichwald-Klugger E, Oh J, Turzer M, Mehls O, Schaefer F. Psychosocial rehabilitation and satisfaction with life in adults with childhood-onset of endstage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:1288-1294.
382. Furth SL, Hwang W, Yang C, Neu AM, Fivush BA, Powe NR. Growth failure, risk of hospitalization and death for children with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17:450-455.
383. Hokken-Koelega AC, Stijnen T, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, et al. Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial of growth hormone treatment in prepubertal children with chronic renal failure. Lancet. 1991;338: 585-590.
384. Bérard E, André JL, Guest G, et al. Long-term results of rhGH treatment in children with renal failure: experience of the French Society of Pediatric Nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:2031-2038.
385. de Graaff LC, Mulder PG, Hokken-Koelega AC. Body proportions before and during growth hormone therapy in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003; 18:679-684.
386. Fine RN, Attie KM, Kuntze J, Brown DF, Kohaut EC. Recombinant human growth hormone in infants and young children with chronic renal insufficiency. Genentech Collaborative Study Group. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995;9: 451-457.
387. Fine RN, Brown DF, Kuntze J, Wooster P, Kohaut EE. Growth after discontinuation of recombinant human growth hormone therapy in children with chronic renal insufficiency. The Genentech Cooperative Study Group. J Pediatr. 1996;129:883-891.
388. Fine RN, Kohaut EC, Brown D, Perlman AJ. Growth after recombinant human growth hormone treatment in children with chronic renal failure: report of a multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Genentech Cooperative Study Group. J Pediatr. 1994;124: 374-382.
389. Haffner D, Schaefer F, Nissel R, Wühl E, Tönshoff B, Mehls O. Effect of growth hormone treatment on the adult height of children with chronic renal failure. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:923-930.
390. Haffner D, Wühl E, Schaefer F, Nissel R, Tönshoff B, Mehls O. Factors predictive of the short- and long-term efficacy of growth hormone treatment in prepubertal children with chronic renal failure. The German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:1899-1907.
391. Hertel NT, Holmberg C, Rönnholm KA, et al. Recombinant human growth hormone treatment, using two dose regimens in children with chronic renal failure-a report on linear growth and adverse effects. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002;15:577-588.
392. Hokken-Koelega A, Mulder P, De Jong R, Lilien M, Donckerwolcke R, Groothof J. Long-term effects of growth hormone treatment on growth and puberty in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14: 701-706.
393. Hokken-Koelega AC, Stijnen T, De JongMC,et al. Double blind trial comparing the effects of two doses of growth hormone in prepubertal patients with chronic renal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;79:1185-1190.
394. Mehls O, Lindberg A, Nissel R, Haffner D, Hokken-Koelega A, Ranke MB. Predicting the response to growth hormone treatment in short children with chronic kidney disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:686-692.
395. Nissel R, Lindberg A, Mehls O, Haffner D. Factors predicting the near-final height in growth hormone-treated children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1359-1365.
396. Postlethwaite RJ, Eminson DM, Reynolds JM, Wood AJ, Hollis S. Growth in renal failure: a longitudinal study of emotional and behavioural changes during trials of growth hormone treatment. Arch Dis Child. 1998;78:222-229.
397. Santos F, Moreno ML, Neto A, et al. Improvement in growth after 1 year of growth hormone therapy in wellnourished infants with growth retardation secondary to chronic renal failure: results of a multicenter, controlled, randomized, open clinical trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1190-1197.
398. Wühl E, Haffner D, Nissel R, Schaefer F, Mehls O. Short dialyzed children respond less to growth hormone than patients prior to dialysis. German Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Renal Failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 1996;10:294-298.
399. Youssef DM. Results of recombinant growth hormone treatment in children with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2012;23: 755-764.
400. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Growth hormone for children with chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2:CD003264.
401. Gharib H, Cook DM, Saenger PH, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in adults and children- 2003 update. Endocr Pract. 2003;9:64-76.
402. Fine RN, Kohaut E, Brown D, Kuntze J, Attie KM. Longterm treatment of growth retarded children with chronic renal insufficiency, with recombinant human growth hormone. Kidney Int. 1996;49:781-785.
403. MahanJD,WaradyBA. Assessment and treatment of short stature in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:917-930.
404. Feldt-Rasmussen B, Lange M, Sulowicz W, et al. Growth hormone treatment during hemodialysis in a randomized trial improves nutrition, quality of life, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:2161-2171.
405. Garibotto G, Barreca A, Russo R, et al. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on muscle protein turnover in malnourished hemodialysis patients. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:97-105.
406. Hansen TB, Gram J, Jensen PB, et al. Influence of growth hormone on whole body and regional soft tissue composition in adult patients on hemodialysis. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin Nephrol. 2000;53:99-107.
407. Iglesias P, Díez JJ, Fernández-Reyes MJ, et al. Recombinant human growth hormone therapy in malnourished dialysis patients: a randomized controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:454-463.
408. Jensen PB, Hansen TB, Frystyk J, Ladefoged SD, Pedersen FB, Christiansen JS. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins in adult hemodialysis patients treated with recombinant human growth hormone. Clin Nephrol. 1999;52:103-109.
409. Johannsson G, Bengtsson BA, Ahlmén J. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of growth hormone treatment in elderly patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis: anabolic effect and functional improvement.AmJ Kidney Dis. 1999;33:709-717.
410. Kotzmann H, Yilmaz N, Lercher P, et al. Differential effects of growth hormone therapy in malnourished hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2001;60:1578-1585.
411. Pupim LB, Flakoll PJ, Yu C, Ikizler TA. Recombinant human growth hormone improves muscle amino acid uptake and whole-body protein metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:1235-1243.
412. Sohmiya M, Ishikawa K, Kato Y. Stimulation of erythropoietin secretion by continuous subcutaneous infusion of recombinant human GH in anemic patients with chronic renal failure. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;138:302-306.
413. Lilien MR, Schröder CH, Levtchenko EN, Koomans HA. Growth hormone therapy influences endothelial function in children with renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19: 785-789.
414. Gola M, Giustina A. Growth hormone deficiency and cardiovascular risk: do we need additional markers? Endocrine. 2012;42:240-242.
415. García-Mayor RV, Pérez AJ, Gandara A, Andrade A, Mallo F, Casanueva FF. Metabolic clearance rate of biosynthetic growth hormone after endogenous growth hormone suppression with a somatostatin analogue in chronic renal failure patients and control subjects. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1993;39:337-343.
416. Haffner D, Schaefer F, Girard J, Ritz E, Mehls O. Metabolic clearance of recombinant human growth hormone in health and chronic renal failure. J Clin Invest. 1994;93: 1163-1171.
417. Schaefer F, Baumann G, Haffner D, et al. Multifactorial control of the elimination kinetics of unbound (free) growth hormone (GH) in the human: regulation by age, adiposity, renal function, and steady state concentrations of GH in plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81: 22-31.
418. Langbakke IH, Nielsen JN, Skettrup MP, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone in patients on chronic haemodialysis compared with matched healthy subjects: an open, nonrandomized, parallel-group trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67:776-783.
419. Fine RN, Ho M, Tejani A, Blethen S. Adverse events with rhGH treatment of patients with chronic renal insufficiency and end-stage renal disease. J Pediatr. 2003;142: 539-545.
420. Wühl E, Haffner D, Offner G, Broyer M, van't Hoff W, Mehls O. Long-term treatment with growth hormone in short children with nephropathic cystinosis. J Pediatr. 2001;138:880-887.
421. Tönshoff B, Heinrich U, Mehls O. How safe is the treatment of uraemic children with recombinant human growth hormone? Pediatr Nephrol. 1991;5:454-460.
422. Tönshoff B, Tönshoff C, Mehls O, et al. Growth hormone treatment in children with preterminal chronic renal failure: no adverse effect on glomerular filtration rate. Eur J Pediatr. 1992;151:601-607.
423. Dharnidharka VR, Talley LI, Martz KL, StableinDM,Fine RN. Recombinant growth hormone use pretransplant and risk for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease-a report of the NAPRTCS. Pediatr Transplant. 2008;12:689- 695.
424. Hattori N, Saito T, Yagyu T, Jiang BH, Kitagawa K, Inagaki C. GH, GH receptor, GH secretagogue receptor, and ghrelin expression in human T cells, B cells, and neutrophils. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:4284-4291.
425. Malozowski S, Tanner LA, Wysowski D, Fleming GA. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and benign intracranial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:665- 666.
426. Hazel SJ, GillespieCM,Moore RJ, Clark RG, Jureidini KF, Martin AA. Enhanced body growth in uremic rats treated with IGF-I and growth hormone in combination. Kidney Int. 1994;46:58-68.
427. Kovács GT, Oh J, Kovács J, et al. Growth promoting effects of growth hormone and IGF-I are additive in experimental uremia. Kidney Int. 1996;49:1413-1421.
428. Clark RG. Recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 as a therapy for IGF-1 deficiency in renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:290-294.
429. Harmon WE, Jabs K. Factors affecting growth after renal transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;2:S295-S303.
430. Thissen JP, Ketelslegers JM, Underwood LE. Nutritional regulation of the insulin-like growth factors. Endocr Rev. 1994;15:80-101.
431. Mazziotti G, Giustina A. Glucocorticoids and the regulation of growth hormone secretion. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9:265-276.
432. Hochberg Z. Mechanisms of steroid impairment of growth. Horm Res 58 Suppl. 2002;1:33-38.
433. Broyer M, Guest G, Gagnadoux MF. Growth rate in children receiving alternate-day corticosteroid treatment after kidney transplantation. J Pediatr. 1992;120:721-725.
434. Ellis D. Growth and renal function after steroid-free tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in children with renal transplants. Pediatr Nephrol. 2000;14:689-694.
435. Höcker B, John U, Plank C, et al. Successful withdrawal of steroids in pediatric renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine A and mycophenolate mofetil treatment: results after four years. Transplantation. 2004;78:228-234.
436. Jabs K, Sullivan EK, Avner ED, Harmon WE. Alternateday steroid dosing improves growth without adversely affecting graft survival or long-term graft function. A report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Transplantation. 1996;61:31-36.
437. Gulati A, Sarwal MM. Pediatric renal transplantation: an overview and update. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010;22:189- 196.
438. Nissel R, Brázda I, Feneberg R, et al. Effect of renal transplantation in childhood on longitudinal growth and adult height. Kidney Int. 2004;66:792-800.
439. Broyer M.Results and side-effects of treating children with growth hormone after kidney transplantation-a preliminary report. Pharmacia and Upjohn Study Group. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1996;417:76-79.
440. FineRN,Stablein D. Long-term use of recombinanthuman growth hormone in pediatric allograft recipients: a report of the NAPRTCS Transplant Registry. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:404-408.
441. Fine RN, Stablein D, Cohen AH, Tejani A, Kohaut E. Recombinant human growth hormone post-renal transplantation in children: a randomized controlled study of the NAPRTCS. Kidney Int. 2002;62:688-696.
442. Gil S, Vaiani E, Guercio G, et al. Effectiveness of rhGH treatment on final height of renal-transplant recipients in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27:1005-1009.
443. Guest G, Bérard E, Crosnier H, Chevallier T, Rappaport R, Broyer M. Effects of growth hormone in short children after renal transplantation. French Society of Pediatric Nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol. 1998;12:437-446.
444. Hokken-Koelega AC, Stijnen T, de Jong RC, et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of growth hormone treatment in prepubertal children after renal transplant. Kidney Int Suppl. 1996;53:S128-S134.
445. Maxwell H, Rees L. Randomised controlled trial of recombinant human growth hormone in prepubertal and pubertal renal transplant recipients. British Association for Pediatric Nephrology. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79:481-487.
446. Sanchez CP, Kuizon BD, Goodman WG, et al. Growth hormone and the skeleton in pediatric renal allograft recipients. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17:322-328.
447. Seikaly MG, Waber P, Warady BA, Stablein D. The effect of rhGH on height velocity and BMI in children with CKD: a report of the NAPRTCS registry. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009; 24:1711-1717.
448. Wu Y, Cheng W, Yang XD, Xiang B. Growth hormone improves growth in pediatric renal transplant recipients-a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28:129-133.
449. Mahan JD, Warady BA, Frane J, et al. First-year response to rhGH therapy in children with CKD: a National Cooperative Growth Study Report. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25: 1125-1130.
450. Kelley KW. Growth hormone, lymphocytes and macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol. 1989;38:705-713.
451. Snow EC, Feldbush TL, Oaks JA. The effect of growth hormone and insulin upon MLC responses and the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1981;126: 161-164.
452. Tydén G, Berg U, Reinholt F. Acute renal graft rejection after treatment with human growth hormone. Lancet. 1990;336:1455-1456.
453. Mehls O, Fine RN. Growth hormone treatment after renal transplantation: a promising but underused chance to improve growth. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28:1-4.
454. Horber FF, Scheidegger JR, Grünig BE, Frey FJ. Thigh muscle mass and function in patients treated with glucocorticoids. Eur J Clin Invest. 1985;15:302-307.
455. Horber FF, Haymond MW. Human growth hormone prevents the protein catabolic side effects of prednisone in humans. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:265-272.
456. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Transplant Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009;9(suppl 3):S1-S155.
457. Bell J, Parker KL, Swinford RD, Hoffman AR, Maneatis T, Lippe B. Long-term safety of recombinant human growth hormone in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95: 167-177.
458. Takao M, Hashimoto J, Sakai T, Nishii T, Sugano N, Yoshikawa H. Metaphyseal bone collapse mimicking slipped capital femoral epiphysis in severe renal osteodystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:3851-3856.
459. Giustina A, Bussi AR, Jacobello C, Wehrenberg WB. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) on bone and intermediary metabolism in patients receiving chronic glucocorticoid treatment with suppressed endogenous GH response to GH-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:122-129.
460. Bismuth E, Chevenne D, Czernichow P, Simon D. Moderate deterioration in glucose tolerance during high-dose growth hormone therapy in glucocorticoid-treated patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;73:465-472.
461. Mazziotti G, Gazzaruso C, Giustina A. Diabetes in Cushing syndrome: basic and clinical aspects. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2011;22:499-506.
462. Cairns P. Renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark. 2010;9: 461-473.
463. Russo P. Contemporary understanding and management of renal cortical tumors. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35: xiii-xvii.
464. Parker AS, Cheville JC, Blute ML, Igel T, Lohse CM, Cerhan JR. Pathologic T1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma: insulin-like growth factor-I receptor expression and diseasespecific survival. Cancer. 2004;100:2577-2582.
465. Schips L, Zigeuner R, Ratschek M, Rehak P, Rüschoff J, Langner C. Analysis of insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor I receptor expression in renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004;122:931-937.
466. LeRoith D, Roberts CT Jr. The insulin-like growth factor system and cancer. Cancer Lett. 2003;195:127-137.
467. André F, Rigot V, Thimonier J, et al. Integrins and E-cadherin cooperate with IGF-I to induce migration of epithelial colonic cells. Int J Cancer. 1999;83:497-505.
468. Mauro L, Salerno M, Morelli C, Boterberg T, Bracke ME, Surmacz E. Role of the IGF-I receptor in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion: implications in cancer development and progression. J Cell Physiol. 2003;194:108-116.
469. Reinmuth N, Fan F, Liu W, et al. Impact of insulin-like growth factor receptor-I function on angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis of colon cancer.LabInvest. 2002;82:1377- 1389.
470. Akeno N, Robins J, Zhang M, Czyzyk-Krzeska MF, Clemens TL. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by IGF-I in osteoblast-like cells is mediated by the PI3K signaling pathway through the hypoxia-inducible factor-2a. Endocrinology. 2002;143:420-425.
471. Carroll VA, Ashcroft M. Role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1a versus HIF-2a in the regulation of HIF target genes in response to hypoxia, insulin-like growth factor-I, or loss of von Hippel-Lindau function: implications for targeting the HIF pathway. Cancer Res. 2006;66:6264- 6270.
472. Sato A, Oya M, Ito K, et al. Survivin associates with cell proliferation in renal cancer cells: regulation of survivin expression by insulin-like growth factor-1, interferon-g and a novel NF-kb inhibitor. Int J Oncol. 2006;28:841- 846.
473. Ambrosini G, Adida C, Altieri DC. A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma. Nat Med. 1997;3:917-921.
474. Li F, Ambrosini G, Chu EY, et al. Control of apoptosis and mitotic spindle checkpoint by survivin. Nature. 1998;396: 580-584.
475. Prager D, Li HL, Asa S, Melmed S. Dominant negative inhibition of tumorigenesis in vivo by human insulin-like growth factor I receptor mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:2181-2185.
476. Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I and prostate cancer risk: a prospective study. Science. 1998;279:563-566.
477. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA, et al. Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet. 1998;351:1393-1396.
478. Parker A, Cheville JC, Lohse C, Cerhan JR, Blute ML. Expression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor and survival in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol. 2003;170:420-424.
479. Rosendahl AH, Holly JM, Celander M, Forsberg G. Systemic IGF-I administration stimulates the in vivo growth of early, but not advanced, renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2008;123:1286-1291.
480. Lissoni P, Barni S, Ardizzoia A, et al. Clinical efficacy of cancer subcutaneous immunotherapy with interleukin-2 in relation to the pretreatment levels of tumor growth factor insulin-like growth factor-1. Tumori. 1995;81:261-264.
481. Schwarz A, Vatandaslar S, Merkel S, Haller H. Renal cell carcinoma in transplant recipients with acquired cystic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:750-756.
482. Scandling JD. Acquired cystic kidney disease and renal cell cancer after transplantation: time to rethink screening? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:621-622.
483. Tydén G, Wernersson A, Sandberg J, Berg U. Development of renal cell carcinoma in living donor kidney grafts. Transplantation. 2000;70:1650-1656.
484. Mehls O, Wilton P, Lilien M, et al. Does growth hormone treatment affect the risk of post-transplant renal cancer? Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17:984-989.
485. Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Fukui M, et al. Increased endothelin and endothelin receptor mRNA expression in polycystic kidneys of cpk mice. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1993;4: 1064-1072.
486. Aukema HM, Housini I. Dietary soy protein effects on disease and IGF-I in male and female Han:SPRD-cy rats. Kidney Int. 2001;59:52-61.
487. Parker E, Newby LJ, Sharpe CC, et al. Hyperproliferation of PKD1 cystic cells is induced by insulin-like growth factor-1 activation of the Ras/Raf signalling system. Kidney Int. 2007;72:157-165.
488. Wanke R, Hermanns W, Folger S, Wolf E, Brem G. Accelerated growth and visceral lesions in transgenic mice expressing foreign genes of the growth hormone family: an overview. Pediatr Nephrol. 1991;5:513-521.
489. Syro LV, Sundsbak JL, ScheithauerBW,et al. Somatotroph pituitary adenoma with acromegaly and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: SSTR5 polymorphism and PKD1 mutation. Pituitary. 2012;15:342-349.
490. Lilova M, Kaplan BS, Meyers KE. Recombinant human growth hormone therapy in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:57-61.