Amyloid beta: Multiple mechanisms of toxicity and only some protective effects?

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

Volumn 2014, Issue , 2014, Pages

  Carrillo Mora, Paul ^a   Luna, Rogelio ^b   Colín Barenque, Laura ^c  

^a Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitatión   (Mexico)

^b INSTITUTO DE FISIOLOGÍA CELULAR   (Mexico)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE; AMYLOID BETAS; CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS; EXCITOTOXICITY; EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; PROTECTIVE EFFECTS;

AMINO ACIDS; GLYCOPROTEINS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;

PHYSIOLOGY;

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; ANTIOXIDANT; BETA CATENIN; CHLORPHENIRAMINE MALEATE PLUS PHENYLEPHRINE; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR; INSULIN RECEPTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; WNT PROTEIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; CELL CYCLE; DISORDERS OF MITOCHONDRIAL FUNCTIONS; HUMAN; MEMBRANE BIOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYNAPSE; ANIMAL; DRUG EFFECTS; METABOLISM; MITOCHONDRION; TOXICITY;

AMYLOID BETA-PEPTIDES; ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANTS; HUMANS; MITOCHONDRIA; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84896857538     PISSN: 19420900     EISSN: 19420994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2014/795375     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Ferri C. P., Prince M., Brayne C., Brodaty H., Fratiglioni L., Ganguli M., Hall K., Hasegawa K., Hendrie H., Huang Y., Jorm A., Mathers C., Menezes P. R., Rimmer E., Scazufca M., Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. The Lancet 2005 366 9503 2112 2117 2-s2.0-29144508843 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67889-0
2. Reitz C., Brayne C., Mayeux R., Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Nature Reviews Neurology 2011 7 3 137 152 2-s2.0-79952574501 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.2
3. Drachman D. A., Aging of the brain, entropy, and Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006 67 8 1340 1352 2-s2.0-33750361022 10.1212/01.wnl.0000240127. 89601.83
4. Hardy J., Allsop D., Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 1991 12 10 383 388 2-s2.0-0025899041 10.1016/0165-6147(91)90609-V
5. Allsop D., Landon M., Kidd M., The isolation and amino acid composition of senile plaque core protein. Brain Research 1983 259 2 348 352 2-s2.0-0020675058 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91273-8
6. Vetrivel K. S., Thinakaran G., Amyloidogenic processing of β -amyloid precursor protein in intracellular compartments. Neurology 2006 66 2 S69 S73 2-s2.0-33644849690
7. Atwood C. S., Obrenovich M. E., Liu T., Chan H., Perry G., Smith M. A., Martins R. N., Amyloid- β: a chameleon walking in two worlds: a review of the trophic and toxic properties of amyloid- β Brain Research Reviews 2003 43 1 1 16 2-s2.0-0141853765 10.1016/S0165-0173(03)00174-7
8. Lecanu L., Are anti-amyloid therapies still worth being developed as treatment for Alzheimer's disease? Practical Neurology 2010 8 22 25
9. Joshi S., Morley J. E., Cognitive impairment. Medical Clinics of North America 2006 90 5 769 787 2-s2.0-33748319726 10.1016/j.mcna.2006.05.014
10. Bloom B. S., De Pouvourville N., Straus W. L., Cost of illness of Alzheimer's disease: how useful are current estimates? Gerontologist 2003 43 2 158 164 2-s2.0-0037387097
11. Cummings J. L., Alzheimer's disease. The New England Journal of Medicine 2004 351 11 56 67
12. Sleegers K., Lambert J.-C., Bertram L., Cruts M., Amouyel P., Van Broeckhoven C., The pursuit of susceptibility genes for Alzheimer's disease: progress and prospects. Trends in Genetics 2010 26 2 84 93 2-s2.0-75149138378 10.1016/j.tig.2009.12.004
13. Butler A. W., Ng M. Y. M., Hamshere M. L., Forabosco P., Wroe R., Al-Chalabi A., Lewis C. M., Powell J. F., Meta-analysis of linkage studies for Alzheimer's disease-A web resource. Neurobiology of Aging 2009 30 7 1037 1047 2-s2.0-67349127527 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.03.013
14. Braak H., Braak E., Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathologica 1991 82 4 239 259 2-s2.0-0025863618
15. Thal D. R., Rüb U., Orantes M., Braak H., Phases of A β -deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology 2002 58 12 1791 1800 2-s2.0-0037172826
16. Glenner G. G., Wong C. W., Alzheimer's disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1984 120 3 885 890 2-s2.0-0021256895
17. Glenner G. G., Wong C. W., Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome: sharing of a unique cerebrovascular amyloid fibril protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1984 122 3 1131 1135 2-s2.0-0021207461
18. Masters C. L., Simms G., Weinman N. A., Multhaup G., McDonald B. L., Beyreuther K., Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and down syndrome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1985 82 12 4245 4249 2-s2.0-0012510759
19. Gorevic P. D., Goni F., Pons-Estel B., Isolation and partial characterization of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaque core in Alzheimer's disease: immunohistological studies. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 1986 45 6 647 664 2-s2.0-0023037536
20. Tanzi R. E., Gusella J. F., Watkins P. C., Amyloid β protein gene: cDNA, mRNA distribution, and genetic linkage near the Alzheimer locus. Science 1987 235 4791 880 884 2-s2.0-0023109592
21. Goldgaber D., Lerman M. I., McBride O. W., Characterization and chromosomal localization of a cDNA encodingbrain amyloid of Alzheimer's disease. Science 1987 235 4791 877 880 2-s2.0-0023132387
22. Goate A., Chartier-Harlin M.-C., Mullan M., Brown J., Crawford F., Fidani L., Giuffra L., Haynes A., Irving N., James L., Mant R., Newton P., Rooke K., Roques P., Talbot C., Pericak-Vance M., Roses A., Williamson R., Hardy J., Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1991 349 6311 704 706 2-s2.0-0026088977 10.1038/349704a0
23. Hardy J. A., Higgins G. A., Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. Science 1992 256 5054 184 185 2-s2.0-0026597063
24. Eckman C. B., Eckman E. A., An update on the amyloid hypothesis. Neurologic Clinics 2007 25 3 669 682 2-s2.0-34447345415 10.1016/j.ncl.2007.03. 007
25. Postina R., A closer look at α -secretase. Current Alzheimer Research 2008 5 2 179 186 2-s2.0-42149165496 10.2174/156720508783954668
26. Nathalie P., Jean-Noël O., Processing of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid peptide neurotoxicity. Current Alzheimer Research 2008 5 2 92 99 2-s2.0-42149164312 10.2174/156720508783954721
27. Canevari L., Clark J. B., Bates T. E., β -Amyloid fragment 25-35 selectively decreases complex IV activity in isolated mitochondria. FEBS Letters 1999 457 1 131 134 2-s2.0-0032810909 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01028-5
28. Lin H., Bhatia R., Lal R., Amyloid β protein forms ion channels: implications for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. FASEB Journal 2001 15 13 2433 2444 2-s2.0-0035159553 10.1096/fj.01-0377com
29. Rosales-Corral S., Tan D.-X., Reiter R. J., Valdivia-Velázquez M., Acosta-Martínez J. P., Ortiz G. G., Kinetics of the neuroinflammation- oxidative stress correlation in rat brain following the injection of fibrillar amyloid- β onto the hippocampus in vivo. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2004 150 1-2 20 28 2-s2.0-1842738222 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.01.005
30. Butterfield D. A., Reed T., Newman S. F., Sultana R., Roles of amyloid β -peptide-associated oxidative stress and brain protein modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2007 43 5 658 677 2-s2.0-34547102265 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.05.037
31. Parameshwaran K., Dhanasekaran M., Suppiramaniam V., Amyloid beta peptides and glutamatergic synaptic dysregulation. Experimental Neurology 2008 210 1 7 13 2-s2.0-39149117756 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.10.008
32. Varadarajan S., Yatin S., Aksenova M., Butterfield D. A., Review: alzheimer's amyloid β -peptide-associated free radical oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Journal of Structural Biology 2000 130 2-3 184 208 2-s2.0-0033860372 10.1006/jsbi.2000.4274
33. Kontush A., Berndt C., Weber W., Akopyan V., Arlt S., Schippling S., Beisiegel U., Amyloid- β is an antioxidant for lipoproteins in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2001 30 1 119 128 2-s2.0-0035178803 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00458-5
34. Smith D. G., Cappai R., Barnham K. J., The redox chemistry of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid β peptide. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2007 1768 8 1976 1990 2-s2.0-34547147090 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.002
35. Hureau C., Faller P., A β -mediated ROS production by Cu ions: structural insights, mechanisms and relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Biochimie 2009 91 10 1212 1217 2-s2.0-69749106568 10.1016/j.biochi.2009.03.013
36. Rottkamp C. A., Raina A. K., Zhu X., Gaier E., Bush A. I., Atwood C. S., Chevion M., Perry G., Smith M. A., Redox-active iron mediates amyloid- β toxicity. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2001 30 4 447 450 2-s2.0-0035865905 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00494-9
37. Butterfield D. A., Boyd-Kimball D., The critical role of methionine 35 in Alzheimer's amyloid β -peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2005 1703 2 149 156 2-s2.0-12844266117 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.10.014
38. Dong J., Atwood C. S., Anderson V. E., Siedlak S. L., Smith M. A., Perry G., Carey P. R., Metal binding and oxidation of amyloid- β within isolated senile plaque cores: raman microscopic evidence. Biochemistry 2003 42 10 2768 2773 2-s2.0-0346106076 10.1021/bi0272151
39. DaSilva K. A., Shaw J. E., McLaurin J., Amyloid- β fibrillogenesis: structural insight and therapeutic intervention. Experimental Neurology 2010 223 2 311 321 2-s2.0-77950941375 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.032
40. Wan L., Nie G., Zhang J., Luo Y., Zhang P., Zhang Z., Zhao B., β -Amyloid peptide increases levels of iron content and oxidative stress in human cell and Caenorhabditis elegans models of Alzheimer disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2011 50 1 122 129 2-s2.0-78650685650 10.1016/j. freeradbiomed.2010.10.707
41. Selkoe D. J., Soluble oligomers of the amyloid β -protein impair synaptic plasticity and behavior. Behavioural Brain Research 2008 192 1 106 113 2-s2.0-44549087765 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.016
42. Reddy P. H., Beal M. F., Amyloid beta, mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage: implications for cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Trends in Molecular Medicine 2008 14 2 45 53 2-s2.0-39149122810 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.12.002
43. Oddo S., Caccamo A., Shepherd J. D., Murphy M. P., Golde T. E., Kayed R., Metherate R., Mattson M. P., Akbari Y., LaFerla F. M., Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer's Disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular A β and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron 2003 39 3 409 421 2-s2.0-0042697305 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00434-3
44. Walsh D. M., Klyubin I., Fadeeva J. V., Cullen W. K., Anwyl R., Wolfe M. S., Rowan M. J., Selkoe D. J., Naturally secreted oligomers of amyloid β protein potently inhibit hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Nature 2002 416 6880 535 539 2-s2.0-0037041426 10.1038/416535a
45. Cerpa W., Dinamarca M. C., Inestrosa N. C., Structure-function implications in Alzheimer's disease: effect of A β oligomers at central synapses. Current Alzheimer Research 2008 5 3 233 243 2-s2.0-45249108473 10.2174/156720508784533321
46. Tsai J., Grutzendler J., Duff K., Gan W.-B., Fibrillar amyloid deposition leads to local synaptic abnormalities and breakage of neuronal branches. Nature Neuroscience 2004 7 11 1181 1183 2-s2.0-7044220336 10.1038/nn1335
47. Li S., Hong S., Shepardson N. E., Walsh D. M., Shankar G. M., Selkoe D., Soluble oligomers of amyloid β protein facilitate hippocampal long-term depression by disrupting neuronal glutamate uptake. Neuron 2009 62 6 788 801 2-s2.0-67249087641 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.05.012
48. Moreno H., Yu E., Pigino G., Hernandez A. I., Kim N., Moreira J. E., Sugimori M., Llinás R. R., Synaptic transmission block by presynaptic injection of oligomeric amyloid beta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009 106 14 5901 5906 2-s2.0-65249174019 10.1073/pnas.0900944106
49. Pigino G., Morfini G., Atagi Y., Deshpande A., Yu C., Jungbauer L., LaDu M., Busciglio J., Brady S., Disruption of fast axonal transport is a pathogenic mechanism for intraneuronal amyloid beta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2009 106 14 5907 5912 2-s2.0-65249161745 10.1073/pnas.0901229106
50. Shipton O. A., Leitz J. R., Dworzak J., Acton C. E. J., Tunbridge E. M., Denk F., Dawson H. N., Vitek M. P., Wade-Martins R., Paulsen O., Vargas-Caballero M., Tau protein is required for amyloid β -induced impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation. Journal of Neuroscience 2011 31 5 1688 1692 2-s2.0-79551510136 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2610-10.2011
51. Verdier Y., Penke B., Binding sites of amyloid β -peptide in cell plasma membrane and implications for Alzheimer's disease. Current Protein and Peptide Science 2004 5 1 19 31 2-s2.0-1442351177 10.2174/1389203043486937
52. Michaelis E. K., Molecular biology of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system and their role in excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and aging. Progress in Neurobiology 1998 54 4 369 415 2-s2.0-0032473367 10.1016/S0301-0082(97)00055-5
53. Cowburn R. F., Wiehager B., Trief E., Li-Li M., Sundström E., Effects of β -amyloid-(25-35) peptides on radioligand binding to excitatory amino acid receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels: evidence for a selective affinity for the glutamate and glycine recognition sites of the NMDA receptor. Neurochemical Research 1997 22 12 1437 1442 2-s2.0-0030817292 10.1023/A:1021942109490
54. Harkany T., Ábrahám I., Timmerman W., Laskay G., Tóth B., Sasvári M., Kónya C., Sebens J. B., Korf J., Nyakas C., Zarándi M., Soós K., Penke B., Luiten P. G. M., β -Amyloid neurotoxicity is mediated by a glutamate-triggered excitotoxic cascade in rat nucleus basalis. European Journal of Neuroscience 2000 12 8 2735 2745 2-s2.0-0033816844 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00164.x
55. Miguel-Hidalgo J. J., Alvarez X. A., Cacabelos R., Quack G., Neuroprotection by memantine against neurodegeneration induced by β -amyloid(1-40). Brain Research 2002 958 1 210 221 2-s2.0-0037146905 10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03731-9
56. Lesné S., Ali C., Gabriel C., Croci N., MacKenzie E. T., Glabe C. G., Plotkine M., Marchand-Verrecchia C., Vivien D., Buisson A., NMDA receptor activation inhibits α -secretase and promotes neuronal amyloid- β production. Journal of Neuroscience 2005 25 41 9367 9377 2-s2.0-26844574739 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0849-05.2005
57. Bordji K., Becerril-Ortega J., Nicole O., Buisson A., Activation of extrasynaptic, but not synaptic, NMDA receptors modifies amyloid precursor protein expression pattern and increases amyloid- β production. Journal of Neuroscience 2010 30 47 15927 15942 2-s2.0-78649417803 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3021- 10.2010
58. Bi X., Gall C. M., Zhou J., Lynch G., Uptake and pathogenic effects of amyloid beta peptide 1-42 are enhanced by integrin antagonists and blocked by NMDA receptor antagonists. Neuroscience 2002 112 4 827 840 2-s2.0-0037135272 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00132-X
59. Johansson S., Radesäter A. C., Cowburn R. F., Modelling of amyloid beta-peptide induced lesions using roller-drum incubation of hippocampal slice cultures from neonatal rats. Experimental Brain Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Expérimentation Cérébrale 2006 168 59 11 24
60. Snyder E. M., Nong Y., Almeida C. G., Paul S., Moran T., Choi E. Y., Nairn A. C., Salter M. W., Lombroso P. J., Gouras G. K., Greengard P., Regulation of NMDA receptor trafficking by amyloid- β Nature Neuroscience 2005 8 8 1051 1058 2-s2.0-23044445669 10.1038/nn1503
61. Texidó L., Martín-Satué M., Alberdi E., Amyloid β peptide oligomers directly activate NMDA receptors. Cell Calcium 2011 49 61 184 190
62. Rammes G., Hasenjäger A., Sroka-Saidi K., Deussing J. M., Parsons C. G., Therapeutic significance of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors and mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptors in mediating the synaptotoxic effects of β -amyloid oligomers on long-term potentiation (LTP) in murine hippocampal slices. Neuropharmacology 2011 60 6 982 990 2-s2.0-79952454330 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.051
63. Gasparini L., Dityatev A., β -amyloid and glutamate receptors. Experimental Neurology 2008 212 1 1 4 2-s2.0-44749089401 10.1016/j.expneurol. 2008.03.005
64. Rui Y., Gu J., Yu K., Hartzell H. C., Zheng J. Q., Inhibition of AMPA receptor trafficking at hippocampal synapses by -amyloid oligomers: the mitochondrial contribution. Molecular Brain 2010 3 1, article 10 2-s2.0-77950893260 10.1186/1756-6606-3-10
65. Alberdi E., Sánchez-Gómez M. V., Cavaliere F., Pérez-Samartín A., Zugaza J. L., Trullas R., Domercq M., Matute C., Amyloid β oligomers induce Ca2+ dysregulation and neuronal death through activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. Cell Calcium 2010 47 3 264 272 2-s2.0-77949267093 10.1016/j.ceca.2009.12.010
66. Nagele R. G., D'Andrea M. R., Anderson W. J., Wang H.-Y., Intracellular accumulation of β -amyloid1-42 in neurons is facilitated by the α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2002 110 2 199 211 2-s2.0-0037066072 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00460-2
67. Oddo S., Caccamo A., Green K. N., Liang K., Tran L., Chen Y., Leslie F. M., LaFerla F. M., Chronic nicotine administration exacerbates tau pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005 102 8 3046 3051 2-s2.0-14544304591 10.1073/pnas.0408500102
68. Pym L. J., Buckingham S. D., Tsetlin V., Boyd C. A. R., Sattelle D. B., The A β 1-42M35C mutated amyloid peptide A β 1-42 and the 25-35 fragment fail to mimic the subtype-specificity of actions on recombinant human nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α 7, α 4 β 2, α 3 β 4). Neuroscience Letters 2007 427 1 28 33 2-s2.0-35348945928 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.08.041
69. Pavía J., Alberch J., Alvárez I., Toledano A., De Ceballos M. L., Repeated intracerebroventricular administration of β -amyloid25-35 to rats decreases muscarinic receptors in cerebral cortex. Neuroscience Letters 2000 278 1-2 69 72 2-s2.0-0033988554 10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00900-3
70. Bellucci A., Luccarini I., Scali C., Prosperi C., Giovannini M. G., Pepeu G., Casamenti F., Cholinergic dysfunction, neuronal damage and axonal loss in TgCRND8 mice. Neurobiology of Disease 2006 23 2 260 272 2-s2.0-33746041397 10.1016/j.nbd.2006.03.012
71. Hernandez C. M., Kayed R., Zheng H., Sweatt J. D., Dineley K. T., Loss of α 7 nicotinic receptors enhances β -amyloid oligomer accumulation, exacerbating early-stage cognitive decline and septohippocampal pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience 2010 30 7 2442 2453 2-s2.0-77249153190 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5038-09.2010
72. Zhang Y., McLaughlin R., Goodyer C., LeBlanc A., Selective cytotoxicity of intracellular amyloid β peptide1-42 through p53 and Bax in cultured primary human neurons. Journal of Cell Biology 2002 156 3 519 529 2-s2.0-0037017399 10.1083/jcb.200110119
73. Wang X., Su B., Perry G., Smith M. A., Zhu X., Insights into amyloid- β -induced mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2007 43 12 1569 1573 2-s2.0-36248988467 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.09.007
74. Lustbader J. W., Cirilli M., Lin C., ABAD directly links Abeta to mitochondrial toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Science 2004 304 74 448 452
75. Hansson Petersen C. A., Alikhani N., Behbahani H., Wiehager B., Pavlov P. F., Alafuzoff I., Leinonen V., Ito A., Winblad B., Glaser E., Ankarcrona M., The amyloid β -peptide is imported into mitochondria via the TOM import machinery and localized to mitochondrial cristae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 105 35 13145 13150 2-s2.0-51349110166 10.1073/pnas.0806192105
76. Casley C. S., Canevari L., Land J. M., Clark J. B., Sharpe M. A., β -Amyloid inhibits integrated mitochondrial respiration and key enzyme activities. Journal of Neurochemistry 2002 80 1 91 100 2-s2.0-0036272650 10.1046/j.0022-3042.2001.00681.x
77. Moreira P. I., Santos M. S., Oliveira C. R., Alzheimer's disease: a lesson from mitochondrial dysfunction. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2007 9 10 1621 1630 2-s2.0-34648831384 10.1089/ars.2007.1703
78. Schmidt C., Lepsverdize E., Chi S. L., Das A. M., Pizzo S. V., Dityatev A., Schachner M., Amyloid precursor protein and amyloid β -peptide bind to ATP synthase and regulate its activity at the surface of neural cells. Molecular Psychiatry 2008 13 10 953 969 2-s2.0-51949099008 10.1038/sj.mp.4002077
79. Sirk D., Zhu Z., Wadia J. S., Shulyakova N., Phan N., Fong J., Mills L. R., Chronic exposure to sub-lethal beta-amyloid (A β) inhibits the import of nuclear-encoded proteins to mitochondria in differentiated PC12 cells. Journal of Neurochemistry 2007 103 5 1989 2003 2-s2.0-36248991348 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04907.x
80. Reddy P. H., McWeeney S., Park B. S., Manczak M., Gutala R. V., Partovi D., Jung Y., Yau V., Searles R., Mori M., Quinn J., Gene expression profiles of transcripts in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice: Up-regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and apoptotic genes is an early cellular change in Alzheimer's disease. Human Molecular Genetics 2004 13 12 1225 1240 2-s2.0-3042736860 10.1093/hmg/ddh140
81. Swerdlow R. H., Burns J. M., Khan S. M., The Alzheimer's disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2010 20 81, supplement 2 s265 s279
82. Arispe N., Diaz J. C., Simakova O., A β ion channels: prospects for treating Alzheimer's disease with A β channel blockers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2007 1768 8 1952 1965 2-s2.0-34547214510 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007. 03.014
83. Arispe N., Rojas E., Pollard H. B., Alzheimer disease amyloid β protein forms calcium channels in bilayer membranes: blockade by tromethamine and aluminum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993 90 2 567 571 2-s2.0-0027508926 10.1073/pnas.90.2.567
84. Esposito C., Tedeschi A., Scrima M., D'Errico G., Ottaviani M. F., Rovero P., D'ursi A. M., Exploring interaction of β -amyloid segment (25-35) with membrane models through paramagnetic probes. Journal of Peptide Science 2006 12 12 766 774 2-s2.0-33845648492 10.1002/psc.811
85. Lau T.-L., Gehman J. D., Wade J. D., Perez K., Masters C. L., Barnham K. J., Separovic F., Membrane interactions and the effect of metal ions of the amyloidogenic fragment A β (25-35) in comparison to A β (1-42). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2007 1768 10 2400 2408 2-s2.0-34948814069 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.05.004
86. Kawahara M., Kuroda Y., Molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration induced by Alzheimer's β -amyloid protein: channel formation and disruption of calcium homeostasis. Brain Research Bulletin 2000 53 4 389 397 2-s2.0-0034319190 10.1016/S0361-9230(00)00370-1
87. Gehman J. D., O'Brien C. C., Shabanpoor F., Wade J. D., Separovic F., Metal effects on the membrane interactions of amyloid- β peptides. European Biophysics Journal 2008 37 3 333 344 2-s2.0-39749176991 10.1007/s00249-007- 0251-2
88. Matsuzaki K., Physicochemical interactions of amyloid β -peptide with lipid bilayers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2007 1768 8 1935 1942 2-s2.0-34547350809 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.009
89. Miyaoka T., Seno H., Ishino H., Increased expression of Wnt-1 in schizophrenic brains. Schizophrenia Research 1999 38 1 1 6 2-s2.0-0033609561 10.1016/S0920-9964(98)00179-0
90. Huelsken J., Behrens J., The Wnt signalling pathway. Journal of Cell Science 2002 115 21 3977 3978 2-s2.0-0036860704 10.1242/jcs.00089
91. Palacino J. J., Murphy M. P., Murayama O., Iwasaki K., Fujiwara M., Takashima A., Golde T. E., Wolozin B., Presenilin 1 regulates β -catenin-mediated transcription in a glycogen synthase kinase-3-independent fashion. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2001 276 42 38563 38569 2-s2.0-0035914322 10.1074/jbc.M105376200
92. Magdesian M. H., Carvalho M. M. V. F., Mendes F. A., Saraiva L. M., Juliano M. A., Juliano L., Garcia-Abreu J., Ferreira S. T., Amyloid- β binds to the extracellular cysteine-rich domain of frizzled and inhibits Wnt/ β -catenin signaling. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2008 283 14 9359 9368 2-s2.0-44049089139 10.1074/jbc.M707108200
93. Boonen R. A. C. M., van Tijn P., Zivkovic D., Wnt signaling in Alzheimer's disease: up or down, that is the question. Ageing Research Reviews 2009 8 2 71 82 2-s2.0-60949111784 10.1016/j.arr.2008.11.003
94. De Ferrari G. V., Chacón M. A., Barría M. I., Activation of Wnt signaling rescues neurodegeneration and behavioral impairments induced by beta-amyloid fibrils. Molecular Psychiatry 2003 8 94 195 208
95. Alvarez A. R., Godoy J. A., Mullendorff K., Olivares G. H., Bronfman M., Inestrosa N. C., Wnt-3a overcomes β -amyloid toxicity in rat hippocampal neurons. Experimental Cell Research 2004 297 1 186 196 2-s2.0-2942578107 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.02.028
96. Garrido J. L., Godoy J. A., Alvarez A., Bronfman M., Inestrosa N. C., Protein kinase C inhibits amyloid beta peptide neurotoxicity by acting on members of the Wnt pathway. The FASEB Journal 2002 16 14 1982 1984 2-s2.0-0036884291
97. Fuentealba R. A., Farias G., Scheu J., Bronfman M., Marzolo M. P., Inestrosa N. C., Signal transduction during amyloid- β -peptide neurotoxicity: role in Alzheimer disease. Brain Research Reviews 2004 47 1-3 275 289 2-s2.0-9644275641 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.018
98. Zhang X., Yin W.-K., Shi X.-D., Li Y., Curcumin activates Wnt/ β -catenin signaling pathway through inhibiting the activity of GSK-3 β in APPswe transfected SY5Y cells. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2011 42 5 540 546 2-s2.0-79954628955 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.02.009
99. Zhang L., Yang X., Yang S., Zhang J., The Wnt/ β -catenin signaling pathway in the adult neurogenesis. European Journal of Neuroscience 2011 33 1 1 8 2-s2.0-78650793848 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.7483.x
100. De La Monte S. M., Tong M., Lester-Coll N., Plater M. Jr., Wands J. R., Therapeutic rescue of neurodegeneration in experimental type 3 diabetes: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2006 10 1 89 109 2-s2.0-33748755428
101. Luo H. R., Hattori H., Hossain M. A., Hester L., Huang Y., Lee-Kwon W., Donowitz M., Nagata E., Snyder S. H., Akt as a mediator of cell death. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003 100 20 11712 11717 2-s2.0-0141482027 10.1073/pnas.1634990100
102. Zhao W.-Q., De Felice F. G., Fernandez S., Chen H., Lambert M. P., Quon M. J., Krafft G. A., Klein W. L., Amyloid beta oligomers induce impairment of neuronal insulin receptors. FASEB Journal 2008 22 1 246 260 2-s2.0-38049110692 10.1096/fj.06-7703com
103. Watabe A. M., Zaki P. A., O'Dell T. J., Coactivation of β -adrenergic and cholinergic receptors enhances the induction of long-term potentiation and synergistically activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in the hippocampal CA1 region. Journal of Neuroscience 2000 20 16 5924 5931 2-s2.0-0034663021
104. Dineley K. T., Westerman M., Bui D., Bell K., Ashe K. H., Sweatt J. D., β -Amyloid activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade via hippocampal α 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: in Vitro and in Vivo mechanisms related to Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience 2001 21 12 4125 4133 2-s2.0-0035875962
105. Tang S.-C., Lathia J. D., Selvaraj P. K., Jo D.-G., Mughal M. R., Cheng A., Siler D. A., Markesbery W. R., Arumugam T. V., Mattson M. P., Toll-like receptor-4 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid β -peptide and the membrane lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal. Experimental Neurology 2008 213 1 114 121 2-s2.0-49349097868 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.05.014
106. Lee H.-G., Casadesus G., Zhu X., Castellani R. J., McShea A., Perry G., Petersen R. B., Bajic V., Smith M. A., Cell cycle re-entry mediated neurodegeneration and its treatment role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochemistry International 2009 54 2 84 88 2-s2.0-60649083945 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.10.013
107. Yang Y., Mufson E. J., Herrup K., Neuronal cell death is preceded by cell cycle events at all stages of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neuroscience 2003 23 7 2557 2563 2-s2.0-0344241479
108. Yang Y., Herrup K., Cell division in the CNS: protective response or lethal event in post-mitotic neurons? Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2007 1772 4 457 466 2-s2.0-33947289969 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.10.002
109. Bhaskar K., Miller M., Chludzinski A., Herrup K., Zagorski M., Lamb B. T., The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway regulates a oligomer induced neuronal cell cycle events. Molecular Neurodegeneration 2009 4 1, article 14 2-s2.0-63849230729 10.1186/1750-1326-4-14
110. Kontush A., Amyloid- β: an antioxidant that becomes a pro-oxidant and critically contributes to Alzheimer's disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2001 31 9 1120 1131 2-s2.0-0035500510 10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00688-8
111. Chinwern Chan A. D., Dharmarajan A. A., Atwood C. S., Huang X., Tanzi R. E., Bush A. I., Martins R. N., Anti-apoptotic action of Alzheimer A β Alzheimer's Reports 1999 2 2 113 119 2-s2.0-0000078126
112. Zou K., Gong J.-S., Yanagisawa K., Michikawa M., A novel function of monomeric amyloid β -protein serving as an antioxidant molecule against metal-induced oxidative damage. Journal of Neuroscience 2002 22 12 4833 4841 2-s2.0-0037096251
113. Lönnrot K., Metsä-Ketelä T., Molnár G., The effect of ascorbate and ubiquinone supplementation on plasma and CSF total antioxidant capacity. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 1996 21 113 211 217
114. Plant L. D., Boyle J. P., Smith I. F., Peers C., Pearson H. A., The production of amyloid β peptide is a critical requirement for the viability of central neurons. Journal of Neuroscience 2003 23 13 5531 5535 2-s2.0-0038045587
115. López-Toledano M. A., Shelanski M. L., Neurogenic effect of β -amyloid peptide in the development of neural stem cells. Journal of Neuroscience 2004 24 23 5439 5444 2-s2.0-2942530513 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0974-04. 2004
116. Clemens J. A., Stephenson D. T., Implants containing β -amyloid protein are not neurotoxic to young and old rat brain. Neurobiology of Aging 1992 13 5 581 586 2-s2.0-0026699777 10.1016/0197-4580(92)90059-7
117. Games D., Khan K. M., Soriano F. G., Keim P. S., Davis D. L., Bryant K., Lieberburg I., Lack of Alzheimer pathology after β -amyloid protein injections in rat brain. Neurobiology of Aging 1992 13 5 569 576 2-s2.0-0026757897 10.1016/0197-4580(92)90057-5
118. McKee A. C., Kowall N. W., Schumacher J. S., Beal M. F., The neurotoxicity of amyloid beta protein in aged primates. Amyloid 1998 5 1 1 9 2-s2.0-0032014664
119. Leuner K., Schütt T., Kurz C., Eckert S. H., Schiller C., Occhipinti A., Mai S., Jendrach M., Eckert G. P., Kruse S. E., Palmiter R. D., Brandt U., Dröse S., Wittig I., Willem M., Haass C., Reichert A. S., Müller W. E., Mitochondrion-derived reactive oxygen species lead to enhanced amyloid beta formation. Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 2012 16 12 1421 1433 2-s2.0-84860198618 10.1089/ars.2011.4173
120. Sinha M., Bhowmick P., Banerjee A., Antioxidant role of amyloid β protein in cell-free and biological systems: implication for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2013 56 120 184 192
121. Smith M. A., Casadesus G., Joseph J. A., Perry G., Amyloid- β and τ serve antioxidant functions in the aging and Alzheimer brain. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2002 33 9 1194 1199 2-s2.0-0036829434 10.1016/S0891- 5849(02)01021-3
122. Giuffrida M. L., Caraci F., Pignataro B., Cataldo S., De Bona P., Bruno V., Molinaro G., Pappalardo G., Messina A., Palmigiano A., Garozzo D., Nicoletti F., Rizzarelli E., Copani A., β -amyloid monomers are neuroprotective. Journal of Neuroscience 2009 29 34 10582 10587 2-s2.0-69449090793 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1736-09.2009
123. Niidome T., Goto Y., Kato M., Wang P.-L., Goh S., Tanaka N., Akaike A., Kihara T., Sugimoto H., Non-fibrillar amyloid- β peptide reduces NMDA-induced neurotoxicity, but not AMPA-induced neurotoxicity. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2009 386 4 734 738 2-s2.0-67650500383 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.130
124. Wu J., Anwyl R., Rowan M. J., β -Amyloid selectively augments NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in rat hippocampus. NeuroReport 1995 6 17 2409 2413 2-s2.0-0029417021
125. Wu J., Anwyl R., Rowan M. J., β -amyloid-(1-40) increases long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus. European Journal of Pharmacology 1995 284 3 R1 R3 2-s2.0-0029652085 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00539-W
126. Koudinov A., Koudinova N., Amyloid beta protein restores hippocampal long term potentiation: a central role for cholesterol? Neurobiology of Lipids 2003 1 126 45 56
127. Puzzo D., Privitera L., Leznik E., Fà M., Staniszewski A., Palmeri A., Arancio O., Picomolar amyloid- β positively modulates synaptic plasticity and memory in hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience 2008 28 53 14537 14545 2-s2.0-58149385218 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2692-08.2008
128. Puzzo D., Privitera L., Fa' M., Staniszewski A., Hashimoto G., Aziz F., Sakurai M., Ribe E. M., Troy C. M., Mercken M., Jung S. S., Palmeri A., Arancio O., Endogenous amyloid- β is necessary for hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory. Annals of Neurology 2011 69 5 819 830 2-s2.0-79955474315 10.1002/ana.22313
129. Garcia-Osta A., Alberini C. M., Amyloid beta mediates memory formation. Learning and Memory 2009 16 4 267 272 2-s2.0-63449094785 10.1101/lm.1310209
130. Puzzo D., Privitera L., Palmeri A., Hormetic effect of amyloid-beta peptide in synaptic plasticity and memory. Neurobiology of Aging 2012 33 130 1484.e15 1484.e24 2-s2.0-84856070705 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.020