Novel engineered systems for oral, mucosal and transdermal drug delivery

Journal of Drug Targeting

Volumn 21, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 611-629

  Li, Hairui ^a,b   Yu, Yuan ^a   Faraji Dana, Sara ^a   Li, Bo ^b   Lee, Chi Ying ^b   Kang, Lifeng ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^b 3M COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Buccal; Drug delivery; Microfabrication; Mucosal; Nasal; Ocular; Oral; Pulmonary; Rectal; Transdermal; Vaginal

Indexed keywords

CARBOMER; CLINDAMYCIN PHOSPHATE; CYCLODEXTRIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DIMETICONE; HYDROXYPROPYLCELLULOSE; KETOCONAZOLE; KETOPROFEN; LIDOCAINE; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; MACROGOL; METFORMIN; MICROSPHERE; POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); POVIDONE;

BLOOD EYE BARRIER; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL ENGINEERING; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; CONTACT LENS; DERIVATIZATION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG SOLUBILITY; DRUG STABILITY; DRUG TARGETING; ELECTROPORATION; ENDOCYTOSIS; FIRST PASS EFFECT; FREEZE DRYING; GENE SILENCING; HYDROGEL; HYDROPHILICITY; IMMUNOGENICITY; INTERNALIZATION; IONTOPHORESIS; LIPID BILAYER; LIPID MEMBRANE; LIPOSOMAL DELIVERY; MICROFLUIDICS; MICRONEEDLE; MICROTECHNOLOGY; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MUCOSA; PARTICLE SIZE; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUSTAINED DRUG RELEASE; THERMODYNAMICS; WIRELESS COMMUNICATION;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; CONTACT LENSES; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; ELECTROPORATION; HUMANS; IONTOPHORESIS; MUCOUS MEMBRANE;

EID: 84880557259     PISSN: 1061186X     EISSN: 10292330     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/1061186X.2013.805335     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. Rasenack N, Muller BW. Micron-size drug particles: Common and novel micronization techniques. Pharm Dev Technol 2004;9:1-13
2. Daugherty AL, Mrsny RJ. Emerging technologies that overcome biological barriers for therapeutic protein delivery. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003; 3:1071-81
3. Davis AS, Salpekar JA. Pharmacokinetics & neurophysiology. Psychol Sch 2009;46:806-12
4. Prausnitz MR, Langer R. Transdermal drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol 2008;26:1261-8
5. LaVan DA, McGuire T, Langer R. Small-scale systems for in vivo drug delivery. Nat Biotechnol 2003;21:1184-91
6. FDA. Approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations. Available from: Www.FDA.gov [last accessed 11 Apr 2013].
7. Khafagy el-S, Morishita M, Onuki Y, Takayama K. Current challenges in non-invasive insulin delivery systems: A comparative review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007;59:1521-46
8. Pegoraro C, MacNeil S, Battaglia G. Transdermal drug delivery: From micro to nano. Nanoscale 2012;4:1881-94
9. Mitragotri S. Immunization without needles. Nat Rev Immunol 2005;5:905-16
10. Pegoraro C, MacNeil S, Battaglia G. Transdermal drug delivery: From micro to nano. Nanoscale 2012;4:1881-94
11. Sullivan SP, Koutsonanos DG, Del Pilar Martin M, et al. Dissolving polymer microneedle patches for influenza vaccination. Nat Med 2010;16:915-20
12. Bowman K, Leong KW. Chitosan nanoparticles for oral drug and gene delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2006;1:117-28
13. Mathias NR, Hussain MA. Non-invasive systemic drug delivery: Developability considerations for alternate routes of administration. J Pharm Sci 2010;99:1-20
14. Teutonico D, Ponchel G. Patches for improving gastrointestinal absorption: An overview. Drug Discov Today 2011;16:991-7
15. Kochhar JS, Goh WJ, Chan SY, Kang L. A simple method of microneedle array fabrication for transdermal drug delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012;39:299-309
16. Yeo LY, Chang HC, Chan PPY, Friend Jr. Microfluidic devices for bioapplications. Small 2011;7:12-48
17. Peppas NA, Buri PA. Surface, interfacial and molecular aspects of polymer bioadhesion on soft tissues. J Control Release 1985;2: 257-75
18. Venkatraman S, Gale R. Skin adhesives and skin adhesion. 1. Transdermal drug delivery systems. Biomaterials 1998;19:1119-36
19. Ahsan F, Arnold JJ, Meezan E, Pillion DJ. Sucrose cocoate, a component of cosmetic preparations, enhances nasal and ocular peptide absorption. Int J Pharm 2003;251:195-203
20. Senel S, Hoogstraate AJ, Spies F, Verhoef JC, et al. Enhancement of in-vitro permeability of porcine buccal mucosa by bilesalts - kinetic and histological studies. J Control Release 1994; 32:45-56
21. Faraji Dana S, Duc VN, Kochhar JS, et al. UV-curable pressure sensitive adhesive films: Effects of biocompatible plasticizers on mechanical and adhesion properties. Soft Matter 2013. doi: 10.1039/c3sm50879j
22. Pan J, Chan SY, Lee WG, Kang L. Microfabricated particulate drug-delivery systems. Biotechnol J 2011;6:1477-87
23. Saltzman WM. Drug delivery: Engineered principles for drug therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001
24. Huttunen KM, Raunio H, Rautio J. Prodrugs - from serendipity to rational design. Pharmacol Rev 2011;63:750-71
25. Veronese FM, Pasut G. PEGylation, successful approach to drug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:1451-8
26. Svenson S. Dendrimers as versatile platform in drug delivery applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009;71:445-62
27. Thomas C, Ahsan F. Dendrimers in delivery of biopharmaceuticals. In: L Jorgensen, HM Nielsen, eds. Delivery technologies for biopharmaceuticals: Peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and vaccines. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2009:149-68
28. Wood KM, Stone GM, Peppas NA. Wheat germ agglutinin functionalized complexation hydrogels for oral insulin delivery. Biomacromolecules 2008;9:1293-8
29. Liechty WB, Caldorera-Moore M, Phillips MA, et al. Advanced molecular design of biopolymers for transmucosal and intracellular delivery of chemotherapeutic agents and biological therapeutics. J Control Release 2011;155:119-27
30. Kim S, Kim JH, Jeon O, et al. Engineered polymers for advanced drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009;71:420-30
31. Torchilin V. Multifunctional and stimuli-sensitive pharmaceutical nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009;71:431-44
32. Li H, Kochhar JS, Pan J, et al. Nano/microscale technologies for drug delivery. J Mech Med Biol 2011;11:337-67
33. Zhang L, Gu FX, Chan JM, et al. Nanoparticles in medicine: Therapeutic applications and developments. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;83:761-9
34. Ahmed A, Bonner C, Desai TA. Bioadhesive microdevices with multiple reservoirs: A new platform for oral drug delivery. J Control Release 2002;81:291-306
35. Andrews GP, Laverty TP, Jones DS. Mucoadhesive polymeric platforms for controlled drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009;71:505-18
36. Cleary GW, Feldstein MM, Singh P. Hydrophilic adhesives. In: Benedek I, Feldstein MM, eds. Technology of pressure-sensitive adhesives and products. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2008:7-1-7-80
37. Leung SHS, Robinson Jr. Polyanionic polymers in bio- and mucoadhesive drug delivery. In: Harland RS, Prud'homme RK, eds. Polyelectrolyte gels. Columbus, OH: American Chemical Society; 1992:269-84
38. Haas J, Lehr CM. Developments in the area of bioadhesive drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2002;2:287-98
39. Rastogi R, Anand S, Dinda AK, Koul V. Investigation on the synergistic effect of a combination of chemical enhancers and modulated iontophoresis for transdermal delivery of insulin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010;36:993-1004
40. Chen H. Oral particulate delivery: Status and future trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1998;34:339-50
41. Ensign LM, Cone R, Hanes J. Oral drug delivery with polymeric nanoparticles: The gastrointestinal mucus barriers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011;64:570-57
42. des Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, et al. Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: A mechanistic approach. J Control Release 2006;116:1-27
43. Taira MC, Chiaramoni NS, Pecuch KM, Alonso-Romanowski S. Stability of liposomal formulations in physiological conditions for oral drug delivery. Drug Deliv 2004;11:123-8
44. Manconi M, Nacher A, Merino V, et al. Improving oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of liposomal metformin by glycerolphosphate- chitosan microcomplexation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013;14:485-96
45. Cassano R, Ferrarelli T, Schatzlein AG, et al. Dextran-pegylated microparticles for enhanced cellular uptake of hydrophobic drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.01.017
46. D'Souza B, Bhowmik T, Shashidharamurthy R, et al. Oral microparticulate vaccine for melanoma using M-cell targeting. J Drug Target 2012;20:166-73
47. Lin Y, Fujimori T, Kawaguchi N, et al. Polyamidoamine dendrimers as novel potential absorption enhancers for improving the small intestinal absorption of poorly absorbable drugs in rats. J Control Release 2011;149:21-8
48. Sadekar S, Ghandehari H. Transepithelial transport and toxicity of PAMAM dendrimers: Implications for oral drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012;64:571-88
49. Akhtar S. Oral delivery of siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides. J Drug Target 2009;17:491-5
50. Tan ML, Choong PFM, Dass CR. Recent developments in liposomes, microparticles and nanoparticles for protein and peptide drug delivery. Peptides 2010;31:184-93
51. Gaucher G, Satturwar P, Jones MC, et al. Polymeric micelles for oral drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010;76:147-58
52. Singh R, Singh S, Lillard JW. Past, present, and future technologies for oral delivery of therapeutic proteins. J Pharm Sci 2008;97: 2497-523
53. Schoubben A, Blasi P, Giovagnoli S, et al. Development of a scalable procedure for fine calcium alginate particle preparation. Chem Eng J 2010;160:363-9
54. Katstra WE, Palazzolo RD, Rowe CW, et al. Oral dosage forms fabricated by three dimensional printing. J Control Release 2000; 66:1-9
55. Ainslie K, Kraning C. Microfabrication of an asymmetric, multilayered microdevice for controlled release of orally delivered therapeutics. Lab Chip 2008;8:1042-7
56. Grabovac V, Föger F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Design and in vivo evaluation of a patch delivery system for insulin based on thiolated polymers. Int J Pharm 2008;348:169-74
57. Ainslie KM, Lowe RD, Beaudette TT, et al. Microfabricated devices for enhanced bioadhesive drug delivery: Attachment to and small-molecule release through a cell monolayer under flow. Small 2009;5:2857-63
58. Sant S, Tao SL, Fisher OZ, et al. Microfabrication technologies for oral drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012;64:496-507
59. Chaturvedi K, Ganguly K, Nadagouda MN, Aminabhavi TM. Polymeric hydrogels for oral insulin delivery. J Control Release 2013;165:129-38
60. Shimoyama T, Itoh K, Kobayashi M, et al. Oral liquid in situ gelling methylcellulose/alginate formulations for sustained drug delivery to dysphagic patients. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012;38: 952-60
61. Kamei N, Morishita M, Chiba H, et al. Complexation hydrogels for intestinal delivery of interferon beta and calcitonin. J Control Release 2009;134:98-102
62. Morishita M, Lowman AM, Takayama K, et al. Elucidation of the mechanism of incorporation of insulin in controlled release systems based on complexation polymers. J Control Release 2002;81:25-32
63. Madsen F, Peppas NA. Complexation graft copolymer networks: Swelling properties, calcium binding and proteolytic enzyme inhibition. Biomaterials 1999;20:1701-8
64. Yamagata T, Morishita M, Kavimandan NJ, et al. Characterization of insulin protection properties of complexation hydrogels in gastric and intestinal enzyme fluids. J Control Release 2006;112:343-9
65. Schoener CA, Hutson HN, Fletcher GK, Peppas NA. Amphiphilic interpenetrating networks for the delivery of hydrophobic, low molecular weight therapeutic agents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011;50: 12556-61
66. Sajeesh S, Bouchemal K, Marsaud V, et al. Cyclodextrin complexed insulin encapsulated hydrogel microparticles: An oral delivery system for insulin. J Control Release 2010;147:377-84
67. Hezaveh H, Muhamad II. Impact of metal oxide nanoparticles on oral release properties of pH-sensitive hydrogel nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2012;50:1334-40
68. Morris E. Polysaccharide synergism more questions than answers?. In: Harding SE, Hill SE, Mitchell JR, eds. Biopolymer mixtures. Nottingham, UK: Nottingham University Press; 1995
69. Itoh K, Yahaba M, Takahashi A, et al. In situ gelling xyloglucan/ pectin formulations for oral sustained drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2008;356:95-101
70. Itoh K, Tsuruya R, Shimoyama T, et al. In situ gelling xyloglucan/ alginate liquid formulation for oral sustained drug delivery to dysphagic patients. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010;36:449-55
71. Itoh K, Hatakeyama T, Shimoyama T, et al. In situ gelling formulation based on methylcellulose/pectin system for oralsustained drug delivery to dysphagic patients. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011;37:790-7
72. Ganguly S, Dash AK. A novel in situ gel for sustained drug delivery and targeting. Int J Pharm 2004;276:83-92
73. Amani A, Amini MA, Ali HSM, York P. Alternatives to conventional suspensions for pulmonary drug delivery by nebulisers: A review. J Pharm Sci 2011;100:4563-70
74. Rytting E, Nguyen J, Wang X, Kissel T. Biodegradable polymeric nanocarriers for pulmonary drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008;5:629-39
75. Aulton ME. Aulton's pharmaceutics: The design and manufacture of medicines. Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2007
76. Bai S, Ahsan F. Synthesis and evaluation of pegylated dendrimeric nanocarrier for pulmonary delivery of low molecular weight heparin. Pharm Res 2009;26:539-48
77. Bai S, Gupta V, Ahsan F. Cationic liposomes as carriers for aerosolized formulations of an anionic drug: Safety and efficacy study. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009;38:165-71
78. Bai S, Thomas C, Ahsan F. Dendrimers as a carrier for pulmonary delivery of enoxaparin, a low-molecular weight heparin. J Pharm Sci 2007;96:2090-106
79. Bailey MM, Gorman EM, Munson EJ, Berkland C. Pure insulin nanoparticle agglomerates for pulmonary delivery. Langmuir 2008; 24:13614-20
80. Bai S, Ahsan F. Inhalable liposomes of low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of venous thromboembolism. J Pharm Sci 2010;99:4554-64
81. Yang JZ, Young AL, Chiang PC, et al. Fluticasone and budesonide nanosuspensions for pulmonary delivery: Preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic studies. J Pharm Sci 2008;97:4869-78
82. Thomas C, Gupta V, Ahsan F. Influence of surface charge of PLGA particles of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen in enhancing systemic and mucosal immune responses. Int J Pharm 2009;379: 41-50
83. Liquidia. A study evaluating the safety and tolerability of a seasonal influenza vaccine containing LIQ001 (LIfT). National Institutes of Health (US). Available from http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT01224262 [last accessed 23 Apr 2013].
84. Jaworek A. Micro- and nanoparticle production by electrospraying. Powder Technol 2007;176:18-35
85. Zhang S, Kawakami K. One-step preparation of chitosan solid nanoparticles by electrospray deposition. Int J Pharm 2010;397: 211-17
86. Wu Y, Fei Z, Lee LJ, Wyslouzil BE. Coaxial electrohydrodynamic spraying of plasmid DNA/polyethylenimine (PEI) polyplexes for enhanced nonviral gene delivery. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010;105: 834-41
87. Wu Y, Yu B, Jackson A, et al. Coaxial electrohydrodynamic spraying: A novel one-step technique to prepare oligodeoxynucleotide encapsulated lipoplex nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2009;6:1371-9
88. Ghazanfari T, Elhissi AM, Ding Z, Taylor KM. The influence of fluid physicochemical properties on vibrating-mesh nebulization. Int J Pharm 2007;339:103-11
89. Frijlink HW, de Boer AH. Trends in the technology-driven development of new inhalation devices. Drug Discov Today Technol 2005;2:47-57
90. Elhissi A, Gill H, Ahmed W, Taylor K. Vibrating-mesh nebulization of liposomes generated using an ethanol-based proliposome technology. J Liposome Res 2011;21:173-80
91. Brand P, Schulte M, Wencker M, et al. Lung deposition of inhaled alpha1-proteinase inhibitor in cystic fibrosis and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eur Respir J 2009;34:354-60
92. Johnson JC, Waldrep JC, Guo J, Dhand R. Aerosol delivery of recombinant human DNase I: In vitro comparison of a vibrating-mesh nebulizer with a jet nebulizer. Respir Care 2008; 53:1703-8
93. Wagner A, Vorauer-Uhl K, Katinger H. Nebulization of Liposomal rh-Cu/Zn-SOD with a novel vibrating membrane nebulizer. J Liposome Res 2006;16:113-25
94. Elhissi AMA, Faizi M, Naji WF, et al. Physical stability and aerosol properties of liposomes delivered using an air-jet nebulizer and a novel micropump device with large mesh apertures. Int J Pharm 2007;334:62-70
95. Koombua K, Pidaparti RM, Longest PW, Atkinson GM. Design evaluation for performance characteristics of a novel valveless micropump. Nanosc Microsc Therm 2010;14:34-50
96. Su G, Longest PW, Pidaparti RM. A novel micropump droplet generator for aerosol drug delivery: Design simulations. Biomicrofluidics 2010;4:044108-18
97. Su G, Pidaparti RM. Generating nanoparticles for respiratory drug delivery. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2011;2:1-8
98. Yeo LY, Friend JR, McIntosh MP, et al. Ultrasonic nebulization platforms for pulmonary drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010;7:663-79
99. Qi A, Friend JR, Yeo LY, et al. Miniature inhalation therapy platform using surface acoustic wave microfluidic atomization. Lab Chip 2009;9:2184-93
100. Alvarez M, Friend J, Yeo LY. Rapid generation of protein aerosols and nanoparticles via surface acoustic wave atomization. Nanotechnology 2008;19:455103
101. Grassin-Delyle S, Buenestado A, Naline E, et al. Intranasal drug delivery: An efficient and non-invasive route for systemic administration: Focus on opioids. Pharmacol Ther 2012;134:366-79
102. Karla PK, Kwatra D, Gaudana R, Mitra AK. Nasal drug delivery. In: Rathbone MJ, ed. Modified-release drug delivery technology. 2nd ed. London, UK: Informa Healthcare; 2008
103. Thomas C, Ahsan F. Nasal delivery of peptide and nonpeptide drugs. In: Gad SC, ed. Pharmaceutical manufacturing handbook. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2007:591-650
104. Jaganathan KS, Vyas SP. Strong systemic and mucosal immune responses to surface-modified PLGA microspheres containing recombinant hepatitis B antigen administered intranasally. Vaccine 2006;24:4201-11
105. Borges O, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Tavares J, et al. Immune response by nasal delivery of hepatitis B surface antigen and codelivery of a CpG ODN in alginate coated chitosan nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008;69:405-16
106. Tafaghodi M, Jaafari MR, Sajadi Tabassi SA. Nasal immunization studies using liposomes loaded with tetanus toxoid and CpG-ODN. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2006;64:138-45
107. Zhang QZ, Zha LS, Zhang Y, et al. The brain targeting efficiency following nasally applied MPEG-PLA nanoparticles in rats. J Drug Target 2006;14:281-90
108. Mainardes RM, Urban MCC, Cinto PO, et al. Liposomes and micro/nanoparticles as colloidal carriers for nasal drug delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 2006;3:275-85
109. Ali J, Ali M, Baboota S, et al. Potential of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems by intranasal administration. Curr Pharm Des 2010;16:1644-53
110. Cao SL, Zhang QZ, Jiang XG. Preparation of ion-activated in situ gel systems of scopolamine hydrobromide and evaluation of its antimotion sickness efficacy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007;28:584-90
111. Cai Z, Song X, Sun F, et al. Formulation and evaluation of in situ gelling systems for intranasal administration of gastrodin. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011;12:1102-9
112. Majithiya RJ, Ghosh PK, Umrethia ML, Murthy RS. Thermoreversible- mucoadhesive gel for nasal delivery of sumatriptan. AAPS PharmSciTech 2006;7:67
113. Park JS, Oh YK, Yoon H, et al. In situ gelling and mucoadhesive polymer vehicles for controlled intranasal delivery of plasmid DNA. J Biomed Mater Res 2002;59:144-51
114. Luppi B, Bigucci F, Cerchiara T, Zecchi V. Chitosan-based hydrogels for nasal drug delivery: From inserts to nanoparticles. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010;7:811-28
115. Bertram U, Bodmeier R. In situ gelling, bioadhesive nasal inserts for extended drug delivery: In vitro characterization of a new nasal dosage form. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006;27:62-71
116. Luppi B, Bigucci F, Mercolini L, et al. Novel mucoadhesive nasal inserts based on chitosan/hyaluronate polyelectrolyte complexes for peptide and protein delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009;61: 151-7
117. Bertram U, Bernard MC, Haensler J, et al. In situ gelling nasal inserts for influenza vaccine delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2010; 36:581-93
118. Tomi M, Hosoya K. The role of blood-ocular barrier transporters in retinal drug disposition: An overview. Expert Opin Drug Metabol & Toxicol 2010;6:1111-24
119. Barar J, Javadzadeh AR, Omidi Y. Ocular novel drug delivery: Impacts of membranes and barriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008;5:567-81
120. Velez G, Whitcup SM. New developments in sustained release drug delivery for the treatment of intraocular disease. Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:1225-9
121. Maurice D. Review: Practical issues in intravitreal drug delivery. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2001;17:393-401
122. Patton TF, Robinson Jr. Quantitative precorneal disposition of topically applied pilocarpine nitrate in rabbit eyes. J Pharm Sci 1976;65:1295-301
123. Kumari A, Sharma PK, Garg VK, Garg G. Ocular inserts - advancement in therapy of eye diseases. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2010;1:291-6
124. Darougar S. Patent literature review of ocular inserts. US Patent 1999;6:264-971
125. Venkatesh S, Sizemore SP, Byrne ME. Biomimetic hydrogels for enhanced loading and extended release of ocular therapeutics. Biomaterials 2007;28:717-24
126. Ali M, Horikawa S, Venkatesh S, et al. Zero-order therapeutic release from imprinted hydrogel contact lenses within in vitro physiological ocular tear flow. J Control Release 2007;124: 154-62
127. Choonara YE, Pillay V, Danckwerts MP, et al. A review of implantable intravitreal drug delivery technologies for the treatment of posterior segment eye diseases. J Pharm Sci 2010;99: 2219-39
128. Li PY, Shih J, Lo R, et al. An electrochemical intraocular drug delivery device. Sens Actuators A Phys 2008;143:41-8
129. Lo R, Kuwahara K, Li PY, et al. A passive refillable intraocular MEMS drug delivery device. In: International conference on microtechnologies in medicine and biology, 9-12 May 2006 Okinawa, Japan, pp. 74-7
130. Csaky KG. New developments in the transscleral delivery of ophthalmic agents. Retina Today 2007;March/April:32-5
131. Harris D, Robinson Jr. Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. J Pharm Sci 1992;81:1-10
132. Kianfar F, Chowdhry BZ, Antonijevic MD, Boateng JS. Novel films for drug delivery via the buccal mucosa using model soluble and insoluble drugs. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012;38:1207-20
133. Velten T, Schuck H, Knoll T, et al. Intelligent intraoral drug delivery microsystem. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C: J Mech Eng Sci 2006;220:1609-17
134. Smart JD. Drug-delivery using buccal-adhesive systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1993;11:253-70
135. Rao S, Song Y, Peddie F, Evans AM. A novel tri-layered buccal mucoadhesive patch for drug delivery: Assessment of nicotine delivery. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011;63:794-9
136. De Boer AG, De Leede LG, Breimer DD. Drug absorption by sublingual and rectal routes. Br J Anaesth 1984;56:69-82
137. Shiohira H, Fujii M, Koizumi N, et al. Novel chronotherapeutic rectal aminophylline delivery system for therapy of asthma. Int J Pharm 2009;379:119-24
138. Li H, Jiang B, Yan J, et al. A drug-laden elastomer for surgical treatment of anal fistula. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2011;1:439-47
139. Watanabe Y, Matsumoto Y, Baba K, Matsumoto M. Pharmaceutical evaluation of hollow type suppositories. IV. Improvement of bioavailability of propranolol in rabbits after rectal administration. J Pharmacobiodyn 1986;9:526-31
140. McCourtney JS, Finlay IG. Setons in the surgical management of fistula in ano. Br J Surg 1995;82:448-52
141. Seow-Choen F, Nicholls R. Anal fistula. Br J Surg 1992;79: 197-205
142. Hussain A, Ahsan F. The vagina as a route for systemic drug delivery. J Control Release 2005;103:301-13
143. De Balaey C, Polderman J. Rationales in the design of rectal and vaginal delivery forms of drugs. Drug Design 1980;9:237-66
144. Whaley KJ, Hanes J, Shattock R, et al. Novel approaches to vaginal delivery and safety of microbicides: Biopharmaceuticals, nanoparticles, and vaccines. Antiviral Res 2010;88:S55-66
145. Digenis GA, Nosek D, Mohammadi F, et al. Novel vaginal controlled-delivery systems incorporating coprecipitates of nonoxynol- 9. Pharm Dev Technol 1999;4:421-30
146. Kast CE, Valenta C, Leopold M, Bernkop-Schnurch A. Design and in vitro evaluation of a novel bioadhesive vaginal drug delivery system for clotrimazole. J Control Release 2002;81: 347-54
147. Wang L, Tang X. A novel ketoconazole bioadhesive effervescent tablet for vaginal delivery: Design, in vitro and 'in vivo' evaluation. Int J Pharm 2008;350:181-7
148. Dobaria NB, Badhan AC, Mashru RC. A novel itraconazole bioadhesive film for vaginal delivery: Design, optimization, and physicodynamic characterization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2009;10: 951-9
149. Dobaria N, Mashru R. Design and in vitro evaluation of a novel bioadhesive vaginal drug delivery system for clindamycin phosphate. Pharm Dev Technol 2010;15:405-14
150. Wu SY, Chang HI, Burgess M, McMillan NA. Vaginal delivery of siRNA using a novel PEGylated lipoplex-entrapped alginate scaffold system. J Control Release 2011;155:418-26
151. Donnelly RF, Raj Singh TR, Woolfson AD. Microneedle-based drug delivery systems: Microfabrication, drug delivery and safety. Drug Deliv 2010;17:187-207
152. Paudel KS, Milewski M, Swadley CL, et al. Challenges and opportunities in dermal/transdermal delivery. Ther Deliv 2010;1: 109-31
153. Patzelt A, Richter H, Knorr F, et al. Selective follicular targeting by modification of the particle sizes. J Control Release 2011;150: 45-8
154. Kajimoto K, Yamamoto M, Watanabe M, et al. Noninvasive and persistent transfollicular drug delivery system using a combination of liposomes and iontophoresis. Int J Pharm 2011;403: 57-65
155. Narasimha Murthy S, Wiskirchen DE, Bowers CP. Iontophoretic drug delivery across human nail. J Pharm Sci 2007;96:305-11
156. Nair AB, Kim HD, Chakraborty B, et al. Ungual and trans-ungual iontophoretic delivery of terbinafine for the treatment of onychomycosis. J Pharm Sci 2009;98:4130-40
157. Abadi D, Zderic V. Ultrasound-mediated nail drug delivery system. J Ultrasound Med 2011;30:1723-30
158. Bal S, Kruithof AC, Liebl H, et al. In vivo visualization of microneedle conduits in human skin using laser scanning microscopy. Laser Phys Lett 2010;7:242-6
159. Banks SL, Pinninti RR, Gill HS, et al. Transdermal delivery of naltrexol and skin permeability lifetime after microneedle treatment in hairless guinea pigs. J Pharm Sci 2010;99:3072-80
160. Banks SL, Paudel KS, Brogden NK, et al. Diclofenac enables prolonged delivery of naltrexone through microneedle-treated skin. Pharm Res 2011;28:1211-19
161. Zhang Y, Brown K, Siebenaler K, et al. Development of lidocainecoated microneedle product for rapid, safe, and prolonged local analgesic action. Pharm Res 2012;29:170-7
162. Duan D, Moeckly C, Gysbers J, et al. Enhanced delivery of topically-applied formulations following skin pre-treatment with a hand-applied, plastic microneedle array. Curr Drug Deliv 2011;8: 557-65
163. Burton Sa, Ng C-Y, Simmers R, et al. Rapid intradermal delivery of liquid formulations using a hollow microstructured array. Pharm Res 2011;28:31-40
164. Prausnitz MR, Mikszta JA, Cormier M, Andrianov AK. Microneedle-based vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009;333:369-93
165. Gill HS, Prausnitz MR. Coated microneedles for transdermal delivery. J Control Release 2007;117:227-37
166. Davis SP, Martanto W, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. Hollow metal microneedles for insulin delivery to diabetic rats. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2005;52:909-15
167. Rodriguez A, Molinero D, Valera E, et al. Fabrication of silicon oxide microneedles from macroporous silicon. Sens Actuators B Chem 2005;109:135-40
168. Chabri F, Bouris K, Jones T, et al. Microfabricated silicon microneedles for nonviral cutaneous gene delivery. Br J Dermatol 2004;150:869-77
169. Migalska K, Morrow DIJ, Garland MJ, et al. Laser-engineered dissolving microneedle arrays for transdermal macromolecular drug delivery. Pharm Res 2011;28:1919-30
170. Kochhar JS, Zou S, Chan SY, Kang L. Protein encapsulation in polymeric microneedles by photolithography. Int J Nanomedicine 2012;7:3143-54
171. Lee JW, Park JH, Prausnitz MR. Dissolving microneedles for transdermal drug delivery. Biomaterials 2008;29:2113-24
172. Singh TR, Dunne NJ, Cunningham E, Donnelly RF. Review of patents on microneedle applicators. Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul 2011;5:11-23
173. Kanikkannan N. Iontophoresis-based transdermal delivery systems. BioDrugs 2002;16:339-47
174. Gratieri T, Kalaria D, Kalia YN. Non-invasive iontophoretic delivery of peptides and proteins across the skin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011;8:645-63
175. Pierce M, Marbury T, O'Neill C, et al. Zelrix: A novel transdermal formulation of sumatriptan. Headache 2009;49:817-25
176. Garland MJ, Caffarel-Salvador E, Migalska K, et al. Dissolving polymeric microneedle arrays for electrically assisted transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 2012;159:52-9
177. Smith KA, Hao J, Li SK. Influence of pH on transungual passive and iontophoretic transport. J Pharm Sci 2010;99:1955-67
178. Escobar-Chávez JJ, Bonilla-Martínez D, Villegas- González MA, Revilla-Vázquez AL. Electroporation as an efficient physical enhancer for skin drug delivery. J Clin Pharmacol 2009;49: 1262-83
179. Yan K, Todo H, Sugibayashi K. Transdermal drug delivery by inskin electroporation using a microneedle array. Int J Pharm 2010; 397:77-83
180. Mitragotri S, Kost J. Low-frequency sonophoresis: A review. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004;56:589-601
181. Polat BE, Blankschtein D, Langer R. Low-frequency sonophoresis: Application to the transdermal delivery of macromolecules and hydrophilic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010;7: 1415-32
182. Zempsky WT, Robbins B, McKay K. Reduction of topical anesthetic onset time using ultrasound: A randomized controlled trial prior to venipuncture in young children. Pain Med 2008;9: 795-802
183. Kim DK, Choi SW, Kwak YH. The effect of SonoPrep- on EMLA- cream application for pain relief prior to intravenous cannulation. Eur J Pediatr 2012;171:985-8
184. Spierings EL, Brevard JA, Katz NP. Two-minute skin anesthesia through ultrasound pretreatment and iontophoretic delivery of a topical anesthetic: A feasibility study. Pain Med 2008;9:55-9
185. Torkara A, Kristla J, Murdanb S. Low-frequency ultrasound to enhance topical drug delivery to the nail. AAPS J 2007;9: T3221
186. Lee JW, Gadiraju P, Park JH, et al. Microsecond thermal ablation of skin for transdermal drug delivery. J Control Release 2011;154: 58-68
187. Levin G, Gershonowitz A, Sacks H, et al. Transdermal delivery of human growth hormone through RF-microchannels. Pharm Res 2005;22:550-5
188. Badkar AV, Smith AM, Eppstein JA, Banga AK. Transdermal delivery of interferon alpha-2B using microporation and iontophoresis in hairless rats. Pharm Res 2007;24:1389-95
189. Bramson J, Dayball K, Evelegh C, et al. Enabling topical immunization via microporation: A novel method for pain-free and needle-free delivery of adenovirus-based vaccines. Gene Ther 2003;10:251-60
190. Pendergrass PB, Belovicz MW, Reeves CA. Surface area of the human vagina as measured from vinyl polysiloxane casts. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2003;55:110-13
191. Sotoyama M, Villanueva MB, Jonai H, Saito S. Ocular surface area as an informative index of visual ergonomics. Ind Health 1995;33:43-55