A group-level model of safety climate: Testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs

Journal of Applied Psychology

Volumn 85, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 587-596

  Zohar, Dov ^a  

^a TECHNION ISRAEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; HUMAN; MALE; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; PERCEPTION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZATION; SAFETY; WORK;

ACCIDENTS, OCCUPATIONAL; ADULT; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; HUMANS; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RANDOM ALLOCATION; SAFETY; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; WORK;

EID: 0034237997     PISSN: 00219010     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.85.4.587     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Abbey, A., & Dickson, J. W. (1983). R&D work climate and innovation in semiconductors. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 362-368.
2. Anderson, N., & West, M. A. (1996). The team climate inventory: Development of the TCI and its applications in team-building for innovation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5, 53-66.
3. Ball, G. A., Trevino, L. K., & Sims, H. P. (1994). Just and unjust punishment: Influences on subordinate performance and citizenship. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 299-322.
4. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5. Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
6. Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership. New York: Free Press.
7. Bies, R. J., & Moag, J. S. (1986). Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. Research on Negotiations in Organizations, 1, 43-55.
8. Brown, R. L., & Holmes, H. (1986). The use of a factor-analytic procedure for assessing the validity of an employee safety climate model. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 18, 455-470
9. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
10. Bryk, A. S., Raudenbush, S. W., & Congdon, R. T. (1996). Hierarchical linear modeling with the HLM/2L and HLM/3L programs (2nd ed.). Chicago, IL: Scientific Software International.
11. Byers, J. C., Bittner, A. C., & Hill, S. G. (1989). Traditional and raw Task Load Index correlations: Are paired comparisons necessary? In A. Mital (Ed.), Advances in industrial ergonomics and safety (pp. 481-485). London: Taylor & Francis.
12. Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel Psychology. 46, 823-850.
13. Cleveland, R. J., Cohen, H. H., Smith, M. J., & Cohen, A. (1978). Safety program practices in record-holding plants. Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
14. Cohen, A. (1977). Factors in successful occupational safety programs. Journal of Safety Research, 9, 168-173.
15. Cooper, M. D., Phillips, R. A., Sutherland, V. J., & Makin, P. J. (1994). Reducing accidents using goal setting and feedback: A field study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 219-240.
16. Cox, S., & Cox, T. (1991). The structure of employee attitudes to safety: A European example. Work and Stress, 5, 93-106.
17. Coyle, I. R., Sleeman, S. D., & Adams, N. (1995). Safety climate. Journal of Safety Research, 26, 247-254.
18. Crowe, J. W. (1995). Safety values and safe practices among college students. Journal of Safety Research, 26, 187-195.
19. Dansereau, F., & Alutto, J. A. (1990). Level of analysis issues in climate and culture research. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 193-236). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
20. Dedobbeleer, N., & Beland, F. (1991). A safety climate measure for construction sites. Journal of Safety Research, 22, 97-103.
21. DeJoy, D. M., Murphy, L. R., & Gershon, R. M. (1995). Safety climate in health care settings. In A. C. Bittner & P. C. Champney (Eds.), Advances in industrial ergonomics and safety (Vol. 7, pp. 923-929). London: Taylor & Francis.
22. Embrey, D. E. (1992). Incorporating management and organizational factors into probabilistic safety assessment. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 38, 199-208.
23. Fahlbruch, B., & Wilpert, B. (1999). System safety: An emerging field for I/O psychology. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 55-93). New York: Wiley.
24. Fellner, D. J., & Sulzer-Azaroff, B. (1984). Increasing industrial safety practices and conditions through posted feedback. Journal of Safety Research, 15, 7-21.
25. Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 327-358.
26. Fox, D. K., Hopkins, B. I., & Anger, W. K. (1987). The long term effect of token economy on safety performance in open-pit mining. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 20, 215-221.
27. Frone, M. R. (1998). Predictors of work injuries among employed adolescents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 565-576.
28. Glendon, A. I., Stanton, N. A., & Harrison, D. (1994). Factor analyzing a performance shaping concepts questionnaire. In S. A. Robertson (Ed.), Contemporary ergonomics (pp. 340-345). London: Taylor & Francis.
29. Glick, W. H. (1988). Organizations are not central tendencies: Shadowboxing in the dark, Round 2. Academy of Management Review, 13, 133-137.
30. Glick, W. H., & Roberts, K. (1984). Hypothesized interdependence, assumed independence. Academy of Management Review, 9, 722-735.
31. Gopher, D., & Donchin, E. (1986). Workload - An examination of the concept. In K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance (Vol. 2. Ch. 41, pp. 1-49). New York: Wiley.
32. Hart, S. G., & Staveland, L. E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX: Task Load Index. In P. A. Hancock & M. Meshkati (Eds.), Human mental workload (pp. 139-183). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier North-Holland.
33. Heinrich, H. W. (1931). Industrial accident prevention: A scientific approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.
34. Hill, S. G., Iavecchia, H. P., Byers, J. C., Bittner, A. C., Zakland, A., & Christ, R. E. (1992). Comparison of four subjective workload rating scales. Human Factors, 34, 429-439.
35. Hofmann, D. A., Jacobs, R., & Landy, F. (1995). High reliability process industries: Individual, micro, and macro organizational influences on safety performance. Journal of Safety Research, 26, 131-149.
36. Hofmann, D. A., & Morgeson, F. P. (1999). Safety related behavior as a social exchange: The role of perceived organizational support and leader-member exchange. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 286-296.
37. Hofmann, D. A., & Stetzer, A. (1996). A cross-level investigation of factors influencing unsafe behaviors and accidents. Personnel Psychology, 49, 307-339.
38. Hollander, E. P. (1978). Leadership dynamics. New York: Free Press.
39. Hollander, E. P. (1992). Leadership, followership, self, and others. Leadership Quarterly, 3, 43-54.
40. House, R. J. (1971). A path-goal theory of leadership effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 321-338.
41. House, R. J., Rousseau, D. M., & Thomas-Hunt, M. (1995). The meso paradigm: A framework for the integration of micro and macro organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior, 17, 71-114.
42. James, L. R. (1982). Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 219-229.
43. James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group inter-rater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 85-98.
44. James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1993). Rwg: An assessment of within-group inter-rater agreement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 306-309.
45. James, L. R., James, L. A., & Ashe, D. K. (1990). The meaning of organizations: The role of cognition and values. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 40-84). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
46. Johnson, A. E., & Harbour, J. L. (1993). The safety climate of a Department of Energy nuclear facility: A sociotechnical analysis. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, USA, 37, 1019-1023.
47. Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
48. Klein, K. J., Dansereau, F., & Hall, R. J. (1994). Levels issues in theory development, data collection, and analysis. Academy of Management Review, 19, 195-229.
49. Komaki, J. L. (1986). Toward effective supervision: An operant analysis and comparison of managers at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 270-279.
50. Komaki, J. L., Barwick, K. D., & Scott, L. A. (1978). A behavioral approach to occupational safety. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63, 434-445.
51. Komaki, J. L., Desselles, M. L., & Bowman, E. D. (1989). Definitely not in the breeze: Extending an operant model of effective supervision to teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 522-529.
52. Komaki, J. L., Zlotnick, S., & Jensen, M. (1986). Development of an operant based taxonomy and observational index of supervisory behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 260-269.
53. Latham, G. P., & Wexley, K. N. (1991). Increasing productivity through performance appraisal. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
54. Lawler, E. E. (1971). Pay and organizational effectiveness: A psychological view. New York: McGraw Hill.
55. Litwin, G. H., & Stringer, R. A. (1968). Motivation and organizational climate. Boston: Harvard Business School.
56. McAfee, R. B., & Winn, A. R. (1989). The use of incentives and feedback to enhance work place safety: A critique of the literature. Journal of Safety Research, 20, 7-19.
57. National Safety Council. (1996). Accident facts. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.
58. O'Reilly, C. A. (1991). Organizational behavior: Where we've been, where we're going. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 427-458.
59. Pate-Cornell, M. E. (1990, November 30). Organizational aspects of engineering system safety: The case of offshore platforms. Science, 250, 1210-1217.
60. Patterson, M., Payne, R., & West, M. (1996). Collective climates: A test of their socio-psychological significance. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1675-1691.
61. Perrow, C. (1967). A framework for the comparative analysis of organizations. American Sociological Review, 32, 194-208.
62. Perrow, C. (1979). Complex organizations: A critical essay (2nd ed.). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
63. Planek, T., Driessen, G., & Vilardo, F. J. (1967, August 7). Evaluating the elements of an industrial safety program. National Safety News, 60-63.
64. Rasmussen, J. (1982). Human errors: A taxonomy for describing human malfunction in industrial installations. Journal of Occupational Accidents, 4, 311-333.
65. Rasmussen, J. (1990). The role of error in organizing behavior. Ergonomics, 33, 1185-1199.
66. Reason, J. (1990). Human error. New York: Cambridge University Press.
67. Reason, J. (1997). Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
68. Reber, R. A., Wallin, J. A., & Chokar, J. S. (1984). Reducing industrial accidents: A behavioral experiment. Industrial Relations, 23, 119-125.
69. Reichers, A. E., & Schneider, B. (1990). Climate and culture: An evolution of constructs. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture (pp. 5-39). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
70. Rentsch, J. R. (1990). Climate and culture: Interaction and qualitative differences in organizational meanings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 668-681.
71. Rousseau, D. M. (1985). Issues of level in organizational research: Multilevel and cross-level perspectives. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 7, pp. 1-37). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
72. Rousseau, D. M. (1988). The construction of climate in organizational research. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 139-158). New York: Wiley.
73. Saari, J., & Nasanen, M. (1989). The effect of positive feedback on industrial housekeeping and accidents: A long term study at a shipyard. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 4, 201-211.
74. SAS Institute. (1990). SAS procedures guide (6th ed.). Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
75. Schneider, B. (1975). Organizational climates: An essay. Personnel Psychology, 28, 447-479.
76. Schneider, B., & Bowen, D. E. (1985). Employee and customer perceptions of service in banks: Replication and extension. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 423-433.
77. Schneider, B., & Reichers, A. E. (1983). On the etiology of climates. Personnel Psychology, 36, 19-39.
78. Schneider, B., White, S., & Paul, M. C. (1998). Linking service climate and customer perceptions of service quality: Test of a causal model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 150-163.
79. Shannon, H. S., Mayr, J., & Haines, T. (1997). Overview of the relationship between organizational and workplace factors and injury rates. Safety Science, 26, 201-217.
80. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420-428.
81. Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the workplace: The roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 434-443.
82. Tate, R. L., & Wongbundhit, Y. (1983). Random versus non-random coefficient models for multi-level analysis. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8, 103-120.
83. Thompson, R. C., Hilton, T. F., & Witt, L. A. (1998). Where the safety rubber meets the shop floor: A confirmatory model of management influence on workplace safety. Journal of Safety Research, 29, 15-24.
84. Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1992). A relational model of authority in groups. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 115-191.
85. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
86. Watson, C. J., Driver, R. W., & Watson, K. D. (1985). Methodological issues in absenteeism research: Multiple absence measures and multivariate normality. Academy of Management Review, 10, 577-586.
87. Weick, K. E. (1987). Organizational culture as a source of high reliability. California Management Review, 29, 112-127.
88. Williamson, A. M., Feyer, A. M., Cairns, D., & Biancotti, D. (1997). The development of safety climate: The role of safety perceptions and attitudes. Safety Science, 25, 15-27.
89. Wright, C. (1986). Routine deaths: Fatal accidents in the oil industry. Sociological Review, 4, 265-289.
90. Yukl, G. A. (1994). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
91. Zohar, D. (1980). Safety climate in industrial organizations: Theoretical and applied implications. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 96-102.
92. Zohar, D., & Fussfeld, N. (1981). A systems approach to organizational behavior modification. International Review of Applied Psychology, 30, 491-505.