Sirtuins and renal diseases: Relationship with aging and diabetic nephropathy

Clinical Science

Volumn 124, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 153-164

  Kitada, Munehiro ^a   Kume, Shinji ^b   Takeda Watanabe, Ai ^a   Kanasaki, Keizo ^a   Koya, Daisuke ^a  

^a KANAZAWA MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b SHIGA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Aging; Diabetic nephropathy; SIRT1 (sirtuin 1); Sirtuin

Indexed keywords

SIRTUIN; SIRTUIN 1; SIRTUIN 2; SIRTUIN 3; SIRTUIN 4; SIRTUIN 5; SIRTUIN 6; SIRTUIN 7; SIRT1 PROTEIN, HUMAN; SIRT3 PROTEIN, HUMAN; SIRT6 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

AGING; APOPTOSIS; AUTOPHAGY; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; INFLAMMATION; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FIBROSIS; LIPID METABOLISM; LONGEVITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SODIUM BALANCE; ANIMAL; CALORIC RESTRICTION; METABOLISM;

AGING; ANIMALS; CALORIC RESTRICTION; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; SIRTUIN 1; SIRTUIN 3; SIRTUINS;

EID: 84872008953     PISSN: 01435221     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1042/CS20120190     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Jun, M., Perkovic, V. and Cass, A. (2011) Intensive glycemic control and renal outcome. Contrib. Nephrol. 170, 196-208
2. Calcutt, N. A., Cooper, M. E., Kern, T. S. and Schmidt, A. M. (2009) Therapies for hyperglycaemia-induced diabetic complications: from animal models to clinical trials. Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery 8, 417-429
3. Kitada, M., Zhang, Z., Mima, A. and King, G. L. (2010) Molecular mechanisms of diabetic vascular complications. J. Diabetes Invest. 1, 77-89
4. Galle, J. (2008) Reduction of proteinuria with angiotensin receptor blockers. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. 5 (Suppl. 1), S36-S43
5. Barlovic, D. P. and Cooper, M. E. (2009) Diabetes: RAS inhibition: probably not a one-size-fits-all approach. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 5, 669-670
6. Coresh, J., Astor, B. C., Greene, T., Eknoyan, G. and Levey, A. S. (2003) Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 41, 1-12
7. Rule A.D., Amer, H., Cornell, L. D., Taler, S. J., Cosio, F. G., Kremers, W. K., Textor, S. C. and Stegall, M. D. (2010) The association between age and nephrosclerosis on renal biopsy among healthy adults. Ann. Intern. Med. 152, 561-567
8. Hsu, C. Y., Iribarren, C., McCulloch, C. E., Darbinian, J. and Go, A. S. (2009) Risk factors for end-stage renal disease: 25-year follow-up, Arch. Intern. Med. 169, 342-350
9. Fontana, L., Partridge, L. and Longo, V. D. (2010) Extending healthy life span-from yeast to humans. Science 328, 321-326
10. Fouque, D., Pelletier, S., Mafra, D. and Chauveau, P. (2011) Nutrition and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 80, 348-357 11 Guarente, L. (2011) Franklin H. Epstein Lecture: Sirtuins, aging, and medicine. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 2235-2244
11. Guarente, L. (2011) Franklin H. Epstein Lecture: Sirtuins, aging, and medicine. N. Engl. J. Med. 364, 2235-2244
12. Someya, S., Yu, W., Hallows, W. C., Xu, J., Vann, J. M., Leeuwenburgh, C., Tanokura, M., Denu, J. M. and Prolla, T. A. (2010) Sirt3 mediates reduction of oxidative damage and prevention of age-related hearing loss under caloric restriction. Cell 143, 802-812
13. McCay, C. M., Crowell, M. F. and Maynard, L. A. (1935) The effect of retarded growth upon the length of life span and upon the ultimate body size. J. Nutr. 10, 63-79
14. Colman, R. J., Anderson, R. M., Johnson, S. C., Kastman, E. K., Kosmatka, K. J., Beasley, T. M., Allison, D. B., Cruzen, C., Simmons, H. A., Kemnitz, J. W. and Weindruch, R. (2009) Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science 325, 201-204
15. Fontana, L., Meyer, T. E., Klein, S. and Holloszy, J. O. (2004) Long-term calorie restriction is highly effective in reducing the risk for atherosclerosis in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 6659-6663
16. Meyer, T. E., Kovacs, S. J., Ehsani, A. A., Klein, S., Holloszy, J. O. and Fontana, L. (2006) Long-term caloric restriction ameliorates the decline in diastolic function in humans. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 47, 398-402
17. Imai, S., Armstrong, C. M., Kaeberlein, M. and Guarente, L. (2000) Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. Nature 403, 795-800
18. Liang, F., Kume, S. and Koya, D. (2009) SIRT1 and insulin resistance. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 5, 367-373
19. Cohen, H. Y., Miller, C., Bitterman, K. J., Wall, N. R., Hekking, B., Kessler, B., Howitz, K. T., Gorospe, M., de Cabo, R. and Sinclair, D. A. (2004) Calorie restriction promotes mammalian cell survival by inducing the SIRT1 deacetylase. Science 305, 390-392
20. Bordone, L., Cohen, D., Robinson, A., Motta, M. C., van Veen, E., Czopik, A., Steele, A. D., Crowe, H., Marmor, S., Luo, J. et al. (2007) SIRT1 transgenic mice show phenotypes resembling calorie restriction. Aging Cell 6, 759-767
21. Boily, G., Seifert, E. L., Bevilacqua, L., He, X. H., Sabourin, G., Estey, C., Moffat, C., Crawford, S., Saliba, S., Jardine, K. et al. (2008) SirT1 regulates energy metabolism and response to caloric restriction in mice. PLoS ONE 3, e1759
22. Kanfi Y., Naiman, S., Amir, G., Peshti, V., Zinman, G., Nahum, L., Bar-Joseph, Z. and Cohen, H. Y. (2012) The sirtuin SIRT6 regulates lifespan in male mice. Nature 483, 218-221
23. Mostoslavsky, R., Chua, K. F., Lombard, D. B., Pang, W. W., Fischer, M. R., Gellon, L., Liu, P., Mostoslavsky, G., Franco, S., Murphy, M. M. et al. (2006) Genomic instability and aging-like phenotype in the absence of mammalian SIRT6. Cell 124, 315-329
24. Kanfi Y., Shalman, R., Peshti, V., Pilosof, S. N., Gozlan, Y. M., Pearson, K. J., Lerrer, B., Moazed, D., Marine, J. C., de Cabo, R. and Cohen, H. Y. (2008) Regulation of SIRT6 protein levels by nutrient availability. FEBS Lett. 582, 543-548
25. Kanfi, Y., Peshti, V., Gil, R., Naiman, S., Nahum, L., Levin, E., Kronfeld-Schor, N. and Cohen, H. Y. (2010) SIRT6 protects against pathological damage caused by diet-induced obesity. Aging Cell 9, 162-173
26. Michan, S. and Sinclair, D. (2007) Sirtuins in mammals: insights into their biological function. Biochem. J. 404, 1-13 27 Frye, R. A. (2000) Phylogenetic classification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic Sir2-like proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273, 793-798
27. Frye, R. A. (2000) Phylogenetic classification of prokaryotic and eukaryotic Sir2-like proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 273, 793-798
28. Tanno, M., Sakamoto, J., Miura, T., Shimamoto, K. and Horio, Y. (2007) Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the NAD+ -dependent histone deacetylase SIRT1. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 6823-6832
29. North, B. J. and Verdin, E. (2007) Interphase nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and localization of SIRT2 during mitosis. PLoS ONE 2, e784
30. Sundaresan, N. R., Samant, S. A., Pillai, V. B., Rajamohan, S. B. and Gupta, M. P. (2008) SIRT3 is a stress-responsive deacetylase in cardiomyocytes that protects cells from stress-mediated cell death by deacetylation of Ku70. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 6384-6401
31. Michishita, E., Park, J. Y., Burneskis, J. M., Barrett, J. C. and Horikawa, I. (2005) Evolutionarily conserved and nonconserved cellular localizations and functions of human SIRT proteins. Mol. Biol. Cell 16, 4623-4635
32. Vakhrusheva, O., Smolka, C., Gajawada, P., Kostin, S., Boettger, T., Kubin, T., Braun, T. and Bober, E. (2008) Sirt7 increases stress resistance of cardiomyocytes and prevents apoptosis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy in mice. Circ. Res. 102, 703-710
33. Vaquero, A., Scher, M., Lee, D., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Tempst, P. and Reinberg, D. (2004) Human SirT1 interacts with histone H1 and promotes formation of facultative heterochromatin. Mol. Cell 16, 93-105
34. Vaquero, A., Scher, M., Erdjument-Bromage, H., Tempst, P., Serrano, L. and Reinberg, D. (2007) SIRT1 regulates the histone methyl-transferase SUV39H1 during heterochromatin formation. Nature 450, 440-444
35. Rodgers, J. T., Lerin, C., Haas, W., Gygi, S. P., Spiegelman, B. M. and Puigserver, P. (2005) Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1a and SIRT1. Nature 434, 113-118
36. Rodgers, J. T., Lerin, C., Gerhart-Hines, Z. and Puigserver, P. (2008) Metabolic adaptations through the PGC-1 a and SIRT1 pathways. FEBS Lett. 582, 46-53
37. Sun, C., Zhang, F., Ge, X., Yan, T., Chen, X., Shi, X. and Zhai, Q. (2007) SIRT1 improves insulin sensitivity under insulin-resistant conditions by repressing PTP1B. Cell Metab. 6, 307-319 38 Zhang, J. (2007) The direct involvement of SirT1 in insulininduced insulin receptor substrate-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 34356-34364
38. Zhang, J. (2007) The direct involvement of SirT1 in insulininduced insulin receptor substrate-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 34356-34364
39. Moynihan, K. A., Grimm, A. A., Plueger, M. M., Bernal-Mizrachi, E., Ford, E., Cras-Meneur, C., Permutt, M. A. and Imai, S. (2005) Increased dosage of mammalian Sir2 in pancreatic β cells enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice. Cell Metab. 2, 105-117
40. Picard, F., Kurtev, M., Chung, N., Topark-Ngarm, A., Senawong, T., Machado De Oliveira, R., Leid, M., McBurney, M. W. and Guarente, L. (2004) Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repressing PPAR-γ. Nature 429, 771-776
41. Nakahata, Y., Kaluzova, M., Grimaldi, B., Sahar, S., Hirayama, J., Chen, D., Guarente, L. P. and Sassone-Corsi, P. (2008) The NAD+ -dependent deacetylase SIRT1 modulates CLOCKmediated chromatin remodeling and circadian control. Cell 134, 329-340
42. Asher, G., Gatfield, D., Stratmann, M., Reinke, H., Dibner, C., Kreppel, F., Mostoslavsky, R., Alt, F. W. and Schibler, U. (2008) SIRT1 regulates circadian clock gene expression through PER2 deacetylation. Cell 134, 317-328
43. Purushotham, A., Schug, T. T., Xu, Q., Surapureddi, S., Guo, X. and Li, X. (2009) Hepatocyte-specific deletion of SIRT1 alters fatty acid metabolism and results in hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Cell Metab. 9, 327-338
44. Walker, A. K., Yang, F., Jiang, K., Ji, J. Y., Watts, J. L., Purushotham, A., Boss, O., Hirsch, M. L., Ribich, S., Smith, J. J. et al. (2010) Conserved role of SIRT1 orthologs in fastingdependent inhibition of the lipid/cholesterol regulator SREBP. Genes Dev. 24, 1403-1417
45. Brunet, A., Sweeney, L. B., Sturgill, J. F., Chua, K. F., Greer, P. L., Lin, Y., Tran, H., Ross, S. E., Mostoslavsky, R., Cohen, H. Y. et al. (2004) Stress-dependent regulation of FOXO transcription factors by the SIRT1 deacetylase. Science 303, 2011-2015
46. Kume, S., Uzu, T., Horiike, K., Chin-Kanasaki, M., Isshiki, K., Araki, S., Sugimoto, T., Haneda, M., Kashiwagi, A. and Koya, D. (2010) Calorie restriction enhances cell adaptation to hypoxia through Sirt1-dependent mitochondrial autophagy in mouse aged kidney. J. Clin. Invest. 120, 1043-1055
47. Kume, S., Haneda, M., Kanasaki, K., Sugimoto, T., Araki, S., Isono, M., Isshiki, K., Uzu, T., Kashiwagi, A. and Koya, D. (2006) Silent information regulator 2 (SIRT1) attenuates oxidative stress-induced mesangial cell apoptosis via p53 deacetylation. Free Radical Biol. Med. 40, 2175-2182
48. Rajamohan, S. B., Pillai, V. B., Gupta, M., Sundaresan, N. R., Birukov, K. G., Samant, S., Hottiger, M. O. and Gupta, M. P. (2009) SIRT1 promotes cell survival under stress by deacetylation-dependent deactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 4116-4129
49. Lim, J. H., Lee, Y. M., Chun, Y. S., Chen, J., Kim, J. E. and Park, J. W. (2010) Sirtuin 1 modulates cellular responses to hypoxia by deacetylating hypoxia-inducible factor 1a. Mol. Cell 38, 864-878
50. Dioum, E. M., Chen, R., Alexander, M. S., Zhang, Q., Hogg, R. T., Gerard, R. D. and Garcia, J. A. (2009) Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 2a signaling by the stress-responsive deacetylase sirtuin 1. Science 324, 1289-1293
51. Yeung, F., Hoberg, J. E., Ramsey, C. S., Keller, M. D., Jones, D. R., Frye, R. A. and Mayo, M. W. (2004) Modulation of NF-γB-dependent transcription and cell survival by the SIRT1 deacetylase. EMBO J. 23, 2369-2380
52. Lee, I. H., Cao, L., Mostoslavsky, R., Lombard, D. B., Liu, J., Bruns, N. E., Tsokos, M., Alt, F. W. and Finkel, T. (2008) A role for the NAD-dependent deacetylase Sirt1 in the regulation of autophagy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 3374-3379
53. Price, N. L., Gomes, A. P., Ling, A. J., Duarte, F. V., Martin-Montalvo, A., North, B. J., Agarwal, B., Ye, L., Ramadori, G., Teodoro, J. S. et al. (2012) SIRT1 is required for AMPK activation and the beneficial effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function. Cell Metab. 15, 675-690
54. Choudhury, D. and Levi, M. (2011) Kidney aging - inevitable or preventable? Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 7, 706-717
55. Imai, S. (2011) Dissecting systemic control of metabolism and aging in the NAD world: the importance of SIRT1 and NAMPTmediated NAD biosynthesis. FEBS Lett. 585, 1657-1662
56. Braidy, N., Guillemin, G. J., Mansour, H., Chan-Ling, T., Poljak, A. and Grant, R. (2011) Age related changes in NAD+ metabolism oxidative stress and Sirt1 activity in Wistar rats. PLoS ONE 6, e19194
57. Nangaku M.(2006) Chronic hypoxia and tubulointerstitial injury: a final common pathway to end-stage renal failure. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 17, 17-25
58. Haase, V. H. (2006) Hypoxia-inducible factors in the kidney. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 291, F271-F281
59. Haase, V. H. (2010) The sweet side of HIF. Kidney Int. 78, 10-13
60. Makino, H., Miyamoto, Y., Sawai, K., Mori, K., Mukoyama, M., Nakao, K., Yoshimasa, Y. and Suga, S. (2006) Altered gene expression related to glomerulogenesis and podocyte structure in early diabetic nephropathy of db/db mice and its restoration by pioglitazone. Diabetes 55, 2747-2756
61. Takiyama, Y., Harumi, T., Watanabe, J., Fujita, Y., Honjo, J., Shimizu, N., Makino, Y. and Haneda, M. (2011) Tubular injury in a rat model of type 2 diabetes is prevented by metformin: a possible role of HIF-1a expression and oxygen metabolism. Diabetes 60, 981-992
62. Tanaka, T., Kato, H., Kojima, I., Ohse, T., Son, D., Tawakami, T., Yatagawa, T., Inagi, R., Fujita, T. and Nangaku, M. (2006) Hypoxia and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor in the aging kidney. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61, 795-805
63. Nath, K. A. (1992) Tubulointerstitial changes as a major determinant in the progression of renal damage. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 20, 1-17
64. He, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, M. Z., You, L., Davis, L. S., Fan, H., Yang, H. C., Fogo, A. B., Zent, R., Harris, R. C. et al. (2010) Sirt1 activation protects the mouse renal medulla from oxidative injury. J. Clin. Invest. 120, 1056-1068
65. Li, J., Qu, X., Ricardo, S. D., Bertram, J. F. and Nikolic-Paterson, D. J. (2010) Resveratrol inhibits renal fibrosis in the obstructed kidney: potential role in deacetylation of Smad3. Am. J. Pathol. 177, 1065-1071
66. Hasegawa, K., Wakino, S., Yoshioka, K., Tatematsu, S., Hara, Y., Minakuchi, H., Washida, N., Tokuyama, H., Hayashi, K. and Itoh, H. (2008) Sirt1 protects against oxidative stress-induced renal tubular cell apoptosis by the bidirectional regulation of catalase expression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 372, 51-56
67. Hasegawa, K., Wakino, S., Yoshioka, K., Tatematsu, S., Hara, Y., Minakuchi, H., Sueyasu, K., Washida, N., Tokuyama, H., Tzukerman, M. et al. (2010) Kidney-specific overexpression of Sirt1 protects against acute kidney injury by retaining peroxisome function. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 13045-13056
68. Kim, D. H., Jung, Y. J., Lee, J. E., Lee, A. S., Kang, K. P., Lee, S., Park, S. K., Han, M. K., Lee, S. Y., Ramkumar, K. M. et al. (2011) SIRT1 activation by resveratrol ameliorates cisplatin-induced renal injury through deacetylation of p53. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 301, F427-F435
69. Chung, H. Y., Sung, B., Jung, K. J., Zou, Y. and Yu, B. P. (2006) The molecular inflammatory process in aging. Antioxid. Redox Signaling 8, 572-581
70. Navarro-Gonzalez, J. F., Mora-Fernandez, C., Muros de Fuentes, M. and Garcia-Perez, J. (2011) Inflammatory molecules and pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 7, 327-340
71. Hayden, M. S. and Ghosh, S. (2008) Shared principles in NF-γB signaling. Cell 132, 344-362
72. Kiernan, R., Bres, V., Ng, R. W., Coudart, M. P., El Messaoudi, S., Sardet, C., Jin, D. Y., Emiliani, S. and Benkirane, M. (2003) Post-activation turn-off of NF-γB-dependent transcription is regulated by acetylation of p65. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 2758-2766
73. Yoshizaki, T., Milne, J. C., Imamura, T., Schenk, S., Sonoda, N., Babendure, J. L., Lu, J. C., Smith, J. J., Jirousek, M. R. and Olefsky, J. M. (2009) SIRT1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects and improves insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 1363-1374
74. Yoshizaki, T., Schenk, S., Imamura, T., Babendure, J. L., Sonoda, N., Bae, E. J., Oh, D. Y., Lu, M., Milne, J. C., Westphal, C. et al. (2010) SIRT1 inhibits inflammatory pathways in macrophages and modulates insulin sensitivity. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 298, E419-E428
75. Rajendrasozhan, S., Yang, S. R., Kinnula, V. L. and Rahman, I. (2008) SIRT1, an antiinflammatory and antiaging protein, is decreased in lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177, 861-870
76. Schug, T. T., Xu, Q., Gao, H., Peres-da-Silva, A., Draper, D. W., Fessler, M. B., Purushotham, A. and Li, X. (2010) Myeloid deletion of SIRT1 induces inflammatory signaling in response to environmental stress. Mol. Cell. Biol. 30, 4712-4721
77. Stein, S., Schafer, N., Breitenstein, A., Besler, C., Winnik, S., Lohmann, C., Heinrich, K., Brokopp, C. E., Handschin, C., Landmesser, U. et al. (2010) SIRT1 reduces endothelial activation without affecting vascular function in ApoE- /- mice. Aging 2, 353-360
78. Chen, J., Zhou, Y., Mueller-Steiner, S., Chen, L. F., Kwon, H., Yi, S., Mucke, L. and Gan, L. (2005) SIRT1 protects against microglia-dependent amyloid-β toxicity through inhibiting NF-γB signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 40364-40374
79. Kitada, M., Takeda, A., Nagai, T., Ito, H., Kanasaki, K. and Koya, D. (2011) Dietary restriction ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through anti-inflammatory effects and regulation of the autophagy via restoration of Sirt1 in diabetic Wistar fatty (fa/fa) rats: a model of type 2 diabetes. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2011, 908185
80. Kawahara, T. L., Michishita, E., Adler, A. S., Damian, M., Berber, E., Lin, M., McCord, R. A., Ongaigui, K. C., Boxer, L. D., Chang, H. Y. and Chua, K. F. (2009) SIRT6 links histone H3 lysine 9 deacetylation to NF-γB-dependent gene expression and organismal life span. Cell 136, 62-74
81. Hattori, T., Shindo, S. and Kawamura, H. (1998) Apoptosis and expression of Bax protein and Fas antigen in glomeruli of a remnant-kidney model. Nephron 79, 186-191
82. Kume, S., Haneda, M., Kanasaki, K., Sugimoto, T., Araki, S., Isshiki, K., Isono, M., Uzu, T., Guarente, L., Kashiwagi, A. and Koya, D. (2007) SIRT1 inhibits transforming growth factor β-induced apoptosis in glomerular mesangial cells via Smad7 deacetylation. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 151-158
83. Chuang, P. Y., Dai, Y., Liu, R., He, H., Kretzler, M., Jim, B., Cohen, C. D. and He, J. C. (2011) Alteration of forkhead box O (foxo4) acetylation mediates apoptosis of podocytes in diabetes mellitus. PLoS ONE 6, e23566
84. Nakagawa, T., Tanabe, K., Croker, B. P., Johnson, R. J., Grant, M. B., Kosugi, T. and Li, Q. (2011) Endothelial dysfunction as a potential contributor in diabetic nephropathy. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 7, 36-44
85. Mattagajasingh, I., Kim, C. S., Naqvi, A., Yamamori, T., Hoffman, T. A., Jung, S. B., DeRicco, J., Kasuno, K. and Irani, K. (2007) SIRT1 promotes endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 14855-14860
86. Mizushima, N., Levine, B., Cuervo, A. M. and Klionsky, D. J. (2008) Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature 451, 1069-1075
87. Kroemer, G., Marino, G. and Levine, B. (2010) Autophagy and the integrated stress response. Mol. Cell 40, 280-293
88. Tanaka, Y., Kume, S., Kitada, M., Kanasaki, K., Uzu, T., Maegawa, H. and Koya, D. (2012) Autophagy as a therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2012, 628978
89. Bellot, G., Garcia-Medina, R., Gounon, P., Chiche, J., Roux, D., Pouyssegur, J. and Mazure, N. M. (2009) Hypoxia-induced autophagy is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via their BH3 domains. Mol. Cell. Biol. 29, 2570-2581
90. Hartleben, B., Godel, M., Meyer-Schwesinger, C., Liu, S., Ulrich, T., Kobler, S., Wiech, T., Grahammer, F., Arnold, S. J., Lindenmeyer, M. T. et al. (2010) Autophagy influences glomerular disease susceptibility and maintains podocyte homeostasis in aging mice. J. Clin. Invest. 120, 1084-1096
91. Miyazaki, R., Ichiki, T., Hashimoto, T., Inanaga, K., Imayama, I., Sadoshima, J. and Sunagawa, K. (2008) SIRT1, a longevity gene, downregulates angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 28, 1263-1269
92. Benigni, A., Corna, D., Zoja, C., Sonzogni, A., Latini, R., Salio, M., Conti, S., Rottoli, D., Longaretti, L., Cassis, P. et al. (2009) Disruption of the Ang II type 1 receptor promotes longevity in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 119, 524-530
93. Rossier, B. C., Pradervand, S., Schild, L. and Hummler, E. (2002) Epithelial sodium channel and the control of sodium balance: interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 64, 877-897
94. Zhang, D., Li, S., Cruz, P. and Kone, B. C. (2009) Sirtuin 1 functionally and physically interacts with disruptor of telomeric silencing-1 to regulate a-ENaC transcription in collecting duct. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 20917-20926
95. Moorhead, J. F., Chan, M. K., El-Nahas, M. and Varghese, Z. (1982) Lipid nephrotoxicity in chronic progressive glomerular and tubulo-interstitial disease. Lancet ii, 1309-1311
96. Ruan, X. Z., Varghese, Z. and Moorhead, J. F. (2009) An update on the lipid nephrotoxicity hypothesis. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 5, 713-721
97. Sun, L., Halaihel, N., Zhang, W., Rogers, T. and Levi, M. (2002) Role of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 in regulation of renal lipid metabolism and glomerulosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 18919-18927
98. Proctor, G., Jiang, T., Iwahashi, M., Wang, Z., Li, J. and Levi, M. (2006) Regulation of renal fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis in Akita and OVE26 mice with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 55, 2502-2509
99. Wang, Z., Jiang, T., Li, J., Proctor, G., McManaman, J. L., Lucia, S., Chua, S. and Levi, M. (2005) Regulation of renal lipid metabolism, lipid accumulation, and glomerulosclerosis in FVBdb/db mice with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 54, 2328-2335
100. Wang, X. X., Jiang, T., Shen, Y., Caldas, Y., Miyazaki-Anzai, S., Santamaria, H., Urbanek, C., Solis, N., Scherzer, P., Lewis, L. et al. (2010) Diabetic nephropathy is accelerated by farnesoid X receptor deficiency and inhibited by farnesoid X receptor activation in a type 1 diabetes model. Diabetes 59, 2916-2927
101. Jiang T., Wang, X. X., Scherzer, P., Wilson, P., Tallman, J., Takahashi, H., Li, J., Iwahashi, M., Sutherland, E., Arend, L. and Levi, M. (2007) Farnesoid X receptor modulates renal lipid metabolism, fibrosis, and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 56, 2485-2493
102. Wang, X. X., Jiang, T., Shen, Y., Adorini, L., Pruzanski, M., Gonzalez, F. J., Scherzer, P., Lewis, L., Miyazaki-Anzai, S. and Levi, M. (2009) The farnesoid X receptor modulates renal lipid metabolism and diet-induced renal inflammation, fibrosis, and proteinuria. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 297, F1587-F1596
103. Wang, X. X., Jiang, T. and Levi, M. (2010) Nuclear hormone receptors in diabetic nephropathy. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 6, 342-351
104. Tanaka, Y., Kume, S., Araki, S., Isshiki, K., Chin-Kanasaki, M., Sakaguchi, M., Sugimoto, T., Koya, D., Haneda, M., Kashiwagi, A. et al. (2011) Fenofibrate, a PPARa agonist, has renoprotective effects in mice by enhancing renal lipolysis. Kidney Int. 79, 871-882
105. Li, X., Zhang, S., Blander, G., Tse, J. G., Krieger, M. and Guarente, L. (2007) SIRT1 deacetylates and positively regulates the nuclear receptor LXR. Mol. Cell 28, 91-106
106. Kemper, J. K., Xiao, Z., Ponugoti, B., Miao, J., Fang, S., Kanamaluru, D., Tsang, S., Wu, S. Y., Chiang, C. M. and Veenstra, T. D. (2009) FXR acetylation is normally dynamically regulated by p300 and SIRT1 but constitutively elevated in metabolic disease states. Cell Metab. 10, 392-404
107. Burton, C. and Harris, K. P. (1996) The role of proteinuria in the progression of chronic renal failure. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 27, 765-775
108. Thomas, M. E. and Schreiner, G. F. (1993) Contribution of proteinuria to progressive renal injury: consequences of tubular uptake of fatty acid bearing albumin. Am. J. Nephrol. 13, 385-398
109. Koyama, T., Kume, S., Koya, D., Araki, S., Isshiki, K., Chin-Kanasaki, M., Sugimoto, T., Haneda, M., Sugaya, T., Kashiwagi, A. et al. (2011) SIRT3 attenuates palmitate-induced ROS production and inflammation in proximal tubular cells. Free Radical Biol. Med. 51, 1258-1267
110. Maeda, S., Koya, D., Araki, S., Babazono, T., Umezono, T., Toyoda, M., Kawai, K., Imanishi, M., Uzu, T., Suzuki, D. et al. (2011) Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms within genes encoding sirtuin families and diabetic nephropathy in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 15, 381-390