Mortality in patients with pituitary disease

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 301-342

  Sherlock, Mark ^a   Ayuk, John ^a   Tomlinson, Jeremy W ^a   Toogood, Andrew A ^a   Aragon Alonso, Aurora ^a   Sheppard, Michael C ^a   Bates, Andrew S ^b   Stewart, Paul M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS BIRMINGHAM NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLEOMYCIN; CORTICOTROPIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; GONADOTROPIN; GROWTH HORMONE; HYDROCORTISONE; HYPOPHYSIS HORMONE; SOMATOMEDIN C; THYROTROPIN;

ACROMEGALY; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CORTICOTROPIN DEFICIENCY; CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA; CUSHING DISEASE; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG MEGADOSE; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HORMONE DEFICIENCY; HORMONE METABOLISM; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; HYPERTENSION; HYPOPHYSIS DISEASE; HYPOPITUITARISM; HYPOTHALAMUS DISEASE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; MORTALITY; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION INJURY; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TUMOR GROWTH;

ACROMEGALY; COHORT STUDIES; CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPOPITUITARISM; MALE; PITUITARY ACTH HYPERSECRETION; PITUITARY DISEASES;

EID: 77954845856     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0033     Document Type: Review

References (344)

1. Toogood AA, Stewart PM 2008 Hypopituitarism: clinical features, diagnosis, and management. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 37:235-261, x
2. Regal M, Páramo C, Sierra SM, Garcia-Mayor RV 2001 Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55:735-740 (Pubitemid 34008744)
3. Ezzat S, Asa SL, Couldwell WT, Barr CE, Dodge WE, Vance ML, McCutcheon IE 2004 The prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a systematic review. Cancer 101:613-619
4. Daly AF, Rixhon M, Adam C, Dempegioti A, Tichomirowa MA, Beckers A 2006 High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4769-4775
5. Fernandez A, Karavitaki N, Wass JA 24 July 2009 Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, crosssectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03667.x
6. Beckers A 15 October 2009 Higher prevalence of clinicallyrelevant pituitary adenomas confirmed. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265. 2009.03726.x
7. Nilsson B, Gustavasson-Kadaka E, Bengtsson BA, Jonsson B 2000 Pituitary adenomas in Sweden between 1958 and 1991: incidence, survival, and mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:1420-1425
8. Schneider HJ, Kreitschmann-Andermahr I, Ghigo E, Stalla GK, Agha A 2007 Hypothalamopituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. JAMA 298:1429-1438
9. Agha A, Sherlock M, Brennan S, O'Connor SA, O'Sullivan E, Rogers B, Faul C, Rawluk D, Tormey W, Thompson CJ 2005 Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction after irradiation of nonpituitary brain tumors in adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:6355-6360
10. Toogood AA, Beardwell CG, Shalet SM1994 The severity of growth hormone deficiency in adults with pituitary disease is related to the degree of hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:511-516
11. Rosén T, Bengtsson BA 1990 Premature mortality due to cardiovascular disease in hypopituitarism. Lancet 336:285-288
12. Tomlinson JW, Holden N, Hills RK, Wheatley K, Clayton RN, Bates AS, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM 2001 Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospective Hypopituitary Study Group. Lancet 357:425-431
13. Turner HE, Adams CB, Wass JA 1999 Pituitary tumours in the elderly: a 20 year experience. Eur J Endocrinol 140: 383-389
14. Kirkwood B, Sterne J 2003 Longitudinal studies: analysis of rates and survival times. Medical statistics. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Sciences Ltd; 227-297
15. Nielsen EH, Lindholm J, Laurberg P, Bjerre P, Christiansen JS, Hagen C, Juul S, Jørgensen J, Kruse A, Stochholm K 2007 Nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: incidence, causes of death and quality of life in relation to pituitary function. Pituitary 10:67-73
16. Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones PJ, Clayton RN 1996 The effect of hypopituitarism on life expectancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:1169-1172
17. Bates AS, Bullivant B, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM 1999 Life expectancy following surgery for pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50:315-319
18. Bülow B, Hagmar L, Mikoczy Z, Nordström CH, Erfurth EM 1997 Increased cerebrovascular mortality in patients with hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46:75-81 (Pubitemid 27072849)
19. Stochholm K, Gravholt CH, Laursen T, Laurberg P, Andersen M, Kristensen LØ, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Christiansen JS, Frydenberg M, Green A 2007 Mortality and GH deficiency: a nationwide study. Eur J Endocrinol 157:9-18
20. Svensson J, Bengtsson BA, Rosén T, Odén A, Johannsson G2004 Malignant disease and cardiovascular morbidity in hypopituitary adults with or without growth hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3306-3312
21. Nielsen EH, Lindholm J, Laurberg P 2007 Excess mortality in women with pituitary disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 67:693-697
22. Gabriel SR, Carmona L, Roque M, Sanchez GL, Bonfill X 2005 Hormone replacement therapy for preventing cardiovascular disease in post-menopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002229
23. Mah PM, Webster J, Jönsson P, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Koltowska-Häggström M, Ross RJ 2005 Estrogen replacement in women of fertile years with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5964-5969
24. Wiegratz I, Kutschera E, Lee JH, Moore C, Mellinger U, Winkler UH, Kuhl H 2003 Effect of four different oral contraceptives on various sex hormones and serum-binding globulins. Contraception 67:25-32
25. Stewart PM, Toogood AA, Tomlinson JW 2001 Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I and the cortisolcortisone shuttle. Horm Res 56(Suppl 1):1-6 (Pubitemid 34065302)
26. Kircher T, Nelson J, Burdo H 1985 The autopsy as a measure of accuracy of the death certificate. N Engl J Med 313:1263-1269
27. Nielsen GP, Björnsson J, Jonasson JG 1991 The accuracy of death certificates. Implications for health statistics. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 419:143-146
28. Modelmog D, Rahlenbeck S, Trichopoulos D 1992 Accuracy of death certificates: a population-based, completecoverage, one-year autopsy study in East Germany. Cancer Causes Control 3:541-546
29. Smith CJ, Scott SM, Wagner BM 1998 The necessary role of the autopsy in cardiovascular epidemiology. Hum Pathol 29:1469-1479
30. Ravakhah K 2006 Death certificates are not reliable: revivification of the autopsy. South Med J 99:728-733
31. Kaji H, Chihara K 2004 Direct causes of death in Japanese patients with hypopituitarism as analyzed from a nationwide autopsy database. Eur J Endocrinol 150:149-152
32. Beshyah SA, Freemantle C, Thomas E, Rutherford O, Page B, Murphy M, Johnston DG 1995 Abnormal body composition and reduced bone mass in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42: 179-189
33. Lönn L, Kvist H, Grangård U, Bengtsson BA, Sjöström L 1993 CT-determined body composition changes with recombinant human growth hormone treatment to adults with growth hormone deficiency. Basic Life Sci 60:229-231
34. Haffner SM, Stern MP, Hazuda HP, Rosenthal M, Knapp JA, Malina RM 1986 Role of obesity and fat distribution in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Diabetes Care 9:153-161
35. Kissebah AH, Vydelingum N, Murray R, Evans DJ, Hartz AJ, Kalkhoff RK, Adams PW 1982 Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 54:254-260
36. Johansson JO, Fowelin J, Landin K, Lager I, Bengtsson BA 1995 Growth hormone-deficient adults are insulin-resistant. Metabolism 44:1126-1129
37. Abdu TA, Neary R, Elhadd TA, Akber M, Clayton RN 2001 Coronary risk in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults: increased predicted risk is due largely to lipid profile abnormalities. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55: 209-216 (Pubitemid 32868585)
38. Abs R, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Mattsson AF, Monson JP, Bengtsson BA, Góth MI, Wilton P, Koltowska-Häggström M 2006 Determinants of cardiovascular risk in 2589 hypopituitary GH-deficient adults-a KIMS database analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 155:79-90
39. Kearney T, Navas de Gallegos C, Chrisoulidou A, Gray R, Bannister P, Venkatesan S, Johnston DG 2001 Hypopituitarsim is associated with triglyceride enrichment of very low-density lipoprotein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3900-3906
40. Leonsson M, Hulthe J, Oscarsson J, Johannsson G, Wendelhag I, Wikstrand J, Bengtsson BA 2002 Intima-media thickness in cardiovascularly asymptomatic hypopituitary adults with growth hormone deficiency: relation to body mass index, gender, and other cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:751-759
41. O'Neal D, Hew FL, Sikaris K, Ward G, Alford F, Best JD 1996Lowdensity lipoprotein particle size in hypopituitary adults receiving conventional hormone replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2448-2454
42. Beshyah SA, Johnston DG 1999 Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in adults with hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 50:1-15 (Pubitemid 29079362)
43. Cuneo RC, Salomon F, Watts GF, Hesp R, Sönksen PH 1993 Growth hormone treatment improves serum lipids and lipoproteins in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Metabolism 42:1519-1523
44. de Boer H, Blok GJ, Voerman HJ, Phillips M, Schouten JA 1994 Serum lipid levels in growth hormone-deficient men. Metabolism 43:199-203
45. Rosén T, Edén S, Larson G, Wilhelmsen L, Bengtsson BA 1993 Cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 129:195-200
46. Sanmartí A, Lucas A, Hawkins F, Webb SM, Ulied A 1999 Observational study in adult hypopituitary patients with untreated growth hormone deficiency(ODAstudy). Socio-economic impact and health status. Collaborative ODA (Observational GH Deficiency in Adults) Group. Eur J Endocrinol 141:481-489
47. Vahl N, Jørgensen JO, Hansen TB, Klausen IB, Jurik AG, Hagen C, Christiansen JS 1998 The favourable effects of growth hormone (GH) substitution on hypercholesterolaemia in GH-deficient adults are not associated with concomitant reductions in adiposity. A 12 month placebo-controlled study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22:529-536
48. Amato G, Carella C, Fazio S, La Montagna G, Cittadini A, Sabatini D, Marciano-Mone C, Saccá L, Bellastella A 1993 Body composition, bone metabolism, and heart structure and function in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after GH replacement therapy at low doses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1671-1676
49. Markussis V, Beshyah SA, Fisher C, Sharp P, Nicolaides AN, Johnston DG 1992 Detection of premature atherosclerosis by high-resolution ultrasonography in symptomfree hypopituitary adults. Lancet 340:1188-1192
50. Merimee TJ 1978 A follow-up study of vascular disease in growth-hormone-deficient dwarfs with diabetes. N Engl J Med 298:1217-1222
51. Dunne FP, Elliot P, Gammage MD, Stallard T, Ryan T, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM 1995 Cardiovascular function and glucocorticoid replacement in patients with hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 43:623-629
52. Longobardi S, Cuocolo A, Merola B, Di Rella F, Colao A, Nicolai E, Cardei S, Salvatore M, Lombardi G 1998 Left ventricular function in young adults with childhood and adulthood onset growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 48:137-143
53. Merola B, Cittadini A, Colao A, Longobardi S, Fazio S, Sabatini D, Saccá L, Lombardi G 1993 Cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1658-1661
54. Thuesen L, Jørgensen JO, Müller JR, Kristensen BO, Skakkebaek NE, Vahl N, Christiansen JS 1994 Short and long-term cardiovascular effects of growth hormone therapy in growth hormone deficient adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:615-620 (Pubitemid 24336864)
55. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson Jr SK 1999 Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 340:14-22
56. Irving RJ, Carson MN, Webb DJ, Walker BR 2002 Peripheral vascular structure and function in men with contrasting GH levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3309-3314
57. Pfeifer M, Verhovec R, Zizek B, Prezelj J, Poredos P, Clayton RN 1999 Growth hormone (GH) treatment reverses early atherosclerotic changes in GH-deficient adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:453-457
58. Lanes R, Gunczler P, Lopez E, Esaa S, Villaroel O, Revel- Chion R 2001 Cardiac mass and function, carotid artery intima-media thickness, and lipoprotein levels in growth hormone-deficient adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1061-1065
59. McCallum RW, Petrie JR, Dominiczak AF, Connell JM 2002 Growth hormone deficiency and vascular risk. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:11-24
60. Ross R 1999 Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 340:115-126
61. Andreassen M, Vestergaard H, Kristensen LØ 2007 Concentrations of the acute phase reactants high-sensitive Creactive protein and YKL-40 and of interleukin-6 before and after treatment in patients with acromegaly and growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 67: 909-916
62. Gómez JM, Sahún M, Vila R, Domènech P, Catalina P, Soler J, Badimón L 2006 Peripheral fibrinolytic markers, soluble adhesion molecules, inflammatory cytokines and endothelial function in hypopituitary adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64:632-639
63. Leonsson M, Hulthe J, Johannsson G, Wiklund O, Wikstrand J, Bengtsson BA, Oscarsson J 2003 Increased interleukin-6 levels in pituitary-deficient patients are independently related to their carotid intima-media thickness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 59:242-250
64. Serri O, St-Jacques P, Sartippour M, Renier G 1999 Alterations of monocyte function in patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency: effect of substitutive GH therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:58-63
65. Vaughan DE 1998 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: a common denominator in cardiovascular disease. J Investig Med 46:370-376
66. Devin JK, Blevins Jr LS, Verity DK, Chen Q, Bloodworth Jr JR, Covington J, Vaughan DE 2007 Markedly impaired fibrinolytic balance contributes to cardiovascular risk in adults with growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:3633-3639
67. Johansson JO, Landin K, Tengborn L, Rosén T, Bengtsson BA 1994 High fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in growth hormone-deficient adults. Arterioscler Thromb 14:434-437 (Pubitemid 124004457)
68. Johansson JO, Landin K, Johannsson G, Tengborn L, Bengtsson BA 1996 Long-term treatment with growth hormone decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue plasminogen activator in growth hormone-deficient adults. Thromb Haemost 76:422-428
69. Kvasnicka J, Marek J, Kvasnicka T, Weiss V, Marková M, Stěpán J, Umlaufová A 2000 Increase of adhesion molecules, fibrinogen, type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor and orosomucoid in growth hormone (GH) deficient adults and their modulation by recombinant human GH replacement. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:543-548
70. Krzyzanowska K, Mittermayer F, Schnack C, Hofer M, Wolzt M, Schernthaner G 2005 Circulating ADMA concentrations are elevated in hypopituitary adults with and without growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Clin Invest 35: 208-213
71. Sesmilo G, Miller KK, Hayden D, Klibanski A 2001 Inflammatory cardiovascular risk markers in women with hypopituitarism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5774-5781
72. Sharma MD, Sagar B, Wang S, White Jr AC, Balasubramanyam A 2001 High frequency of serious infections in patients with panhypopituitarism: a casecontrol study. Clin Infect Dis 32:153-158
73. Mukherjee A, Helbert M, Ryder WD, Borrow R, Davis JR, Shalet SM 2009 Failure of antibody response to polysaccharide antigen in treated panhypopituitary adults. Clin Exp Immunol 156:271-277
74. Coles AJ, Thompson S, Cox AL, Curran S, Gurnell EM, ChatterjeeVK 2005 Dehydroepiandrosterone replacement in patients with Addison's disease has a bimodal effect on regulatory (CD4+CD25hi and CD4+FoxP3+) T cells. Eur J Immunol 35:3694-3703
75. Arlt W, Hewison M 2004 Hormones and immune function: implications of aging. Aging Cell 3:209-216
76. Tanriverdi F, Silveira LF, MacColl GS, Bouloux PM 2003 The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis: immune function and autoimmunity. J Endocrinol 176:293-304
77. Bergthorsdottir R, Leonsson-Zachrisson M, Odén A, Johannsson G 2006 Premature mortality in patients with Addison's disease: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4849-4853
78. Bensing S, Brandt L, Tabaroj F, Sjöberg O, Nilsson B, Ekbom A, Blomqvist P, Kämpe O 2008 Increased death risk and altered cancer incidence pattern in patients with isolated or combined autoimmune primary adrenocortical insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 69:697-704
79. Sherlock M, Reulen RC, Alonso AA, Ayuk J, Clayton RN, Sheppard MC, Hawkins MM, Bates AS, Stewart PM 2009 ACTH deficiency, higher doses of hydrocortisone replacement and radiotherapy are independent predictors of mortality in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:4216-4223
80. Wei L, MacDonald TM, Walker BR 2004 Taking glucocorticoids by prescription is associated with subsequent cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 141:764-770
81. Esteban NV, Loughlin T, Yergey AL, Zawadzki JK, Booth JD, Winterer JC, Loriaux DL 1991 Daily cortisol production rate inmandetermined by stable isotope dilution/mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:39-45
82. Kerrigan JR, Veldhuis JD, Leyo SA, Iranmanesh A, Rogol AD1993 Estimation of daily cortisol production and clearance rates in normal pubertal males by deconvolution analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:1505-1510
83. Peacey SR, Guo CY, Robinson AM, Price A, Giles MA, Eastell R, Weetman AP 1997 Glucocorticoid replacement therapy: are patients over treated and does it matter? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46:255-261
84. Agha A, Liew A, Finucane F, Baker L, O'Kelly P, Tormey W, Thompson CJ 2004 Conventional glucocorticoid replacement overtreats adult hypopituitary patients with partial ACTH deficiency. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60:688-693
85. Filipsson H, Monson JP, Koltowska-Häggström M, Mattsson A, Johannsson G 2006 The impact of glucocorticoid replacement regimens on metabolic outcome and comorbidity in hypopituitary patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:3954-3961
86. Charmandari E, Johnston A, Brook CG, Hindmarsh PC 2001 Bioavailability of oral hydrocortisone in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Endocrinol 169:65-70
87. Derendorf H, Möllmann H, Barth J, Möllmann C, Tunn S, Krieg M 1991 Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of hydrocortisone. J Clin Pharmacol 31:473-476
88. DeVile CJ, Stanhope R 1997 Hydrocortisone replacement therapy in children and adolescents with hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 47:37-41 (Pubitemid 27313986)
89. Howlett TA 1997 An assessment of optimal hydrocortisone replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46: 263-268 (Pubitemid 27174327)
90. Crown A, Lightman S 2005 Why is the management of glucocorticoid deficiency still controversial: a review of the literature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63:483-492
91. Merza Z, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Memmott A, Doane A, Ibbotson V, Newell-Price J, Tucker GT, Ross RJ 2006 Circadian hydrocortisone infusions in patients with adrenal insufficiency and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65:45-50
92. Løvås K, Husebye ES 2007 Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion in Addison's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 157:109-112
93. Debono M, Ross RJ, Newell-Price J 2009 Inadequacies of glucocorticoid replacement and improvements by physiological circadian therapy. Eur J Endocrinol 160:719-729
94. Johannsson G, Bergthorsdottir R, Nilsson AG, Lennernas H, Hedner T, Skrtic S 2009 Improving glucocorticoid replacement therapy using a novel modified-release hydrocortisone tablet: a pharmacokinetic study. Eur J Endocrinol 161:119-130
95. Debono M, Ghobadi C, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Huatan H, Campbell MJ, Newell-Price J, Darzy K, Merke DP, Arlt W, Ross RJ 2009 Modified-release hydrocortisone to provide circadian cortisol profiles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 1548-1554
96. Verma S, Vanryzin C, Sinaii N, Kim MS, Nieman LK, Ravindran S, Calis KA, Arlt W, Ross RJ, Merke DP 26May 2009 A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of delayed- and extended-release hydrocortisone (Chronocort) versus conventional hydrocortisone (Cortef) in the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03636.x
97. Al-Shoumer KA, Ali K, Anyaoku V, Niththyananthan R, Johnston DG 1996 Overnight metabolic fuel deficiency in patients treated conventionally for hypopituitarism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 45:171-178 (Pubitemid 26278310)
98. al-Shoumer KA, Beshyah SA, Niththyananthan R, Johnston DG 1995 Effect of glucocorticoid replacement therapy on glucose tolerance and intermediary metabolites in hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42:85-90
99. White PC, Mune T, Agarwal AK 1997 11 β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenaseandthesyndromeofapparentmineralocorticoid excess. Endocr Rev 18:135-156
100. White PC, Rogoff D, McMillan DR, Lavery GG 2007 Hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD) and corticosteroid metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 265-266:89-92
101. Tomlinson JW, Walker EA, Bujalska IJ, Draper N, Lavery GG, Cooper MS, Hewison M, Stewart PM 2004 11β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid response. Endocr Rev 25: 831-866
102. Bengtsson BA, Abs R, Bennmarker H, Monson JP, Feldt- Rasmussen U, Hernberg-Stahl E, Westberg B, Wilton P, Wüster C 1999 The effects of treatment and the individual responsiveness to growth hormone(GH)replacement therapy in 665 GH-deficient adults. KIMS Study Group and the KIMS International Board. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3929-3935
103. Salomon F, Cuneo RC, Hesp R, Sönksen PH 1989 The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency. N Engl J Med 321:1797-1803
104. Boguszewski CL, Meister LH, Zaninelli DC, Radominski RB 2005 One year of GH replacement therapy with a fixed low-dose regimen improves body composition, bone mineral density and lipid profile of GH-deficient adults. Eur J Endocrinol 152:67-75
105. Colao A, di Somma C, Cuocolo A, Spinelli L, Tedesco N, Pivonello R, Bonaduce D, Salvatore M, Lombardi G 2001 Improved cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac performance after 12 months of growth hormone (GH) replacement in young adult patients with GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1874-1881
106. Sesmilo G, Biller BM, Llevadot J, Hayden D, Hanson G, Rifai N, Klibanski A 2000 Effects of growth hormone administration on inflammatory and other cardiovascular risk markers in men with growth hormone deficiency. A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 133: 111-122
107. Markussis V, Beshyah SA, Fisher C, Parker KH, Nicolaides AN, Johnston DG 1997 Abnormal carotid arterial wall dynamics in symptom-free hypopituitary adults. Eur J Endocrinol 136:157-164
108. Borson-Chazot F, Serusclat A, Kalfallah Y, Ducottet X, Sassolas G, Bernard S, Labrousse F, Pastene J, Sassolas A, Roux Y, Berthezène F 1999 Decrease in carotid intimamedia thickness after one year growth hormone (GH) treatment in adults with GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1329-1333
109. Gibney J, Wallace JD, Spinks T, Schnorr L, Ranicar A, Cuneo RC, Lockhart S, Burnand KG, Salomon F, Sonksen PH, Russell-Jones D 1999 The effects of 10 years of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adult GHdeficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2596-2602
110. Florakis D, Hung V, Kaltsas G, Coyte D, Jenkins PJ, Chew SL, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Monson JP 2000 Sustained reduction in circulating cholesterol in adult hypopituitary patients given low dose titrated growth hormone replacement therapy: a two year study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53:453-459
111. Edén S, Wiklund O, Oscarsson J, Rosén T, Bengtsson BA 1993 Growth hormone treatment of growth hormonedeficient adults results in a marked increase in Lp(a) and HDL cholesterol concentrations. Arterioscler Thromb 13:296-301
112. O'Halloran DJ, Wieringa G, Tsatsoulis A, Shalet SM 1996 Increased serum lipoprotein(a) concentrations after growth hormone (GH) treatment in patients with isolated GH deficiency. Ann Clin Biochem 33:330-334
113. Wieringa G, Shalet SM 2000 Changes in lipoprotein(a) levels measured by six kit methods during growth hormone treatment of growth hormone deficient adults. Growth Horm IGF Res 10:231
114. Agha A, Monson JP 2007 Modulation of glucocorticoid metabolism by the growth hormone-IGF-1 axis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 66:459-465
115. Moore JS, Monson JP, Kaltsas G, Putignano P, Wood PJ, Sheppard MC, Besser GM, Taylor NF, Stewart PM 1999 Modulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isozymes by growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4172-4177
116. Giavoli C, Libé R, Corbetta S, Ferrante E, Lania A, Arosio M, Spada A, Beck-Peccoz P 2004 Effect of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) replacement on the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis in adult GH-deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5397-5401
117. Andersen S, Pedersen KM, Bruun NH, Laurberg P 2002 Narrow individual variations in serum T(4) and T(3) in normal subjects: a clue to the understanding of subclinical thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1068-1072
118. Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB 1994 Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med 331:1249-1252
119. Parle JV, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard MC, Boyle P, Franklyn JA 2001 Prediction of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in elderly people from one low serum thyrotropin result: a 10-year cohort study. Lancet 358:861-865
120. Völzke H, Schwahn C, Wallaschofski H, Dörr M 2007 Review: the association of thyroid dysfunction with allcause and circulatory mortality: is there a causal relationship? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2421-2429
121. Beral V 2003 Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study. Lancet 362:419-427
122. Rossouw JE, Anderson GL, Prentice RL, LaCroix AZ, Kooperberg C, Stefanick ML, Jackson RD, Beresford SA, Howard BV, Johnson KC, Kotchen JM, Ockene J 2002 Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288:321-333
123. Beral V, Banks E, Reeves G 2002 Evidence from randomised trials on the long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy. Lancet 360:942-944 (Pubitemid 35283842)
124. Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Suckling JA, Lamberts Q 2009 Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004143
125. Chlebowski RT, Schwartz AG, Wakelee H, Anderson GL, Stefanick ML, Manson JE, Rodabough RJ, Chien JW, Wactawski-Wende J, Gass M, Kotchen JM, Johnson KC, O'Sullivan MJ, Ockene JK, Chen C, Hubbell FA 2009 Oestrogen plus progestin and lung cancer in postmenopausal women (Women's Health Initiative trial): a post-hoc analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374:1243-1251
126. Salpeter SR, Cheng J, Thabane L, Buckley NS, Salpeter EE 2009 Bayesian meta-analysis of hormone therapy and mortality in younger postmenopausal women. Am J Med 122:1016-1022.e1
127. Khaw KT, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Bingham S, Wareham N, Luben R, Welch A, Day N 2007 Endogenous testosterone and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in men: European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study. Circulation 116:2694-2701
128. Araujo AB, Kupelian V, Page ST, Handelsman DJ, Bremner WJ, McKinlay JB 2007 Sex steroids and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in men. Arch Intern Med 167: 1252-1260
129. Liu PY, Death AK, Handelsman DJ 2003 Androgens and cardiovascular disease. Endocr Rev 24:313-340
130. Wu FC, von Eckardstein A 2003 Androgens and coronary artery disease. Endocr Rev 24:183-217
131. Bhasin S, Cunningham GR, Hayes FJ, Matsumoto AM, Snyder PJ, Swerdloff RS, Montori VM 2006 Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1995-2010
132. Raynaud JP 2009 Testosterone deficiency syndrome: treatment and cancer risk. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 114:96-105
133. Lindholm J, Nielsen EH, Bjerre P, Christiansen JS, Hagen C, Juul S, Jørgensen J, Kruse A, Laurberg P, Stochholm K 2006 Hypopituitarism and mortality in pituitary adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 65:51-58
134. Erfurth EM, Bulow B, Nordström CH, Mikoczy Z, Hagmar L, Strömberg U 2004 Doubled mortality rate in irradiated patients reoperated for regrowth of a macroadenoma of the pituitary gland. Eur J Endocrinol 150:497-502
135. Holdaway IM, Rajasoorya C 1999 Epidemiology of acromegaly. Pituitary 2:29-41
136. Melmed S 1990 Acromegaly. N Engl J Med 322:966-977
137. Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Lombardi G 2004 Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr Rev 25:102-152
138. Alexander L, Appleton D, Hall R, Ross WM, Wilkinson R 1980 Epidemiology of acromegaly in the Newcastle region. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 12:71-79
139. Ayuk J, Clayton RN, Holder G, Sheppard MC, Stewart PM, Bates AS 2004 Growth hormone and pituitary radio-therapy, but not serum insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations, predict excess mortality in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1613-1617
140. Bates AS, Van't Hoff W, Jones JM, Clayton RN 1993 An audit of outcome of treatment in acromegaly. Q J Med 86:293-299
141. Beauregard C, Truong U, Hardy J, Serri O 2003 Long-term outcome and mortality after transsphenoidal adenomectomy for acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58: 86-91 (Pubitemid 36098853)
142. Holdaway IM, Rajasoorya RC, Gamble GD 2004 Factors influencing mortality in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:667-674
143. Nabarro JD 1987 Acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 26: 481-512
144. Orme SM, McNally RJ, Cartwright RA, Belchetz PE 1998 Mortality and cancer incidence in acromegaly: a retrospective cohort study. United Kingdom Acromegaly Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2730-2734
145. Rajasoorya C, Holdaway IM, Wrightson P, Scott DJ, Ibbertson HK 1994 Determinants of clinical outcome and survival in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 41:95-102 (Pubitemid 24232533)
146. Wright AD, Hill DM, Lowy C, Fraser TR 1970 Mortality in acromegaly. Q J Med 39:1-16
147. Shimatsu A, Yokogoshi Y, Saito S, Shimizu N, Irie M 1998 Long-term survival and cardiovascular complications in patients with acromegaly and pituitary gigantism. J Endocrinol Invest 21:55-57
148. Mestron A, Webb SM, Astorga R, Benito P, Catala M, Gaztambide S, Gomez JM, Halperin I, Lucas-Morante T, Moreno B, Obiols G, de Pablos P, Paramo C, Pico A, Torres E, Varela C, Vazquez JA, Zamora J, Albareda M, Gilabert M 2004 Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, outcome, morbidity and mortality in acromegaly based on the Spanish Acromegaly Registry (Registro Espanol de Acromegalia, REA). Eur J Endocrinol 151:439-446
149. Swearingen B, Barker 2nd FG, Katznelson L, Biller BM, Grinspoon S, Klibanski A, Moayeri N, Black PM, Zervas NT 1998 Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgery and adjunctive therapy for acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3419-3426
150. Biermasz NR, Dekker FW, Pereira AM, van Thiel SW, Schutte PJ, van Dulken H, Romijn JA, Roelfsema F 2004 Determinants of survival in treated acromegaly in a single center: predictive value of serial insulin-like growth factor I measurements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2789-2796
151. Evans H, Briggs A, Dixon J 1966 The pituitary gland. In: Harris G, Donovan B, eds. London: Butterworth: 439
152. Bengtsson BA, Edén S, Ernest I, Odén A, Sjögren B 1988 Epidemiology and long-term survival in acromegaly. A study of 166 cases diagnosed between 1955 and 1984. Acta Med Scand 223:327-335
153. Etxabe J, Gaztambide S, Latorre P, Vazquez JA 1993 Acromegaly: an epidemiological study. J Endocrinol Invest 16:181-187
154. Abosch A, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Hannegan LT, Applebury CB, Wilson CB 1998 Transsphenoidal micro-surgery for growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3411-3418
155. Kauppinen-Mäkelin R, Sane T, Reunanen A, Välimäki MJ,
156. Dekkers OM, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, Vandenbroucke JP 2008 Mortality in acromegaly: a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:61-67
157. Giustina A, Barkan A, Casanueva FF, Cavagnini F, Frohman L, Ho K, Veldhuis J, Wass J, Von Werder K, Melmed S 2000 Criteria for cure of acromegaly: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:526-529
158. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Cavagnini F, Chanson P, Frohman L, Grossman A, Ho K, Kleinberg D, Lamberts S, Laws E, Lombardi G, Vance ML, Werder KV, Wass J, Giustina A 2002 Guidelines for acromegaly management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4054-4058
159. Melmed S, Casanueva F, Cavagnini F, Chanson P, Frohman LA, Gaillard R, Ghigo E, Ho K, Jaquet P, Kleinberg D, Lamberts S, Laws E, Lombardi G, Sheppard MC, Thorner M, Vance ML, Wass JA, Giustina A 2005 Consensus statement: medical management of acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 153:737-740
160. Holdaway IM, Bolland MJ, Gamble GD 2008 A meta-analysis of the effect of lowering serum levels of GH and IGF-I on mortality in acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 159: 89-95
161. Melmed S, Jackson I, Kleinberg D, Klibanski A 1998 Current treatment guidelines for acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2646-2652
162. Trepp R, Stettler C, Zwahlen M, Seiler R, Diem P, Christ ER 2005 Treatment outcomes and mortality of 94 patients with acromegaly. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 147:243-251
163. Pokrajac A, Wark G, Ellis AR, Wear J, Wieringa GE, Trainer PJ 2007 Variation in GH and IGF-I assays limits the applicability of international consensus criteria to local practice. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 67:65-70
164. Chapman IM, Hartman ML, Straume M, Johnson ML, Veldhuis JD, Thorner MO 1994 Enhanced sensitivity growth hormone (GH) chemiluminescence assay reveals lower postglucose nadir GH concentrations in men than women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1312-1319
165. Stewart PM, Smith S, Seth J, Stewart SE, Cole D, Edwards CR 1989 Normal growth hormone response to the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test measured by immunoradiometric assay. Ann Clin Biochem 26:205-206
166. Hattori N, Shimatsu A, Kato Y, Koshiyama H, Ishikawa Y, Assadian H, Tanoh T, Nagao M, Imura H 1990 Growth hormone responses to oral glucose loading measured by highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay in normal subjects and patients with glucose intolerance and acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:771-776
167. Freda PU, Landman RE, Sundeen RE, Post KD 2001 Gender and age in the biochemical assessment of cure of acromegaly. Pituitary 4:163-171
168. Costa AC, Rossi A, Martinelli Jr CE, Machado HR, Moreira AC 2002 Assessment of disease activity in treated acromegalic patients using a sensitive GH assay: should we achieve strict normal GH levels for a biochemical cure? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3142-3147
169. Cohen P, Clemmons DR, Rosenfeld RG 2000 Does the GH-IGF axis play a role in cancer pathogenesis? Growth Horm IGF Res 10:297-305
170. Ron E, Gridley G, Hrubec Z, Page W, Arora S, Fraumeni Jr JF 1991 Acromegaly and gastrointestinal cancer. Cancer 68:1673-1677
171. Melmed S 2001 Acromegaly and cancer: not a problem? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:2929-2934
172. Renehan AG, Brennan BM 2008 Acromegaly, growth hormone and cancer risk. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 22:639-657
173. Loeper S, Ezzat S 2008 Acromegaly: re-thinking the cancer risk. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 9:41-58
174. Jenkins PJ, Fairclough PD 2001 Colorectal neoplasia in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55:727-729
175. Perry I, Stewart PM, Kane K 2003 Colorectal screening guidelines in acromegaly. Gut 52:1387
176. Renehan AG, Odwyer ST, Shalet SM 2001 Screening colonoscopy for acromegaly in perspective. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55:731-733
177. Renehan AG, O'Connell J, O'Halloran D, Shanahan F, Potten CS, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM 2003 Acromegaly and colorectal cancer: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, biological mechanisms, and clinical implications. Horm Metab Res 35:712-725
178. Colao A, Balzano A, Ferone D, Panza N, Grande G, Marzullo P, Bove A, Iodice G, Merola B, Lombardi G 1997 Increased prevalence of colonic polyps and altered lymphocyte subset pattern in the colonic lamina propria in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 47:23-28
179. Winawer SJ, Fletcher RH, Miller L, Godlee F, Stolar MH, Mulrow CD, Woolf SH, Glick SN, Ganiats TG, Bond JH, Rosen L, Zapka JG, Olsen SJ, Giardiello FM, Sisk JE, Van Antwerp R, Brown-Davis C, Marciniak DA, Mayer RJ 1997 Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology 112:594-642
180. Tita P, Ambrosio MR, Scollo C, Carta A, Gangemi P, Bondanelli M, Vigneri R, degli Uberti EC, Pezzino V 2005 High prevalence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63:161-167
181. Colao A, Baldelli R, Marzullo P, Ferretti E, Ferone D, Gargiulo P, Petretta M, Tamburrano G, Lombardi G, Liuzzi A 2000 Systemic hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance are independently correlated to the severity of the acromegalic cardiomyopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 193-199
182. Bondanelli M, Ambrosio MR, degli Uberti EC 2001 Pathogenesis and prevalence of hypertension in acromegaly. Pituitary 4:239-249
183. Giustina A, Casanueva FF, Cavagnini F, Chanson P, Clemmons D, Frohman LA, Gaillard R, Ho K, Jaquet P, Kleinberg DL, Lamberts SW, Lombardi G, Sheppard M, Strasburger CJ, Vance ML, Wass JA, Melmed S 2003 Diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly complications. J Endocrinol Invest 26:1242-1247
184. Holdaway IM, Rajasoorya CR, Gamble GD, Stewart AW 2003 Long-term treatment outcome in acromegaly. Growth Horm IGF Res 13:185-192
185. Cushing H 1994 The basophil adenomas of the pituitary body and their clinical manifestations (pituitary basophilism). 1932. Obes Res 2:486-508
186. Plotz CM, Knowlton AI, Ragan C 1952 The natural history of Cushing's syndrome. Am J Med 13:597-614
187. Ross EJ, Linch DC 1982 Cushing's syndrome-killing disease: discriminatory value of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis. Lancet 2:646-649
188. Etxabe J, Vazquez JA 1994 Morbidity and mortality in Cushing's disease: an epidemiological approach. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40:479-484
189. Burke CW, Adams CB, Esiri MM, Morris C, Bevan JS 1990 Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease: does what is removed determine the endocrine outcome? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 33:525-537
190. Dekkers OM, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, van Aken MO, Voormolen JH, Romijn JA 2007 Mortality in patients treated for Cushing's disease is increased, compared with patients treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:976-981
191. Grabner P, Hauer-Jensen M, Jervell J, Flatmark A 1991 Long-term results of treatment of Cushing's disease by adrenalectomy. Eur J Surg 157:461-464
192. Guilhaume B, Bertagna X, Thomsen M, Bricaire C, Vila- Porcile E, Olivier L, Racadot J, Derome P, Laudat MH, Girard F 1988 Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery for the treatment of Cushing's disease: results in 64 patients and long term follow-up studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66: 1056-1064
193. Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Applebury CB, Hannegan ET, Bell S, Rahl R, Lu A, Wilson CB 2004 Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:6348-6357
194. Lindholm J, Juul S, Jørgensen JO, Astrup J, Bjerre P, Feldt- Rasmussen U, Hagen C, Jørgensen J, Kosteljanetz M, Kristensen L, Laurberg P, Schmidt K, Weeke J 2001 Incidence and late prognosis of Cushing's syndrome: a population- based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:117-123
195. O'Riordain DS, Farley DR, Young Jr WF, Grant CS, van Heerden JA 1994 Long-term outcome of bilateral adrenalectomy in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Surgery 116:1088-1093; discussion 1093-1094
196. Pikkarainen L, Sane T, Reunanen A 1999 The survival and well-being of patients treated for Cushing's syndrome. J Intern Med 245:463-468 (Pubitemid 29232235)
197. Swearingen B, Biller BM, Barker 2nd FG, Katznelson L, Grinspoon S, Klibanski A, Zervas NT 1999 Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Ann Intern Med 130:821-824
198. Welbourn RB 1985 Survival and causes of death after adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. Surgery 97:16-20 (Pubitemid 15244871)
199. Colao A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, Faggiano A, Ferone D, Filippella M, Marzullo P, Cerbone G, Siciliani M, Lombardi G 1999 Persistence of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's disease after five years of successful cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2664-2672
200. Newell-Price J, Bertagna X, Grossman AB, Nieman LK 2006 Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 367:1605-1617
201. Stewart PM, Walker BR, Holder G, O'Halloran D, Shackleton CH 1995 11 β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in Cushing's syndrome: explaining the mineralocorticoid excess state of the ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3617-3620
202. Imai Y, Abe K, Sasaki S, Minami N, Nihei M, Munakata M, Murakami O, Matsue K, Sekino H, Miura Y 1988 Altered circadian blood pressure rhythm in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Hypertension 12:11-19
203. Magiakou MA, Smyrnaki P, Chrousos GP 2006 Hypertension in Cushing's syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 20:467-482
204. McFarlane SI, Banerji M, Sowers JR 2001 Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:713-718
205. Shipley JE, Schteingart DE, Tandon R, Starkman MN 1992 Sleep architecture and sleep apnea in patients with Cushing's disease. Sleep 15:514-518
206. Saruta T, Suzuki H, Handa M, Igarashi Y, Kondo K, Senba S 1986 Multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:275-279 (Pubitemid 16121554)
207. Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Zachman K, Chrousos GP 1997 Blood pressure in children and adolescents with Cushing's syndrome before and after surgical care. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1734-1738
208. Biller BM, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, Melmed S, Bertagna X, Bertherat J, Buchfelder M, Colao A, Hermus AR, Hofland LJ, Klibanski A, Lacroix A, Lindsay JR, Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Petersenn S, Sonino N, Stalla GK, Swearingen B, Vance ML, Wass JA, Boscaro M 2008 Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2454-2462
209. Muiesan ML, Lupia M, Salvetti M, Grigoletto C, Sonino N, Boscaro M, Rosei EA, Mantero F, Fallo F 2003 Left ventricular structural and functional characteristics in Cushing's syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:2275-2279
210. Baykan M, Erem C, Gedikli O, Hacihasanoglu A, Erdogan T, Kocak M, Kaplan S, Kiri̊ A, Orem C, Celik S 2008 Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function and Tei index by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Echocardiography 25:182-190 (Pubitemid 351198994)
211. Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, De Martino MC, Filippella M, Di Somma C, Lombardi G, Colao A 2003 Cardiovascular risk factors and common carotid artery caliber and stiffness in patients with Cushing's disease during active disease and 1 year after disease remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2527-2533
212. Van Zaane B, Nur E, Squizzato A, Dekkers OM, Twickler MT, Fliers E, Gerdes VE, Büller HR, Brandjes DP 2009 Hypercoagulable state in Cushing's syndrome: a systematic review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:2743-2750
213. Arnaldi G, Mancini T, Polenta B, Boscaro M 2004 Cardiovascular risk in Cushing's syndrome. Pituitary 7:253-256
214. Rockall AG, Sohaib SA, Evans D, Kaltsas G, Isidori AM, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB, Reznek RH 2003 Hepatic steatosis in Cushing's syndrome: a radiological assessment using computed tomography. Eur J Endocrinol 149:543-548 (Pubitemid 38054698)
215. Würzburger MI, Preleviæ GM, Brkiæ SD, Vuckoviæ S, Pendiæ B 1986 Cushing's syndrome-transitory immune deficiency state? Postgrad Med J 62:657-659
216. Kim DS, Park SK, Choi WH, Kim TW, Choi YY, Jeon SC, Ryu JS 2000 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with a rapid reduction of cortisol level in a patient with ectopic ACTH syndrome treated by octreotide and ketoconazole. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 108:146-150
217. Arlt A, Harbeck B, Anlauf M, Alkatout I, Klöppel G, Fölsch UR, Bewig B, Mönig H 2008 Fatal Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a case of ectopic Cushing's syndrome due to neuroendocrine carcinoma of the kidney. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 116:515-519
218. Joubert M, Reznik Y, Verdon R 2007 "Rescue" bilateral adrenalectomy in paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome with invasive Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Am J Med Sci 334:497-498
219. Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP 2003 Glucocorticoids and invasive fungal infections. Lancet 362:1828-1838
220. Hill AT, Stewart PM, Hughes EA, Mcleod DT 1998 Cushing's disease and tuberculosis. Respir Med 92:604-606
221. Dutta P, Bhansali A, Bhat MH, Sinha SK 2005 Cytomegalovirus infection in a patient with endogenous Cushing's syndrome. Saudi Med J 26:1137-1138 (Pubitemid 41223122)
222. Razavi B, O'Toole J, Schilling M, Razavi M 2000 Cryptococcal meningitis, an endocrine emergency? Lancet 355: 1426
223. Boscaro M, Fallo F, Sonino N 1994 Disseminated nocardiosis in a patient with Cushing's syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 17:443-445
224. Chrousos GP 1995 The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 332:1351-1362
225. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, Montori VM 2008 The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1526-1540
226. Karavitaki N, Cudlip S, Adams CB, Wass JA 2006 Craniopharyngiomas. Endocr Rev 27:371-397
227. Jane Jr JA, Laws ER 2006 Craniopharyngioma. Pituitary 9:323-326
228. Bunin GR, Surawicz TS, Witman PA, Preston-Martin S, Davis F, Bruner JM 1997 The descriptive epidemiology of craniopharyngioma. Neurosurg Focus 3:e1
229. Bauchet L, Rigau V, Mathieu-Daudë H, Fabbro-Peray P, Palenzuela G, Figarella-Branger D, Moritz J, Puget S, Bauchet F, Pallusseau L, Duffau H, Coubes P, Trëtarre B, Labrousse F, Dhellemmes P 2009 Clinical epidemiology for childhood primary central nervous system tumors. J Neurooncol 92:87-98
230. Boongird A, Laothamatas J, Larbcharoensub N, Phudhichareonrat S 2009 Malignant craniopharyngioma; case report and review of the literature. Neuropathology 29:591-596
231. Kalapurakal JA 2005 Radiation therapy in the management of pediatric craniopharyngiomas-a review. Childs Nerv Syst 21:808-816
232. Stripp DC, Maity A, Janss AJ, Belasco JB, Tochner ZA, Goldwein JW, Moshang T, Rorke LB, Phillips PC, Sutton LN, Shu HK 2004 Surgery with or without radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngiomas in children and young adults. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58:714-720
233. Merchant TE, Kiehna EN, Sanford RA, Mulhern RK, Thompson SJ, Wilson MW, Lustig RH, Kun LE 2002 Craniopharyngioma: the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital experience 1984-2001. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53:533-542
234. Bülow B, Attewell R, Hagmar L, Malmström P, Nordström CH, Erfurth EM 1998 Postoperative prognosis in craniopharyngioma with respect to cardiovascular mortality, survival, and tumor recurrence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3897-3904
235. Pereira AM, Schmid EM, Schutte PJ, Voormolen JH, Biermasz NR, van Thiel SW, Corssmit EP, Smit JW, Roelfsema F, Romijn JA 2005 High prevalence of long- term cardiovascular, neurological and psychosocial morbidity after treatment for craniopharyngioma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 62:197-204
236. Fisher PG, Jenab J, Gopldthwaite PT, Tihan T, Wharam MD, Foer DR, Burger PC 1998 Outcomes and failure patterns in childhood craniopharyngiomas. Childs Nerv Syst 14:558-563
237. Habrand JL, Ganry O, Couanet D, Rouxel V, Levy- Piedbois C, Pierre-Kahn A, Kalifa C 1999 The role of radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngioma: a 25-year experience and review of the literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 44:255-263
238. Muller HL 2008 Childhood craniopharyngioma. Recent advances in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Horm Res 69:193-202
239. Regine WF, Mohiuddin M, Kramer S 1993 Long-term results of pediatric and adult craniopharyngiomas treated with combined surgery and radiation. Radiother Oncol 27:13-21 (Pubitemid 23180136)
240. Sung DI, Chang CH, Harisiadis L, Carmel PW 1981 Treatment results of craniopharyngiomas. Cancer 47:847-852
241. Tomita T, Bowman RM 2005 Craniopharyngiomas in children: surgical experience at Children's Memorial Hospital. Childs Nerv Syst 21:729-746
242. De Vile CJ, Grant DB, Kendall BE, Neville BG, Stanhope R, Watkins KE, Hayward RD 1996 Management of childhood craniopharyngioma: can the morbidity of radical surgery be predicted? J Neurosurg 85:73-81
243. Hetelekidis S, Barnes PD, Tao ML, Fischer EG, Schneider L, Scott RM, Tarbell NJ 1993 20-Year experience in childhood craniopharyngioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 27:189-195
244. Kalapurakal JA, Goldman S, Hsieh YC, Tomita T, Marymont MH 2003 Clinical outcome in children with craniopharyngioma treated with primary surgery and radiotherapy deferred until relapse. Med Pediatr Oncol 40: 214-218
245. Khafaga Y, Jenkin D, Kanaan I, Hassounah M, Al Shabanah M, Gray A 1998 Craniopharyngioma in children. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42:601-606
246. Lin LL, El Naqa I, Leonard JR, Park TS, Hollander AS, Michalski JM, Mansur DB 2008 Long-term outcome in children treated for craniopharyngioma with and without radiotherapy. J Neurosurg Pediatr 1:126-130
247. Poretti A, Grotzer MA, Ribi K, Schönle E, Boltshauser E 2004 Outcome of a craniopharyngioma in children: longterm complications and quality of life. Dev Med Child Neurol 46:220-229
248. Scott RM, Hetelekidis S, Barnes PD, Goumnerova L, Tarbell NJ 1994 Surgery, radiation, and combination therapy in the treatment of childhood craniopharyngioma. A 20-year experience. Pediatr Neurosurg 21:75-81
249. Regine WF, Kramer S 1992 Pediatric craniopharyngiomas- long-term results of combined treatment with surgery and radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 24:611-617
250. Karavitaki N, Brufani C, Warner JT, Adams CB, Richards P, Ansorge O, Shine B, Turner HE, Wass JA 2005 Craniopharyngiomas in children and adults: systematic analysis of 121 cases with long-term follow-up. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 62:397-409
251. Van Effenterre R, Boch AL 2002 Craniopharyngioma in adults and children: a study of 122 surgical cases. J Neurosurg 97:3-11 (Pubitemid 34693694)
252. Bartlett JR 1971 Craniopharyngiomas-a summary of 85 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 34:37-41
253. Fahlbusch R, Honegger J, Paulus W, Huk W, Buchfelder M 1999 Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas: experience with 168 patients. J Neurosurg 90:237-250
254. Pemberton LS, Dougal M, Magee B, Gattamaneni HR 2005 Experience of external beam radiotherapy given adjuvantly or at relapse following surgery for craniopharyngioma. Radiother Oncol 77:99-104
255. Rajan B, Ashley S, Gorman C, Jose CC, Horwich A, Bloom HJ, Marsh H, Brada M 1993 Craniopharyngioma - long-term results following limited surgery and radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 26:1-10
256. Yåargil MG, Curcic M, Kis M, Siegenthaler G, Teddy PJ, Roth P 1990 Total removal of craniopharyngiomas. Approaches and long-term results in 144 patients. J Neurosurg 73:3-11 (Pubitemid 20206377)
257. Petito CK, DeGirolami U, Earle KM 1976 Craniopharyngiomas: a clinical and pathological review. Cancer 37:1944-1952
258. Wara WM, Sneed PK, Larson DA 1994 The role of radiation- therapy in the treatment of craniopharyngioma. Pediatr Neurosurg 21:98-100 (Pubitemid 24337423)
259. Caldarelli M, Massimi L, Tamburrini G, Cappa M, Di Rocco C 2005 Long-term results of the surgical treatment of craniopharyngioma: the experience at the Policlinico Gemelli, Catholic University, Rome. Childs Nerv Syst 21: 747-757
260. Puget S, Garnett M, Wray A, Grill J, Habrand JL, Bodaert N, Zerah M, Bezerra M, Renier D, Pierre-Kahn A, Sainte- Rose C 2007 Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: classification and treatment according to the degree of hypothalamic involvement. J Neurosurg 106:3-12
261. Zuccaro G 2005 Radical resection of craniopharyngioma. Childs Nerv Syst 21:679-690
262. Gardner PA, Kassam AB, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Mintz AH, Grahovac S, Stefko S 2008 Outcomes following endoscopic, expanded endonasal resection of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: a case series. J Neurosurg 109:6-16
263. Paja M, Lucas T, García-Uría J, Salamé F, Barceló B, Estrada J 1995 Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in patients with craniopharyngioma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42: 467-473
264. Chakrabarti I, Amar AP, Couldwell W, Weiss MH 2005 Long-term neurological, visual, and endocrine outcomes following transnasal resection of craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg 102:650-657
265. Hoffman HJ, De Silva M, Humphreys RP, Drake JM, Smith ML, Blaser SI 1992 Aggressive surgical management of craniopharyngiomas in children. J Neurosurg 76:47-52
266. Sklar CA 1994 Craniopharyngioma - endocrine abnormalities at presentation. Pediatr Neurosurg 21:18-20
267. DeVile CJ, Grant DB, Hayward RD, Stanhope R 1996 Growth and endocrine sequelae of craniopharyngioma. Arch Dis Child 75:108-114
268. Lyen KR, Grant DB 1982 Endocrine function, morbidity, and mortality after surgery for craniopharyngioma. Arch Dis Child 57:837-841 (Pubitemid 13238788)
269. Honegger J, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R 1999 Surgical treatment of craniopharyngiomas: endocrinological results. J Neurosurg 90:251-257 (Pubitemid 29068126)
270. Kalapurakal JA, Goldman S, Hsieh YC, Tomita T, Marymont MH 2000 Clinical outcome in children with recurrent craniopharyngioma after primary surgery. Cancer J 6:388-393 (Pubitemid 34170901)
271. Weiss M, Sutton L, Marcial V, Fowble B, Packer R, Zimmerman R, Schut L, Bruce D, D'Angio G 1989 The role of radiation therapy in the management of childhood craniopharyngioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 17:1313-1321
272. Barreca T, Perria C, Francaviglia N, Rolandi E 1984 Evaluation of anterior-pituitary function in adult patients with craniopharyngiomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 71:263-272 (Pubitemid 14078073)
273. Srinivasan S, Ogle GD, Garnett SP, Briody JN, Lee JW, Cowell CT 2004 Features of the metabolic syndrome after childhood craniopharyngioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:81-86
274. Stahnke N, Grubel G, Lagenstein I, Willig RP 1984 Long-term follow-up of children with craniopharyngioma. Eur J Pediatr 142:179-185
275. Curtis J, Daneman D, Hoffman HJ, Ehrlich RM 1994 The endocrine outcome after surgical removal of craniopharyngiomas. Pediatr Neurosurg 21:24-27
276. Carmel PW, Antunes JL, Chang CH 1982 Craniopharyngiomas in children. Neurosurgery 11:382-389
277. Manaka S, Teramoto A, Takakura K 1985 The efficacy of radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma. J Neurosurg 62: 648-656
278. Graham PH, Gattamaneni HR, Birch JM 1992 Pediatric craniopharyngiomas - a regional review. Br J Neurosurg 6:187-193
279. Gordy PD, Peet MM, Kahn EA 1949 The surgery of the craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg 6:503-517
280. Grant FC 1948 Surgical experience with tumors of the pituitary gland. J Am Med Assoc 136:668-672
281. Lindholm J, Nielsen EH 2009 Craniopharyngioma: historical notes. Pituitary 12:352-359
282. Barua KK, Ehara K, Kohmura E, Tamaki N 2003 Treatment of recurrent craniopharyngiomas. Kobe J Med Sci 49:123-132
283. Jose CC, Rajan B, Ashley S, Marsh H, Brada M 1992 Radiotherapy for the treatment of recurrent craniopharyngioma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 4:287-289
284. Shi XE, Wu B, Fan T, Zhou ZQ, Zhang YL 2008 Craniopharyngioma: surgical experience of 309 cases in China. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 110:151-159
285. Vinchon M, Dhellemmes P 2008 Craniopharyngiomas in children: recurrence, reoperation and outcome. Childs Nerv Syst 24:211-217
286. Griffiths AP, Henderson M, Penn ND, Tindall H 1988 Hematological, neurological and psychiatric complications of chronic hypothermia following surgery for craniopharyngioma. Postgrad Med J 64:617-620
287. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Bergmann M, Schulze MB, Overvad K, van der Schouw YT, Spencer E, Moons KG, Tjønneland A, Halkjaer J, Jensen MK, Stegger J, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Chajes V, Linseisen J, Kaaks R, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Bamia C, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, Peeters PH, May AM, Buenode-Mesquita HB, van Duijnhoven FJ, Hallmans G, Weinehall L, Manjer J, Hedblad B, Lund E, Agudo A, Arriola L, Barricarte A, Navarro C, Martinez C, Quirós JR, Key T, Bingham S, Khaw KT, Boffetta P, Jenab M, Ferrari P, Riboli E 2008 General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med 359:2105-2120
288. Müller HL, Gebhardt U, Etavard-Gorris N, Korenke E, Warmuth-Metz M, Kolb R, Sörensen N, Calaminus G 2004 Prognosis and sequela in patients with childhood craniopharyngioma. Results of HIT-ENDOand update on KRANIOPHARYNGEOM2000. Klinische Padiatrie 216: 343-348
289. Sorva R 1988 Children with craniopharyngioma-early growth failure and rapid postoperative weight-gain. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 77:587-592
290. Duff JM, Meyer FB, Ilstrup DM, Laws ER, Schleck CD, Scheithauer BW 2000 Long-term outcomes for surgically resected craniopharyngiomas. Neurosurgery 46:291-302; discussion 302-305
291. Daousi C, Dunn AJ, Foy PM, MacFarlane IA, Pinkney JH 2005 Endocrine and neuroanatomic features associated with weight gain and obesity in adult patients with hypothalamic damage. Am J Med 118:45-50
292. Müller HL, Emser A, Faldum A, Bruhnken G, Etavard-Gorris N, Gebhardt U, Oeverink R, Kolb R, Sörensen N 2004 Longitudinal study on growth and body mass index before and after diagnosis of childhood craniopharyngioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3298-3305
293. Müller HL, Bueb K, Bartels U, Roth C, Harz K, Graf N, Korinthenberg R, Bettendorf M, Kühl J, Gutjahr P, Sörensen N, Calaminus G 2001 Obesity after childhood craniopharyngioma-German multicenter study on preoperative risk factors and quality of life. Klinische Padiatrie 213:244-249
294. Müller HL, Faldum A, Etavard-Gorris N, Gebhardt U, Oeverink R, Kolb R, Sörensen N 2003 Functional capacity, obesity and hypothalamic involvement: cross-sectional study on 212 patients with childhood craniopharyngioma. Klinische Padiatrie 215:310-314
295. de Vile CJ, Grant DB, Hayward RD, Kendall BE, Neville BG, Stanhope R 1996 Obesity in childhood craniopharyngioma: relation to post-operative hypothalamic damage shown by magnetic resonance imaging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2734-2737
296. Lustig RH, Post SR, Srivannaboon K, Rose SR, Danish RK, Burghen GA, Xiong X, Wu S, Merchant TE 2003 Risk factors for the development of obesity in children surviving brain tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:611-616
297. Müller HL, Heinrich M, Bueb K, Etavard-Gorris N, Gebhardt U, Kolb R, Sörensen N 2003 Perioperative dexamethasone treatment in childhood craniopharyngioma. Influence on short-term and long-term weight gain. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 111:330-334
298. Roth C, Wilken B, Hanefeld F, Schröter W, Leonhardt U 1998 Hyperphagia in children with craniopharyngioma is associated with hyperleptinaemia and a failure in the downregulation of appetite. Eur J Endocrinol 138:89-91
299. Harz KJ, Müller HL, Waldeck E, Pudel V, Roth C 2003 Obesity in patients with craniopharyngioma: assessment of food intake and movement counts indicating physical activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5227-5231
300. Roth CL, Hunneman DH, Gebhardt U, Stoffel-Wagner B, Reinehr T, Müller HL 2007 Reduced sympathetic metabolites in urine of obese patients with craniopharyngioma. Pediatr Res 61:496-501
301. Müller HL, Handwerker G, Wollny B, Faldum A, Sörensen N 2002 Melatonin secretion and increased daytime sleepiness in childhood craniopharyngioma patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3993-3996
302. Lustig RH 2008 Hypothalamic obesity: causes, consequences, treatment. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 6:220-227
303. Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL, Lindstrom RC, Steig AJ, Stob NR, Van Pelt RE, Wang H, Eckel RH 2008 The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 29:777-822
304. Mong S, Pomeroy SL, Cecchin F, Juraszek A, Alexander ME 2008 Cardiac risk after craniopharyngioma therapy. Pediatr Neurol 38:256-260
305. Szeifert GT, Sipos L, Horváth M, Sarker MH, Major O, Salomváry B, Czirják S, Bálint K, Slowik F, Kolonics L 1993 Pathological characteristics of surgically removed craniopharyngiomas. Analysis of 131 cases. Acta Neurochirurgica 124:139-143
306. Adamson TE, Wiestler OD, Kleihues P, Yå argil MG1990 Correlation of clinical and pathological features in surgically treated craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg 73:12-17
307. Crotty TB, Scheithauer BW, Young Jr WF, Davis DH, Shaw EG, Miller GM, Burger PC 1995 Papillary craniopharyngioma - a clinicopathological study of 48 cases. J Neurosurg 83:206-214
308. Weiner HL, Wisoff JH, Rosenberg ME, Kupersmith MJ, Cohen H, Zagzag D, Shiminski-Maher T, Flamm ES, Epstein FJ, Miller DC 1994 Craniopharyngiomas: a clinicopathological analysis of factors predictive of recurrence and functional outcome. Neurosurgery 35:1001-1010; discussion 1010-1011
309. Brada M, Rajan B, Traish D, Ashley S, Holmes-Sellors PJ, Nussey S, Uttley D 1993 The long-term efficacy of conservative surgery and radiotherapy in the control of pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38:571-578
310. Breen P, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Martinez AJ 1998 Radiotherapy for nonfunctional pituitary adenoma: analysis of long-term tumor control. J Neurosurg 89:933-938
311. Ferrante E, Ferraroni M, Castrignanò T, Menicatti L, Anagni M, Reimondo G, Del Monte P, Bernasconi D, Loli P, Faustini-Fustini M, Borretta G, Terzolo M, Losa M, Morabito A, Spada A, Beck-Peccoz P, Lania AG 2006 Non-functioning pituitary adenoma database: a useful resource to improve the clinical management of pituitary tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 155:823-829
312. Gittoes NJ, Bates AS, Tse W, Bullivant B, Sheppard MC, Clayton RN, Stewart PM 1998 Radiotherapy for non-function pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 48: 331-337
313. Jaffrain-Rea ML, Derome P, Bataini JP, Thomopoulos P, Bertagna X, Luton JP 1993 Influence of radiotherapy on long-term relapse in clinically non-secreting pituitary adenomas. A retrospective study (1970-1988). Eur J Med 2:398-403
314. Park P, Chandler WF, Barkan AL, Orrego JJ, Cowan JA, Griffith KA, Tsien C 2004 The role of radiation therapy after surgical resection of nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas. Neurosurgery 55:100 -106; discussion 106-7
315. Tsang RW, Brierley JD, Panzarella T, Gospodarowicz MK, Sutcliffe SB, Simpson WJ 1994 Radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma: treatment outcome and prognostic factors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30:557-565
316. van den Bergh AC, van den Berg G, Schoorl MA, Sluiter WJ, van der Vliet AM, Hoving EW, Szabó BG, Langendijk JA, Wolffenbuttel BH, Dullaart RP 2007 Immediate postoperative radiotherapy in residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: beneficial effect on local control without additional negative impact on pituitary function and life expectancy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 67:863-869
317. Woollons AC, Hunn MK, Rajapakse YR, Toomath R, Hamilton DA, Conaglen JV, Balakrishnan V 2000 Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: indications for postoperative radiotherapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53:713-717
318. Barrande G, Pittino-Lungo M, Coste J, Ponvert D, Bertagna X, Luton JP, Bertherat J 2000 Hormonal and metabolic effects of radiotherapy in acromegaly: long-term results in 128 patients followed in a single center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3779-3785
319. Biermasz NR, Dulken HV, Roelfsema F 2000 Postoperative radiotherapy in acromegaly is effective in reducing GH concentration to safe levels. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53:321-327
320. Biermasz NR, van Dulken H, Roelfsema F 2000 Long-term follow-up results of postoperative radiotherapy in 36 patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2476-2482
321. Powell JS, Wardlaw SL, Post KD, Freda PU 2000 Outcome of radiotherapy for acromegaly using normalization of insulin- like growth factor I to define cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2068-2071
322. Minniti G, Brada M 2007 Radiotherapy and radiosurgery for Cushing's disease. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 51: 1373-1380
323. Estrada J, Boronat M, Mielgo M, Magallón R, Millan I, Díez S, Lucas T, Barceló B 1997 The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med 336:172-177
324. Biermasz NR, van Dulken H, Roelfsema F 2000 Long-term follow-up results of postoperative radiotherapy in 36 patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2476-2482
325. Jenkins PJ, Bates P, Carson MN, Stewart PM, Wass JA 2006 Conventional pituitary irradiation is effective in lowering serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor- I in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1239-1245
326. Flickinger JC, Nelson PB, Taylor FH, Robinson A 1989 Incidence of cerebral infarction after radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. Cancer 63:2404-2408
327. Brada M, Burchell L, Ashley S, Traish D 1999 The incidence of cerebrovascular accidents in patients with pituitary adenoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 45:693-698
328. Brada M, Ashley S, Ford D, Traish D, Burchell L, Rajan B 2002 Cerebrovascular mortality in patients with pituitary adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:713-717
329. Littley MD, Shalet SM, Beardwell CG, Ahmed SR, Applegate G, Sutton ML 1989 Hypopituitarism following external radiotherapy for pituitary tumours in adults. Q J Med 70:145-160
330. al-Mefty O, Kersh JE, Routh A, Smith RR 1990 The longterm side effects of radiation therapy for benign brain tumors in adults. J Neurosurg 73:502-512
331. Erfurth EM, Bülow B, Svahn-Tapper G, Norrving B, Odh K, Mikoczy Z, Björk J, Hagmar L 2002 Risk factors for cerebrovascular deaths in patients operated and irradiated for pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:4892-4899
332. Fajardo LF 1999 Is the pathology of radiation injury different in small vs large blood vessels? Cardiovasc Radiat Med 1:108-110
333. Fajardo LF, Berthrong M 1988 Vascular lesions following radiation. Pathol Annu 23:297-330
334. Fajardo LF 1989 The unique physiology of endothelial cells and its implications in radiobiology. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 23:96-112
335. Fajardo LF, Stewart JR 1973 Pathogenesis of radiation-induced myocardial fibrosis. Lab Invest 29:244-257
336. Boivin JF, Hutchison GB, Lubin JH, Mauch P 1992 Coronary artery disease mortality in patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 69:1241-1247
337. Hancock SL, Tucker MA, Hoppe RT 1993 Factors affecting late mortality from heart disease after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. JAMA 270:1949-1955 (Pubitemid 23312611)
338. Gittoes NJ 2003 Radiotherapy for non-functioning pituitary tumors - when and under what circumstances? Pituitary 6:103-108
339. Bliss P, Kerr GR, Gregor A 1994 Incidence of second brain tumours after pituitary irradiation in Edinburgh 1962- 1990. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 6:361-363
340. Brada M, Ford D, Ashley S, Bliss JM, Crowley S, Mason M, Rajan B, Traish D 1992 Risk of second brain tumour after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. BMJ 304:1343-1346
341. Tsang RW, Laperriere NJ, Simpson WJ, Brierley J, Panzarella T, Smyth HS 1993 Glioma arising after radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma. A report of four patients and estimation of risk. Cancer 72:2227-2233
342. Popovic V, Damjanovic S, Micic D, Nesovic M, Djurovic M, Petakov M, Obradovic S, Zoric S, Simic M, Penezic Z, Marinkovic J 1998 Increased incidence of neoplasia in patients with pituitary adenomas. The Pituitary Study Group. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 49:441-445
343. Shih HA, Loeffler JS 2008 Radiation therapy in acromegaly. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 9:59-65
344. Arita K, Kurisu K, Tominaga A, Eguchi K, Iida K, Uozumi T, Kasagi F 2003 Mortality in 154 surgically treated patients with acromegaly - a 10-year follow-up survey. Endocr J 50:163-172