Effect of ghrelin on glucose-insulin homeostasis: Therapeutic implications

International Journal of Peptides

Volumn 2010, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Sangiao Alvarellos, Susana ^a,b   Cordido, Fernando ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF A CORUÑA   (Spain)

^b Biomedical Research Institute INIBIC   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL JUAN CANALEJO   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GHRELIN; GHRELIN RECEPTOR; GLUCOSE; GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTOR; INSULIN; RNA;

DRUG EFFECT; FOOD INTAKE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE; HORMONE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INSULIN BLOOD LEVEL; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 79958016808     PISSN: 16879767     EISSN: 16879775     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2010/234709     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Muller E. E., Locatelli V., Cocchi D., Neuroendocrine control of growth hormone secretion Physiological Reviews 1999 79 2 511 607 (Pubitemid 29210930)
2. Bowers C. Y., Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 1998 54 12 1316 1329 (Pubitemid 29015294)
3. Smith R. G., Development of growth hormone secretagogues Endocrine Reviews 2005 26 3 346 360 (Pubitemid 40686648)
4. Smith R. G., Cheng K., Schoen W. R., A nonpeptidyl growth hormone secretagogue Science 1993 260 5114 1640 1643 (Pubitemid 23247145)
5. Smith R. G., Leonard R., Bailey A. R. T., Growth hormone secretagogue receptor family members and ligands Endocrine 2001 14 1 9 14 (Pubitemid 32242898)
6. Smith R. G., Sun Y., Betancourt L., Asnicar M., Growth hormone secretagogues: prospects and potential pitfalls Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 18 3 333 347 (Pubitemid 38992415)
7. Isidro M. L., Cordido F., Growth hormone secretagogues Combinatorial Chemistry and High Throughput Screening 2006 9 3 175 180
8. Smith R. G., Feighner S., Prendergast K., Guan X., Howard A., A new orphan receptor involved in pulsatile growth hormone release Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999 10 4 128 135 (Pubitemid 29284346)
9. Kojima M., Hosoda H., Date Y., Nakazato M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K., Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach Nature 1999 402 6762 656 660 (Pubitemid 129516334)
10. Tschop M., Smiley D. L., Heiman M. L., Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents Nature 2000 407 6806 908 913
11. Date Y., Kojima M., Hosoda H., Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans Endocrinology 2000 141 11 4255 4261
12. van der Lely A. J., Tschp M., Heiman M. L., Ghigo E., Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin Endocrine Reviews 2004 25 3 426 457 (Pubitemid 38780667)
13. Howard A. D., Feighner S. D., Cully D. F., A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release Science 1996 273 5277 974 977 (Pubitemid 26275178)
14. Holst B., Cygankiewicz A., Jensen T. H., Ankersen M., Schwartz T. W., High constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptoridentification of a potent inverse agonist Molecular Endocrinology 2003 17 11 2201 2210 (Pubitemid 37352532)
15. Gnanapavan S., Kola B., Bustin S. A., The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002 87 6 2988 2991 (Pubitemid 34655375)
16. Gutierrez J. A., Solenberg P. J., Perkins D. R., Ghrelin octanoylation mediated by an orphan lipid transferase Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008 105 17 6320 6325 (Pubitemid 351758344)
17. Yang J., Brown M. S., Liang G., Grishin N. V., Goldstein J. L., Identification of the acyltransferase that octanoylates ghrelin, an appetite-stimulating peptide hormone Cell 2008 132 3 387 396 (Pubitemid 351192001)
18. Davenport A. P., Bonner T. I., Foord S. M., International Union of Pharmacology. LVI. Ghrelin receptor nomenclature, distribution, and function Pharmacological Reviews 2005 57 4 541 546 (Pubitemid 43036440)
19. Hosoda H., Kojima M., Matsuo H., Kangawa K., Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin: two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000 279 3 909 913 (Pubitemid 32042875)
20. Alvarez-Castro P., Isidro M. L., Garcia-Buela J., Marked GH secretion after ghrelin alone or combined with GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) in obese patients Clinical Endocrinology 2004 61 2 250 255 (Pubitemid 39093122)
21. Baldanzi G., Filigheddu N., Cutrupi S., Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin inhibit cell death in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells through ERK1/2 and PI 3-kinase/AKT Journal of Cell Biology 2002 159 6 1029 1037 (Pubitemid 36055757)
22. Filigheddu N., Gnocchi V. F., Coscia M., Ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin promote differentiation and fusion of C2C12 skeletal muscle cells Molecular Biology of the Cell 2007 18 3 986 994 (Pubitemid 46399502)
23. Nonogaki K., Ohashi-Nozue K., Oka Y., Induction of hypothalamic serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase-1 gene expression and its relation to plasma des-acyl ghrelin in energy homeostasis in mice Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006 344 2 696 699
24. Sato M., Nakahara K., Goto S., Effects of ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin on neurogenesis of the rat fetal spinal cord Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2006 350 3 598 603 (Pubitemid 44547890)
25. Toshinai K., Yamaguchi H., Sun Y., Des-acyl ghrelin induces food intake by a mechanism independent of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor Endocrinology 2006 147 5 2306 2314
26. Zhang W., Chai B., Li J.-Y., Wang H., Mulholland M. W., Effect of des-acyl ghrelin on adiposity and glucose metabolism Endocrinology 2008 149 9 4710 4716
27. Ariyasu H., Takaya K., Iwakura H., Transgenic mice overexpressing des-acyl ghrelin show small phenotype Endocrinology 2005 146 1 355 364 (Pubitemid 40051759)
28. Thompson N. M., Gill D. A., Davies R., Ghrelin and des-octanoyl ghrelin promote adipogenesis directly in vivo by a mechanism independent of the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor Endocrinology 2004 145 1 234 242 (Pubitemid 38202164)
29. Delhanty P. J. D., van der Eerden B. C. J., van der Velde M., Ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin stimulate human osteoblast growth via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways in the absence of GHS-R1a Journal of Endocrinology 2006 188 1 37 47 (Pubitemid 43159808)
30. Ariyasu H., Takaya K., Tagami T., Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 10 4753 4758 (Pubitemid 33020516)
31. Cummings D. E., Purnell J. Q., Frayo R. S., Schmidova K., Wisse B. E., Weigle D. S., A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans Diabetes 2001 50 8 1714 1719 (Pubitemid 33641587)
32. Tschp M., Wawarta R., Riepl R. L., Post-prandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2001 24 6 RC19 RC21
33. Longo K. A., Charoenthongtrakul S., Giuliana D. J., Improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility in ghrelin receptor knockout mice Regulatory Peptides 2008 150 13 55 61
34. Sun Y., Butte N. F., Garcia J. M., Smith R. G., Characterization of adult ghrelin and ghrelin receptor knockout mice under positive and negative energy balance Endocrinology 2008 149 2 843 850 (Pubitemid 351159337)
35. Sun Y., Ahmed S., Smith R. G., Deletion of ghrelin impairs neither growth nor appetite Molecular and Cellular Biology 2003 23 22 7973 7981 (Pubitemid 37377491)
36. Sun Y., Asnicar M., Saha P. K., Chan L., Smith R. G., Ablation of ghrelin improves the diabetic but not obese phenotype of ob/ob mice Cell Metabolism 2006 3 5 379 386
37. Pfluger P. T., Kirchner H., Gunnel S., Simultaneous deletion of ghrelin and its receptor increases motor activity and energy expenditure American Journal of Physiology 2008 294 3 G610 G618
38. Asakawa A., Inui A., Fujimiya M., Stomach regulates energy balance via acylated ghrelin and desacyl ghrelin Gut 2005 54 1 18 24 (Pubitemid 40007213)
39. Iwakura H., Hosoda K., Son C., Analysis of rat insulin II promoter-ghrelin transgenic mice and rat glucagon promoter-ghrelin transgenic mice Journal of Biological Chemistry 2005 280 15 15247 15256 (Pubitemid 40562881)
40. Chapman I. M., Bach M. A., Van Cauter E., Stimulation of the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I axis by daily oral administration of a GH secretogogue (MK-677) in healthy elderly subjects Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 12 4249 4257 (Pubitemid 26412025)
41. Chapman I. M., Hartman M. L., Pezzoli S. S., Thorner M. O., Enhancement of pulsatile growth hormone secretion by continuous infusion of a growth hormone-releasing peptide mimetic, L-692,429, in older adultsa clinical research center study Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 8 2874 2880 (Pubitemid 26323878)
42. Clark R. G., Thomas G. B., Mortensen D. L., Growth hormone secretagogues stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and are diabetogenic in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat Endocrinology 1997 138 10 4316 4323 (Pubitemid 27408476)
43. Muller A. F., Janssen J. A., Hofland L. J., Blockade of the growth hormone (GH) receptor unmasks rapid GH-releasing peptide-6-mediated tissue-specific insulin resistance Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 2 590 593 (Pubitemid 32207463)
44. Davidson M. B., Effect of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism Endocrine Reviews 1987 8 2 115 131
45. Ameen C., Linden D., Larsson B.-M., Mode A., Holmang A., Oscarsson J., Effects of gender and GH secretory pattern on sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and its target genes in rat liver American Journal of Physiology 2004 287 6 E1039 E1048
46. Van der Lely A. J., Justified and unjustified use of growth hormone Postgraduate Medical Journal 2004 80 948 577 580 (Pubitemid 39389407)
47. Roberts T. J., Azain M. J., Hausman G. J., Martin R. J., Interaction of insulin and somatotropin on body weight gain, feed intake, and body composition in rats American Journal of Physiology 1994 267 2, part 1 E293 E299
48. Bengtsson B.-A., Eden S., Lonn L., Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1993 76 2 309 317 (Pubitemid 23073047)
49. Murray R. D., Adams J. E., Shalet S. M., Adults with partial growth hormone deficiency have an adverse body composition Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 4 1586 1591 (Pubitemid 38507906)
50. Beshyah S. A., Freemantle C., Thomas E., Abnormal body composition and reduced bone mass in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults Clinical Endocrinology 1995 42 2 179 189
51. Balbis A., Bartke A., Turyn D., Overexpression of bovine growth hormone in transgenic mice is associated with changes in hepatic insulin receptors and in their kinase activity Life Sciences 1996 59 16 1363 1371 (Pubitemid 26344589)
52. Wang Z., Masternak M. M., Al-Regaiey K. A., Bartke A., Adipocytokines and the regulation of lipid metabolism in growth hormone transgenic and calorie-restricted mice Endocrinology 2007 148 6 2845 2853 (Pubitemid 46984799)
53. Berryman D. E., List E. O., Coschigano K. T., Behar K., Kim J. K., Kopchick J. J., Comparing adiposity profiles in three mouse models with altered GH signaling Growth Hormone and IGF Research 2004 14 4 309 318 (Pubitemid 38878057)
54. Date Y., Nakazato M., Hashiguchi S., Ghrelin is present in pancreatic -cells of humans and rats and stimulates insulin secretion Diabetes 2002 51 1 124 129 (Pubitemid 34517988)
55. Volante M., Allia E., Gugliotta P., Expression of ghrelin and of the GH secretagogue receptor by pancreatic islet cells and related endocrine tumors Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2002 87 3 1300 1308 (Pubitemid 36121102)
56. Colombo M., Gregersen S., Xiao J., Hermansen K., Effects of ghrelin and other neuropeptides (CART, MCH, orexin A and B, and GLP-1) on the release of insulin from isolated rat islets Pancreas 2003 27 2 161 166 (Pubitemid 36957890)
57. Wierup N., Yang S., McEvilly R. J., Mulder H., Sundler F., Ghrelin is expressed in a novel endocrine cell type in developing rat islets and inhibits insulin secretion from INS-1 (832/13) cells Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 2004 52 3 301 310 (Pubitemid 38229096)
58. Dezaki K., Hosoda H., Kakei M., Endogenous ghrelin in pancreatic islets restricts insulin release by attenuating Ca2+ signaling in -cells: implication in the glycemic control in rodents Diabetes 2004 53 12 3142 3151 (Pubitemid 39564489)
59. Wierup N., Svensson H., Mulder H., Sundler F., The ghrelin cell: a novel developmentally regulated islet cell in the human pancreas Regulatory Peptides 2002 107 13 63 69 (Pubitemid 34876446)
60. Prado C. L., Pugh-Bernard A. E., Elghazi L., Sosa-Pineda B., Sussel L., Ghrelin cells replace insulin-producing cells in two mouse models of pancreas development Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 101 9 2924 2929 (Pubitemid 38327712)
61. Date Y., Nakazato M., Murakami N., Kojima M., Kangawa K., Matsukura S., Ghrelin acts in the central nervous system to stimulate gastric acid secretion Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2001 280 3 904 907 (Pubitemid 32924518)
62. Masuda Y., Tanaka T., Inomata N., Ghrelin stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility in rats Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2000 276 3 905 908
63. Latour M. G., Lautt W. W., The hepatic vagus nerve in the control of insulin sensitivity in the rat Autonomic Neuroscience 2002 95 1-2 125 130 (Pubitemid 34145217)
64. Matsuhisa M., Yamasaki Y., Shiba Y., Important role of the hepatic vagus nerve in glucose uptake and production by the liver Metabolism 2000 49 1 11 16 (Pubitemid 30054027)
65. Broglio F., Arvat E., Benso A., Ghrelin, a natural gh secretagogue produced by the stomach, induces hyperglycemia and reduces insulin secretion in humans Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 10 5083 5086 (Pubitemid 33020569)
66. Broglio F., Benso A., Gottero C., Non-acylated ghrelin does not possess the pituitaric and pancreatic endocrine activity of acylated ghrelin in humans Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 2003 26 3 192 196 (Pubitemid 36681737)
67. Broglio F., Gottero C., Prodam F., Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 6 3062 3065 (Pubitemid 38766409)
68. Arosio M., Ronchi C. L., Gebbia C., Cappiello V., Beck-Peccoz P., Peracchi M., Stimulatory effects of ghrelin on circulating somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide levels Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 2 701 704 (Pubitemid 36207811)
69. Nieminen P., Mustonen A.-M., Effects of peripheral ghrelin on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of the tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) General and Comparative Endocrinology 2004 138 2 182 187 (Pubitemid 39070348)
70. Cui C., Ohnuma H., Daimon M., Ghrelin infused into the portal vein inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in Wistar rats Peptides 2008 29 7 1241 1246
71. Vestergaard E. T., Djurhuus C. B., Gjedsted J., Acute effects of ghrelin administration on glucose and lipid metabolism Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2008 93 2 438 444 (Pubitemid 351240813)
72. Alvarez-Castro P., Isidro M. L., Garcia-Buela J., Dieguez C., Casanueva F. F., Cordido F., Effect of acute ghrelin administration on glycaemia and insulin levels in obese patients Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2006 8 5 555 560 (Pubitemid 44184249)
73. Murata M., Okimura Y., Iida K., Ghrelin modulates the downstream molecules of insulin signaling in hepatoma cells Journal of Biological Chemistry 2002 277 7 5667 5674 (Pubitemid 34968622)
74. Papotti M., Ghe C., Cassoni P., Growth hormone secretagogue binding sites in peripheral human tissues Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2000 85 10 3803 3807
75. Asakawa A., Inui A., Kaga T., Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice Gut 2003 52 7 947 952 (Pubitemid 36765284)
76. Perseghin G., Caumo A., Caloni M., Testolin G., Luzi L., Incorporation of the fasting plasma FFA concentration into QUICKI improves its association with insulin sensitivity in nonobese individuals Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 10 4776 4781 (Pubitemid 33020519)
77. Vestergaard E. T., Hansen T. K., Gormsen L. C., Constant intravenous ghrelin infusion in healthy young men: clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects American Journal of Physiology 2007 292 6 E1829 E1836
78. Vestergaard E. T., Gormsen L. C., Jessen N., Ghrelin infusion in humans induces acute insulin resistance and lipolysis independent of growth hormone signaling Diabetes 2008 57 12 3205 3210
79. Sudo T., Ishiyama K., Takemoto M., Pancreatic endocrine function after total gastrectomy and truncal vagotomy American Journal of Surgery 1982 144 5 539 544 (Pubitemid 13230345)
80. Damjanovic S. S., Lalic N. M., Pesko P. M., Acute effects of ghrelin on insulin secretion and glucose disposal rate in gastrectomized patients Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 91 7 2574 2581 (Pubitemid 44024620)
81. Broglio F., Gottero C., Benso A., Effects of ghrelin on the insulin and glycemic responses to glucose, arginine, or free fatty acids load in humans The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2003 88 9 4268 4272 (Pubitemid 37153730)
82. Gauna C., Meyler F. M., Janssen J. A. M. J. L., Administration of acylated ghrelin reduces insulin sensitivity, whereas the combination of acylated plus unacylated ghrelin strongly improves insulin sensitivity Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 10 5035 5042 (Pubitemid 39391445)
83. Gauna C., Kiewiet R. M., Janssen J. A. M. J. L., Unacylated ghrelin acts as a potent insulin secretagogue in glucose-stimulated conditions American Journal of Physiology 2007 293 3 E697 E704
84. Reimer M. K., Pacini G., Ahren B., Dose-dependent inhibition by ghrelin of insulin secretion in the mouse Endocrinology 2003 144 3 916 921 (Pubitemid 36262858)
85. Barazzoni R., Bosutti A., Stebel M., Ghrelin regulates mitochondrial-lipid metabolism gene expression and tissue fat distribution in liver and skeletal muscle American Journal of Physiology 2005 288 1 E228 E235
86. Barazzoni R., Zanetti M., Cattin M. R., Ghrelin enhances in vivo skeletal muscle but not liver AKT signaling in rats Obesity 2007 15 11 2614 2623
87. Theander-Carrillo C., Wiedmer P., Cettour-Rose P., Ghrelin action in the brain controls adipocyte metabolism Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006 116 7 1983 1993 (Pubitemid 44033322)
88. Kamegai J., Tamura H., Shimizu T., Ishii S., Sugihara H., Wakabayashi I., Chronic central infusion of ghrelin increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein mRNA levels and body weight in rats Diabetes 2001 50 11 2438 2443 (Pubitemid 33642759)
89. Stevanovi D., Nei D., Miloevi V., Starevi V., Severs W. B., Consummatory behavior and metabolic indicators after central ghrelin injections in rats Regulatory Peptides 2008 147 13 52 59
90. Egido E. M., Rodriguez-Gallardo J., Silvestre R. A., Marco J., Inhibitory effect of ghrelin on insulin and pancreatic somatostatin secretion European Journal of Endocrinology 2002 146 2 241 244 (Pubitemid 34162918)
91. Dezaki K., Sone H., Koizumi M., Blockade of pancreatic islet-derived ghrelin enhances insulin secretion to prevent high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance Diabetes 2006 55 12 3486 3493 (Pubitemid 44923609)
92. Esler W. P., Rudolph J., Claus T. H., Small-molecule Ghrelin receptor antagonists improve glucose tolerance, suppress appetite, and promote weight loss Endocrinology 2007 148 11 5175 5185 (Pubitemid 350012622)
93. Doi A., Shono T., Nishi M., Furuta H., Sasaki H., Nanjo K., IA-2, but not IA-2, is induced by ghrelin and inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006 103 4 885 890 (Pubitemid 43212191)
94. Sussel L., Kalamaras J., Hartigan-OConnor D. J., Mice lacking the homeodomain transcription factor Nkx2.2 have diabetes due to arrested differentiation of pancreatic cells Development 1998 125 12 2213 2221 (Pubitemid 28336383)
95. Wasmeier C., Hutton J. C., Molecular cloning of phogrin, a protein-tyrosine phosphatase homologue localized to insulin secretory granule membranes Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996 271 30 18161 18170 (Pubitemid 26250807)
96. Gauna C., Delhanty P. J. D., Hofland L. J., Ghrelin stimulates, whereas des-octanoyl ghrelin inhibits, glucose output by primary hepatocytes Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005 90 2 1055 1060 (Pubitemid 40279233)
97. Cassoni P., Ghe C., Marrocco T., Expression of ghrelin and biological activity of specific receptors for ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in human prostate neoplasms and related cell lines European Journal of Endocrinology 2004 150 2 173 184 (Pubitemid 38312810)
98. Cassoni P., Papotti M., Ghe C., Identification, characterization, and biological activity of specific receptors for natural (ghrelin) and synthetic growth hormone secretagogues and analogs in human breast carcinomas and cell lines Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001 86 4 1738 1745 (Pubitemid 32374931)
99. Bedendi I., Alloatti G., Marcantoni A., Cardiac effects of ghrelin and its endogenous derivatives des-octanoyl ghrelin and des-Gln14-ghrelin European Journal of Pharmacology 2003 476 1-2 87 95 (Pubitemid 37315540)
100. Muccioli G., Tschp M., Papotti M., Deghenghi R., Heiman M., Ghigo E., Neuroendocrine and peripheral activities of ghrelin: implications in metabolism and obesity European Journal of Pharmacology 2002 440 2-3 235 254 (Pubitemid 34458027)
101. Diz-Lois M. T., Garcia-Buela J., Suarez F., Sangiao-Alvarellos S., Vidal O., Cordido F., Fasting and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels are decreased in patients with liver failure previous to liver transplantation Endocrine 2009 35 3 467 476
102. Tschop M., Weyer C., Tataranni P. A., Devanarayan V., Ravussin E., Heiman M. L., Circulating ghrelin levels are decreased in human obesity Diabetes 2001 50 4 707 709 (Pubitemid 32242624)
103. Wortley K. E., Anderson K. D., Garcia K., Genetic deletion of ghrelin does decrease food intake but influences metabolic fuel preference Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 101 21 8227 8232 (Pubitemid 38698082)
104. Zigman J. M., Nakano Y., Coppari R., Mice lacking ghrelin receptors resist the development of diet-induced obesity Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005 115 12 3564 3572 (Pubitemid 43121844)
105. Egecioglu E., Bjursell M., Ljungberg A., Growth hormone receptor deficiency results in blunted ghrelin feeding response, obesity, and hypolipidemia in mice American Journal of Physiology 2006 290 2 E317 E325
106. Sun Y., Wang P., Zheng H., Smith R. G., Ghrelin stimulation of growth hormone release and appetite is mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004 101 13 4679 4684 (Pubitemid 38437470)
107. Wortley K. E., del Rincon J.-P., Murray J. D., Absence of ghrelin protects against early-onset obesity Journal of Clinical Investigation 2005 115 12 3573 3578 (Pubitemid 43121845)
108. Zhang J. V., Ren P.-G., Avsian-Kretchmer O., Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelins effects on food intake Science 2005 310 5750 996 999 (Pubitemid 41611907)
109. Kineman R. D., Gahete M. D., Luque R. M., Identification of a mouse ghrelin gene transcipt that contains intron 2 and is regulated in the pituitary and hypothalamus in responce to metabolic stress Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 2007 38 5 511 521 (Pubitemid 47019056)
110. Holst B., Schwartz T. W., Ghrelin receptor mutationstoo little height and too much hunger Journal of Clinical Investigation 2006 116 3 637 641 (Pubitemid 43326872)
111. Poitout V., Robertson R. P., An integrated view of -cell dysfunction in type-II diabetes Annual Review of Medicine 1996 47 69 83
112. Storlien L., Oakes N. D., Kelley D. E., Metabolic flexibility Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2004 63 2 363 368 (Pubitemid 38787491)
113. Bewick G. A., Kent A., Campbell D., Mice with hyperghrelinemia are hyperphagic and glucose intolerant and have reduced leptin sensitivity Diabetes 2009 58 4 840 846
114. Reed J. A., Benoit S. C., Pfluger P. T., Tschop M. H., DAlessio D. A., Seeley R. J., Mice with chronically increased circulating ghrelin develop age-related glucose intolerance American Journal of Physiology 2008 294 4 E752 E760
115. Pilkis S. J., Granner D. K., Molecular physiology of the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycolysis Annual Review of Physiology 1992 54 885 909
116. OBrien R. M., Streeper R. S., Ayala J. E., Stadelmaier B. T., Hornbuckle L. A., Insulin-regulated gene expression Biochemical Society Transactions 2001 29, part 4 552 558 (Pubitemid 32783656)
117. Brunet A., Bonni A., Zigmond M. J., Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor Cell 1999 96 6 857 868 (Pubitemid 29165088)
118. Cross D. A. E., Alessi D. R., Cohen P., Andjelkovich M., Hemmings B. A., Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B Nature 1995 378 6559 785 789 (Pubitemid 26004411)
119. Kohn A. D., Summers S. A., Birnbaum M. J., Roth R. A., Expression of a constitutively active Akt Ser/Thr kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulates glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 translocation Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996 271 49 31372 31378 (Pubitemid 26408588)
120. Nakae J., Biggs W. H. III, Kitamura T., Regulation of insulin action and pancreatic -cell function by mutated alleles of the gene encoding forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 Nature Genetics 2002 32 2 245 253
121. Schmoll D., Walker K. S., Alessi D. R., Regulation of glucose-6-phosphatase gene expression by protein kinase B and the Forkhead transcription factor FKHR: evidence for insulin response unit-dependent and -independent effects of insulin on promoter activity Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000 275 46 36324 36333
122. Hall R. K., Yamasaki T., Kucera T., Waltner-Law M., OBrien R., Granner D. K., Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 gene expression by insulin. The role of winged helix/Forkhead proteins Journal of Biological Chemistry 2000 275 39 30169 30175
123. Yoon J. C., Puigserver P., Chen G., Control of hepatic gluconeogenesis through the transcriptional coaotivator PGC-1 Nature 2001 413 6852 131 138 (Pubitemid 32867868)
124. Puigserver P., Rhee J., Donovan J., Insulin-regulated hepatic gluconeogenesis through FOXO1-PGC-1 interaction Nature 2003 423 6939 550 555 (Pubitemid 36648580)
125. Hedeskov C. J., Mechanism of glucose-induced insulin secretion Physiological Reviews 1980 60 2 442 509 (Pubitemid 10091895)
126. Rutter G. A., Nutrient-secretion coupling in the pancreatic islet -cell: recent advances Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2001 22 6 247 284 (Pubitemid 34223422)
127. Schuit F. C., Is GLUT2 required for glucose sensing? Diabetologia 1997 40 1 104 111 (Pubitemid 27035719)
128. Valera A., Solanes G., Fernandez-Alvarez J., Expression of GLUT-2 antisense RNA in cells of transgenic mice leads to diabetes Journal of Biological Chemistry 1994 269 46 28543 28546 (Pubitemid 24366681)
129. Guillam M.-T., Hummler E., Schaerer E., Early diabetes and abnormal postnatal pancreatic islet development in mice lacking Glut-2 Nature Genetics 1997 17 3 327 330 (Pubitemid 27475998)
130. Meglasson M. D., Matschinsky F. M., Pancreatic islet glucose metabolism and regulation of insulin secretion Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 1986 2 3-4 163 214 (Pubitemid 16009507)
131. Bryan J., Crane A., Vila-Carriles W. H., Babenko A. P., Aguilar-Bryan L., Insulin secretagogues, sulfonylurea receptors and KATP channels Current Pharmaceutical Design 2005 11 21 2699 2716 (Pubitemid 41051879)
132. MacDonald P. E., Joseph J. W., Rorsman P., Glucose-sensing mechanisms in pancreatic -cells Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 2005 360 1464 2211 2225
133. MacDonald P. E., Salapatek A. M. F., Wheeler M. B., Temperature and redox state dependence of native Kv2.1 currents in rat pancreatic -cells Journal of Physiology 2003 546 3 647 653 (Pubitemid 36204502)
134. Jensen M. V., Joseph J. W., Ronnebaum S. M., Burgess S. C., Sherry A. D., Newgard C. B., Metabolic cycling in control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion American Journal of Physiology 2008 295 6 E1287 E1297
135. Dezaki K., Sone H., Yada T., Ghrelin is a physiological regulator of insulin release in pancreatic islets and glucose homeostasis Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2008 118 2 239 249
136. Dezaki K., Kakei M., Yada T., Ghrelin uses G i2 and activates voltage-dependent K + channels to attenuate glucose-induced Ca2+ signaling and insulin release in islet -cells: novel signal transduction of ghrelin Diabetes 2007 56 9 2319 2327 (Pubitemid 47358239)
137. Burns D. L., Hausman S. Z., Witvliet M. H., Brennan M. J., Poolman J. T., Manclark C. R., Biochemical properties of pertussis toxin Tokai Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 1988 13 supplement 181 185 (Pubitemid 20128240)
138. Smith R. M., Charron M. J., Shah N., Lodish H. F., Jarett L., Immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane of isolated rat adipocytes and masking of the carboxyl-terminal epitope of intracellular GLUT4 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991 88 15 6893 6897 (Pubitemid 21915056)
139. Saltiel A. R., New perspectives into the molecular pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes Cell 2001 104 4 517 529 (Pubitemid 32201947)
140. Frevert E. U., Kahn B. B., Differential effects of constitutively active phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase on glucose transport, glycogen synthase activity, and DNA synthesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Molecular and Cellular Biology 1997 17 1 190 198 (Pubitemid 26425608)
141. Hill M. M., Clark S. F., Tucker D. F., Birnbaum M. J., James D. E., Macaulay S. L., A role for protein kinase B /Akt2 in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes Molecular and Cellular Biology 1999 19 11 7771 7781 (Pubitemid 29493441)
142. Tremblay F., Dubois M.-J., Marette A., Regulation of GLUT4 traffic and function by insulin and contraction in skeletal muscle Frontiers in Bioscience 2003 8 d1072 d1084
143. Pessin J. E., Saltiel A. R., Signaling pathways in insulin action: molecular targets of insulin resistance Journal of Clinical Investigation 2000 106 2 165 169 (Pubitemid 30483117)
144. Khan A. H., Pessin J. E., Insulin regulation of glucose uptake: a complex interplay of intracellular signalling pathways Diabetologia 2002 45 11 1475 1483
145. Patel A. D., Stanley S. A., Murphy K. G., Ghrelin stimulates insulin-induced glucose uptake in adipocytes Regulatory Peptides 2006 134 1 17 22
146. Kim M. S., Yoon C. Y., Jang P. G., The mitogenic and antiapoptotic actions of ghrelin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes Molecular Endocrinology 2004 18 9 2291 2301
147. Shepherd P. R., Kahn B. B., Glucose transporters and insulin action: implications for insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus New England Journal of Medicine 1999 341 4 248 257 (Pubitemid 29334524)
148. Neu A., Willasch A., Ehehalt S., Kehrer M., Hub R., Ranke M. B., Diabetes incidence in children of different nationalities: an epidemiological approach to the pathogenesis of diabetes Diabetologia 2001 44 supplement 3 B21 B26
149. Mokdad A. H., Ford E. S., Bowman B. A., Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001 Journal of the American Medical Association 2003 289 1 76 79 (Pubitemid 36026281)
150. Ikezaki A., Hosoda H., Ito K., Fasting plasma ghrelin levels are negatively correlated with insulin resistance and PAI-1, but not with leptin, in obese children and adolescents Diabetes 2002 51 12 3408 3411 (Pubitemid 35403443)
151. Poykko S. M., Kellokoski E., Horkko S., Kauma H., Kesaniemi Y. A., Ukkola O., Low plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes Diabetes 2003 52 10 2546 2553 (Pubitemid 37210544)
152. Cordido F., Isidro M. L., Nemina R., Sangiao-Alvarellos S., Ghrelin and growth hormone secretagogues, physiological and pharmacological aspect Current Drug Discovery Technologies 2009 6 1 34 42
153. Van der Lely A. J., Ghrelin and new metabolic frontiers Hormone Research 2009 71 supplement 1 129 133
154. Isidro M. L., Cordido F., Drug treatment of obesity: established and emerging therapies Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2009 9 6 664 673
155. Perez-Fontan M., Cordido F., Rodriguez-Carmona A., Acute plasma ghrelin and leptin responses to oral feeding or intraperitoneal hypertonic glucose-based dialysate in patients with chronic renal failure Kidney International 2005 68 6 2877 2885 (Pubitemid 43251035)