The Epithelium and Immunoregulation

The Pulmonary Epithelium in Health and Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 201-223

  Rate, Angela ^a   Upham, John W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Airway epithelial cells (AEC); Airway homeostasis epithelial role; Epithelium and immunoregulation; Isolated aggregations of lymphoid cells (IALC); Mucous membranes secretory IgA (sIgA); Pulmonary epithelium and dendritic cells; Pulmonary epithelium and T cells; Pulmonary epithelium, B cells and IgA production

Indexed keywords

EID: 84890624485     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470727010.ch11     Document Type: Chapter

References (147)

1. Agostini, C., Trentin, L., Facco, M., Sancetta, R., Cerutti, A., Tassinari, C., Cimarosto, L., Adami, F., Cipriani, A., Zambello, R. & Semenzato, G. (1996) Role of IL-15, IL-2, and their receptors in the development of T cell alveolitis in pulmonary sarcoidosis, Journal of Immunology, 157, 910-918.
2. Akbari, O., DeKruyff, R. H. & Umetsu, D. T. (2001) Pulmonary dendritic cells producing IL-10 mediate tolerance induced by respiratory exposure to antigen, Nature Immunology, 2, 725-731.
3. Arima, M., Plitt, J., Stellato, C., Bickel, C., Motojima, S., Makino, S., Fukuda, T. & Schleimer, R. P. (1999) Expression of interleukin-16 by human epithelial cells. Inhibition by dexamethasone, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 21, 684-692.
4. Armstrong, L. R., Christensen, P. J., Paine, R., 3rd, Chen, G. H., McDonald, R. A., Lim, T. K. & Toews, G. B. (1994) Regulation of the immunostimulatory activity of rat pulmonary interstitial dendritic cells by cell-cell interactions and cytokines, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 11, 682-691.
5. Augustin, A., Kubo, R. T. & Sim, G. K. (1989) Resident pulmonary lymphocytes expressing the gamma/delta T-cell receptor, Nature, 340, 239-241.
6. Babcock, T. A. & Carlin, J. M. (2000) Transcriptional activation of indoleamine dioxygenase by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha in interferon-treated epithelial cells, Cytokine, 12, 588-594.
7. Bacon, K. B., Premack, B. A., Gardner, P. & Schall, T. J. (1995) Activation of dual T cell signaling pathways by the chemokine RANTES, Science, 269, 1727-1730.
8. Baggiolini, M., Dewald, B. & Moser, B. (1994) Interleukin-8 and related chemotactic cytokines - CXC and CC chemokines, Advances in Immunology, 55, 97-179.
9. Banchereau, J. & Steinman, R. M. (1998) Dendritic cells and the control of immunity, Nature, 392, 245-252.
10. Beagley, K. W., Eldridge, J. H., Lee, F., Kiyono, H., Everson, M. P., Koopman, W. J., Hirano, T., Kishimoto, T. & McGhee, J. R. (1989) Interleukins and IgA synthesis. Human and murine interleukin 6 induce high rate IgA secretion in IgA-committed B cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 169, 2133-2148.
11. Biragyn, A., Ruffini, P. A., Leifer, C. A., Klyushnenkova, E., Shakhov, A., Chertov, O., Shirakawa, A. K., Farber, J. M., Segal, D. M., Oppenheim, J. J. & Kwak, L. W. (2002) Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of dendritic cells by beta-defensin 2, Science, 298, 1025-9.
12. Bland, P. W. & Warren, L. G. (1986) Antigen presentation by epithelial cells of the rat small intestine. I. Kinetics, antigen specificity and blocking by anti-Ia antisera, Immunology, 58, 1-7.
13. Bleck, B., Tse, D. B., Jaspers, I., Curotto de Lafaille, M. A. & Reibman, J. (2006) Diesel exhaust particle-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells induce dendritic cell maturation, Journal of Immunology, 176, 7431-7437.
14. Bonfield, T. L., Konstan, M. W., Burfeind, P., Panuska, J. R., Hilliard, J. B. & Berger, M. (1995) Normal bronchial epithelial cells constitutively produce the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin- 10, which is downregulated in cystic fibrosis, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 13, 257-261.
15. Borchers, M. T., Harris, N. L., Wesselkamper, S. C., Vitucci, M. & Cosman, D. (2006) NKG2D ligands are expressed on stressed human airway epithelial cells, American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 291, L222-L231.
16. Borkowski, T. A., Letterio, J. J., Farr, A. G. & Udey, M. C. (1996) A role for endogenous transforming growth factor beta 1 in Langerhans cell biology: the skin of transforming growth factor beta 1 null mice is devoid of epidermal Langerhans cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 184, 2417-2422.
17. Bugeon, L. & Dallman, M. J. (2000) Costimulation of T cells, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 162, S164-S168.
18. Burnett, D. (1986) Immunoglobulins in the lung, Thorax, 41, 337-344.
19. Bykovskaia, S. N., Buffo, M., Zhang, H., Bunker, M., Levitt, M. L., Agha, M., Marks, S., Evans, C., Ellis, P., Shurin, M. R. & Shogan, J. (1999) The generation of human dendritic and NK cells from hemopoietic progenitors induced by interleukin-15, Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 66, 659-666.
20. Carayol, N., Campbell, A., Vachier, I., Mainprice, B., Bousquet, J., Godard, P. & Chanez, P. (2002) Modulation of cadherin and catenins expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and dexamethasone in human bronchial epithelial cells, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 26, 341-347.
21. Cazac, B. B. & Roes, J. (2000) TGF-beta receptor controls B cell responsiveness and induction of IgA in vivo, Immunity, 13, 443-451.
22. Cerwenka, A. & Swain, S. L. (1999) TGF-beta1: immunosuppressant and viability factor for T lymphocytes, Microbes and Infection, 1, 1291-1296.
23. Chambers, C. A. & Allison, J. P. (1997) Co-stimulation in T cell responses, Current Opinion in Immunology, 9, 396-404.
24. Chen, C. H., Seguin-Devaux, C., Burke, N. A., Oriss, T. B., Watkins, S. C., Clipstone, N. & Ray, A. (2003a) Transforming growth factor beta blocks Tec kinase phosphorylation, Ca2+ influx, and NFATc translocation causing inhibition of T cell differentiation, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 197, 1689-1699.
25. Chen, W., Jin, W., Hardegen, N., Lei, K. J., Li, L., Marinos, N., McGrady, G. & Wahl, S. M. (2003b) Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25- naive T cells to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 198, 1875-1886.
26. Christensen, P. J., Armstrong, L. R., Fak, J. J., Chen, G. H., McDonald, R. A., Toews, G. B. & Paine, R., 3rd (1995) Regulation of rat pulmonary dendritic cell immunostimulatory activity by alveolar epithelial cell-derived granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 13, 426-433.
27. Cottrez, F. & Groux, H. (2001) Regulation of TGF-beta response during T cell activation is modulated by IL-10, Journal of Immunology, 167, 773-778.
28. Cunningham, A. C., Zhang, J. G., Moy, J. V., Ali, S. & Kirby, J. A. (1997) A comparison of the antigen-presenting capabilities of class II MHC-expressing human lung epithelial and endothelial cells, Immunology, 91, 458-463.
29. Daly, C. & Rollins, B. J. (2003) Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) in inflammatory disease and adaptive immunity: therapeutic opportunities and controversies, Microcirculation, 10, 247-57.
30. Devalia, J. L., Campbell, A. M., Sapsford, R. J., Rusznak, C., Quint, D., Godard, P., Bousquet, J. & Davies, R. J. (1993) Effect of nitrogen dioxide on synthesis of inflammatory cytokines expressed by human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 9, 271-278.
31. Diamond, G., Jones, D. E. & Bevins, C. L. (1993) Airway epithelial cells are the site of expression of a mammalian antimicrobial peptide gene, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 4596-4600.
32. Donnelly, L. E. & Barnes, P. J. (2002) Expression and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human primary airway epithelial cells, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 26, 144-151.
33. Elliot, J. G., Jensen, C. M., Mutavdzic, S., Lamb, J. P., Carroll, N. G. & James, A. L. (2004) Aggregations of lymphoid cells in the airways of nonsmokers, smokers, and subjects with asthma, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 169, 712-718.
34. Eriksson, U., Egermann, U., Bihl, M. P., Gambazzi, F., Tamm, M., Holt, P. G. & Bingisser, R. M. (2005) Human bronchial epithelium controls TH2 responses by TH1-induced, nitric oxide-mediated STAT5 dephosphorylation: implications for the pathogenesis of asthma, Journal of Immunology, 175, 2715-2720.
35. Fluckiger, A. C., Garrone, P., Durand, I., Galizzi, J. P. & Banchereau, J. (1993) Interleukin 10 (IL-10) upregulates functional high affinity IL-2 receptors on normal and leukemic B lymphocytes, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 178, 1473-1481.
36. Frumento, G., Rotondo, R., Tonetti, M., Damonte, G., Benatti, U. & Ferrara, G. B. (2002) Tryptophanderived catabolites are responsible for inhibition of T and natural killer cell proliferation induced by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 196, 459-468.
37. Fujimoto, K., Imaizumi, T., Yoshida, H., Takanashi, S., Okumura, K. & Satoh, K. (2001) Interferon-gamma stimulates fractalkine expression in human bronchial epithelial cells and regulates mononuclear cell adherence, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 25, 233-238.
38. Fujita, H., Asahina, A. & Tamaki, K. (2006) Ligation of E-cadherin molecules on murine resident Langerhans cells inhibits their maturation and chemokine production, Journal of Dermatological Science, 43, 152-155.
39. Gaglia, J. L., Greenfield, E. A., Mattoo, A., Sharpe, A. H., Freeman, G. J. & Kuchroo, V. K. (2000) Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is critical for activation of CD28-deficient T cells, Journal of Immunology, 165, 6091-6098.
40. Gallucci, S., Lolkema, M. & Matzinger, P. (1999) Natural adjuvants: endogenous activators of dendritic cells, Nature Medicine, 5, 1249-1255.
41. Gauvreau, G. M., Watson, R. M. & O'Byrne, P. M. (1999) Protective effects of inhaled PGE2 on allergen-induced airway responses and airway inflammation, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 159, 31-36.
42. Ge, N., Nishioka, Y., Nakamura, Y., Okano, Y., Yoneda, K., Ogawa, H., Sugita, A., Yanagawa, H. & Sone, S. (2004) Synthesis and secretion of interleukin-15 by freshly isolated human bronchial epithelial cells, International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 135, 235-242.
43. Geissmann, F., Prost, C., Monnet, J. P., Dy, M., Brousse, N. & Hermine, O. (1998) Transforming growth factor beta1, in the presence of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4, induces differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytes into dendritic Langerhans cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 187, 961-966.
44. Geissmann, F., Revy, P., Regnault, A., Lepelletier, Y., Dy, M., Brousse, N., Amigorena, S., Hermine, O. & Durandy, A. (1999) TGF-beta 1 prevents the noncognate maturation of human dendritic Langerhans cells, Journal of Immunology, 162, 4567-4575.
45. Glanville, A. R., Tazelaar, H. D., Theodore, J., Imoto, E., Rouse, R. V., Baldwin, J. C. & Robin, E. D. (1989) The distribution of MHC class I and II antigens on bronchial epithelium, American Review of Respiratory Disease, 139, 330-334.
46. Gosset, P., Bureau, F., Angeli, V., Pichavant, M., Faveeuw, C., Tonnel, A. B. & Trottein, F. (2003) Prostaglandin D2 affects the maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: consequence on the polarization of naive Th cells, Journal of Immunology, 170, 4943-4952.
47. Greene, C. M., McElvaney, N. G., O'Neill, S. J. & Taggart, C. C. (2004) Secretory leucoprotease inhibitor impairs Toll-like receptor 2- and 4-mediated responses in monocytic cells, Infection and Immunity, 72, 3684-3687.
48. Havran, W. L., Jameson, J. M. & Witherden, D. A. (2005) Epithelial cells and their neighbors. III. Interactions between intraepithelial lymphocytes and neighboring epithelial cells, American Journal of Physiology-Gastointestinal and Liver Physiology, 289, G627-G630.
49. Hayday, A. & Viney, J. L. (2000) The ins and outs of body surface immunology, Science, 290, 97-100.
50. Henriksen, P. A., Hitt, M., Xing, Z., Wang, J., Haslett, C., Riemersma, R. A., Webb, D. J., Kotelevtsev, Y. V. & Sallenave, J. M. (2004) Adenoviral gene delivery of elafin and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor attenuates NF-kappa B-dependent inflammatory responses of human endothelial cells and macrophages to atherogenic stimuli, Journal of Immunology, 172, 4535-4544.
51. Hildebrandt, G. C., Corrion, L. A., Olkiewicz, K. M., Lu, B., Lowler, K., Duffner, U. A., Moore, B. B., Kuziel, W. A., Liu, C. & Cooke, K. R. (2004) Blockade of CXCR3 receptor:ligand interactions reduces leukocyte recruitment to the lung and the severity of experimental idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, Journal of Immunology, 173, 2050-2059.
52. Hilkens, C. M., Vermeulen, H., van Neerven, R. J., Snijdewint, F. G., Wierenga, E. A. & Kapsenberg, M. L. (1995) Differential modulation of T helper type 1 (Th1) and T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine secretion by prostaglandin E2 critically depends on interleukin-2, European Journal of Immunology, 25, 59-63.
53. Hiller, A. S., Tschernig, T., Kleemann, W. J. & Pabst, R. (1998) Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) and larynx-associated lymphoid tissue (LALT) are found at different frequencies in children, adolescents and adults, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 47, 159-162.
54. Hochrein, H., O'Keeffe, M. & Wagner, H. (2002) Human and mouse plasmacytoid dendritic cells, Human Immunology, 63, 1103-1110.
55. Holgate, S. T., Bodey, K. S., Janezic, A., Frew, A. J., Kaplan, A. P. & Teran, L. M. (1997) Release of RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, and MCP-1 into asthmatic airways following endobronchial allergen challenge, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 156, 1377-1383.
56. Holgate, S. T., Lackie, P., Wilson, S., Roche, W. & Davies, D. (2000) Bronchial epithelium as a key regulator of airway allergen sensitization and remodeling in asthma, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 162, S113-S117.
57. Holt, P. G., Oliver, J., Bilyk, N., McMenamin, C., McMenamin, P. G., Kraal, G. & Thepen, T. (1993) Downregulation of the antigen presenting cell function(s) of pulmonary dendritic cells in vivo by resident alveolar macrophages, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 177, 397-407.
58. Holt, P. G. & Upham, J. W. (2004) The role of dendritic cells in asthma, Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 4, 39-44.
59. Hori, S., Nomura, T. & Sakaguchi, S. (2003) Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3, Science, 299, 1057-1061.
60. Howat, W. J., Holgate, S. T. & Lackie, P. M. (2002) TGF-beta isoform release and activation during in vitro bronchial epithelial wound repair, American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 282, L115-L123.
61. Huh, J. C., Strickland, D. H., Jahnsen, F. L., Turner, D. J., Thomas, J. A., Napoli, S., Tobagus, I., Stumbles, P. A., Sly, P. D. & Holt, P. G. (2003) Bidirectional interactions between antigen-bearing respiratory tract dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells precede the late phase reaction in experimental asthma: DC activation occurs in the airway mucosa but not in the lung parenchyma, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 198, 19-30.
62. Hummelshoj, L., Ryder, L. P. & Poulsen, L. K. (2006) The role of the interleukin-10 subfamily members in immunoglobulin production by human B cells, Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 64, 40-47.
63. Jahnsen, F. L., Moloney, E. D., Hogan, T., Upham, J. W., Burke, C. M. & Holt, P. G. (2001) Rapid dendritic cell recruitment to the bronchial mucosa of patients with atopic asthma in response to local allergen challenge, Thorax, 56, 823-826.
64. Jameson, J. M., Cauvi, G., Sharp, L. L., Witherden, D. A. & Havran, W. L. (2005) Gammadelta T cellinduced hyaluronan production by epithelial cells regulates inflammation, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 201, 1269-1279.
65. Kalb, T. H., Chuang, M. T., Marom, Z. & Mayer, L. (1991) Evidence for accessory cell function by class II MHC antigen-expressing airway epithelial cells, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 4, 320-329.
66. Kalb, T. H., Yio, X. Y. & Mayer, L. (1997) Human airway epithelial cells stimulate T-lymphocyte lck and fyn tyrosine kinase, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 17, 561-570.
67. Kalinski, P., Schuitemaker, J. H., Hilkens, C. M. & Kapsenberg, M. L. (1998) Prostaglandin E2 induces the final maturation of IL-12-deficient CD1a+CD83+ dendritic cells: the levels of IL-12 are determined during the final dendritic cell maturation and are resistant to further modulation, Journal of Immunology, 161, 2804-2809.
68. Kim, J., Myers, A. C., Chen, L., Pardoll, D. M., Truong-Tran, Q. A., Lane, A. P., McDyer, J. F., Fortuno, L. & Schleimer, R. P. (2005) Constitutive and inducible expression of b7 family of ligands by human airway epithelial cells, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 33, 280-289.
69. Knight, D. A. & Holgate, S. T. (2003) The airway epithelium: structural and functional properties in health and disease, Respirology, 8, 432-446.
70. Kolb, H. & Kolb-Bachofen, V. (1998) Nitric oxide in autoimmune disease: cytotoxic or regulatory mediator? Immunology Today, 19, 556-561.
71. Komori, H. K., Meehan, T. F. & Havran, W. L. (2006) Epithelial and mucosal gammadelta T cells, Current Opinion in Immunology, 18, 534-538.
72. Krunkosky, T. M. & Jarrett, C. L. (2006) Selective regulation of MAP kinases and chemokine expression after ligation of ICAM-1 on human airway epithelial cells, Respiratory Research, 7, 12.
73. Kuppner, M. C., Gastpar, R., Gelwer, S., Nossner, E., Ochmann, O., Scharner, A. & Issels, R. D. (2001) The role of heat shock protein (hsp70) in dendritic cell maturation: hsp70 induces the maturation of immature dendritic cells but reduces DC differentiation from monocyte precursors, European Journal of Immunology, 31, 1602-1609.
74. Kurosawa, S., Myers, A. C., Chen, L., Wang, S., Ni, J., Plitt, J. R., Heller, N. M., Bochner, B. S. & Schleimer, R. P. (2003) Expression of the costimulatory molecule B7-H2 (inducible costimulator ligand) by human airway epithelial cells, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 28, 563-573.
75. Lai, K. N., Ho, R. T., Leung, J. C., Lai, F. M. & Li, P. K. (1994) Increased mRNA encoding for transforming factor-beta in CD4+ cells from patients with IgA nephropathy, Kidney International, 46, 862-868.
76. Lambrecht, B. N., De Veerman, M., Coyle, A. J., Gutierrez-Ramos, J. C., Thielemans, K. & Pauwels, R. A. (2000) Myeloid dendritic cells induce Th2 responses to inhaled antigen, leading to eosinophilic airway inflammation, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 106, 551-559.
77. Lamm, M. E. (1997) Interaction of antigens and antibodies at mucosal surfaces, Annual Reviews of Microbiology, 51, 311-340.
78. Lane, C., Knight, D., Burgess, S., Franklin, P., Horak, F., Legg, J., Moeller, A. & Stick, S. (2004) Epithelial inducible nitric oxide synthase activity is the major determinant of nitric oxide concentration in exhaled breath, Thorax, 59, 757-760.
79. Laxmanan, S., Robertson, S. W., Wang, E., Lau, J. S., Briscoe, D. M. & Mukhopadhyay, D. (2005) Vascular endothelial growth factor impairs the functional ability of dendritic cells through Id pathways, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 334, 193-198.
80. Lindh, E. (1975) Increased risistance of immunoglobulin A dimers to proteolytic degradation after binding of secretory component, Journal of Immunology, 114, 284-286.
81. Martin, J. G., Suzuki, M., Maghni, K., Pantano, R., Ramos-Barbon, D., Ihaku, D., Nantel, F., Denis, D., Hamid, Q. & Powell, W. S. (2002) The immunomodulatory actions of prostaglandin E2 on allergic airway responses in the rat, Journal of Immunology, 169, 3963-3969.
82. Matsukawa, A., Lukacs, N. W., Standiford, T. J., Chensue, S. W. & Kunkel, S. L. (2000) Adenoviralmediated overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 differentially alters the development of Th1 and Th2 type responses in vivo, Journal of Immunology, 164, 1699-1704.
83. Mayer, L. & Shlien, R. (1987) Evidence for function of Ia molecules on gut epithelial cells in man, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 166, 1471-1483.
84. McWilliam, A. S., Napoli, S., Marsh, A. M., Pemper, F. L., Nelson, D. J., Pimm, C. L., Stumbles, P. A., Wells, T. N. & Holt, P. G. (1996) Dendritic cells are recruited into the airway epithelium during the inflammatory response to a broad spectrum of stimuli, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 184, 2429-2432.
85. Mellor, A. L., Keskin, D. B., Johnson, T., Chandler, P. & Munn, D. H. (2002) Cells expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibit T cell responses, Journal of Immunology, 168, 3771-3776.
86. Monteiro, R. C. & Van De Winkel, J. G. (2003) IgA Fc receptors, Annual Review of Immunology, 21, 177-204.
87. Moon, B. G., Takaki, S., Miyake, K. & Takatsu, K. (2004) The role of IL-5 for mature B-1 cells in homeostatic proliferation, cell survival, and Ig production, Journal of Immunology, 172, 6020-6029.
88. Moore, K. W., de Waal Malefyt, R., Coffman, R. L. & O'Garra, A. (2001) Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor, Annual Review of Immunology, 19, 683-765.
89. Mori, A., Suko, M., Kaminuma, O., Inoue, S., Ohmura, T., Nishizaki, Y., Nagahori, T., Asakura, Y., Hoshino, A., Okumura, Y., Sato, G., Ito, K. & Okudaira, H. (1996) IL-15 promotes cytokine production of human T helper cells, Journal of Immunology, 156, 2400-2405.
90. Mueller, D. L., Jenkins, M. K. & Schwartz, R. H. (1989) Clonal expansion versus functional clonal inactivation: a costimulatory signalling pathway determines the outcome of T cell antigen receptor occupancy, Annual Reviews of Immunology, 7, 445-480.
91. Muller, F., Aukrust, P., Nilssen, D. E. & Froland, S. S. (1995) Reduced serum level of transforming growth factor-beta in patients with IgA deficiency, Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology, 76, 203-208.
92. Muro, S., Taha, R., Tsicopoulos, A., Olivenstein, R., Tonnel, A. B., Christodoulopoulos, P., Wallaert, B. & Hamid, Q. (2001) Expression of IL-15 in inflammatory pulmonary diseases, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 108, 970-975.
93. Neutra, M. R., Frey, A. & Kraehenbuhl, J. P. (1996) Epithelial M cells: gateways for mucosal infection and immunization, Cell, 86, 345-348.
94. Niess, J. H., Brand, S., Gu, X., Landsman, L., Jung, S., McCormick, B. A., Vyas, J. M., Boes, M., Ploegh, H. L., Fox, J. G., Littman, D. R. & Reinecker, H. C. (2005) CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance, Science, 307, 254-258.
95. Oei, E., Kalb, T., Beuria, P., Allez, M., Nakazawa, A., Azuma, M., Timony, M., Stuart, Z., Chen, H. & Sperber, K. (2004) Accessory cell function of airway epithelial cells, American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 287, L318-L331.
96. Oppenheimer-Marks, N., Kavanaugh, A. F. & Lipsky, P. E. (1994) Inhibition of the transendothelial migration of human T lymphocytes by prostaglandin E2, Journal of Immunology, 152, 5703-5713.
97. Otsuki, Y., Ito, Y. & Magari, S. (1989) Lymphocyte subpopulations in high endothelial venules and lymphatic capillaries of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the rat, American Journal of Anatomy, 184, 139-146.
98. Paine, R., 3rd, Chavis, A., Gaposchkin, D., Christensen, P., Mody, C. H., Turka, L. A. & Toews, G. B. (1992) A factor secreted by a human pulmonary alveolar epithelial-like cell line blocks T-cell proliferation between G1 and S phase, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 6, 658-666.
99. Paolucci, C., Rovere, P., De Nadai, C., Manfredi, A. A. & Clementi, E. (2000) Nitric oxide inhibits the tumor necrosis factor alpha -regulated endocytosis of human dendritic cells in a cyclic GMPdependent way, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 19638-19644.
100. Papi, A., Stanciu, L. A., Papadopoulos, N. G., Teran, L. M., Holgate, S. T. & Johnston, S. L. (2000) Rhinovirus infection induces major histocompatibility complex class I and costimulatory molecule upregulation on respiratory epithelial cells, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 181, 1780-1784.
101. Pettit, A. R., MacDonald, K. P., O'Sullivan, B. & Thomas, R. (2000) Differentiated dendritic cells expressing nuclear RelB are predominantly located in rheumatoid synovial tissue perivascular mononuclear cell aggregates, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 43, 791-800.
102. Pichavant, M., Charbonnier, A. S., Taront, S., Brichet, A., Wallaert, B., Pestel, J., Tonnel, A. B. & Gosset, P. (2005) Asthmatic bronchial epithelium activated by the proteolytic allergen Der p 1 increases selective dendritic cell recruitment, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 115, 771-778.
103. Pichavant, M., Taront, S., Jeannin, P., Breuilh, L., Charbonnier, A. S., Spriet, C., Fourneau, C., Corvaia, N., Heliot, L., Brichet, A., Tonnel, A. B., Delneste, Y. & Gosset, P. (2006) Impact of bronchial epithelium on dendritic cell migration and function: modulation by the bacterial motif KpOmpA, Journal of Immunology, 177, 5912-5919.
104. Pilette, C., Ouadrhiri, Y., Godding, V., Vaerman, J. P. & Sibille, Y. (2001) Lung mucosal immunity: immunoglobulin-A revisited, European Respiratory Journal, 18, 571-588.
105. Ranges, G. E., Figari, I. S., Espevik, T. & Palladino, M. A., Jr. (1987) Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell development by transforming growth factor beta and reversal by recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 166, 991-998.
106. Regnier, M., Patwardhan, A., Scheynius, A. & Schmidt, R. (1998) Reconstructed human epidermis composed of keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing, 36, 821-824.
107. Reibman, J., Hsu, Y., Chen, L. C., Bleck, B. & Gordon, T. (2003) Airway epithelial cells release MIP-3alpha/CCL20 in response to cytokines and ambient particulate matter, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 28, 648-654.
108. Rescigno, M., Urbano, M., Valzasina, B., Francolini, M., Rotta, G., Bonasio, R., Granucci, F., Kraehenbuhl, J. P. & Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P. (2001) Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria, Nature Immunology, 2, 361-367.
109. Riedl, E., Stockl, J., Majdic, O., Scheinecker, C., Knapp, W. & Strobl, H. (2000) Ligation of E-cadherin on in vitro-generated immature Langerhans-type dendritic cells inhibits their maturation, Blood, 96, 4276-4284.
110. Rimmelzwaan, G. F., Boon, A. C., Geelhoed-Mieras, M. M., Voeten, J. T., Fouchier, R. A. & Osterhaus, A. D. (2004) Human airway epithelial cells present antigen to influenza virus-specific CD8+ CTL inefficiently after incubation with viral protein together with ISCOMATRIX, Vaccine, 22, 2769-2775.
111. Rincon, M., Anguita, J., Nakamura, T., Fikrig, E. & Flavell, R. A. (1997) Interleukin (IL)-6 directs the differentiation of IL-4-producing CD4+ T cells, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 185, 461-469.
112. Roghanian, A., Williams, S. E., Sheldrake, T. A., Brown, T. I., Oberheim, K., Xing, Z., Howie, S. E. & Sallenave, J. M. (2006) The antimicrobial/elastase inhibitor elafin regulates lung dendritic cells and adaptive immunity, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 34, 634-642.
113. Rossi, G. A., Sacco, O., Balbi, B., Oddera, S., Mattioni, T., Corte, G., Ravazzoni, C. & Allegra, L. (1990) Human ciliated bronchial epithelial cells: expression of the HLA-DR antigens and of the HLA-DR alpha gene, modulation of the HLA-DR antigens by gamma-interferon and antigenpresenting function in the mixed leukocyte reaction, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 3, 431-439.
114. Sacco, O., Lantero, S., Scarso, L., Galietta, L. J., Spallarossa, D., Silvestri, M. & Rossi, G. A. (1999) Modulation of HLA-DR antigen and ICAM-1 molecule expression on airway epithelial cells by sodium nedocromil, Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 83, 49-54.
115. Salik, E., Tyorkin, M., Mohan, S., George, I., Becker, K., Oei, E., Kalb, T. & Sperber, K. (1999) Antigen trafficking and accessory cell function in respiratory epithelial cells, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 21, 365-379.
116. Salvi, S., Semper, A., Blomberg, A., Holloway, J., Jaffar, Z., Papi, A., Teran, L., Polosa, R., Kelly, F., Sandstrom, T., Holgate, S. & Frew, A. (1999) Interleukin-5 production by human airway epithelial cells, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 20, 984-991.
117. Sauty, A., Dziejman, M., Taha, R. A., Iarossi, A. S., Neote, K., Garcia-Zepeda, E. A., Hamid, Q. & Luster, A. D. (1999) The T cell-specific CXC chemokines IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC are expressed by activated human bronchial epithelial cells, Journal of Immunology, 162, 3549-3558.
118. Seder, R. A. (1996) High-dose IL-2 and IL-15 enhance the in vitro priming of naive CD4+ T cells for IFN-gamma but have differential effects on priming for IL-4, Journal of Immunology, 156, 2413-2422.
119. Sim, G. K., Rajaserkar, R., Dessing, M. & Augustin, A. (1994) Homing and in situ differentiation of resident pulmonary lymphocytes, International Immunology, 6, 1287-1295.
120. Sminia, T., van der Brugge-Gamelkoorn, G. J. & Jeurissen, S. H. (1989) Structure and function of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), Critical Reviews in Immunology, 9, 119-150.
121. Smits, H. H., de Jong, E. C., Schuitemaker, J. H., Geijtenbeek, T. B., van Kooyk, Y., Kapsenberg, M. L. & Wierenga, E. A. (2002) Intercellular adhesion molecule-1/LFA-1 ligation favors human Th1 development, Journal of Immunology, 168, 1710-1716.
122. Sonoda, E., Matsumoto, R., Hitoshi, Y., Ishii, T., Sugimoto, M., Araki, S., Tominaga, A., Yamaguchi, N. & Takatsu, K. (1989) Transforming growth factor beta induces IgA production and acts additively with interleukin 5 for IgA production, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 170, 1415-1420.
123. Soumelis, V., Reche, P. A., Kanzler, H., Yuan, W., Edward, G., Homey, B., Gilliet, M., Ho, S., Antonenko, S., Lauerma, A., Smith, K., Gorman, D., Zurawski, S., Abrams, J., Menon, S., McClanahan, T., de Waal-Malefyt, R., Bazan, F., Kastelein, R. A. & Liu, Y. J. (2002) Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP, Nature Immunology, 3, 673-680.
124. Stanciu, L. A., Bellettato, C. M., Laza-Stanca, V., Coyle, A. J., Papi, A. & Johnston, S. L. (2006) Expression of programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L) 1, PD-L2, B7-H3, and inducible costimulator ligand on human respiratory tract epithelial cells and regulation by respiratory syncytial virus and type 1 and 2 cytokines, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 193, 404-412.
125. Stick, S. M. & Holt, P. G. (2003) The airway epithelium as immune modulator: the LARC ascending, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 28, 641-644.
126. Stumbles, P. A., Thomas, J. A., Pimm, C. L., Lee, P. T., Venaille, T. J., Proksch, S. & Holt, P. G. (1998) Resting respiratory tract dendritic cells preferentially stimulate T helper cell type 2 (Th2) responses and require obligatory cytokine signals for induction of Th1 immunity, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 188, 2019-2031.
127. Subudhi, S. K., Alegre, M. L. & Fu, Y. X. (2005) The balance of immune responses: costimulation verse coinhibition, Journal of Molecular Medicine, 83, 193-202.
128. Suda, T., Sato, A., Sugiura, W. & Chida, K. (1995) Induction of MHC class II antigens on rat bronchial epithelial cells by interferon-gamma and its effect on antigen presentation, Lung, 173, 127-137.
129. Sue-Chu, M., Karjalainen, E. M., Altraja, A., Laitinen, A., Laitinen, L. A., Naess, A. B., Larsson, L. & Bjermer, L. (1998) Lymphoid aggregates in endobronchial biopsies from young elite cross-country skiers, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 158, 597-601.
130. Suh, W. K., Gajewska, B. U., Okada, H., Gronski, M. A., Bertram, E. M., Dawicki, W., Duncan, G. S., Bukczynski, J., Plyte, S., Elia, A., Wakeham, A., Itie, A., Chung, S., Da Costa, J., Arya, S., Horan, T., Campbell, P., Gaida, K., Ohashi, P. S., Watts, T. H., Yoshinaga, S. K., Bray, M. R., Jordana, M. & Mak, T. W. (2003) The B7 family member B7-H3 preferentially down-regulates T helper type 1-mediated immune responses, Nature Immunology, 4, 899-906.
131. Taga, K. & Tosato, G. (1992) IL-10 inhibits human T cell proliferation and IL-2 production, Journal of Immunology, 148, 1143-1148.
132. Tango, M., Suzuki, E., Gejyo, F. & Ushiki, T. (2000) The presence of specialized epithelial cells on the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the mouse, Archives of Histology and Cytology, 63, 81-89.
133. Tazi, A., Bouchonnet, F., Grandsaigne, M., Boumsell, L., Hance, A. J. & Soler, P. (1993) Evidence that granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor regulates the distribution and differentiated state of dendritic cells/Langerhans cells in human lung and lung cancers, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 91, 566-576.
134. Teitelbaum, R., Schubert, W., Gunther, L., Kress, Y., Macaluso, F., Pollard, J. W., McMurray, D. N. & Bloom, B. R. (1999) The M cell as a portal of entry to the lung for the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Immunity, 10, 641-650.
135. Tschernig, T. & Pabst, R. (2000) Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is not present in the normal adult lung but in different diseases, Pathobiology, 68, 1-8.
136. Upham, J. W., Denburg, J. A. & O'Byrne, P. M. (2002) Rapid response of circulating myeloid dendritic cells to inhaled allergen in asthmatic subjects, Clinical and Exprimental Allergy, 32, 818-823.
137. van Ginkel, F. W., Wahl, S. M., Kearney, J. F., Kweon, M. N., Fujihashi, K., Burrows, P. D., Kiyono, H. & McGhee, J. R. (1999) Partial IgA-deficiency with increased Th2-type cytokines in TGF-beta 1 knockout mice, Journal of Immunology, 163, 1951-1957.
138. van Rijt, L. S., Jung, S., Kleinjan, A., Vos, N., Willart, M., Duez, C., Hoogsteden, H. C. & Lambrecht, B. N. (2005) In vivo depletion of lung CD11c+ dendritic cells during allergen challenge abrogates the characteristic features of asthma, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 201, 981-991.
139. van Vlasselaer, P., Punnonen, J. & de Vries, J. E. (1992) Transforming growth factor-beta directs IgA switching in human B cells, Journal of Immunology, 148, 2062-2067.
140. Vignola, A. M., Chiappara, G., Siena, L., Bruno, A., Gagliardo, R., Merendino, A. M., Polla, B. S., Arrigo, A. P., Bonsignore, G., Bousquet, J. & Chanez, P. (2001) Proliferation and activation of bronchial epithelial cells in corticosteroid-dependent asthma, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 108, 738-746.
141. Wang, A., Yokosaki, Y., Ferrando, R., Balmes, J. & Sheppard, D. (1996) Differential regulation of airway epithelial integrins by growth factors, American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 15, 664-672.
142. Wang, Y. H., Ito, T., Wang, Y. H., Homey, B., Watanabe, N., Martin, R., Barnes, C. J., McIntyre, B. W., Gilliet, M., Kumar, R., Yao, Z. & Liu, Y. J. (2006) Maintenance and polarization of human TH2 central memory T cells by thymic stromal lymphopoietin-activated dendritic cells, Immunity, 24, 827-838.
143. Watanabe, N., Hanabuchi, S., Soumelis, V., Yuan, W., Ho, S., de Waal Malefyt, R. & Liu, Y. J. (2004) Human thymic stromal lymphopoietin promotes dendritic cell-mediated CD4+ T cell homeostatic expansion, Nature Immunology, 5, 426-434.
144. Yang, D., Chertov, O., Bykovskaia, S. N., Chen, Q., Buffo, M. J., Shogan, J., Anderson, M., Schroder, J. M., Wang, J. M., Howard, O. M. & Oppenheim, J. J. (1999) Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6, Science, 286, 525-528.
145. Ying, S., O'Connor, B., Ratoff, J., Meng, Q., Mallett, K., Cousins, D., Robinson, D., Zhang, G., Zhao, J., Lee, T. H. & Corrigan, C. (2005) Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity, Journal of Immunology, 174, 8183-8190.
146. Zan, H., Cerutti, A., Dramitinos, P., Schaffer, A. & Casali, P. (1998) CD40 engagement triggers switching to IgA1 and IgA2 in human B cells through induction of endogenous TGF-beta: evidence for TGF-beta but not IL-10-dependent direct S mu?S alpha and sequential S mu→ S gamma, S gamma→S alpha DNA recombination, Journal of Immunology, 161, 5217-5225.
147. Zegarra-Moran, O., Folli, C., Manzari, B., Ravazzolo, R., Varesio, L. & Galietta, L. J. (2004) Double mechanism for apical tryptophan depletion in polarized human bronchial epithelium, Journal of Immunology, 173, 542-549.