Orosensory and homeostatic functions of the insular taste cortex

Chemosensory Perception

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 64-79

  De Araujo, Ivan E ^a   Geha, Paul ^a   Small, Dana M ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Energy homeostasis; Feeding; Flavor; Insular cortex; Multisensory integration; Orosensation; Taste

Indexed keywords

TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL 5; TRANSIENT RECEPTOR POTENTIAL CHANNEL A1; VANILLOID RECEPTOR 1;

APPETITE; ASSOCIATION; BRAIN STEM; COGNITION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; ENERGY METABOLISM; FOOD INTAKE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; GUSTATORY CORTEX; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; INSULA; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROMODULATION; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OLFACTORY SYSTEM; OROSENSORY CORTEX; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECEPTIVE FIELD; REVIEW; SENSORY CORTEX; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLITARY TRACT NUCLEUS; SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASTE; TASTE BUD; TASTE PREFERENCE; VISUAL STIMULATION; WEIGHT GAIN;

EID: 84858708972     PISSN: 19365802     EISSN: 19365810     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12078-012-9117-9     Document Type: Review

References (160)

1. Abumrad NA (2005) CD36 may determine our desire for dietary fats. J Clin Invest 115:2965-2967
2. Accolla R, Carleton A (2008) Internal body state influences topographical plasticity of sensory representations in the rat gustatory cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:4010-4015 (Pubitemid 351723515)
3. Accolla R, Bathellier B, Petersen CC, Carleton A (2007) Differential spatial representation of taste modalities in the rat gustatory cortex. J Neurosci 27:1396-1404
4. Aggleton JP, Passingham RE (1981) Syndrome produced by lesions of the amygdala in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J Comparative Physiol Psychol 95:961-977
5. Auvray M, Spence C (2008) The multisensory perception of flavor. Consc & Cognit 17:1016-1031 (Pubitemid 351978261)
6. Balleine BW, Dickinson A (2000) The effect of lesions of the insular cortex on instrumental conditioning: evidence for a role in incentive memory. J Neurosci 20:8954-8964
7. Bandell M, Story GM, Hwang SW, Viswanath V, Eid SR, Petrus MJ, Earley TJ, Patapoutian A (2004) Noxious cold ion channel TRPA1 is activated by pungent compounds and bradykinin. Neuron 41:849-857 (Pubitemid 38429729)
8. Bautista DM, Movahed P, Hinman A, Axelsson HE, Sterner O, Hogestatt ED, Julius D, Jordt SE, Zygmunt PM (2005) Pungent products from garlic activate the sensory ion channel TRPA1. PNAS 102:12248-12252 (Pubitemid 41291160)
9. Beckstead RM, Morse JR, Norgren R (1980) The nucleus of the solitary tract in the monkey: projections to the thalamus and brainstem nuclei. J Comp Neurol 190:259-282 (Pubitemid 10063426)
10. Bender G, Veldhuizen MG, Meltzer JA, Gitelman DR, Small DM (2009) Neural correlates of evaluative compared with passive tasting. Eur J Neurosci 30:327-338
11. Bermudez-Rattoni F (2004) Molecular mechanisms of taste-recognition memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 5:209-217
12. Berns GS, McClure SM, Pagnoni G, Montague PR (2001) Predictability modulates human brain response to reward. J Neurosci 21:2793-2798 (Pubitemid 32298220)
13. Berthoud HR (2004) Neural control of appetite: cross-talk between homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems. Appetite 43:315-317
14. Bigiani AR, Delay RJ, Chaudhari N, Kinnamon SC, Roper SD (1997) Responses to glutamate in rat taste cells. J Neurophysiol 77:3048-3059 (Pubitemid 27290875)
15. Boudreau JC, Sivakumar L, Do LT, White TD, Oravec J, Hoang NK (1985) Neurophysiology of geniculate ganglion (facial nerve) taste systems: species comparisons. Chem Sens 10:89-127 (Pubitemid 15092205)
16. Breza JM, Curtis KS, Contreras RJ (2006) Temperature modulates taste responsiveness and stimulates gustatory neurons in the rat geniculate ganglion. J Neurophys 95:674-685 (Pubitemid 44699074)
17. Caicedo A, Kim KN, Roper SD (2002) Individual mouse taste cells respond to multiple chemical stimuli. J Physiol 544:501-509 (Pubitemid 35244266)
18. Carmichael ST, Price JL (1994) Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 346:366-402 (Pubitemid 24258509)
19. Caterina MJ, Rosen TA, Tominaga M, Brake AJ, Julius D (1999) A capsaicin-receptor analogue with a high threshold for noxious heat. Nature 398:436-441 (Pubitemid 29180377)
20. Cechetto DF, Saper CB (1987) Evidence for a viscerotopic sensory representation in the cortex and thalamus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 262:27-45 (Pubitemid 17106944)
21. Cerf-Ducastel B, van de Moortele PF, MacLeod P, Le Bihan D, Faurion A (2001) Interaction of gustatory and lingual somatosensory perceptions at the cortical level in the human: a functional magnetic image study. Chem Sens 26:371-383 (Pubitemid 32454787)
22. Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2006) The receptors and cells for mammalian taste. Nature 444:288-294 (Pubitemid 44764097)
23. Chandrashekar J, Kuhn C, Oka Y, Yarmolinsky DA, Hummler E, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2010) The cells and peripheral representation of sodium taste in mice. Nature 464:297-301
24. Chen X, Gabitto M, Peng Y, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2011) A gusto-topic map of taste qualities in the mammalian brain. Science 333:1262-6
25. Chrandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Hoon MA, Adler E, Feng L, Guo W, Zucker CS, Ryba NJP (2000) T2Rs function as bitter taste receptors. Cell 100:703-711
26. Cook DJ, Hollowood TA, Linforth RST, Taylor AJ (2003) Oral shear stress predicts flavour perception in viscous solutions. Chem Sens 28:11-23 (Pubitemid 41288790)
27. Cruz A, Green BG (2000) Thermal stimulation of taste. Nature 403:889-892 (Pubitemid 30130989)
28. Damak S, Mosinger B, Margolskee RF (2008) Transsynaptic transport of wheat germ agglutinin expressed in a subset of type II taste cells of transgenic mice. BMC Neurosci 9:96
29. de Araujo IE, Rolls ET (2004) Representation in the human brain of food texture and oral fat. J Neurosci 24:3086-3093
30. de Araujo IE, Simon SA (2009) The gustatory cortex and multisensory integration. Int J Obes 33:S34-43
31. de Araujo IE, Rolls ET, Kringelbach ML, McGlone F, Phillips N (2003a) Taste-olfactory convergence, and the representation of the pleasantness of flavour, in the human brain. Eur J Neurosci 18:2059-2068 (Pubitemid 37372388)
32. de Araujo IET, Kringelbach ML, Rolls ET, Hobden P (2003b) Representation of umami taste in the human brain. J Neurophysiol 90:313-319 (Pubitemid 36859180)
33. de Araujo IET, Kringelbach ML, Rolls ET, McGlone F (2003c) Human cortical responses to water in the mouth, and the effects of thirst. J Neurophysiol 90:1865-1876 (Pubitemid 37129392)
34. de Araujo IE, Gutierrez R, Oliveira-Maia AJ, Pereira A Jr, Nicolelis MA, Simon SA (2006a) Neural ensemble coding of satiety states. Neuron 51:483-494 (Pubitemid 44189803)
35. de Araujo IE, Riofrio A, Nicolelis MA, Simon SA (2006b) Discrimination and post-ingestive effects in TRPM5(-/-) mice. Chem Sens 31:A123
36. Del Parigi A, Gautier JF, Chen K, Salbe AD, Ravussin E, Reiman E, Tataranni PA (2002) Neuroimaging and obesity: mapping the brain responses to hunger and satiation in humans using positron emission tomography. Ann N Y Acad Sci 967:389-397 (Pubitemid 34721924)
37. Del Parigi A, Chen K, Salbe AD, Hill JO, Wing RR, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA (2004) Persistence of abnormal neural responses to a meal in postobese individuals. Int J Obes 28:370-377 (Pubitemid 38296949)
38. Di Lorenzo PM (2003) The neural code for taste in the brainstem: response profiles. Physiol Behav 69:87-96
39. Di Lorenzo PM, Halloak RM, Kennedy DP (2003) Temporal coding of sensation: mimicking taste quality with electrical stimulation of the brain. Behav Neurosci 117:1423-1433 (Pubitemid 37549442)
40. Eid SR, Cortright DN (2009) Transient receptor potential channels on sensory nerves. In: Canning BJ, Spina D (eds) Handbook of experimental pharmacology: sensory nerves. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg
41. Finger TE, Simon SA, Silver WL, Restrepo D (2002) The cell biology of lingual epithelia. The neurobiology of taste and smell. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 287-314
42. Finger TE, Danilova V, Barrows J, Bartel DL, Vigers AJ, Stone L, Hellekant G, Kinnamon SC (2005) ATP signaling is crucial for communication from taste buds to gustatory Nerves. Science 310:1495-1499 (Pubitemid 41746346)
43. Fontanini A, Katz DB (2004) 7-12 Hz activity in rat gustatory cortex reflects disengagement from a fluid self-administration task. J Neurophysiol 01035
44. Fontanini A, Katz DB (2009) Behavioral modulation of gustatory cortical activity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1170:403-406
45. Fortis-Santiago Y, Rodwin BA, Neseliler S, Piette CE, Katz DB (2010) State dependence of olfactory perception as a function of taste cortical inactivation. Nat Neurosci 13:158-159
46. Frank RA, Byram J (1988) Taste-smell interactions are tastant and odorant dependent. Chem Senses 13:445-455
47. Frank MF, Bieber SL, Smith DV (1988) The organization of taste sensibilities in hamster chorda tympani nerve fibers. J Gen Physiol 91:861-896
48. Garcia J, Kimeldorf DJ, Koelling RA (1955) Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science 122:157-158
49. Gautier JF, Del Parigi A, Chen K, Salbe AD, Bandy D, Pratley RE, Ravussin E, Reiman EM, Tataranni PA (2001) Effect of satiation on brain activity in obese and lean women. Obes Res 9:676-684 (Pubitemid 33603882)
50. Green BG (1993) Oral astringency: a tactile component of flavor. Acta Psychol (Amst) 84:119-125
51. Green BG (2002) Studying taste as a cutaneous sense. Food Qual Pref 14:99-109
52. Green BG, Hayes JE (2004) Individual differences in perception of bitterness from capsaicin, piperine and zingerone. Chem Sens 29:53-60 (Pubitemid 39429860)
53. Guest S, Grabenhorst F, Essick G, Chen Y, Young M, McGlone F, De Araujo IE, Rolls ET (2007) Human cortical representation of oral temperature. Physiol Behav 92:975-984 (Pubitemid 350101690)
54. Gutierrez H, Hernandez-Echeagaray E, Ramirez-Amaya V, Bermudez- Rattoni F (1999) Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the insular cortex disrupts taste aversion and spatial memory formation. Neuroscience 89:751-758 (Pubitemid 29071001)
55. Gutierrez R, Carmena JM, Nicolelis MA, Simon SA (2006) Orbitofrontal ensemble activity monitors licking and distinguishes among natural rewards. J Neurophysiol 95:119-133 (Pubitemid 44698922)
56. Haase L, Cerf-Ducastel B, Murphy C (2009) Cortical activation in response to pure taste stimuli during the physiological states of hunger and satiety. Neuroimage 44:1008-1021
57. Haase L, Green E, Murphy C (2011) Males and females show differential brain activation to taste when hungry and sated in gustatory and reward areas. Appetite 57:421-434
58. Hanamori T, Kunitake T, Kato K, Kannan H (1998) Responses of neurons in the insular cortex to gustatory, visceral, and nociceptive stimuli in rats. J Neurophysiol 79:2535-2545 (Pubitemid 28261639)
59. Hausser-Hauw C, Bancaud J (1987) Gustatory hallucinations in epileptic seizures. Electrophysiological, clinical and anatomical correlates. Brain 110(Pt 2):339-359 (Pubitemid 17055816)
60. Hinton EC, Parkinson JA, Holland AJ, Arana FS, Roberts AC, Owen AM (2004) Neural contributions to the motivational control of appetite in humans. Eur J Neurosci 20:1411-1418 (Pubitemid 39233592)
61. Holman GL (1968) Intragastric reinforcement effect. J Comp Physiol Psychol 69:432-441
62. Holsen LM, Zarcone JR, Brooks WM, Butler MG, Thompson TI, Ahluwalia JS, Nollen NL, Savage CR (2006) Neural mechanisms underlying hyperphagia in Prader-Willi syndrome. Obesity 14:1028-1037 (Pubitemid 46219704)
63. Huang YJ, Maruyama Y, Lu KS, Pereira E, Plonsky I, Baur JE, Wu D, Roper SD (2005) Mouse taste buds use serotonin as a neurotransmitter. J Neurosci 25:843-847 (Pubitemid 40170999)
64. Huang AL, Chen X, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Guo W, Trankner D, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (2006) The cells and logic for mammalian sour taste detection. Nature 442:934-938 (Pubitemid 44285950)
65. Hummel T (2008) Retronasal perception of odors. Chem Biodivers 5:853-861
66. Hummel T,Welge-Luessen A (2006) Assessment of olfactory function. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 63:84-98 (Pubitemid 44155312)
67. Jain N, Catania KC, Kass JH (2001) Anatomic correlates of the face and oral cavity representations in the somatosensory cortical area 3b of monkeys. J Comp Neurol 429:455-468 (Pubitemid 32010050)
68. Jordt SE, Bautista DM, Chaung Nh, McKinney DD, Zygmunt PM, Hogestatt ED, Meng ID, Julius D (2004) Mustard oils and cannabinoids excite sensory nerve fibers through the TRP channel AKKTM1. Nature 427:260-265
69. Kadohisa M, Rolls ET, Verhagen JV (2005) Neuronal representations of stimuli in the mouth: the primate insular taste cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. Chem Senses 30:401-419 (Pubitemid 41158343)
70. Katz DB (2005) The many flavors of temporal coding in gustatory cortex. Chem Sens 30:i80-i81
71. Katz DB, Nicolelis MA, Simon SA (2002a) Gustatory processing is dynamic and distributed. Curr Opin Neurobiol 12:448-454 (Pubitemid 34876492)
72. Katz DB, Simon SA, Nicolelis MA (2002b) Taste-specific neuronal ensembles in the gustatory cortex of awake rats. J Neurosci 22:1850-1857 (Pubitemid 35386303)
73. Kavanagh DJ, Andrade J, May J (2005) Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: the elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Psychcol Rev 112:446-467 (Pubitemid 40465993)
74. Kosar E, Grill HJ, Norgren R (1986a) Gustatory cortex in the rat II thalamocortical projections. Brain Res 379:342-352 (Pubitemid 16012403)
75. Kosar E, Grill HJ, Norgren R (1986b) Gustatory cortex in the rat. I. Physiological properties and cytoarchitecture. Brain Res 379:329-341 (Pubitemid 16012402)
76. Lemon CH, Katz DB (2007) The neural processing of taste. BMC Neurosci 8(Suppl 3):S5
77. Li CS, Cho YK, Smith DV (2005) Modulation of parabrachial taste neurons by electrical and chemical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and amygdala. J Neurophys 93:1183-1196 (Pubitemid 40283710)
78. Lim J, Green BG (2007) The psychophysical relationship between bitter taste and burning sensation: evidence of qualitative similarity. Chem Sens 32:31-39 (Pubitemid 46017872)
79. Lim J, Johnson MB (2011) Potential mechanisms of retronasal odor referral to the mouth. Chem Senses 36:283-289
80. Liman ER (2006) Thermal gating of TRP ion channels: food for thought? Sci STKE 326:pe12
81. Lin JY, Roman C, Reilly S (2009a) Insular cortex and consummatory successive negative contrast in the rat. Behav Neurosci 123:810-814
82. Lin JY, Roman C, Reilly S (2009b) Taste-potentiated odor aversion learning in rats with lesions of the insular cortex. Brain Res 1297:135-142
83. Mak YE, Simmons KB, Gitelman DR, Small DM (2005) Taste and olfactory intensity perception changes following left insular stroke. Behav Neurosci 119:1693-1700 (Pubitemid 43145742)
84. Malik S, McGlone F, Bedrossian D, Dagher A (2008) Ghrelin modulates brain activity in areas that control appetitive behavior. Cell Metab 7:400-409 (Pubitemid 351598026)
85. Marks LE, Wheeler ME (1998) Attention and the detectability of weak taste stimuli. Chem Sens 23:19-29 (Pubitemid 28083288)
86. Mathy I, Dupuis MJ, Pigeolet Y, Jacquerye P (2003) Bilateral ageusia after left insular and opercular ischemic stroke. Rev Neurol (Paris) 159:563-567 (Pubitemid 36692998)
87. Mattes RD (2005) Fat taste and lipid metabolism in humans. Physiol Behav 86:691-697
88. McBurney DH (1986) Taste, smell and flavor terminology: taking the confusion out of confusion. In: Meiselman HL, Rivkin RS (eds) Clinical measurement of taste and smell. Macmillan, New York, pp 117-124
89. McKemy DD, Neuhausser WM, Julius D (2002) Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation. Nature 416:52-58 (Pubitemid 34215395)
90. Moskowitz HR (1973) Effects of solution temperature on taste intensity in humans. Physiol Behav 10:289-292
91. Murphy C, Cain WS, Bartoshuk LM (1977) Mutual action of taste and olfaction. Sens Processes 1:204-211 (Pubitemid 8115291)
92. Nagatomo K, Kubo Y (2008) Caffeine activates mouse TRPA1 channels but suppresses human TRPA1 channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:17373-17378
93. Nitschke JB, Dixon GE, Sarinopoulos I, Short SJ, Cohen JD, Smith EE (2006) Altering expectancy dampens neural response to aversive taste in primary taste cortex. Nat Neurosci 9:435-442 (Pubitemid 43290974)
94. Norgren R (1976) Taste pathways to hypothalamus and amygdala. J Comp Neurol 166:17-30
95. Norgren R (1995) Gustatory system. In: Paxinos G (ed) The rat nervous system. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 751-771
96. Norgren R, Wolf G (1975) Projections of thalamic gustatory and lingual areas in the rat. Brain Res 92:123-129
97. O'Doherty J, Rolls ET, Francis S, Bowtell R, McGlone F (2001) Representation of pleasant and aversive taste in the human brain. J Neurophys 85:1315-1321 (Pubitemid 32209617)
98. O'Doherty JP, Deichmann R, Critchley HD, Dolan RJ (2002) Neural responses during anticipation of a primary taste reward. Neuron 33:815-826 (Pubitemid 34219251)
99. Ogawa H, Ito SL, Nomura T (1989) Oral cavity representation at the frontal operculum of macaque monkeys. Neurosci Res 6:283-298 (Pubitemid 19099742)
100. Ogura T (2002) Acetylcholine increases intracellular Ca+2 in taste cells via activation of muscarinic receptors. J Neurophysiol 87:2643-2649
101. Paxinos G, Watson C (1998) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Academic Press, New York
102. Peier AM,Moqurich A, Hergarden HC, Reeve AJ, Andersson DA, Story GM, Earley TJ, Dragoni I, McIntyre P, Bevan S, Patapoutaian A (2002) A TRP channel that senses cold stimuli and menthol. Cell 108:705-715 (Pubitemid 34241429)
103. Pelchat ML, Johnson A, Chan R, Valdez J, Ragland JD (2004) Images of desire: food-craving activation during fMRI. Neuroimage 23:1486-1493 (Pubitemid 40260371)
104. Penfield W, Fulk ME Jr (1955) The insula; further observations on its function. Brain 78:445-470
105. Perez CA, Huang L, Rong M, Kozak JA, Preuss AK, Zhang H, Max M, Margolskee RF (2002) A transient receptor potential channel expressed in taste receptor cells. Nat Neurosci 5:1169-1176 (Pubitemid 35247176)
106. Pierce J, Halpern BP (1996) Orthonasal and retronasal odorant identification based upon vapor phase input from common substances. Chem Senses 21:529-543 (Pubitemid 26340916)
107. Prescott J (1999) Flavour as a psychological construct: implications for perceiving and measuring the sensory qualities of foods. Food Qual Pref 10:349-356
108. Prescott J, Allen S, Stephens L (1999) Interactions between oral chemical irritation, taste and temperature. Chem Sens 18:389-404
109. Pritchard TC, Hamilton RB, Morse JR, Norgren R (1986) Projections of thalamic gustatory and lingual areas in the monkey, Macaca fascicularis. J Comp Neurol 244:213-288
110. Pritchard TC, Macaluso DA, Eslinger PJ (1999) Taste perception in patients with insular cortex lesions. Behav Neurosci 113:663-671 (Pubitemid 29426686)
111. Pritchard TC, Hamilton RB, Norgren R (2000) Projections of the parabrachial nucleus in the Old World monkey. Exper Neurol 165:101-117
112. Rolls ET, Wiggins LL (1989) Convergence of taste, olfactory and visual inputs in the orbitofrontal cortex of primates. Chem Senses 14:741
113. Rolls ET, Scott TR, Yaxley S (1988) The responsiveness of neurons in the frontal opercular gustatory cortex of the macaque monkey is independent of hunger. J Physiol 397:1-12 (Pubitemid 18062557)
114. Roper SD (1989) The cell biology of vertebrate taste receptors. Annu Rev Neurosci 12:329-353
115. Roper SD (2006) Cell communication in taste buds. Cell Mol Life Sci 63:1494-1500
116. Roper S (2007) Signal transduction and information processing in mammalian taste buds. Pflugers Arch 454:759-776
117. Rosenblum K, Meiri N, Dudai Y (1993) Taste memory: the role of protein synthesis in gustatory cortex. Behav Neural Biol 59:49-56 (Pubitemid 23092523)
118. Rothemund Y, Preuschhof C, Bohner G, Bauknecht HC, Klingebiel R, Flor H, Klapp BF (2007) Differential activation of the dorsal striatum by high-calorie visual food stimuli in obese individuals. Neuroimage 37:410-421 (Pubitemid 47444263)
119. Rozin P (1982) Taste-smell confusions and the duality of the olfactory sense. Percep Phychophys 31:397-401
120. Rudenga K, Green BG, Nachtigal D, Small DM (2010) Evidence for an intgrated oral sensory module in the human ventral insula. Chem Senses 35:693-703
121. Saper CB (2002) The central autonomic nervous system: conscious visceral perception and autonomic pattern generation. Annu Rev Neurosci 25:433-469
122. Schoenfeld MA, Neuer G, Tempelmann C, Schussler K, Noesselt T, Hopf JM, Heinze HJ (2004) Functional magnetic resonance tomography correlates of taste perception in the human primary taste cortex. Neuroscience 127:347-353 (Pubitemid 38950650)
123. Scott TR, Plata-Salaman CR (1999) Taste in the monkey cortex. Physiol Behav 67:489-511 (Pubitemid 29488527)
124. Scott TR, Small DM (2009) The role of the parabrachial nucleus in taste processing and feeding. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1170:372-377
125. Scott TR, Verhagen JV (2000) Taste as a factor in the management of nutrition. Nutrition 16:874-885
126. Scott TR, Plata-Salaman CR, Smith V, Giza BK (1991) Gustatory neural coding in the monkey cortex: stimulus intensity. J Neurophysiol 65:76-86
127. Sewards TV, Sewards MA (2001) Cortical association areas in the gustatory system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25:395-407 (Pubitemid 32879297)
128. Simmons WK, Martin A, Barsalou LW (2005) Pictures of appetizing foods activate gustatory cortices for taste and reward. Cereb Cortex 15:1602-1608 (Pubitemid 41344509)
129. Simon SA, de Araujo IE, Gutierrez R, Nicolelis MAL (2006) The neural mechanisms of gustation: a distributed processing code. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:890-901 (Pubitemid 44624181)
130. Small DM (2004) Crossmodal integration-insights from the chemical senses. Trends Neurosci 27:120-123
131. Small DM (2009) Individual differences in the neurophysiology of reward and the obesity epidemic. Int J Obes 33:S44-S48
132. Small DM, Green BG (In Press) A model for a unitary flavor modality. In: Murray M, Wallace M (eds) Multisensory processes. Frontiers in Neurobiology
133. Small DM, Prescott J (2005) Odor/taste integration and the perception of flavor. Exp Brain Res 166:345-357 (Pubitemid 41502081)
134. Small DM, Jones-Gotman M, Zatorre RJ, Petrides M, Evans AC (1997) Flavor processing: more than the sum of its parts. Neuroreport 8:3913-3917 (Pubitemid 28027208)
135. Small DM, Zald DH, Jones Gotman M, Zatorre RJ, Pardo JV, Frey S, Petrides M (1999) Human cortical gustatory areas: a review of functional neuroimaging data. Neuroreport 10:7-14 (Pubitemid 29090469)
136. Small DM, Zatorre RJ, Dagher A, Evans AC, Jones-Gotman M (2001) Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: from pleasure to aversion. Brain 124:1720-1733 (Pubitemid 32845434)
137. Small DM, Gregory MD, Mak YE, Gitelman DR, Mesulam MM, Parrish TR (2003) Dissociation of neural representation of intensity and affective valuation in human gustation. Neuron 39:701-711 (Pubitemid 36993586)
138. Small DM, Voss J, Mak YE, Simmons KB, Parrish T, Gitelman D (2004) Experience-dependent neural integration of taste and smell in the human brain. J Neurophysiol 92:1892-1903 (Pubitemid 39100683)
139. Small DM, Gerber JC, Mak YE, Hummel T (2005) Differential neural responses evoked by orthonasal versus retronasal odorant perception in humans. Neuron 47:593-605 (Pubitemid 41139216)
140. Spector AC, Travers SP (2005) The representation of taste quality in the mammalian nervous system. Beh Cog Neurosci Rev 4:143-191 (Pubitemid 43273254)
141. Stapleton JA, Lavine M, Wolpert R, Nicolelis MAL, Simon SA (2006) Rapid taste responses in the gustatory cortex during licking. J Neurosci 26:4126-4138 (Pubitemid 44315434)
142. Stevenson RJ, Miller LA, Thayer ZC (2008) Impairments in the perception of odor-induced tastes and their relationship to impairments in taste perception. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 34:1183-1197
143. Stice E, Spoor S, Bohon C, Veldhuizen MG, Small DM (2008) Relation of reward from food intake and anticipated food intake to obesity: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Abnorm Psychol 117:924-935
144. Sugita M, Shiba Y (2005) Genetic tracing shows segregation of taste circuitries for bitter and sweet. Science 309:781-785 (Pubitemid 41077326)
145. Talavera K, Yasumatsu K, Voets T, Droogmans G, Shigemura N, Ninomiya Y, Margolskee RF, Nilius B (2005) Heat activation of TRPM5 underlies thermal sensitivity of sweet taste. Nature 438:1022-1025 (Pubitemid 43093975)
146. Tataranni PA, Gautier JF, Chen K, Uecker A, Bandy D, Salbe AD, Pratley RE, Lawson M, Reiman EM, Ravussin E (1999) Neuroanatomical correlates of hunger and satiation in humans using positron emission tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:4569-4574 (Pubitemid 29190377)
147. Veldhuizen MG, Bender G, Constable RT, Small DM (2007) Trying to detect taste in a tasteless solution: modulation of early gustatory cortex by attention to taste. Chem Senses 32:569-581 (Pubitemid 47261074)
148. Veldhuizen MG, Nachtigal D, Teulings L, Gitelman DR, Small DM (2010) The insular taste cortex contributes to odor quality coding. Front Hum Neurosci 4:1-11
149. Verhagen JV (2007) The neurocognitive bases of human multimodal food perception: consciousness. Brain Res Rev 53:271-286
150. Verhagen JV, Kadohisa M, Rolls ET (2004) Primate insular/opercular taste cortex: neuronal representations of the viscosity, fat texture, grittiness, temperature, and taste of foods. J Neurophysiol 92:1685-1699 (Pubitemid 39100665)
151. Volkow ND, Wise RA (2005) How can drug addiction help us understand obesity? Nat Neurosci 8:555-560 (Pubitemid 40594193)
152. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Telang F, Jayne M, Ma J, Rao M, ZhuW,Wong CT, Pappas NR, Geliebter A, Fowler JS (2004) Exposure to appetitive food stimuli markedly activates the human brain. Neuroimage 21:1790-1797 (Pubitemid 38446599)
153. Woolley JD, Gorno-Tempini ML, Seeley WW, Rankin K, Lee SS, Matthews BR, Miller BL (2007) Binge eating is associated with right orbitofrontal-insular- striatal atrophy in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 69:1424-1433 (Pubitemid 47511464)
154. Yamamoto T, Yuyama N, Kato T, Kawamura Y (1984) Gustatory responses of cortical neurons in rats. I. Response characteristics. J Neurophysiol 51:616-635 (Pubitemid 14170126)
155. Yamamoto T, Yuyama N, Kato K, Kawamura Y (1988) Gustatory responses of cortical neurons in rats. II. Information processing of taste quality. J Neurophysiol 53:1356-1369 (Pubitemid 15067223)
156. Yaxley S, Rolls ET, Sienkiewicz ZJ (1988) The responsiveness of neurons in the insular gustatory cortex of the macaque monkey is independent of hunger. Physiol Behav 42:223-229 (Pubitemid 18083964)
157. Yaxley S, Rolls ET, Sienkiewicz ZJ (1990) Gustatory responses of single neurons in the insula of the macaque monkey. J Neurophysiol 63:689-700 (Pubitemid 20138742)
158. Zanotto KL, Merrill AW, Carstens MI, Carstens E (2007) Neurons in superficial trigeminal subnucleus caudalis responsive to oral cooling, menthol, and other irritant stimuli. J Neurophys 97:966-978 (Pubitemid 46239479)
159. Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Cook BWD, Zucker CS, Ryba NJ (2003) Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. Cell 112:293-301 (Pubitemid 36183651)
160. Zotterman Y (1935) Action potentials in the glossopharyngeal nerve and in the chorda tympani. Scan Arch Physiol 72:73-77