Glutamate and GABA synthesis, release, transport and metabolism as targets for seizure control

Neurochemistry International

Volumn 61, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 546-558

  Rowley, Nicole M ^a   Madsen, Karsten K ^b   Schousboe, Arne ^b   Steve White, H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Antiepileptic drugs; Pharmacology; Transgenic animals

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; 6 DIAZO 5 OXONORLEUCINE; AMINOOXYACETIC ACID; CHLORPROMAZINE; GLUTAMATE TRANSPORTER; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTAMINASE; HALOPERIDOL; METHIONINE SULFOXIMINE; PHOSPHATE ACTIVATED GLUTAMINASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VESICULAR TRANSPORT PROTEIN;

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID METABOLISM; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RELEASE; ARTICLE; CELL COMPARTMENTALIZATION; DISEASE CONTROL; GABAERGIC TRANSMISSION; GLIA; HUMAN; NERVE CELL; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEIZURE; SYNAPSE; SYNTHESIS; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GLUTAMIC ACID; SEIZURES;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 84865731367     PISSN: 01970186     EISSN: 18729754     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.013     Document Type: Article

References (196)

1. J. Ahn, O. Mundigl, T.R. Muth, G. Rudnick, and M.J. Caplan Polarized expression of GABA transporters in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells and cultured hippocampal neurons J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 6917 6924
2. J. Albrecht, U. Sonnewald, H.S. Waagepetersen, and A. Schousboe Glutamine in the central nervous system: function and dysfunction Front Biosci. 12 2007 332 343
3. J. Albrecht, M. Zielinska, and M.D. Norenberg Glutamine as a mediator of ammonia neurotoxicity: a critical appraisal Biochem. Pharmacol. 80 2010 1303 1308
4. N.J. Allen, R. Karadottir, and D. Attwell Reversal or reduction of glutamate and GABA transport in CNS pathology and therapy Pflugers Arch. 449 2004 132 142
5. J.L. Arriza, S. Eliasof, M.P. Kavanaugh, and S.G. Amara Excitatory amino acid transporter 5, a retinal glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride conductance Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 4155 4160
6. H. Asada, Y. Kawamura, K. Maruyama, H. Kume, R. Ding, F.Y. Ji, N. Kanbara, H. Kuzume, M. Sanbo, T. Yagi, and K. Obata Mice lacking the 65 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) maintain normal levels of GAD67 and GABA in their brains but are susceptible to seizures Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 229 1996 891 895
7. H. Asada, Y. Kawamura, K. Maruyama, H. Kume, R.G. Ding, N. Kanbara, H. Kuzume, M. Sanbo, T. Yagi, and K. Obata Cleft palate and decreased brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in mice lacking the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 6496 6499
8. I. Augustin, C. Rosenmund, T.C. Sudhof, and N. Brose Munc13-1 is essential for fusion competence of glutamatergic synaptic vesicles Nature 400 1999 457 461
9. R.D. Azbill, X. Mu, and J.E. Springer Riluzole increases high-affinity glutamate uptake in rat spinal cord synaptosomes Brain Res. 871 2000 175 180
10. L.K. Bak, A. Schousboe, and H.S. Waagepetersen The glutamate/GABA- glutamine cycle: aspects of transport, neurotransmitter homeostasis and ammonia transfer J. Neurochem. 98 2006 641 653
11. L.K. Bak, H.M. Sickmann, A. Schousboe, and H.S. Waagepetersen Activity of the lactate-alanine shuttle is independent of glutamate-glutamine cycle activity in cerebellar neuronal-astrocytic cultures J. Neurosci. Res. 79 2005 88 96
12. V.J. Balcar, and G.A. Johnston The structural specificity of the high affinity uptake of l-glutamate and l-aspartate by rat brain slices J. Neurochem. 19 1972 2657 2666
13. X. Bao, R. Pal, K.N. Hascup, Y. Wang, W.T. Wang, W. Xu, D. Hui, A. Agbas, X. Wang, M.L. Michaelis, I.Y. Choi, A.B. Belousov, G.A. Gerhardt, and E.K. Michaelis Transgenic expression of Glud1 (glutamate dehydrogenase 1) in neurons: in vivo model of enhanced glutamate release, altered synaptic plasticity, and selective neuronal vulnerability J. Neurosci. 29 2009 13929 13944
14. C. Bark SNAP-25 and gene-targeted mouse mutants Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1152 2009 145 153
15. G. Battaglioli, and D.L. Martin GABA synthesis in brain slices is dependent on glutamine produced in astrocytes Neurochem. Res. 16 1991 151 156
16. I.L. Bogen, J.L. Boulland, E. Mariussen, M.S. Wright, F. Fonnum, H.T. Kao, and S.I. Walaas Absence of synapsin I and II is accompanied by decreases in vesicular transport of specific neurotransmitters J. Neurochem. 96 2006 1458 1466
17. L.A. Borden GABA transporter heterogeneity: pharmacology and cellular localization Neurochem. Int. 29 1996 335 356
18. L.A. Borden, T.G. Dhar, K.E. Smith, T.A. Branchek, C. Gluchowski, and R.L. Weinshank Cloning of the human homologue of the GABA transporter GAT-3 and identification of a novel inhibitor with selectivity for this site Receptors Channels 2 1994 207 213
19. L.A. Borden, K.E. Smith, E.L. Gustafson, T.A. Branchek, and R.L. Weinshank Cloning and expression of a betaine/GABA transporter from human brain J. Neurochem. 64 1995 977 984
20. H.F. Bradford, H.K. Ward, and P. Foley Glutaminase inhibition and the release of neurotransmitter glutamate from synaptosomes Brain Res. 476 1989 29 34
21. L. Bragina, I. Marchionni, A. Omrani, A. Cozzi, D.E. Pellegrini- Giampietro, E. Cherubini, and F. Conti GAT-1 regulates both tonic and phasic GABA(A) receptor-mediated inhibition in the cerebral cortex J. Neurochem. 105 2008 1781 1793
22. N.H. Chen, M.E. Reith, and M.W. Quick Synaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6 Pflugers Arch. 447 2004 519 531
23. C.S. Chiu, S. Brickley, K. Jensen, A. Southwell, S. Mckinney, S. Cull-Candy, I. Mody, and H.A. Lester GABA transporter deficiency causes tremor, ataxia, nervousness, and increased GABA-induced tonic conductance in cerebellum J. Neurosci. 25 2005 3234 3245
24. G.M. Chowdhury, M. Gupta, K.M. Gibson, A.B. Patel, and K.L. Behar Altered cerebral glucose and acetate metabolism in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase-deficient mice. evidence for glial dysfunction and reduced glutamate/glutamine cycling J. Neurochem. 103 2007 2077 2091
25. S.H. Chung, and M.S. Johnson Studies on sound-induced epilepsy in mice Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 221 1984 145 168
26. R.P. Clausen, E.K. Moltzen, J. Perregaard, S.M. Lenz, C. Sanchez, E. Falch, B. Frolund, T. Bolvig, A. Sarup, O.M. Larsson, A. Schousboe, and P. Krogsgaard-Larsen Selective inhibitors of GABA uptake: synthesis and molecular pharmacology of 4-N-methylamino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-ol analogues Bioorg. Med. Chem. 13 2005 895 908
27. F. Conti, M. Melone, S. De Biasi, A. Minelli, N.C. Brecha, and A. Ducati Neuronal and glial localization of GAT-1, a high-affinity gamma-aminobutyric acid plasma membrane transporter, in human cerebral cortex: with a note on its distribution in monkey cortex J. Comp. Neurol. 396 1998 51 63
28. F. Conti, and A. Minelli Glutamate immunoreactivity in rat cerebral cortex is reversibly abolished by 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), an inhibitor of phosphate-activated glutaminase J. Histochem. Cytochem. 42 1994 717 726
29. F. Conti, L.V. Zuccarello, P. Barbaresi, A. Minelli, N.C. Brecha, and M. Melone Neuronal, glial, and epithelial localization of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 2, a high-affinity gamma-aminobutyric acid plasma membrane transporter, in the cerebral cortex and neighboring structures J. Comp. Neurol. 409 1999 482 494
30. 13N-labeled ammonia in rat brain J. Biol. Chem. 254 1979 4982 4992
31. M.A. Cortez, Y. Wu, K.M. Gibson, and O.C. Snead III Absence seizures in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficient mice: a model of juvenile absence epilepsy Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 79 2004 547 553
32. C.W. Cotman, A. Foster, and T. Lanthorn An overview of glutamate as a neurotransmitter Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 27 1981 1 27
33. I. Couee, and K.F. Tipton The inhibition of glutamate dehydrogenase by some antipsychotic drugs Biochem. Pharmacol. 39 1990 827 832
34. T. Cremers, and B. Ebert Plasma and CNS concentrations of Gaboxadol in rats following subcutaneous administration Eur. J. Pharmacol. 562 2007 47 52
35. S. Dadsetan, L.K. Bak, M. Sorensen, S. Keiding, H. Vilstrup, P. Ott, R. Leke, A. Schousboe, and H.S. Waagepetersen Inhibition of glutamine synthesis induces glutamate dehydrogenase-dependent ammonia fixation into alanine in co-cultures of astrocytes and neurons Neurochem. Int. 59 2011 482 488
36. N.C. Danbolt Glutamate uptake Prog. Neurobiol. 65 2001 1 105
37. N.C. Danbolt, G. Pines, and B.I. Kanner Purification and reconstitution of the sodium- and potassium-coupled glutamate transport glycoprotein from rat brain Biochemistry 29 1990 6734 6740
38. F. Deak, S. Schoch, X. Liu, T.C. Sudhof, and E.T. Kavalali Synaptobrevin is essential for fast synaptic-vesicle endocytosis Nat. Cell Biol. 6 2004 1102 1108
39. J. Drejer, O.M. Larsson, and A. Schousboe Characterization of l-glutamate uptake into and release from astrocytes and neurons cultured from different brain regions Exp. Brain Res. 47 1982 259 269
40. J. Drejer, O.M. Larsson, and A. Schousboe Characterization of uptake and release processes for d- and l-aspartate in primary cultures of astrocytes and cerebellar granule cells Neurochem. Res. 8 1983 231 243
41. M.M. Durkin, K.E. Smith, L.A. Borden, R.L. Weinshank, T.A. Branchek, and E.L. Gustafson Localization of messenger RNAs encoding three GABA transporters in rat brain: an in situ hybridization study Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 33 1995 7 21
42. U. Ebert, and K. Krnjevic Systemic CI-966, a new gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake blocker, enhances gamma-aminobutyric acid action in CA1 pyramidal layer in situ Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 68 1990 1194 1199
43. J.E. Evans, A. Frostholm, and A. Rotter Embryonic and postnatal expression of four gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter mRNAs in the mouse brain and leptomeninges J. Comp. Neurol. 376 1996 431 446
44. W.A. Fairman, R.J. Vandenberg, J.L. Arriza, M.P. Kavanaugh, and S.G. Amara An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel Nature 375 1995 599 603
45. R.T. Fremeau Jr.; K. Kam, T. Qureshi, J. Johnson, D.R. Copenhagen, J. Storm-Mathisen, F.A. Chaudhry, R.A. Nicoll, and R.H. Edwards Vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 target to functionally distinct synaptic release sites Science 304 2004 1815 1819
46. T. Fujiwara, T. Mishima, T. Kofuji, T. Chiba, K. Tanaka, A. Yamamoto, and K. Akagawa Analysis of knock-out mice to determine the role of HPC-1/syntaxin 1A in expressing synaptic plasticity J. Neurosci. 26 2006 5767 5776
47. G. Gegelashvili, and A. Schousboe High affinity glutamate transporters: regulation of expression and activity Mol. Pharmacol. 52 1997 6 15
48. 2+ sensor for transmitter release at a central synapse Cell 79 1994 717 727
49. S.H. Gerber, J.C. Rah, S.W. Min, X. Liu, W.H. de, I. Dulubova, A.C. Meyer, J. Rizo, M. Arancillo, R.E. Hammer, M. Verhage, C. Rosenmund, and T.C. Sudhof Conformational switch of syntaxin-1 controls synaptic vesicle fusion Science 321 2008 1507 1510
50. S.N. Gershoff, and C.A. Elvehjem The relative effect of methionine sulfoximine on different animal species J. Nutr. 45 1951 451 458
51. D. Gitler, Y. Takagishi, J. Feng, Y. Ren, R.M. Rodriguiz, W.C. Wetsel, P. Greengard, and G.J. Augustine Different presynaptic roles of synapsins at excitatory and inhibitory synapses J. Neurosci. 24 2004 11368 11380
52. L. Gram Vigabatrin M. Dam, L. Gram, Comprehensive Epileptology 1990 Raven Press New York 631 640
53. L. Gram, O.M. Larsson, A.H. Johnsen, and A. Schousboe Effects of valproate, vigabatrin and aminooxyacetic acid on release of endogenous and exogenous GABA from cultured neurons Epilepsy Res. 2 1988 87 95
54. M. Grunewald, and B.I. Kanner The accessibility of a novel reentrant loop of the glutamate transporter GLT-1 is restricted by its substrate J. Biol. Chem. 275 2000 9684 9689
55. H. Guo, L. Lai, M.E. Butchbach, M.P. Stockinger, X. Shan, G.A. Bishop, and C.L. Lin Increased expression of the glial glutamate transporter EAAT2 modulates excitotoxicity and delays the onset but not the outcome of ALS in mice Hum. Mol. Genet. 12 2003 2519 2532
56. M. Gupta, B.M. Hogema, M. Grompe, T.G. Bottiglieri, A. Concas, G. Biggio, C. Sogliano, A.E. Rigamonti, P.L. Pearl, O.C. Snead III, C. Jakobs, and K.M. Gibson Murine succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency Ann. Neurol. 54 Suppl. 6 2003 S81 S90
57. M. Gupta, M. Polinsky, H. Senephansiri, O.C. Snead, E.E. Jansen, C. Jakobs, and K.M. Gibson Seizure evolution and amino acid imbalances in murine succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency Neurobiol. Dis. 16 2004 556 562
58. B. Hassel, and R. Dingledine Glutamate G.J. Siegel, B.W. Arganoff, R.W. Albers, S.K. Fisher, M.D. Uhler, Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects 2006 Academic Press New York 267 290
59. O. Haugeto, K. Ullensvang, L.M. Levy, F.A. Chaudhry, T. Honore, M. Nielsen, K.P. Lehre, and N.C. Danbolt Brain glutamate transporter proteins form homomultimers J. Biol. Chem. 271 1996 27715 27722
60. A.H. Hawasli, D. Koovakkattu, K. Hayashi, A.E. Anderson, C.M. Powell, C.M. Sinton, J.A. Bibb, and D.C. Cooper Regulation of hippocampal and behavioral excitability by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 PLoS One 4 2009 e5808
61. B.M. Hogema, M. Gupta, H. Senephansiri, T.G. Burlingame, M. Taylor, C. Jakobs, R.B. Schutgens, W. Froestl, O.C. Snead, R. Diaz-Arrastia, T. Bottiglieri, M. Grompe, and K.M. Gibson Pharmacologic rescue of lethal seizures in mice deficient in succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase Nat. Genet. 29 2001 212 216
62. S. Hogstad, G. Svenneby, I.A. Torgner, E. Kvamme, L. Hertz, and A. Schousboe Glutaminase in neurons and astrocytes cultured from mouse brain: kinetic properties and effects of phosphate, glutamate, and ammonia Neurochem. Res. 13 1988 383 388
63. D.S. Howland, J. Liu, Y. She, B. Goad, N.J. Maragakis, B. Kim, J. Erickson, J. Kulik, L. DeVito, G. Psaltis, L.J. DeGennaro, D.W. Cleveland, and J.D. Rothstein Focal loss of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in a transgenic rat model of SOD1 mutant-mediated amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 1604 1609
64. Y.H. Huang, M. Dykes-Hoberg, K. Tanaka, J.D. Rothstein, and D.E. Bergles Climbing fiber activation of EAAT4 transporters and kainate receptors in cerebellar Purkinje cells J. Neurosci. 24 2004 103 111
65. Y.H. Huang, S.R. Sinha, K. Tanaka, J.D. Rothstein, and D.E. Bergles Astrocyte glutamate transporters regulate metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated excitation of hippocampal interneurons J. Neurosci. 24 2004 4551 4559
66. L.L. Iversen, and J.S. Kelly Uptake and metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid by neurones and glial cells Biochem. Pharmacol. 24 1975 933 938
67. L.L. Iversen, and M.J. Neal The uptake of [3H]GABA by slices of rat cerebral cortex J. Neurochem. 15 1968 1141 1149
68. R. Janz, Y. Goda, M. Geppert, M. Missler, and T.C. Sudhof SV2A and SV2B function as redundant Ca2+ regulators in neurotransmitter release Neuron 24 1999 1003 1016
69. K. Jensen, C.S. Chiu, I. Sokolova, H.A. Lester, and I. Mody GABA transporter-1 (GAT1)-deficient mice: differential tonic activation of GABAA versus GABAB receptors in the hippocampus J. Neurophysiol. 90 2003 2690 2701
70. Y. Kanai, and M.A. Hediger Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter Nature 360 1992 467 471
71. B.I. Kanner Sodium-coupled neurotransmitter transport: structure, function and regulation J. Exp. Biol. 196 1994 237 249
72. B.I. Kanner, and I. Sharon Active transport of l-glutamate by membrane vesicles isolated from rat brain Biochemistry 17 1978 3949 3953
73. S.F. Kash, R.S. Johnson, L.H. Tecott, J.L. Noebels, R.D. Mayfield, D. Hanahan, and S. Baekkeskov Epilepsy in mice deficient in the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 1997 14060 14065
74. K. Kaupmann, J.F. Cryan, P. Wellendorph, C. Mombereau, G. Sansig, K. Klebs, M. Schmutz, W. Froestl, H. van der Putten, J. Mosbacher, H. Brauner-Osborne, P. Waldmeier, and B. Bettler Specific gamma-hydroxybutyrate- binding sites but loss of pharmacological effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in GABA(B)(1)-deficient mice Eur. J. Neurosci. 18 2003 2722 2730
75. P.E. Kish, C. Fischer-Bovenkerk, and T. Ueda Active transport of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glycine into synaptic vesicles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 1989 3877 3881
76. U. Klockner, T. Storck, M. Conradt, and W. Stoffel Electrogenic l-glutamate uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing a cloned rat brain l-glutamate/l-aspartate transporter (GLAST-1) J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 14594 14596
77. E. Kvamme, G. Svenneby, L. Hertz, and A. Schousboe Properties of phosphate activated glutaminase in astrocytes cultured from mouse brain Neurochem. Res. 7 1982 761 770
78. E. Kvamme, G. Svenneby, and I.A. Torgner Glutaminases E. Kvamme, Glutamine and Glutamate in Mammels 1988 CRC Press Boca Raton 53 67
79. E. Kvamme, I.A. Torgner, and B. Roberg Kinetics and localization of brain phosphate activated glutaminase J. Neurosci. Res. 66 2001 951 958
80. T. Kvist, B. Christiansen, A.A. Jensen, and H. Brauner-Osborne The four human gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporters: pharmacological characterization and validation of a highly efficient screening assay Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen 12 2009 241 249
81. J.H. Laake, Y. Takumi, J. Eidet, I.A. Torgner, B. Roberg, E. Kvamme, and O.P. Ottersen Postembedding immunogold labelling reveals subcellular localization and pathway-specific enrichment of phosphate activated glutaminase in rat cerebellum Neuroscience 88 1999 1137 1151
82. C. Lamar Jr. Mercaptopropionic acid: a convulsant that inhibits glutamate decarboxylase J. Neurochem. 17 1970 165 170
83. A.C. Lehre, N.M. Rowley, Y. Zhou, S. Holmseth, C. Guo, T. Holen, R. Hua, P. Laake, A.M. Olofsson, I. Poblete-Naredo, D.A. Rusakov, K.K. Madsen, R.P. Clausen, A. Schousboe, H.S. White, and N.C. Danbolt Deletion of the betaine-GABA transporter (BGT1; slc6a12) gene does not affect seizure thresholds of adult mice Epilepsy Res. 95 2011 70 81
84. +-dependent glutamate uptake J. Neurosci. 18 1998 9620 9628
85. L. Li, L.S. Chin, O. Shupliakov, L. Brodin, T.S. Sihra, O. Hvalby, V. Jensen, D. Zheng, J.O. McNamara, and P. Greengard Impairment of synaptic vesicle clustering and of synaptic transmission, and increased seizure propensity, in synapsin I-deficient mice Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 1995 9235 9239
86. Y. Li, R. Sattler, E.J. Yang, A. Nunes, Y. Ayukawa, S. Akhtar, G. Ji, P.W. Zhang, and J.D. Rothstein Harmine, a natural beta-carboline alkaloid, upregulates astroglial glutamate transporter expression Neuropharmacology 60 2011 1168 1175
87. B. Lippert, B.W. Metcalf, M.J. Jung, and P. Casara 4-Amino-hex-5-enoic acid, a selective catalytic inhibitor of 4-aminobutyric-acid aminotransferase in mammalian brain Eur. J. Biochem. 74 1977 441 445
88. Q.R. Liu, B. Lopez-Corcuera, S. Mandiyan, H. Nelson, and N. Nelson Molecular characterization of four pharmacologically distinct gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters in mouse brain [corrected] J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 2106 2112
89. Q.R. Liu, S. Mandiyan, H. Nelson, and N. Nelson A family of genes encoding neurotransmitter transporters Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 1992 6639 6643
90. S. Loewe The problem of synergism and antagonism of combined drugs Arzneimittelforschung 3 1953 285 290
91. B.A. Lynch, N. Lambeng, K. Nocka, P. Kensel-Hammes, S.M. Bajjalieh, A. Matagne, and B. Fuks The synaptic vesicle protein SV2A is the binding site for the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 2004 9861 9866
92. Y. Ma, J.H. Hu, W.J. Zhao, J. Fei, Y. Yu, X.G. Zhou, Z.T. Mei, and L.H. Guo Overexpression of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter subtype I leads to susceptibility to kainic acid-induced seizure in transgenic mice Cell Res. 11 2001 61 67
93. Y.H. Ma, X.G. Zhou, S.H. Duan, J.H. Hu, B.F. Lu, Y. Yu, Z.T. Mei, J. Fei, and L.H. Guo Overexpression of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter subtype I leads to cognitive deterioration in transgenic mice Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 22 2001 340 348
94. K. Madsen, H.S. White, R.P. Clausen, B. Frolund, O.M. Larsson, P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, and A. Schousboe Functional and pharmacological aspects of GABA transporters A. Lajtha, Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg 285 304
95. K.K. Madsen, R.P. Clausen, O.M. Larsson, P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, A. Schousboe, and H.S. White Synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA transporters as targets for anti-epileptic drugs J. Neurochem. 109 Suppl. 1 2009 139 144
96. Madsen, K.K.; Ebert, B.; Clausen, R.P.; Krogsgaard-Larsen, P.; Schousboe, A.; White, H.S.; 2011. The selective GAT inhibitors tiagabine and N-[4,4-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)-3-butenyl]-3-hydroxy-4-(methylamino)-4,5,6, 7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-ol (EF1502) exhibit mechanistic differences in their ability to modulate the ataxia and anticonvulsant action of the extrasynaptic GABAA receptor agonist gaboxadol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
97. J. Mao Glutamate transporter: an unexpected target for some antibiotics Mol. Pain 1 2005 5
98. J. Masson, M. Darmon, A. Conjard, N. Chuhma, N. Ropert, M. Thoby-Brisson, A.S. Foutz, S. Parrot, G.M. Miller, R. Jorisch, J. Polan, M. Hamon, R. Hen, and S. Rayport Mice lacking brain/kidney phosphate-activated glutaminase have impaired glutamatergic synaptic transmission, altered breathing, disorganized goal-directed behavior and die shortly after birth J. Neurosci. 26 2006 4660 4671
99. M.C. McKenna, R. Gruetter, U. Sonnewald, H.S. Waagepetersen, and A. Schousboe Energy metabolism of the brain G.J. Siegel, B.W. Arganoff, R.W. Albers, S.K. Fisher, M.D. Uhler, Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects 2006 Academic Press New York 531 557
100. J.W. Miller, D.T. Kleven, B.A. Domin, and R.T. Fremeau Jr. Cloned sodium- (and chloride-) dependent high-affinity transporters for GABA, glycine, proline, betaine, taurine, and creatine M.E.A. Reith, Neurotransmitter Transporters: Structure, Function, and Regulation 2002 Humana Press Totowa, NJ 101 150
101. A. Minelli, S. DeBiasi, N.C. Brecha, L.V. Zuccarello, and F. Conti GAT-3, a high-affinity GABA plasma membrane transporter, is localized to astrocytic processes, and it is not confined to the vicinity of GABAergic synapses in the cerebral cortex J. Neurosci. 16 1996 6255 6264
102. D. Moechars, M.C. Weston, S. Leo, Z. Callaerts-Vegh, I. Goris, G. Daneels, A. Buist, M. Cik, P. van der Spek, S. Kass, T. Meert, R. D'Hooge, C. Rosenmund, and R.M. Hampson Vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT2 expression levels control quantal size and neuropathic pain J. Neurosci. 26 2006 12055 12066
103. K. Nagatomo, Y. Ueda, T. Doi, M. Takaki, and N. Tsuru Functional role of GABA transporters for kindling development in GLAST KO mice Neurosci. Res. 57 2007 319 321
104. D.G. Nicholls Release of glutamate, aspartate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid from isolated nerve terminals J. Neurochem. 52 1989 331 341
105. E.B. Nielsen, P.D. Suzdak, K.E. Andersen, L.J. Knutsen, U. Sonnewald, and C. Braestrup Characterization of tiagabine (NO-328), a new potent and selective GABA uptake inhibitor Eur. J. Pharmacol. 196 1991 257 266
106. O. Nikkuni, Y. Takayasu, M. Iino, K. Tanaka, and S. Ozawa Facilitated activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in cerebellar Purkinje cells in glutamate transporter EAAT4-deficient mice Neurosci. Res. 59 2007 296 303
107. M.D. Norenberg, and A. Martinez-Hernandez Fine structural localization of glutamine synthetase in astrocytes of rat brain Brain Res. 161 1979 303 310
108. R.W. Olsen, and H. Betz GABA and Glycine G.J. Siegel, B.W. Arganoff, R.W. Albers, S.K. Fisher, M.D. Uhler, Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects 2006 Academic Press New York 291 301
109. 2 fixation increases with brain activity J. Neurosci. 24 2004 11273 11279
110. E.D. Ozkan, and T. Ueda Glutamate transport and storage in synaptic vesicles Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 77 1998 1 10
111. J. Pawlak, V. Brito, E. Kuppers, and C. Beyer Regulation of glutamate transporter GLAST and GLT-1 expression in astrocytes by estrogen Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 138 1 2005 1 7
112. P. Peghini, J. Janzen, and W. Stoffel Glutamate transporter EAAC-1-deficient mice develop dicarboxylic aminoaciduria and behavioral abnormalities but no neurodegeneration EMBO J. 16 1997 3822 3832
113. G. Pines, N.C. Danbolt, M. Bjoras, Y. Zhang, A. Bendahan, L. Eide, H. Koepsell, J. Storm-Mathisen, E. Seeberg, and B.I. Kanner Cloning and expression of a rat brain l-glutamate transporter Nature 360 1992 464 467
114. A. Plaitakis, H. Latsoudis, and C. Spanaki The human GLUD2 glutamate dehydrogenase and its regulation in health and disease Neurochem. Int. 59 2011 495 509
115. A. Plaitakis, and I. Zaganas Regulation of human glutamate dehydrogenases: implications for glutamate, ammonia and energy metabolism in brain J. Neurosci. Res. 66 2001 899 908
116. R. Radian, A. Bendahan, and B.I. Kanner Purification and identification of the functional sodium- and chloride-coupled gamma-aminobutyric acid transport glycoprotein from rat brain J. Biol. Chem. 261 1986 15437 15441
117. R. Radian, O.P. Ottersen, J. Storm-Mathisen, M. Castel, and B.I. Kanner Immunocytochemical localization of the GABA transporter in rat brain J. Neurosci. 10 1990 1319 1330
118. L. Radulovic, T. Woolf, S. Bjorge, C. Taylor, M. Reily, H. Bockbrader, and T. Chang Identification of a pyridinium metabolite in human urine following a single oral dose of 1-[2-[bis[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]ethyl]- 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid monohydrochloride, a gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake inhibitor Chem. Res. Toxicol. 6 1993 341 344
119. S.M. Rawls, F. Karaca, I. Madhani, V. Bhojani, R.L. Martinez, M. Abou-Gharbia, and R.B. Raffa Beta-lactamase inhibitors display anti-seizure properties in an invertebrate assay Neuroscience 169 2010 1800 1804
120. J. Rizo, and C. Rosenmund Synaptic vesicle fusion Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 15 2008 665 674
121. E. Roberts, and S. Frankel Gamma-aminobutyric acid in brain: its formation from glutamic acid J. Biol. Chem. 187 1950 55 63
122. M.B. Robinson, and L.A. Dowd Heterogeneity and functional properties of subtypes of sodium-dependent glutamate transporters in the mammalian central nervous system Adv. Pharmacol. 37 1997 69 115
123. C. Romera, O. Hurtado, S.H. Botella, I. Lizasoain, A. Cardenas, P. Fernandez-Tome, J.C. Leza, P. Lorenzo, and M.A. Moro In vitro ischemic tolerance involves upregulation of glutamate transport partly mediated by the TACE/ADAM17-tumor necrosis factor-alpha pathway J. Neurosci. 24 2004 1350 1357
124. C. Romera, O. Hurtado, J. Mallolas, M.P. Pereira, J.R. Morales, A. Romera, J. Serena, J. Vivancos, F. Nombela, P. Lorenzo, I. Lizasoain, and M.A. Moro Ischemic preconditioning reveals that GLT1/EAAT2 glutamate transporter is a novel PPARgamma target gene involved in neuroprotection J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 27 2007 1327 1338
125. T.W. Rosahl, D. Spillane, M. Missler, J. Herz, D.K. Selig, J.R. Wolff, R.E. Hammer, R.C. Malenka, and T.C. Sudhof Essential functions of synapsins I and II in synaptic vesicle regulation Nature 375 1995 488 493
126. S.M. Rothman, and J.W. Olney Glutamate and the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage Ann. Neurol. 19 1986 105 111
127. J.D. Rothstein, M. Dykes-Hoberg, C.A. Pardo, L.A. Bristol, L. Jin, R.W. Kuncl, Y. Kanai, M.A. Hediger, Y. Wang, J.P. Schielke, and D.F. Welty Knockout of glutamate transporters reveals a major role for astroglial transport in excitotoxicity and clearance of glutamate Neuron 16 1996 675 686
128. J.D. Rothstein, S. Patel, M.R. Regan, C. Haenggeli, Y.H. Huang, D.E. Bergles, L. Jin, H.M. Dykes, S. Vidensky, D.S. Chung, S.V. Toan, L.I. Bruijn, Z.Z. Su, P. Gupta, and P.B. Fisher Beta-lactam antibiotics offer neuroprotection by increasing glutamate transporter expression Nature 433 2005 73 77
129. W.B. Rowe, R.A. Ronzio, and A. Meister Inhibition of glutamine synthetase by methionine sulfoximine. Studies on methionine sulfoximine phosphate Biochemistry 8 1969 2674 2680
130. N.M. Rowley, M.D. Smith, J.G. Lamb, A. Schousboe, and H.S. White Hippocampal betaine/GABA transporter mRNA expression is not regulated by inflammation or dehydration post-status epilepticus J. Neurochem. 117 2011 82 90
131. Y. Sari, K.D. Smith, P.K. Ali, and G.V. Rebec Upregulation of GLT1 attenuates cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats J. Neurosci. 29 2009 9239 9243
132. A. Sarup, O.M. Larsson, and A. Schousboe GABA transporters and GABA-transaminase as drug targets Curr. Drug. Targets. CNS Neurol. Disord. 2 2003 269 277
133. A. Schallier, A. Massie, E. Loyens, D. Moechars, W. Drinkenburg, Y. Michotte, and I. Smolders VGLUT2 heterozygous mice show more susceptibility to clonic seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol Neurochem. Int. 55 2009 41 44
134. P.J. Schechter, Y. Tranier, M.J. Jung, and P. Bohlen Audiogenic seizure protection by elevated brain GABA concentration in mice: effects of gamma-acetylenic gaba and gamma-vinyl GABA, two irreversible GABA-T inhibitors Eur. J. Pharmacol. 45 1977 319 328
135. P.J. Schechter, Y. Tranier, M.J. Jung, and A. Sjoerdsma Antiseizure activity of gamma-acetylenic gamma-aminobutyric acid: a catalytic irreversible inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 201 1977 606 612
136. S. Schoch, F. Deak, A. Konigstorfer, M. Mozhayeva, Y. Sara, T.C. Sudhof, and E.T. Kavalali SNARE function analyzed in synaptobrevin/VAMP knockout mice Science 294 2001 1117 1122
137. A. Schousboe Pharmacological and functional characterization of astrocytic GABA transport: a short review Neurochem. Res. 25 2000 1241 1244
138. A. Schousboe, O.M. Larsson, J.D. Wood, and P. Krogsgaard-Larsen Transport and metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid in neurons and glia: implications for epilepsy Epilepsia 24 1983 531 538
139. A. Schousboe, G. Svenneby, and L. Hertz Uptake and metabolism of glutamate in astrocytes cultured from dissociated mouse brain hemispheres J. Neurochem. 29 1977 999 1005
140. A. Schousboe, and H.S. Waagepetersen GABA: homeostatic and pharmacological aspects Prog. Brain Res. 160 2007 9 19
141. A. Schousboe, and H.S. Waagepetersen GABA Neurotransmission: an overview A. Lajtha, Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology 2008 Springer New York 213 226
142. A. Schousboe, and H.S. White Glial modulation of excitability via glutamatergic and GABA transporters P.A. Schwartzkroin, Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research 2009 Academic Press Oxford 397 401
143. A. Schousboe, J.Y. Wu, and E. Roberts Subunit structure and kinetic properties of 4-aminobutyrate-2-ketoglutarate transaminase purified from mouse brain J. Neurochem. 23 1974 1189 1195
144. R.P. Seal, O. Akil, E. Yi, C.M. Weber, L. Grant, J. Yoo, A. Clause, K. Kandler, J.L. Noebels, E. Glowatzki, L.R. Lustig, and R.H. Edwards Sensorineural deafness and seizures in mice lacking vesicular glutamate transporter 3 Neuron 57 2008 263 275
145. R.P. Seal, B.H. Leighton, and S.G. Amara A model for the topology of excitatory amino acid transporters determined by the extracellular accessibility of substituted cysteines Neuron 25 2000 695 706
146. O.Z. Sellinger, J.M. Azcurra, and W.G. Ohlsson Methionine sulfoximine seizures. 8. The dissociation of the convulsant and glutamine synthetase inhibitory effects J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 164 1968 212 222
147. J.P. Sepkuty, A.S. Cohen, C. Eccles, A. Rafiq, K. Behar, R. Ganel, D.A. Coulter, and J.D. Rothstein A neuronal glutamate transporter contributes to neurotransmitter GABA synthesis and epilepsy J. Neurosci. 22 2002 6372 6379
148. R.A. Shapiro, V.M. Clark, and N.P. Curthoys Inactivation of rat renal phosphate-dependent glutaminase with 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine. Evidence for interaction at the glutamine binding site J. Biol. Chem. 254 1979 2835 2838
149. O.A. Shemisa, and L.A. Fahien Modifications of glutamate dehydrogenase by various drugs which affect behavior Mol. Pharmacol. 7 1971 8 25
150. F. Shimada, Y. Shiga, M. Morikawa, H. Kawazura, O. Morikawa, T. Matsuoka, T. Nishizaki, and N. Saito The neuroprotective agent MS-153 stimulates glutamate uptake Eur. J. Pharmacol. 386 1999 263 270
151. R. Shuang, L. Zhang, A. Fletcher, G.E. Groblewski, J. Pevsner, and E.L. Stuenkel Regulation of Munc-18/syntaxin 1A interaction by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in nerve endings J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 4957 4966
152. F.E. Sluse Mitochondrial metabolite carrier family, topology, structure and functional properties: an overview Acta Biochim. Pol. 43 1996 349 360
153. U. Sonnewald, N. Westergaard, and A. Schousboe Glutamate transport and metabolism in astrocytes Glia 21 1997 56 63
154. 13C]NMR spectroscopy that glutamine from astrocytes is a precursor for GABA synthesis in neurons Neurochem. Int. 22 1993 19 29
155. W. Stoffel, R. Korner, D. Wachtmann, and B.U. Keller Functional analysis of glutamate transporters in excitatory synaptic transmission of GLAST1 and GLAST1/EAAC1 deficient mice Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 128 2004 170 181
156. T. Storck, S. Schulte, K. Hofmann, and W. Stoffel Structure, expression,
157. S.I. Storustovu, and B. Ebert Pharmacological characterization of agonists at delta-containing GABAA receptors: functional selectivity for extrasynaptic receptors is dependent on the absence of gamma2 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 316 2006 1351 1359
158. L.C. Tafoya, M. Mameli, T. Miyashita, J.F. Guzowski, C.F. Valenzuela, and M.C. Wilson Expression and function of SNAP-25 as a universal SNARE component in GABAergic neurons J. Neurosci. 26 2006 7826 7838
159. H. Takanaga, S. Ohtsuki, K. Hosoya, and T. Terasaki GAT2/BGT-1 as a system responsible for the transport of gamma-aminobutyric acid at the mouse blood-brain barrier J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21 2001 1232 1239
160. Y. Takayasu, M. Iino, W. Kakegawa, H. Maeno, K. Watase, K. Wada, D. Yanagihara, T. Miyazaki, O. Komine, M. Watanabe, K. Tanaka, and S. Ozawa Differential roles of glial and neuronal glutamate transporters in Purkinje cell synapses J. Neurosci. 25 2005 8788 8793
161. K. Tanaka Expression cloning of a rat glutamate transporter Neurosci. Res. 16 1993 149 153
162. K. Tanaka, K. Watase, T. Manabe, K. Yamada, M. Watanabe, K. Takahashi, H. Iwama, T. Nishikawa, N. Ichihara, T. Kikuchi, S. Okuyama, N. Kawashima, S. Hori, M. Takimoto, and K. Wada Epilepsy and exacerbation of brain injury in mice lacking the glutamate transporter GLT-1 Science 276 1997 1699 1702
163. R. Tapia Biochemical pharmacology of GABA in CNS L.L. Iversen, S.D. Iverson, S.H. Snyder, Handbook of Psychopharmacology 1975 Plenum Publishing Corporation New York 1 58
164. R. Tapia, and H. Pasantes Relationships between pyridoxal phosphate availability, activity of vitamin B 6-dependent enzymes and convulsions Brain Res. 29 1971 111 122
165. R. Tapia, H. Pasantes, M. Perez De La, B.G. Ortega, and G.H. Massieu Free amino acids and glutamate decarboxylase activity in brain of mice during drug-induced convulsions Biochem. Pharmacol. 16 1967 483 496
166. J.K. Tews, and W.E. Stone Effectsof methioninesulfoximine on levels of free amino acids and related substances in brain Biochem. Pharmacol. 13 1964 543 545
167. N. Tsuru, Y. Ueda, and T. Doi Amygdaloid kindling in glutamate transporter (GLAST) knockout mice Epilepsia 43 2002 805 811
168. K.L. van Gassen, W.S. van der Hel, T.B. Hakvoort, W.H. Lamers, and P.N. de Graan Haploin sufficiency of glutamine synthetase increases susceptibility to experimental febrile seizures Genes Brain Behav. 8 2009 290 295
169. F. Varoqueaux, A. Sigler, J.S. Rhee, N. Brose, C. Enk, K. Reim, and C. Rosenmund Total arrest of spontaneous and evoked synaptic transmission but normal synaptogenesis in the absence of Munc13-mediated vesicle priming Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 9037 9042
170. M. Verhage, A.S. Maia, J.J. Plomp, A.B. Brussaard, J.H. Heeroma, H. Vermeer, R.F. Toonen, R.E. Hammer, T.K. van den Berg, M. Missler, H.J. Geuze, and T.C. Sudhof Synaptic assembly of the brain in the absence of neurotransmitter secretion Science 287 2000 864 869
171. 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy J. Neurosci. Res. 63 2001 347 355
172. H.S. Waagepetersen, U. Sonnewald, O.M. Larsson, and A. Schousboe A possible role of alanine for ammonia transfer between astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons J. Neurochem. 75 2000 471 479
173. K.A. Wafford, and B. Ebert Gaboxadol - a new awakening in sleep Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6 2006 30 36
174. A.B. Walls, E.M. Eyjolfsson, O.B. Smeland, L.H. Nilsen, I. Schousboe, A. Schousboe, U. Sonnewald, and H.S. Waagepetersen Knockout of GAD65 has major impact on synaptic GABA synthesized from astrocyte-derived glutamine J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 31 2011 494 503
175. A.B. Walls, L.H. Nilsen, E.M. Eyjolfsson, H.T. Vestergaard, S.L. Hansen, A. Schousboe, U. Sonnewald, and H.S. Waagepetersen GAD65 is essential for synthesis of GABA destined for tonic inhibition regulating epileptiform activity J. Neurochem. 115 2010 1398 1408
176. O. Warr, M. Takahashi, and D. Attwell Modulation of extracellular glutamate concentration in rat brain slices by cystine-glutamate exchange J. Physiol. 514 Pt. 3 1999 783 793
177. P. Washbourne, P.M. Thompson, M. Carta, E.T. Costa, J.R. Mathews, G. Lopez-Bendito, Z. Molnar, M.W. Becher, C.F. Valenzuela, L.D. Partridge, and M.C. Wilson Genetic ablation of the t-SNARE SNAP-25 distinguishes mechanisms of neuroexocytosis Nat. Neurosci. 5 2002 19 26
178. T. Watanabe, K. Morimoto, T. Hirao, H. Suwaki, K. Watase, and K. Tanaka Amygdala-kindled and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in glutamate transporter GLAST-deficient mice Brain Res. 845 1999 92 96
179. K. Watase, K. Hashimoto, M. Kano, K. Yamada, M. Watanabe, Y. Inoue, S. Okuyama, T. Sakagawa, S. Ogawa, N. Kawashima, S. Hori, M. Takimoto, K. Wada, and K. Tanaka Motor discoordination and increased susceptibility to cerebellar injury in GLAST mutant mice Eur. J. Neurosci. 10 1998 976 988
180. H. Weil-Malherbe Modulators of glutaminase activity J. Neurochem. 19 1972 2257 2267
181. H.S. White, A. Sarup, T. Bolvig, A.S. Kristensen, G. Petersen, N. Nelson, D.S. Pickering, O.M. Larsson, B. Frolund, P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, and A. Schousboe Correlation between anticonvulsant activity and inhibitory action on glial gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake of the highly selective mouse gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 inhibitor 3-hydroxy-4-amino-4,5,6,7- tetrahydro-1,2-benzisoxazole and its N-alkylated analogs J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302 2002 636 644
182. H.S. White, W.P. Watson, S.L. Hansen, S. Slough, J. Perregaard, A. Sarup, T. Bolvig, G. Petersen, O.M. Larsson, R.P. Clausen, B. Frolund, E. Falch, P. Krogsgaard-Larsen, and A. Schousboe First demonstration of a functional role for central nervous system betaine/{gamma}-aminobutyric acid transporter (mGAT2) based on synergistic anticonvulsant action among inhibitors of mGAT1 and mGAT2 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 312 2005 866 874
183. S.M. Wojcik, S. Katsurabayashi, I. Guillemin, E. Friauf, C. Rosenmund, N. Brose, and J.S. Rhee A shared vesicular carrier allows synaptic corelease of GABA and glycine Neuron 50 2006 575 587
184. S.M. Wojcik, J.S. Rhee, E. Herzog, A. Sigler, R. Jahn, S. Takamori, N. Brose, and C. Rosenmund An essential role for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) in postnatal development and control of quantal size Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 2004 7158 7163
185. J.Y. Wu, and E. Roberts Properties of brain l-glutamate decarboxylase: inhibition studies J. Neurochem. 23 1974 759 767
186. T. Yamada, K. Kawahara, T. Kosugi, and M. Tanaka Nitric oxide produced during sublethal ischemia is crucial for the preconditioning-induced down-regulation of glutamate transporter GLT-1 in neuron/astrocyte co-cultures Neurochem. Res. 31 2006 49 56
187. A. Yamashita, S.K. Singh, T. Kawate, Y. Jin, and E. Gouaux Crystal structure of a bacterial homologue of Na+/Cl-dependent neurotransmitter transporters Nature 437 2005 215 223
188. D. Yernool, O. Boudker, Y. Jin, and E. Gouaux Structure of a glutamate transporter homologue from Pyrococcus horikoshii Nature 431 2004 811 818
189. A.C. Yu, J. Drejer, L. Hertz, and A. Schousboe Pyruvate carboxylase activity in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons J. Neurochem. 41 1983 1484 1487
190. 14C-labeled glutamate in astrocytes in primary cultures J. Neurochem. 39 1982 954 960
191. L.M. Yunger, P.J. Fowler, P. Zarevics, and P.E. Setler Novel inhibitors of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) uptake: anticonvulsant actions in rats and mice J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 228 1984 109 115
192. I. Zaganas, H.S. Waagepetersen, P. Georgopoulos, U. Sonnewald, A. Plaitakis, and A. Schousboe Differential expression of glutamate dehydrogenase in cultured neurons and astrocytes from mouse cerebellum and cerebral cortex J. Neurosci. Res. 66 2001 909 913
193. N. Zerangue, and M.P. Kavanaugh Flux coupling in a neuronal glutamate transporter Nature 383 1996 634 637
194. W.J. Zhao, Y.H. Ma, J. Fei, Z.T. Mei, and L.H. Guo Increase in drug-induced seizure susceptibility of transgenic mice overexpressing GABA transporter-1 Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 24 2003 991 995
195. X.M. Zhu, and W.Y. Ong A light and electron microscopic study of betaine/GABA transporter distribution in the monkey cerebral neocortex and hippocampus J. Neurocytol. 33 2004 233 240
196. J. Zschocke, N. Bayatti, A.M. Clement, H. Witan, M. Figiel, J. Engele, and C. Behl Differential promotion of glutamate transporter expression and function by glucocorticoids in astrocytes from various brain regions J. Biol. Chem. 280 41 2005 34924 34932 (Epub 2005 August, 3280, 34924-34932)