Mast cell proteases as protective and inflammatory mediators

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 716, Issue , 2011, Pages 212-234

  Caughey, George H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN II; CALCITONIN GENE RELATED PEPTIDE; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE A; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE A3; CATHELICIDIN; CATHEPSIN G; CHYMASE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE I; ENDOTHELIN; GELATINASE A; GELATINASE B; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 6; NEUROLYSIN; NEUROTENSIN; PEPTIDASE; PROTEINASE; PROTEINASE ACTIVATED RECEPTOR 2; RENIN; TRYPTASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; AUTACOID; PEPTIDE HYDROLASE;

ANEURYSM; ARTHRITIS; ARTICLE; ASTHMA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BRONCHOSPASM; CELL FUNCTION; DETOXIFICATION; ENTERITIS; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HUMAN; HUMAN VERSUS ANIMAL COMPARISON; INFECTION CONTROL; MAST CELL; NOCICEPTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SECRETION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; ANIMAL; ENZYMOLOGY; METABOLISM; REVIEW;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

ANIMALS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; MAST CELLS; PEPTIDE HYDROLASES;

EID: 79960926555     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9533-9_12     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Stevens RL, Adachi R. Protease-proteoglycan complexes of mouse and human mast cells and importance of their p-1ryptase-heparin complexes in inflammation andinnateimmunity.ImmunolRev2007:217:155-167. (Pubitemid 46718158)
2. Caughey GH. Mast cell tryptases and chymases in inflammation and host defense. Immunol Rev 2007: 217:141-154. (Pubitemid 46718143)
3. Pejler G, Romberg E, Waern I et al. Mast cell proteases- multifaceted regulators of inflammatory disease. Blood 2010 [Epub ahead of print].
4. Trivedi NN, Caughey GH. Mast cell peptidases: Chameleons of innate immunity and host defense. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 42:257-267.
5. Brain SD, Williams TJ. Substance P regulates the vasodilator activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature 1988; 335:73-75.
6. Tam EK, Caughey GH. Degradation of airway neuropeptides by human lung tryptase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 3:27-32.
7. Walls AF, Brain SD, Desai A et al. Human mast cell tryptase attenuates the vasodilator activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43:1243-1248.
8. Steinhoff M, Vergnolle N, Young SH et al. Agonists of proteinase-activated receptor 2 induce inflammation by a neurogenic mechanism. Nat Med 2000; 6:151-158. (Pubitemid 30082358)
9. Corvera CU, Dery O, McConalogue K et al. Mast cell tryptase regulates rat colonic myocytes through PAR-2. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:1383-1393. (Pubitemid 27425762)
10. Molino M, Barnathan ES, Numerof R et al. Interactions of mast cell tryptase with thrombin receptors and PAR-2. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:4043-4049. (Pubitemid 27078466)
11. Schmidlin F, Amadesi S, Vidil R et al. Expression and function of PAR-2 in human bronchial smooth muscle. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164:1276-1281. (Pubitemid 33052263)
12. Steinhoff M, Corvera CU, Thoma MS et al. PAR-2 in human skin: tissue distribution and activation of keratinocytes by mast cell tryptase. Exp Dermatol 1999; 8:282-294. (Pubitemid 29370853)
13. Compton SJ, Renaux B, Wijesuriya SJ et al. Glycosylation and the activation of PAR-2 by human mast cell tryptase. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:705-718.
14. Cottrell GS, Amadesi S, Pikios S et al. PAR-2, dipeptidyl peptidase I and proteases mediate Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis. Gastroenterology 2007: 132:2422-2437. (Pubitemid 46890864)
15. Stead RH, Dixon MF, Bramwell NH et al. Mast cells are closely apposed to nerves in the human gastrointestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 1989; 97:575-585. (Pubitemid 19205129)
16. Steinhoff M, Neisius U, Ikoma A et al. PrAR-2 mediates itch: a novel pathway for pruritus in human skin. J Neurosci 2003; 23:6176-6180. (Pubitemid 36875617)
17. Ui H, Andoh T, Lee JB et al. Potent pruritogenic action of tryptase mediated by PAR-2 receptor and its involvement in anti-pruritic effect of nafamostat mesilate in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 530:172-178. (Pubitemid 43037138)
18. Cenac N, Andrews CN, Holzhausen M et al. Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:636-647. (Pubitemid 46348522)
19. Sekizawa K, Caughey GH, Lazarus SC et al. Mast cell tryptase causes airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness in dogs. J Clin Invest 1989; 83:175-179. (Pubitemid 19048420)
20. Johnson PRA, Ammit AJ, Carlin SM et al. Mast cell tryptase potentiates histamine-induced contraction in human sensitized bronchus. Eur Resp J 1997; 10:38-43. (Pubitemid 27047177)
21. Barrios VE, Middleton SC, Kashem MA et al. Tryptase mediates hyperresponsiveness in isolated guinea pig bronchi Life Sci 1998; 63:2295-2303. (Pubitemid 28557268)
22. Berger P, Compton SJ, Molimard M et al. Mast cell tryptase as a mediator ofhyperresponsiveness in human isolated bronchi. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:804-812. (Pubitemid 29268471)
23. Molinari JF, Scuri M, Moore WR et al. Inhaled tryptase causes bronchoconstriction in sheep via histamine release. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:649-653. (Pubitemid 26327286)
24. Cocks TM, Fong B, Chow JM et al. A protective role for protease-activated receptors in the airways. Nature 1999; 398:156-160.
25. Caughey GH, Leidig F, Viro NF et al. Substance P and vasoactive intestinal peptide degradation by mast cell tryptase and chymase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 244:133-137. (Pubitemid 18042372)
26. Franconi GM, Graf PD, Lazarus SC et al. Mast cell chymase and tryptase reverse airway smooth muscle relaxation induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide in the ferret. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 248:947-951. (Pubitemid 19100739)
27. Tam EK, Franconi GM, Nadel JA et al. Protease inhibitors potentiate smooth muscle relaxation induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide in isolated human bronchi. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1990; 2:449-452.
28. Gruber BL, Marchese MJ, Suzuki K et al. Synovial procollagenase activation by human mast cell tryptase. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:1657-1662.
29. Kobayashi M, Kume H, Oguma T et al. Mast cell tryptase causes homologous desensitization of p-adrenoceptors by Ca2t sensitization in tracheal smooth muscle. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:135-144. (Pubitemid 350233398)
30. Piliponsky AM, Chen CC, Nishimura T et al. Neurotensin increases mortality and mast cells reduce neurotensin levels in a mouse model of sepsis. Nat Med 2008; 14:392-398. (Pubitemid 351499391)
31. Maurer M, Wedemeyer J, Metz M et al. Mast cells promote homeostasis by limiting endothelin-1-induced toxicity. Nature 2004; 432:512-516. (Pubitemid 39576533)
32. Schneider LA, Schlenner SM, Feyerabend TB et al. Molecular mechanism of mast cell mediated innate defense against endothelin and snake venom sarafotoxin. J Exp Med 2007; 204:2629-2639. (Pubitemid 350044788)
33. Nakano A, Kishi F, Minami K et al. Selective conversion of big endothelins to tracheal smooth muscle-constricting 31-amino acid-length endothelins by chymase from human mast cells. J Immunol 1997; 159:1987-1992. (Pubitemid 127484189)
34. Nagata N, Niwa Y, Nakaya Y. A novel 31 -amino-acid-length endothelin, ET-1(1-31), can act as a biologically active peptide for vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:595-600.
35. Nagase T, Kurihara H, Kurihara Y et al. Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in mutant mice deficient in endothelin-1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:560-564. (Pubitemid 28090550)
36. Irani AM, Goldstein SM, Wintroub BU et al. Human mast cell carboxypeptidase: Selective localization to MCTC cells. J Immunol 1991; 147:247-253.
37. Goldstein SM, Leong J, Schwartz LB et al. Protease composition of exocytosed human skin mast cell protease-proteoglycan complexes: tryptase resides in a complex distinct from chymase and carboxypeptidase. J Immunol 1992; 148:2475-2482.
38. Dougherty RH, Sidhu SS, Raman K et al. Accumulation of intraepithelial mast cells with a unique protease phenotype in Th2-high asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1046-1053.
39. Schiemann F, Brandt E, Gross R et al. The cathelicidin LL-37 activates human mast cells and is degraded by mast cell tryptase: counter-regulation by CXCL4. J Immunol 2009; 183:2223-2231.
40. Schiemann F, Grimm TA, Hoch J et al. Mast cells and neutrophils proteolytically activate chemokine precursor CTAP-III and are subject to counterregulation by PF-4 through inhibition of chymase and cathepsin G. Blood 2006; 107:2234-2242. (Pubitemid 43345540)
41. Zhao W, Oskeritzian CA, Pozez AL et al. Cytokine production by skin-derived mast cells: endogenous proteases are responsible for degradation of cytokines. J Immunol 2005; 175:2635-2642. (Pubitemid 41113878)
42. Schechter NM, Sprows JL, Schoenberger OL et al. Reaction of human skin chymotrypsin-like proteinase chymase with plasma proteinase inhibitors. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:21308-21315. (Pubitemid 20017952)
43. Walter M, Sutton RM, Schechter NM. Highly efficient inhibition of human chymase by a2-macroglobulin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 368:276-284. (Pubitemid 29406552)
44. Raymond WW, Su S, Makarova A et al. a2-Macroglobulin capture allows detection of mast cell chymase in serum and creates a reservoir of angiotensin II-generating activity. J Immunol 2009; 182:5770-5777.
45. Mallen-St Clair J, Pham CT, Villalta SA et al. Mast cell dipeptidyl peptidase I mediates survival from sepsis. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:628-634. (Pubitemid 38542512)
46. Metz M, Piliponsky AM, Chen CC et al. Mast cells can enhance resistance to snake and honeybee venoms. Science 2006; 313:526-530. (Pubitemid 44148458)
47. Fang KC, Raymond WW, Lazarus SC et al. Dog mastocytoma cells secrete a 92-kd gelatinase activated extracellularly by mast cell chymase. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1589-1596. (Pubitemid 26105468)
48. Fang KC, Wolters PJ, Steinhoff M et al. Mast cell expression of gelatinases A and B is regulated by kit ligand and TGF-p. J Immunol 1999; 162:5528-5535. (Pubitemid 29307165)
49. Coussens LM, Raymond WW, Bergers G et al. Inflammatory mast cells upregulate angiogenesis during squamous epithelial carcinogenesis. Genes Dev 1999; 13:1382-1397. (Pubitemid 29270244)
50. Baram D, Vaday GG, Salamon P et al. Human mast cells release metalloproteinase-9 on contact with activated T-cells: juxtacrine regulation by TNFa. J Immunol 2001; 167:4008-4016. (Pubitemid 32910846)
51. Tchougounova E, Lundequist A, Fajardo I et al. A key role for mast cell chymase in the activation of proMMP-9 and proMMP-2. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:9291-9296.
52. McQuibban GA, Gong JH, Tam EM et al. Inflammation dampened by gelatinase A cleavage of monocyte chemoattractant protein-3. Science 2000; 289:1202-1206. (Pubitemid 30650734)
53. Greenlee KJ, Corry DB, Engler DA et al. Proteomic identification of in vivo substrates for MMPs 2 and 9 reveals a mechanism for resolution of inflammation. J Immunol 2006; 177:7312-7321. (Pubitemid 44715101)
54. Vu TH, Shipley JM, Bergers G et al. MMP-9/gelatinase B is a key regulator of growth plate angiogenesis and apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes. Cell 1998; 93:411-422. (Pubitemid 28232085)
55. Baluk P, Raymond WW, Ator E et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 expression increases in mycoplasma-infected airways but is not required for microvascular remodeling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L307-317. (Pubitemid 38943913)
56. Corry DB, Rishi K, Kanellis J et al. Decreased allergic lung inflammatory cell egression and increased susceptibility to asphyxiation in MMP2-deficiency. Nat Immunol 2002: 3:347-353. (Pubitemid 34308622)
57. Corry DB, Kiss A, Song LZ et al. Overlapping and independent contributions of MMP2 and MMP9 to lung allergic inflammatory cell egression through decreased CC chemokines. FASEB J 2004: 18:995-997. (Pubitemid 39561503)
58. Lukkarinen H, Hogmalm A, Lappalainen U et al. MMP-9 deficiency worsens lung injury in a model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:59-68.
59. Tanaka A, Yamane Y, Matsuda H. Mast cell MMP-9 production enhanced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:811-813. (Pubitemid 33701562)
60. Fang KC, Raymond WW, Blount JL et al. Dog mast cell a-chymase activates progelatinase B by cleaving the Phe88-Phe89 and Phe91-Glu92 bonds of the catalytic domain. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:25628-25635. (Pubitemid 27438877)
61. Frank BT, Rossall JC, Caughey GH et al. Mast cell tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 is cleaved and inactivated extracellularly by a-chymase. J Immunol 2001; 166:2783-2792. (Pubitemid 32173519)
62. Kishi K, Muramatsu M, Jin D et al. The effects of chymase on MMP-2 activation in neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in dogs. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:77-83.
63. Ishida K, Takai S, Murano M et al. Role of chymase-dependent MMP-9 activation in mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 324:422-426. (Pubitemid 351185847)
64. Inoue N, Muramatsu M, Jin D et al. Effects of chymase inhibitor on angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2009: 204:359-364.
65. Rueff F, Przybilla B, Bilo MB et al. Predictors of severe systemic anaphylactic reactions in patients with hymenoptera venom allergy: importance of baseline serum tryptase. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:1047-1054.
66. Marshall RP, Gohlke P, Chambers RC et al. Angiotensin II and the fibroproliferative response to acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L156-164. (Pubitemid 38055871)
67. Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature 2005; 436:112-116. (Pubitemid 40966195)
68. Reilly CF, Tewksbury DA, Schechter NB et al. Rapid conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by neutrophil and mast cell proteinases. J Biol Chem 1982; 257:8619-8622. (Pubitemid 12004182)
69. Wintroub BU, Schechter NB, Lazarus GS et al. Angiotensin I conversion by human and rat chymotryptic proteinases. J Invest Derm 1984; 83:336-339. (Pubitemid 14024378)
70. Urata H, Kinoshita A, Misono KS et al. Identification of a highly specific chymase as the major angiotensin II-forming enzyme in the human heart. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:22348-22357. (Pubitemid 120014308)
71. Urata H, Kinoshita A, Perez DM et al. Cloning of the gene and cDNA for human heart chymase. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:17173-17179. (Pubitemid 21907921)
72. Caughey GH, Zerweck EH, Vanderslice P. Structure, chromosomal assignment and deduced amino acid sequence of a human gene for mast cell chymase. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:12956-12963. (Pubitemid 21907293)
73. Caughey GH, Schaumberg TH, Zerweck EH et al. The human mast cell chymase gene (CMA1): mapping to the cathepsin G/granzyme gene cluster and lineage-restricted expression. Genomics 1993; 15:614-620. (Pubitemid 23102059)
74. Woodbury RG, Everitt M, Sanada Y et al. A major serine protease in rat skeletal muscle: Evidence for its mast cell origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75:5311-5313. (Pubitemid 9079783)
75. Woodbury RG, Neurath H. Structure, specificity and localization of the serine proteases of connective tissue. FEBS Lett 1980; 114:189-195.
76. Woodbury RG, Gruzenski GM, Lagunoff D. Immunofluorescent localization of a serine protease in rat small intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75:2785-2789. (Pubitemid 8374993)
77. Schechter NM, Irani AM, Sprows JL et al. Identification of a cathepsin G-like proteinase in the mctc type of human mast cell. J Immunol 1990; 145:2652-2661. (Pubitemid 20374592)
78. Benyon RC, Enciso JA, Befus AD. Analysis of human skin mast cell proteins by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: identification of tryptase as a sialylated glycoprotein. J Immunol 1993: 151:2699-2706. (Pubitemid 23264521)
79. de Garavilla L, Greco MN, Sukumar N et al. A novel, potent dual inhibitor of the leukocyte proteases cathepsin G and chymase: molecular mechanisms and anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:18001-18007. (Pubitemid 41389043)
80. Maryanoff BE, de Garavilla L, Greco MN et al. Dual inhibition of cathepsin G and chymase is effective in animal models of pulmonary inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010: 181:247-253.
81. Lundequist A, Tchougounova E, Abrink M et al. Cooperation between mast cell carboxypeptidase A and the chymase mouse mast cell protease 4 in the formation and degradation of angiotensin II. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:32339-32344. (Pubitemid 39014686)
82. Caughey GH, Raymond WW, Wolters PJ. Angiotensin II generation by mast cell a- and p-chymases. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1480:245-257. (Pubitemid 30427402)
83. Wei CC, Hase N, Inoue Y et al. Mast cell chymase limits the cardiac efficacy of Ang I-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in rodents. J Clin Invest 2010.
84. Wei CC, Meng QC, Palmer R et al. Evidence for angiotensin-converting enzyme- and chymase-mediated angiotensiniiformationintheinterstitialfluidspaceofthedogheartinvivo. Circulation 1999;99:2583-2589. (Pubitemid 29228291)
85. Ju H, Gros R, You X et al. Conditional and targeted overexpression of vascular chymase causes hypertension in transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:7469-7474. (Pubitemid 32567972)
86. Shiota N, Okunishi H, Takai S et al. Tranilast suppresses vascular chymase expression and neointima formation in balloon-injured dog carotid artery. Circulation 1999; 99:1084-1090. (Pubitemid 29104500)
87. Sakaguchi M, Takai S, Jin D et al. A specific chymase inhibitor, NK3201, suppresses bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in hamsters. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 493:173-176. (Pubitemid 38746947)
88. Takai S, Jin D, Muramatsu M et al. Therapeutic applications of chymase inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases and fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 501:1-8. (Pubitemid 39298930)
89. Mackins CJ, Kano S, Seyedi N et al. Cardiac mast cell-derived renin promotes local angiotensin formation, norepinephrine release and arrhythmias in ischemia/reperfusion. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:1063-1070.
90. Kano S, Tyler E, Salazar-Rodriguez M et al. Immediate hypersensitivity elicits renin release from cardiac mast cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2008; 146:71-75. (Pubitemid 351562945)
91. Knight PA, Wright SH, Lawrence CE et al. Delayed expulsion of the nematode Trichinella spiralis in mice lacking the mucosal mast cell-specific granule chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1849-1856. (Pubitemid 32049777)
92. Wastling JM, Scudamore CL, Thornton EM et al. Constitutive expression of mouse mast cell protease-1 in normal Balb/c mice and its up-regulation during intestinal nematode infection. Immunology 1997; 90:308-313. (Pubitemid 27060562)
93. Knight PA, Wright SH, Brown JK et al. Enteric expression ofthe integrin avp6 is essential for nematode-induced mucosal mast cell hyperplasia and expression of the granule chymase, mouse mast cell protease-1. Am J Pathol 2002; 161:771-779. (Pubitemid 34988363)
94. Pemberton AD, Wright SH, Knight PA et al. Anaphylactic release of mucosal mast cell granule proteases: role of serpins in the differential clearance of mouse mast cell proteases-1 and -2. J Immunol 2006; 176:899-904. (Pubitemid 43099687)
95. Groschwitz KR, Ahrens R, Osterfeld H et al. Mast cells regulate homeostatic intestinal epithelial migration and barrier function by a chymase/Mcpt4-dependent mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106:22381-22386.
96. Jacob C, Yang PC, Darmoul D et al. Mast cell tryptase controls paracellular permeability of the intestine. Role of PAR-2 and beta-arrestins. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31936-31948. (Pubitemid 41291944)
97. Mellon MB, Frank BT, Fang KC. Mast cell a-chymase reduces ige recognition of birch pollen profilin by cleaving antibody-binding epitopes. J Immunol 2002; 168:290-297. (Pubitemid 34014129)
98. Balzar S, Chu HW, Strand M et al. Relationship of small airway chymase-positive mast cells and lung function in severe asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171:431-439. (Pubitemid 40444242)
99. Waern I, Jonasson S, Hjoberg J et al. Mouse mast cell protease 4 is the major chymase in murine airways and has a protective role in allergic airway inflammation. J Immunol 2009; 183:6369-6376.
100. Lazaar AL, Plotnick MI, Kucich U et al. Mast cell chymase modifies cell-matrix interactions and inhibits mitogen-induced proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells. J Immunol 2002; 169:1014-1020. (Pubitemid 34753461)
101. Leskinen M, Wang Y, Leszczynski D et al. Mast cell chymase induces apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:516-522. (Pubitemid 32323382)
102. Leskinen MJ, Heikkila HM, Speer MY et al. Mast cell chymase induces smooth muscle cell apoptosis by disrupting nf-kappab-mediated survival signaling. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:1289-1298.
103. Sun J, Zhang J, Lindholt JS et al. Critical role of mast cell chymase in mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Circulation 2009; 120:973-982.
104. McNeil HP, Adachi R, Stevens RL. Mast cell-restricted tryptases: Structure and function in inflammation and pathogen defense. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20785-20789. (Pubitemid 47099891)
105. Malaviya R, Ross E, Jakschik BA et al. Mast cell degranulation induced by type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli in mice. J Clin Invest 1994; 93:1645-1653. (Pubitemid 24116404)
106. Malaviya R, Ikeda T, Ross E et al. Mast cell modulation of neutrophil influx and bacterial clearance at sites of infection through TNFa. Nature 1996; 381:77-80. (Pubitemid 26130006)
107. Sutherland RE, Olsen JS, McKinstry A et al. Mast cell IL-6 improves survival from Klebsiella pneumonia and sepsis by enhancing neutrophil killing. J Immunol 2008; 181:5598-5605.
108. Huang C, Friend DS, Qiu WT et al. Induction of a selective and persistent extravasation of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity by tryptase mouse mast cell protease 6. J Immunol 1998; 160:1910-1919. (Pubitemid 28106480)
109. Thakurdas SM, Melicoff E, Sansores-Garcia L et al. The mast cell-restricted tryptase mMCP-6 has a critical immunoprotective role in bacterial infections. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20809-20815. (Pubitemid 47099914)
110. Huang C, De Sanctis GT, O'Brien PJ et al. Evaluation of the substrate specificity of human mast cell tryptase pI and demonstration of its importance in bacterial infections of the lung. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:26276-26284.
111. Soto D, Malmsten C, Blount JL et al. Genetic deficiency of human mast cell a-tryptase. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1000-1006. (Pubitemid 34779594)
112. Trivedi NN, Raymond WW, Caughey GH. Chimerism, point mutation and truncation dramatically transformed mast cell S-tryptases during primate evolution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1262-1268.
113. Trivedi NN, Tamraz B, Chu C et al. Human subjects are protected from mast cell tryptase deficiency despite frequent inheritance ofloss-of-function mutations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:1099-1105.
114. Schwartz LB, Atkins PC, Bradford TR et al. Release of tryptase together with histamine during the immediate cutaneous response to allergen. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80:850-855. (Pubitemid 18037384)
115. Shalit M, Schwartz LB, Golzar N et al. Release ofhistamine and tryptase in vivo after prolonged cutaneous challenge with allergen in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988; 244:133-137.
116. Wenzel SE, Fowler A, Schwartz LB. Activation of pulmonary mast cells by bronchoalveolar allergen challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137:1002-1008.
117. Woodruff PG, Modrek B, Choy DF et al. T-helper type 2-driven inflammation defines major subphenotypes of asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:388-395.
118. Oh S-W, Pae CI, Lee D-K et al. Tryptase inhibition blocks airway inflammation in a mouse asthma model. J Immunol 2002; 168:1992-2000. (Pubitemid 34135803)
119. Chen CL, Wang SD, Zeng ZY et al. Serine protease inhibitors nafamostat mesilate and gabexate mesilate attenuate allergen-induced airway inflammation and eosinophilia in a murine model ofasthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118:105-112.
120. Mori S, Itoh Y, Shinohata R et al. Nafamostat mesilate is an extremely potent inhibitor ofhuman tryptase. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 92:420-423. (Pubitemid 37086724)
121. Sommerhoff CP, Sollner C, Mentele R et al. A kazal-type inhibitor of human mast cell tryptase: isolation from the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis, characterization and sequence analysis. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 1994; 375:685-694.
122. Krishna MT, Chauhan A, Little L et al. Inhibition of mast cell tryptase by inhaled APC366 attenuates allergen-induced late-phase airway obstruction in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 107:1039-1045. (Pubitemid 32523345)
123. Erin EM, Leaker BR, Zacharasiewicz A et al. Effects of a reversible p-tryptase and trypsin inhibitor (RWJ-58643) on nasal allergic responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:458-464.
124. He S, Aslam A, Gaca MD et al. Inhibitors of tryptase as mast cell-stabilizing agents in the human airways: effects of tryptase and other agonists of PAR-2 on histamine release. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:119-126. (Pubitemid 38393122)
125. He S, Gaca MD, Walls AF. A role for tryptase in the activation of human mast cells: modulation of histamine release by tryptase and inhibitors of tryptase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 286:289-297. (Pubitemid 28318002)
126. Molinari JF, Moore WR, Clark J et al. Role of tryptase in immediate cutaneous responses in allergic sheep. J Appl Physiol 1995; 79:1966-1970. (Pubitemid 26013147)
127. Clark JM, Abraham WM, Fishman CE et al. Tryptase inhibitors block allergen-induced airway and inflammatory responses in allergic sheep. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1995: 152:2076-2083.
128. Wright CD, Havill AM, Middleton SC et al. Inhibition of allergen-induced pulmonary responses by the selective tryptase inhibitor 1,5-bis-[4- [(3-carbamimidoyl-benzenesulfonylamino)- methyl] -phenoxy] -pen tane (amg-126737). Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:1989-1996.
129. Rice KD, Wang VR, Gangloff AR et al. Dibasic inhibitors of human mast cell tryptase. Part 2:Structure- activity relationships and requirements for potent activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:2361-2366.
130. Cairns JA. Inhibitors of mast cell tryptase p as therapeutics for the treatment of asthma and inflammatory disorders. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 18:55-66. (Pubitemid 39647754)
131. Ruoss SJ, Hartmann T, Caughey GH. Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for cultured fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:493-499.
132. Hartmann T, Ruoss SJ, Caughey GH. Modulation ofthrombin and thrombin receptor peptide mitogenicity by human lung mast cell tryptase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 1994; 267:L113-L119.
133. Gruber BL, Kew RR, Jelaska A et al. Human mast cells activate fibroblasts: tryptase is a fibrogenic factor stimulating collagen messenger ribonucleic acid synthesis and fibroblast chemotaxis. J Immunol 1997: 158:2310-2317. (Pubitemid 127470016)
134. Cairns JA, Walls AF. Mast cell tryptase stimulates synthesis of type I collagen in human lung fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:1313-1321. (Pubitemid 27142769)
135. Brown JK, Tyler CL, Jones CA et al. Tryptase, the dominant secretory granular protein in human mast cells, is a potent mitogen for cultured dog tracheal smooth muscle cells. Am J Resp Cell Mol Biol 1995; 13:227-236.
136. Blair RJ, Meng H, Marchese MJ et al. Human mast cells stimulate vascular tube formation. Tryptase is a novel, potent angiogenic factor. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:2691-2700. (Pubitemid 27259816)
137. McNeil HP, Shin K, Campbell IK et al. The mouse mast cell-restricted tetramer-forming tryptases mMCP6 and mMCP7 are critical mediators in inflammatory arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008; 58:2338-2346.
138. Shin K, Nigrovic PA, Crish J et al. Mast cells contribute to autoimmune inflammatory arthritis via their tryptase/heparin complexes. J Immunol 2009; 182:647-656.
139. Buckley MG, Walters C, Wong WM et al. Mast cell activation in arthritis: detection of a- and p-tryptase, histamine and eosinophil cationic protein in synovial fluid. Clin Sci (Colch) 1997; 93:363-370. (Pubitemid 27464300)
140. Lee DM, Friend DS, Gurish MF et al. Mast cells: a cellular link between autoantibodies and inflammatory arthritis. Science 2002; 297:1689-1692. (Pubitemid 35000781)
141. Nigrovic PA, Binstadt BA, Monach PA et al. Mast cells contribute to initiation of autoantibody-mediated arthritis via IL-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:2325-2330. (Pubitemid 46391396)
142. Nigrovic PA, Lee DM. Synovial mast cells: role in acute and chronic arthritis. ImmunolRev 2007; 217:19-37. (Pubitemid 46718141)
143. Zhou JS, Xing W, Friend DS et al. Mast cell deficiency in KitW-sh mice does not impair antibody-mediated arthritis. J Exp Med 2007; 204:2797-2802 (Pubitemid 350179550)
144. Balazs M, Illyes G, Vadasz G. Mast cells in ulcerative colitis. Quantitative and ultrastructural studies. Virchows Arch 1989; 57:353-360. (Pubitemid 19247120)
145. Fox CC, Lazenby AJ, Moore WC et al. Enhancement of human intestinal mast cell mediator release in active ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1990; 99:119-124. (Pubitemid 20202499)
146. Tremaine WJ, Brzezinski A, Katz JAet al. Treatment ofmildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis with a tryptase inhibitor (APC2059): an open-label pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:407-413.
147. Isozaki Y, Yoshida N, Kuroda M et al. Anti-tryptase treatment using nafamostat mesilate has a therapeutic effect on experimental colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:944-953. (Pubitemid 43995470)
148. Rubinstein I, Nadel JA, Graf PD et al. Mast cell chymase potentiates histamine-induced wheal formation in the skin of ragweed-allergic dogs. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:555-559. (Pubitemid 20271890)
149. Briggaman RA, Schechter NM, Fraki J et al. Degradation of the epidermal-dermal junction by proteolytic enzymes from human skin and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J Exp Med 1984; 160:1027-1042. (Pubitemid 14020965)
150. Sommerhoff CP, Caughey GH, Finkbeiner WE et al. Mast cell chymase. A
151. Sommerhoff CP, Nadel JA, Basbaum CB et al. Neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G stimulate secretion from cultured bovine airway gland serous cells. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:682-689. (Pubitemid 20087469)
152. Matin R, Tam EK, Nadel JA et al. Distribution of chymase-containing mast cells in human bronchi. J Histochem Cytochem 1992; 40:781-786.
153. Raymond WW, Waugh Ruggles S, Craik CS et al. Albumin is a substrate ofhuman chymase: prediction by combinatorial peptide screening and development of a selective inhibitor based on the albumin cleavage site. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:34517-34524. (Pubitemid 37553300)
154. Muramatsu M, Katada J, Hattori M et al. Chymase mediates mast cell-induced angiogenesis in hamster sponge granulomas. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 402:181-191. (Pubitemid 30625325)
155. Abonia JP, Friend DS, Austen WG Jr et al. Mast cell protease 5 mediates ischemia-reperfusion injury of mouse skeletal muscle. J Immunol 2005; 174:7285-7291. (Pubitemid 40705698)
156. Sun J, Sukhova GK, Yang M et al. Mast cells modulate the pathogenesis of elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:3359-3368. (Pubitemid 350096992)
157. Shiota N, FukamizuA, Takai S et al. Activation of angiotensin II-forming chymase in the cardiomyopathic hamster heart. J Hypertens 1997; 15:431-440. (Pubitemid 27187146)
158. Takai S, Shiota N, Kobayashi S et al. Induction of chymase that forms angiotensin II in the monkey atherosclerotic aorta. FEBS Lett 1997; 412:86-90. (Pubitemid 27310005)
159. Takai S, Yuda A, Jin D et al. Inhibition of chymase reduces vascular proliferation in dog grafted veins. FEBS Lett 2000; 467:141-144. (Pubitemid 30081722)
160. Nishimoto M, Takai S, Kim S et al. Significance of chymase-dependent angiotensin II-forming pathway in the development of vascular proliferation. Circulation 2001; 104:1274-1279. (Pubitemid 32848117)
161. Wolters PJ, Laig-Webster M, Caughey GH. Dipeptidyl peptidase I cleaves matrix-associated proteins and is expressed mainly by mast cells in normal dog airways. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:183-190. (Pubitemid 30351481)
162. Wolters PJ, Raymond WW, Blount JL et al. Regulated expression, processing and secretion of dog mast cell dipeptidyl peptidase I. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:15514-15520. (Pubitemid 28298161)
163. Turk D, Janjic V, Stern I et al. Structure of human dipeptidyl peptidase I (cathepsin C): exclusion domain added to an endopeptidase framework creates the machine for activation of granular serine proteases. EMBO J 2001; 20:6570-6582. (Pubitemid 33134188)
164. McGuire MJ, Lipsky PE, Thiele DL. Generation of active myeloid and lymphoid granule serine proteases requires processing by the granule thiol protease dipeptidyl peptidase I.J Biol Chem 1993; 268:245 8-2467.
165. Pham CT, Ley TJ. Dipeptidyl peptidase I is required for the processing and activation of granzymes A and B in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:8627-8632. (Pubitemid 29354842)
166. Wolters PJ, Pham CT, Muilenburg DJ et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase I is essential for activation of mast cell chymases, but not tryptases, in mice. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:18551-18556.
167. Caughey GH. A pulmonary perspective on GASPIDs: Granule-associated serine peptidases of immune defense. Curr Resp Med Rev 2006; 2:263-277. (Pubitemid 44269910)
168. Adkison AM, Raptis SZ, Kelley DG et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase I activates neutrophil-derived serine proteases and regulates the development of acute experimental arthritis. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:363-371. (Pubitemid 34141810)
169. Pham CT, Ivanovich JL, Raptis SZ et al. Papillon-Lefevre syndrome: correlating the molecular, cellular and clinical consequences of cathepsin C/dipeptidyl peptidase I deficiency in humans. J Immunol 2004: 173:7277-7281. (Pubitemid 39628164)
170. Vanderslice P, Ballinger SM, Tam EK et al. Human mast cell tryptase: multiple cDNAs and genes reveal a multigene serine protease family. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:3811-3815.
171. Vanderslice P, Craik CS, Nadel JA et al. Molecular cloning of dog mast cell tryptase and a related protease: structural evidence of a unique mode of serine protease activation. Biochemistry 1989; 28:4148-4155. (Pubitemid 19141613)
172. Sakai K, Ren S, Schwartz LB. A novel heparin-dependent processing pathway for human tryptase: autocatalysis followed by activation with dipeptidyl peptidase I. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:988-995.
173. Henningsson F, Yamamoto K, Saftig P et al. A role for cathepsin E in the processing of mast-cell carboxypeptidase A. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:2035-2042. (Pubitemid 40723846)
174. Henningsson F, Wolters P, Chapman HAet al. Mast cell cathepsins C and S control levels ofcarboxypeptidase A and the chymase, mouse mast cell protease 5. Biol Chem 2003; 384:1527-1531. (Pubitemid 37508656)