Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Volumn 74, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 1464-1480

  Greenwald, Anthony G ^a   McGhee, Debbie E ^a   Schwartz, Jordan L K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ASIAN AMERICAN; ATTITUDE; CAUCASIAN; CLINICAL TRIAL; ETHNIC GROUP; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; JAPAN; KOREA; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMETRY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REACTION TIME; REPRODUCIBILITY; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICAL MODEL; UNITED STATES;

ASIAN AMERICANS; ATTITUDE; ETHNIC GROUPS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; JAPAN; KOREA; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; PSYCHOMETRICS; REACTION TIME; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SELF CONCEPT; STEREOTYPING; WASHINGTON; WORD ASSOCIATION TESTS;

EID: 0032084985     PISSN: 00223514     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Govender, R., & Pratto, F. (1992). The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 893-912.
2. Battig, W. F., & Montague, W. E. (1969). Category norms for verbal items in 56 categories: A replication and extension of the Connecticut category norms. Journal of Experimental Psychology Monographs, 80(3, Pt. 2), 1-46.
3. Bellezza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1986). Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 18, 299-303.
4. Breckler, S. J., & Greenwald, A. G. (1986). Motivational facets of the self. In E. T. Higgins & R. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 145-164). New York: Guilford Press.
5. Chaiken, S., & Bargh, J. A. (1993). Occurrence versus moderation of the automatic attitude activation effect: Reply to Fazio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 759-765.
6. Crosby, F., Bromley, S., & Saxe, L. (1980). Recent unobtrusive studies of Black and White discrimination and prejudice: A literature review. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 546-563.
7. Dasgupta, N., McGhee, D. E., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1998). Measuring implicit racism using the Implicit Association Test. Unpublished manuscript, University of Washington.
8. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
9. Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1995, October). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Spontaneous and deliberative processes. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, Washington, DC.
10. Farnham, S. D., & Greenwald, A. G. (1998, May). Implicit balance of personal and social identity: I am good + I am female = female is good. Paper presented at the meetings of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.
11. Farnham, S. D., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (in press). Implicit self-esteem. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social cognition and social identity. London: Blackwell.
12. Fazio, R. H. (1993). Variability in the likelihood of automatic attitude activation: Data reanalysis and commentary on Bargh, Chaiken, Govender, and Pratto (1992). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 753-758.
13. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
14. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
15. Gaertner, S. L., & McLaughlin, J. P. (1983). Racial stereotypes: Associations and ascriptions of positive and negative characteristics. Social Psychology Quarterly, 46, 23-30.
16. Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 4-27.
17. Greenwald, A. G., & Breckler, S. J. (1985). To whom is the self presented? In B. R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 126-145). New York: McGraw-Hill.
18. Greenwald, A. G., Gonzalez, R., Guthrie, D. G., & Harris, R. J. (1996). Effect sizes and p-values: What should be reported and what should be replicated? Psychophysiology, 33, 175-183.
19. Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., & Liu, T. J. (1989). Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words. Memory and Cognition, 17, 35-47.
20. Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63-78.
21. McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, 563-579.
22. Perdue, C. W., Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., & Tyler, R. B. (1990). Us and them: Social categorization and the process of intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 475-486.
23. Perdue, C. W., & Gurtman, M. B. (1990). Evidence for the automaticity of ageism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26, 199-216.
24. Rudman, L., Greenwald, A.G., & McGhee, D. E. (1996, October). Powerful women, warm men? Implicit associations among gender, potency, and nurturance. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society of Experimental Social Psychology, Sturbridge, MA.
25. Suinn, R., Rickard-Figueroa, K., Lew, S., & Vigil, P. (1987). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: An initial report. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 401-407.
26. Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 262-274.
27. Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9(Supp. 2, Pt. 2).