Bad apples or bad barrels: An examination of group- and organizational-level effects in the study of counterproductive work behavior

Group and Organization Management

Volumn 36, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 39-69

  O'Boyle, Ernest H ^a   Forsyth, Donelson R ^b   O'Boyle, Allison S ^c  

^a LONGWOOD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND   (United States)

^c Zelos Consulting   (United States)

Author keywords

counterproductive work behaviors; measurement; multilevel

Indexed keywords

EID: 78751514133     PISSN: 10596011     EISSN: 15523993     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1059601110390998     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Ahart, A.M., & Sackett, P.R. (2004). A new method of examining relationships between individual difference measures and sensitive behavior criteria: Evaluating the unmatched count technique. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 101-114.
2. Andersson, L.M., & Pearson, C.M. (1999). Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, 24, 452-471.
3. Ariely, D. (2008). Predictably irrational. New York, NY: Harper.
4. Avery, D.R., McKay, P.F., & Wilson, D.C. (2008). What are the odds? How demographic similarity affects the prevalence of perceived employment discrimination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 235-249.
5. Bacharach, S.B., Bamberger, P.A., & Sonnenstuhl, W.G. (2002). Driven to drink: Managerial control, work-related risk factors, and employee problem drinking. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 617-658.
6. Baker, W.E., & Faulkner, R.R. (1993). The social organization of conspiracy: Illegal networks in the heavy electrical equipment industry. American Sociological Review, 58, 837-860.
7. Bamberger, P.A., & Biron, M. (2007). Group norms and excessive absenteeism: The role of peer referent others. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103, 179-196.
8. Barker, T., & Roebuck, J. (1973). An empirical typology of police corruption: A study in organizational deviance. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
9. Bateman, T.S., & Organ, D.W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 587-595.
10. Bayazit, M., & Mannix, E.A. (2003). Should I stay or should I go? Predicting team members' intent to remain in the team. Small Group Research, 34, 290-321.
11. Bennett, R.J., & Robinson, S.L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 349-360.
12. Berry, C.M., Ones, D.S., & Sackett, P.R. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 410-424.
13. Blau, P.M. (1964). Power and exchange in social life. New York, NY: Wiley.
14. Brass, D.J., Butterfield, K.D., & Skaggs, B.C. (1998). Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 23, 14-31.
15. Bruk-Lee, V., & Spector, P.E. (2006). The social stressors-counterproductive work behaviors link: Are conflicts with supervisors and coworkers the same? Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 145-156.
16. Camerer, C.F., & Fehr, E. (2004). Measuring social norms and preferences using experimental games: A guide for social scientists. In J. P. Henrich (Ed.), Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies (pp. 55-95). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
17. Chatman, J.A., & Spataro, S.E. (2005). Using self-categorization theory to understand relational demography-based variations in people's responsiveness to organizational culture. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 321-331.
18. Chen, G., & Bliese, P.D. (2002). The role of different levels of leadership in predicting self- and collective efficacy: Evidence for discontinuity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 549-556.
19. Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P.E. (2001). The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 86, 278-321.
20. Colbert, A.E., Mount, M.K., Harter, J.K., Witt, L.A., & Barrick, M.R. (2004). Interactive effects of personality and perceptions of the work situation on workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 599-609.
21. Cropanzano, R., Howes, J.C., Grandey, A.A., & Toth, P. (1997). The relationship of organizational politics and support to work behaviors, attitudes, and stress. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 159-180.
22. Crowne, D.P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
23. Dalal, R.S. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 1241-1255.
24. Dalton, D.R., & Metzger, M.B. (1992). Towards candor, cooperation, and privacy in applied business ethics research: The randomized response (RRT). Business Ethics Quarterly, 2, 207-221.
25. Dalton, D.R., Wimbush, J.C., & Daily, C.M. (1994). Using the unmatched count technique (UCT) to estimate base rates for sensitive behavior. Personnel Psychology, 47, 817-829.
26. Detert, J.R., Treviño, L.K., Burris, E.R., & Andiappan, M. (2007). Managerial modes of influence and counterproductivity in organizations: A longitudinal business-unit-level investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 993-1005.
27. Dietz, J., Robinson, S.L., Folger, R., Baron, R.A., & Schulz, M. (2003). The impact of community violence and an organization's procedural justice climate on workplace aggression. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 317-326.
28. Dunlop, P.D., & Lee, K. (2004). Workplace deviance, organizational citizenship behavior, and business unit performance: The bad apples do spoil the whole barrel. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 67-80.
29. Durkheim, E. (1900/1973). Emile Durkheim on morality and society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
30. Edwards, J.R. (2001). Ten difference score myths. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 265-287.
31. Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P.D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 42-51.
32. Feldman, D.C. (1984). The development and enforcement of group norms. Academy of Management Review, 9, 47-53.
33. Folger, R., & Skarlicki, D.P. (2005). Beyond counterproductive work behavior: Moral emotions and deontic retaliation versus reconciliation. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 83-106). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
34. Forsyth, D.R. (2010). Group dynamics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.
35. Forsyth, D.R., O'Boyle, E.H., Jr., & McDaniel, M.A. (2008). East meets West: A meta-analytic investigation of cultural variations in idealism and relativism. Journal of Business Ethics, 83, 813-833.
36. Fox, S., & Spector, P.E. (1999). A model of work frustration-aggression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 915-931.
37. Fox, S., Spector, P.E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 291-309.
38. Gibney, R., Zagenczyk, T.J., & Masters, M.F. (2009). The negative aspects of social exchange: An introduction to perceived organizational obstruction. Group & Organization Management, 34, 665-697.
39. Glomb, T.M., & Liao, H. (2003). Interpersonal aggression in work groups: Social influence, reciprocal, and individual effects. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 486-496.
40. Goldberg, L.R. (1999). A broad-bandwidth, public-domain, personality inventory measuring the lower-level facets of several five-factor models. In I. Mervielde, I. Deary, F. De Fruyt, & F. Ostendorf (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 7, pp. 7-28). Tilburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.
41. Goodstadt, M.S., & Gruson, V. (1975). The randomized response technique: A test on drug use. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70, 814-818.
42. Greenwald, A.G., McGhee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
43. Haan, N. (1978). Can research on morality be scientific. American Psychologist, 37, 1096-1104.
44. Haan, N. (1986). Systematic variability in the quality of moral action, as defined in two formulations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1271-1284.
45. Haidt, J. (2007). The new synthesis in moral psychology. Science, 316, 998-1002.
46. Hammer, T.H., Bayazit, M., & Wazeter, D.L. (2009). Union leadership and member attitudes: A multilevel analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 392-410.
47. Harris, L.C., & Ogbonna, E. (2001). Managing organizational culture: Insights from the hospitality industry. Human Resource Management Journal, 12, 33-53.
48. Henle, C.A., Giacalone, R.A., & Jurkiewicz, C.L. (2005). The role of ethical ideology in workplace deviance. Journal of Business Ethics, 56, 219-230.
49. Hollinger, R.C., & Davis, J.L. (2002). National retail security survey 2001. Gainesville: Department of Sociology and the Center for Studies in Criminology and Law, University of Florida.
50. Jelinek, R., & Ahearne, M. (2006). The ABCs of ACB: Unveiling a clear and present danger in the sales force. Industrial Marketing Management, 35, 457-467.
51. Jones, J.W., Slora, K.B., & Boye, M.W. (1990). Theft reduction through personnel selection: A control group design in the supermarket industry. Journal of Business and Psychology, 5, 275-279.
52. Judge, T.A., LePine, J., & Rich, B.L. (2006). Loving yourself abundantly: Relationship of the narcissistic personality to self and other perceptions of workplace deviance, leadership, and task and contextual performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 762-776.
53. Kerr, N.L., & Tindale, R.S. (2004). Group performance and decision making. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 623-655.
54. Kish-Gephart, J.J., Harrison, D.A., & Treviño, L.K. (2010). Bad apples, bad cases, and bad evidence about sources of unethical decisions at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 1-31.
55. Klein, K.J., & Kozlowski, S.W.J. (2000). From micro to meso: Critical steps in conceptualizing and conducting multilevel research. Organizational Research Methods, 3, 211-236.
56. Klein, K.J., Tosi, H., & Cannella, A.A., Jr. (1999). Multilevel theory building: Benefits, barriers, and new developments. Academy of Management Review, 24, 243-248.
57. Krebs, D.L., & Denton, K. (2005). Toward a more pragmatic approach to morality: A critical evaluation of Kohlberg's model. Psychological Review, 112, 629-649.
58. LaBrie, J.W., & Earleywine, M. (2000). Sexual risk behaviors and alcohol: Higher base rates revealed using the unmatched-count technique. Journal of Sex Research, 37, 321-326.
59. Le Bon, G. (2005). The crowd: A study of the popular mind. Charlottesville: Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. (Original work published 1895).
60. Liao, H., Joshi, A., & Chuang, A. (2004). Sticking out like a sore thumb: Employee dissimilarity and deviance at work. Personnel Psychology, 57, 969-1000.
61. Lim, V.K.G. (2002). The IT way of loafing on the job: Cyberloafing, neutralizing, and organizational justice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 675-694.
62. Lindell, M.K., & Whitney, D.J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 114-121.
63. Manning, R.E., Valliere, W.A., & Wang, B. (1999). Crowding norms: Alternative measurement approaches. Leisure Sciences, 21, 97-115.
64. Martinko, M.J., Gundlach, M.J., & Douglas, S.C. (2002). Toward an integrative theory of counterproductive workplace behavior: A causal reasoning perspective. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 36-50.
65. Mitchell, M.S., & Ambrose, M.L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1159-1168.
66. Mount, M., Ilies, R., & Johnson, E. (2006). Relationship of personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors: The mediating effects of job satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 59, 591-622.
67. Ng, T.W. H., & Feldman, D.C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 392-423.
68. O'Boyle, E.H. (2010). A test of the general CWB-OCB model (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
69. Paulhus, D.L., & Williams, K.M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 556-563.
70. Penney, L.M., & Spector, P.E. (2002). Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior: Do bigger egos mean bigger problems? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 126-134.
71. Penny, L.M., & Spector, P.E. (2005). Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): The moderating role of negative affectivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 777-796.
72. Podsakoff, P.M., & Organ, D.W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12, 531-544.
73. Postmes, T., Spears, R., & Cihangir, S. (2001). Quality of decision making and group norms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 918-930.
74. Powell, W.W., & Snellman, K. (2004). The knowledge economy. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 199-220.
75. Pruitt, D.G., & Rubin, J.Z. (1986). Social conflict. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
76. Randall, D.M., & Fernandes, M.F. (1991). The social desirability response bias in ethics research. Journal of Business Ethics, 10, 805-817.
77. Raver, J.L., & Gelfand, M.J. (2005). Beyond the individual victim: Linking sexual harassment, team processes, and team performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 387-400.
78. Rayburn, N.R., Earleywine, M., & Davison, G.C. (2003). Base rates of hate crime victimization among college students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1209-1221.
79. Richardson, H.A., Simmering, M.J., & Sturman, M.C. (2009). A tale of three perspectives: Examining post hoc statistical techniques for detection and correction of common method variance. Organizational Research Methods, 12, 1-39.
80. Robinson, S.L., & Bennett, R.J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 555-572.
81. Robinson, S.L., & O'Leary-Kelly, A.M. (1998). Monkey see, monkey do: The influence of work groups on the antisocial behavior of employees. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 658-672.
82. Roethlisberger, F.J., & Dickson, W.J. (1947). Management and the worker: An account of a research program conducted by the Western Electric Company, Hawthorne Works, Chicago. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
83. Rotundo, M., & Sackett, P.R. (2002). The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 66-80.
84. Sacco, J.M., & Schmitt, N. (2005). A dynamic multilevel model of demographic diversity and misfit effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 203-231.
85. Salgado, J.F. (2002). The big five personality dimensions and counterproductive behaviors. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 117-125.
86. Scheers, N., & Dayton, M. (1987). Improved estimation of academic cheating behavior using the randomized response technique. Research in Higher Education, 26, 61-69.
87. Scott, B.A., & Colquitt, J.A. (2007). Are organizational justice effects bounded by individual differences? An examination of equity sensitivity, exchange ideology, and the big five. Group & Organization Management, 32, 290-325.
88. Scott, J. (1988). Social network analysis. Sociology, 22(1), 109-127.
89. Skarlicki, D.P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 434-443.
90. Skarlicki, D.P., Folger, R., & Tesluk, P. (1999). Personality as a moderator in the relationship between fairness and retaliation. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 100-108.
91. Smith, C.A., Organ, D.W., & Near, J.P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 653-663.
92. Spector, P.E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 269-292.
93. Spector, P.E., Fox, S., Penney, L.M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal? Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 446-460.
94. Spielberger, C.D. (1988). Manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Scale (STAX). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
95. Stewart, S.M., Bing, M.N., Davison, H.K., Woehr, D.J., & McIntyre, M.D. (2009). In the eyes of the beholder: A non-self-report measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 207-215.
96. Taylor, F.W. (1911/1971). The principles of scientific management. New York, NY: Harper and Row.
97. Tekleab, A.G., Quigley, N.R., & Tesluk, P.E. (2009). A longitudinal study of team conflict, conflict management, cohesion, and team effectiveness. Group & Organization Management, 34, 170-205.
98. Tepper, B.J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 178-190.
99. Thau, S., Bennett, R.J., Mitchell, M.S., & Marrs, M.B. (2009). How management style moderates the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace deviance: An uncertainty management theory perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 79-92.
100. Thomas, P., Wolper, P., Scott, K., & Jones, D. (2001). The relationship between immediate turnover and employee theft in the restaurant industry. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15, 561-577.
101. Tichy, N.M., Tushman, M.L., & Fombrun, C. (1979). Social network analysis for organizations. Academy of Management Review, 4, 507-519.
102. Tracy, P.E., & Fox, J.A. (1981). The validity of randomized response for sensitive measurements. American Sociological Review, 46, 187-200.
103. Tsui, A.S., Egan, T.D., & O'Reilly, C.A., III. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 549-579.
104. Turner, R.H., & Killian, L. (1957). Collective behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
105. Walczyk, J.J., Mahoney, K.T., Doverspike, D., & Griffith-Ross, D.A. (2009). Cognitive lie detection: Response time and consistency of answers as cues to deception. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24, 33-49.
106. Walczyk, J.J., Roper, K.S., Seeman, E., & Humphrey, A.M. (2003). Cognitive mechanisms underlying lying to questions: Response time as a cue to deception. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 755-774.
107. Warner, S.L. (1965). Randomized response: A survey technique for eliminating evasive answer bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 60, 63-69.
108. Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
109. Williams, L.J., & Brown, B.K. (1994). Method variance in organizational behavior and human resources research: Effects on correlations, path coefficients, and hypothesis testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 57, 185-209.
110. Wimbush, J.C., & Dalton, D.R. (1997). Base rate for employee theft: Convergence of multiple methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 756-763.
111. Witt, L.A. (2006). Exchange ideology as a moderator of job attitudes-Organizational citizenship behaviors relationships. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1490-1501.
112. Zagenczyk, T.J., Gibney, R., Murrell, A.J., & Boss, S.R. (2008). Friends don't make friends good citizens, but advisors do. Group & Organization Management, 33, 760-780.
113. Zellars, K.L., Tepper, B.L., & Duffy, M.K. (2002). Abusive supervision and subordinates' organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 1068-1076.
114. Zohar, D. (2000). A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 587-596.