Potential applications of the cyclic peptide enterocin AS-48 in the preservation of vegetable foods and beverages

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 77-89

  Abriouel, Hikmate ^a   Lucas, Rosario ^a   Omar, Nabil Ben ^a   Valdivia, Eva ^b   Gálvez, Antonio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JAÉN   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Bacteriocin; Drinks; Preservation; Vegetable foods

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AS 48; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ESSENTIAL OIL; FOOD PRESERVATIVE; PHENOL DERIVATIVE;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BEVERAGE; BREAD; CANNED FOOD; CIDER; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); CONTROLLED STUDY; DAIRY PRODUCT; ELECTRIC FIELD; FOOD PRESERVATION; FRUIT; FRUIT JUICE; HEAT TREATMENT; MEAT; NONHUMAN; PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; VEGETABLE;

EID: 77953538892     PISSN: 18671306     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12602-009-9030-y     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Abriouel H, Valdivia E, Gálvez A, Maqueda M (1998) Response of Salmonella choleraesuis LT2 spheroplasts and permeabilized cells to the bacteriocin AS-48. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 4623-4626.
2. Abriouel H, Valdivia E, Gálvez A, Maqueda M (2001) Influence of physico-chemical factors on the oligomerization and biological activity of bacteriocin AS-48. Curr Microbiol 42: 89-95.
3. Abriouel H, Maqueda M, Gálvez A, Martínez-Bueno M, Valdivia E (2002) Inhibition of bacterial growth, enterotoxin production and spore outgrowth on strains of Bacillus cereus by bacteriocin AS-48. Appl Environ Microbiol 68: 1473-1477.
4. Abriouel H, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M, Maqueda M, Gálvez A (2003) A simple method for semi-preparative-scale production and recovery of enterocin AS-48 derived from Enterococcus faecalis subsp. liquefaciens A-48-32. J Microbiol Methods 55: 599-605.
5. Abriouel H, Lucas R, Ben Omar N, Valdivia E, Maqueda M, Martínez-Cañamero M, Gálvez A (2005) Enterocin AS-48RJ: a variant of enterocin AS-48 chromosomally encoded by Enterococcus faecium RJ16 isolated from food. System Appl Microbiol 28: 383-397.
6. Ananou S, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M, Gálvez A, Maqueda M (2004) Effect of combined physico-chemical preservatives on enterocin AS-48 activity against the enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus CECT 976 strain. J Appl Microbiol 97: 48-56.
7. Ananou S, Garriga M, Hugas M, Maqueda M, Martínez-Bueno M, Gálvez A, Valdivia E (2005) Control of Listeria monocytogenes in model sausages by enterocin AS-48. Int J Food Microbiol 103: 179-190.
8. Ananou S, Maqueda M, Martínez-Bueno M, Gálvez A, Valdivia E (2005) Control of Staphylococcus aureus in sausages by enterocin AS-48. Meat Sci 71: 549-576.
9. Ananou S, Gálvez A, Martínez-Bueno M, Maqueda M, Valdivia E (2005) Synergistic effect of enterocin AS-48 in combination with outer membrane permeabilizing treatments against Escherichia coli O157: H7. J Appl Microbiol 99: 1364-1372.
10. Ananou S, Muñoz A, Gálvez A, Martínez-Bueno M, Maqueda M, Valdivia E (2008) Optimization of the production of enterocin AS-48 on a whey-based substrate. Int Dairy J 18: 923-927.
11. Ananou S, Baños A, Maqueda M, Martínez-Bueno M, Gálvez A, Valdivia E (2009a) Effect of combined physico-chemical treatments based on enterocin AS-48 on the control of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in a model cooked ham. Food Control (in press).
12. Ananou S, Muñoz A, Martínez-Bueno M, González-Tello P, Gálvez A, Maqueda M, Valdivia E (2009b) Evaluation of an enterocin AS-48 containing bioactive powder obtained by spray-drying. Food Microbiol (in press).
13. Bari ML, Ukuku DO, Kawasaki T, Inatsu Y, Isshiki K, Kawamoto S (2005) Combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid, and potassium sorbate and EDTA in reducing the Listeria monocytogenes population of inoculated fresh-cut produce. J Food Prot 68: 1381-1387.
14. Bornemeier VL, Albrecht JA, Sumner SS (2003) Survey of mayonnaise-based salads for microbial safety and quality. Food Prot Trends 23: 387-392.
15. Burt S (2004) Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. Int J Food Microbiol 94: 223-253.
16. Cabo ML, Torres B, Herrera JJ, Bernárdez M, Pastoriza L (2009) Application of nisin and pediocin against resistance and germination of Bacillus spores in sous vide products. J Food Prot 72: 515-623.
17. Claisse O, Lonvaud-Funel A (2000) Assimilation of glycerol by a strain of Lactobacillus collinoides isolated from cider. Food Microbiol 17: 513-519.
18. Claisse O, Lonvaud-Funel A (2001) Detection of lactic acid bacteria producing 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (acrolein precursor) from glycerol by molecular tests. Lait 81: 173-181.
19. Cleveland J, Montville TJ, Nes IF, Chikindas ML (2001) Bacteriocins: safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation. Int J Food Microbiol 71: 1-20.
20. Cobo Molinos A, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Valdivia E, Lucas R, Maqueda M, Martínez Cañamero M, Gálvez A (2005) Effect of immersion solutions containing enterocin AS-48 on Listeria monocytogenes in vegetable foods. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 7781-7787.
21. Cobo Molinos A, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Lucas R, Valdivia E, Gálvez A (2008) Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in raw fruits by enterocin AS-48. J Food Prot 71: 2460-2467.
22. Cobo Molinos A, Abriouel H, Lucas R, Ben Omar N, Valdivia E, Gálvez A (2008) Inhibition of Bacillus cereus and B. weihenstephanensis in raw vegetables by application of washing solutions containing enterocin AS-48 alone and in combination with other antimicrobials. Food Microbiol 25: 762-770.
23. Cobo Molinos A, Abriouel H, Lucas R, Valdivia E, Ben Omar N, Gálvez A (2008) Combined physico-chemical treatments based on enterocin AS-48 for inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria in soybean sprouts. Food Chem Toxicol 46: 2912-2921.
24. Cobo Molinos A, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Lucas R, Valdivia E, Gálvez A (2009) Enhanced bactericidal activity of enterocin AS-48 in combination with essential oils, natural bioactive compounds, and chemical preservatives against Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat salads. Food Chem Toxicol 47: 2216-2223.
25. Cobo Molinos A, Lucas R, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Valdivia E, Gálvez A (2009) Inhibition of Salmonella enterica cells in deli-type salad by enterocin AS-48 in combination with other antimicrobials. Probiotics & Antimicrob Prot 1: 85-90.
26. Cobos E, Filimonov VV, Gálvez A, Maqueda M, Valdivia E, Martínez JC, Mateo PL (2001) AS-48: a circular protein with an extremely stable globular structure. FEBS Lett 505: 379-382.
27. Cornut G, Fortin C, Soulières D (2008) Antineoplastic properties of bacteriocins: revisiting potential active agents. Am J Clin Oncol 31: 399-404.
28. Deegan LH, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross P (2006) Bacteriocins: Biological tools for bio-preservation and shelf-life extension. Int Dairy J 16: 1058-1071.
29. Diez-Gonzalez F (2007) Applications of bacteriocins in livestock. Curr Issues Intestinal Microbiol 8: 15-24.
30. Doyle MP, Erickson MC (2008) Summer meeting 2007--the problems with fresh produce: an overview. J Appl Microbiol 105: 317-330.
31. Drider D, Fimland G, Héchard Y, McMullen LM, Prévost H (2006) The continuing story of class IIa bacteriocins. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 70: 564-582.
32. Dueñas M, Irastorza A, Fernández K, Bilbao A (1995) Heterofermentative lactobacilli causing ropiness isolated from Basque Country ciders. J Food Prot 58: 76-80.
33. DuPont HL (2007) The growing threat of foodborne bacterial enteropathogens of animal origin. Clin Infect Dis 45: 1353-1361.
34. Folli C, Ileana Ramazzina I, Arcidiaco P, Stoppini M, Berni R (2003) Purification of bacteriocin AS-48 from an Enterococcus faecium strain and analysis of the gene cluster involved in its production. FEMS Microbiol Lett 221: 143-149.
35. Franz CMAP, van Belkum MJ, Holzapfel WH, Abriouel H, Gálvez A (2007) Diversity of enterococcal bacteriocins and their grouping into a new classification scheme. FEMS Microbiol Rev 31: 293-310.
36. From C, Pukall R, Schumann P, Hormazábal V, Granum PE (2005) Toxin-producing ability among Bacillus spp. outside the Bacillus cereus group. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 1178-1183.
37. Gálvez A, Maqueda M, Valdivia E, Quesada A, Montoya E (1986) Characterization and partial purification of a broad spectrum antibiotic AS-48 produced by Streptococcus faecalis. Can J Microbiol 32: 765-771.
38. Gálvez A, Maqueda M, Martínez-Bueno M, Valdivia E (1989) Bactericidal and bacteriolytic action of peptide antibiotic AS-48 against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and other organisms. Res Microbiol 140: 57-68.
39. Gálvez A, Valdivia E, Martínez M, Maqueda M (1989) Bactericidal action of peptide antibiotic AS-48 against Escherichia coli K-12. Can J Microbiol 35: 318-321.
40. Gálvez A, Maqueda M, Martínez-Bueno M, Valdivia E (1991) Permeation of bacterial cells, permeation of cytoplasmic and artificial membrane vesicles, and channel formation on lipid bilayers by peptide antibiotic AS-48. J Bacteriol 173: 886-892.
41. Gálvez A, Lucas López R, Abriouel H, Valdivia E, Ben Omar N (2008) Application of bacteriocins in the control of food borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Crit Rev Biotechnol 28: 125-152.
42. Gillor O, Etzion A, Riley MA (2008) The dual role of bacteriocins as anti- and probiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 81: 591-606.
43. González C, Langdon GM, Bruix M, Gálvez A, Valdivia E, Maqueda M, Rico M (2000) Bacteriocin AS-48, a cyclic polypeptide structurally and functionally related to mammalian NK-lysin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 11221-11226.
44. Grande MJ (2007) Actividad de la enterocina AS-48 frente a bacterias Gram-positivas alternates o productoras de enterotoxinas en alimentos vegetales. PhD thesis. University of Jaen.
45. Grande MJ, Lucas R, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Maqueda M, Martínez-Bueno M, Martínez-Cañamero M, Valdivia E, Gálvez A (2005) Control of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in fruit juices by enterocin AS-48. Int J Food Microbiol 104: 289-297.
46. Grande MJ, Lucas R, Abriouel H, Valdivia E, Ben Omar N, Maqueda M, Martínez-Cañamero M, Gálvez A (2006) Inhibition of Bacillus licheniformis LMG 19409 from ropy cider by enterocin AS-48. J Appl Microbiol 101: 422-428.
47. Grande MJ, Lucas R, Abriouel H, Valdivia E, Ben Omar N, Maqueda M, Martínez-Bueno M, Martínez-Cañamero M, Gálvez A (2006) Inhibition of toxicogenic Bacillus cereus in rice-based foods by enterocin AS-48. Int J Food Microbiol 106: 185-194.
48. Grande MJ, Lucas R, Abriouel H, Valdivia E, Ben Omar N, Maqueda M, Martínez-Cañamero M, Gálvez A (2007) Treatment of vegetable sauces with enterocin AS-48 alone or in combination with phenolic compounds to inhibit proliferation of Staphylococcus aureus. J Food Prot 70: 405-411.
49. Grande MJ, Abriouel H, Lucas R, Valdivia E, Ben Omar N, Martínez-Cañamero M, Gálvez A (2007) Efficacy of enterocin AS-48 against bacilli in ready-to-eat vegetable soups and purees. J Food Prot 70: 2339-2345.
50. Granum PE (2007) Bacillus cereus pp. 445-455. In: Doyle MP, Beuchat LR (eds) Food microbiology. Fundamentals and frontiers, 3rd edn. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
51. Guinebretiere MH, Berge O, Normand P, Morris C, Carlin F, Nguyen-The C (2001) Identification of bacteria in pasteurized zucchini purées stored at different temperatures and comparison with those found in other pasteurized vegetable purées. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 4520-4530.
52. Harris LJ, Farber JN, Beuchat LR, Parish ME, Suslow TV, Garrett EH, Busta FF (2003) Outbreaks associated with fresh produce: incidence, growth, and survival of pathogens in fresh and fresh- cut produce. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safety 2(Suppl): 79-141.
53. Heinz V, Alvarez I, Angersbach A, Knorr D (2002) Preservation of liquid foods by high intensity pulsed electric fields-basic concepts for process design. Trends Food Sci Technol 12: 103-111.
54. Ho SY, Mittal GS (2000) High voltage pulsed electrical field for liquid food pasteurization. Food Rev Int 16: 395-434.
55. Jack RW, Tagg JR, Ray B (1995) Bacteriocins of Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol Rev 59: 171-200.
56. Jay JM, Loessner MJ, Golden AA (2005) Modern food microbiology. Aspen Publishers Inc, Gaithersburg.
57. Joosten HMLJ, Nuñez M, Devreese B, van Beeumen J, Marugg JD (1996) Purification and characterization of enterocin 4, a bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus faecalis INIA4. Appl Environ Microbiol 62: 4220-4223.
58. Jørgensen HJ, Maticen T, Løvseth A, Oboe K, Qvale KS, Loncarevic S (2005) An outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning caused by enterotoxin H in mashed potato made with raw milk. FEMS Microbiol Lett 252: 267-272.
59. Komitopoulou E, Boziaris IS, Davies EA, Delves-Broughton J, Adams MR (1999) Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in fruit juices and its control by nisin. Int J Food Sci Technol 34: 81-85.
60. Larpin S, Sauvageot N, Pichereau V, Laplace J-M, Auffray Y (2002) Biosynthesis of exopolysaccharide by a Bacillus licheniformis strain isolated from ropy cider. Int J Food Microbiol 77: 1-9.
61. Le Loir Y, Baron F, Gautier M (2003) Staphylococcus aureus and food poisoning. Genet Molec Res 2: 63-76.
62. Lucas R, Grande MJ, Abriouel H, Maqueda M, Ben Omar N, Valdivia E, Martínez-Cañamero M, Gálvez A (2006) Application of the broad-spectrum bacteriocin enterocin AS-48 to inhibit Bacillus coagulans in low-pH canned fruit and vegetable foods. Food Chem Toxicol 44: 1774-1781.
63. Lynch MF, Tauxe RV, Hedberg CW (2009) The growing burden of foodborne outbreaks due to contaminated fresh produce: risks and opportunities. Epidemiol Infect 137: 307-315.
64. Maisnier-Patin S, Forni E, Richard J (1996) Purification, partial characterisation and mode of action of enteroccocin EFS2, an antilisterial bacteriocin produced by a strain of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from a cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 30: 255-270.
65. Mallidis CG, Frantzeskakis P, Balatsouras G, Katsabotxakis C (1990) Thermal treatment of aseptically processed tomato paste. Int J Food Sci Technol 25: 442-448.
66. Maqueda M, Gálvez A, Sánchez-Barrena MJ, González C, Albert A, Rico M, Valdivia E (2004) Peptide AS-48: prototype of a new class of cyclic bacteriocins. Curr Prot Pept Sci 5: 399-416.
67. Maqueda M, Sánchez-Hidalgo M, Fernández M, Montalbán-López M, Valdivia E, Martínez-Bueno M (2008) Genetic features of circular bacteriocins produced by Gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32: 2-22.
68. Martín-Belloso O, Elez-Martínez P (2005) Food safety aspects of pulsed electric fields. In: Sun DW (ed) Emerging technologies for food processing. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 183-217.
69. Martínez-Viedma P, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Valdivia E, Lucas López R, Gálvez A (2008) Inactivation of exopolysaccharide and 3- hydroxypropionaldehyde-producing lactic acid bacteria in apple juice and apple cider by enterocin AS-48. Food Chem Toxicol 46: 1143-1151.
70. Martínez-Viedma P, Sobrino A, Ben Omar N, Abriouel H, Lucas López R, Valdivia E, Martín Belloso O, Gálvez A (2008) Enhanced bactericidal effect of High-Intensity Pulsed-Electric Field treatment in combination with enterocin AS-48 against Salmonella enterica in apple juice. Int J Food Microbiol 128: 244-249.
71. Martínez-Viedma P, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Lucas R, Valdivia E, Gálvez A (2009) Inactivation of Geobacillus stearothermophilus in canned foods and drinks by addition of enterocin AS-48. Food Microbiol 26: 289-293.
72. Martínez-Viedma P, Abriouel H, Sobrino A, Ben Omar N, Lucas López R, Valdivia E, Martín Belloso O, Gálvez A (2009) Effect of enterocin AS-48 in combination with High-Intensity Pulsed-Electric Field treatment against the spoilage bacterium Lactobacillus diolivorans in apple juice. Food Microbiol 26: 491-496.
73. Martínez-Viedma P, Sobrino A, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Lucas López R, Martín Belloso O, Gálvez A (2009c) Increased inactivation of exopolysaccharide-producing Pediococcus parvulus in apple juice by combined treatment with enterocin AS-48 and High-Intensity Pulsed-Electric Field. J Food Prot (in press).
74. Martínez-Viedma P, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Lucas López R, Valdivia E, Gálvez A (2009) Antibacterial protection by enterocin AS-48 in sport and energy drinks with less acidic pH values. J Food Prot 72: 881-884.
75. Martínez-Viedma P, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Lucas R, Valdivia E, Gálvez A (2009) Assay of enterocin AS-48 for inhibition of foodborne pathogens in desserts. J Food Prot 72: 1654-1659.
76. Martínez-Viedma P, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Lucas R, Gálvez A (2009f) Anti-staphylococcal effect of enterocin AS-48 in bakery ingredients of vegetable origin, alone and in combination with selected antimicrobials. J Food Sci (in press).
77. Martínez-Viedma P, Abriouel H, Ben Omar N, Lucas R, Gálvez A (2009g) Effect of enterocin AS-48 against spoilage and toxinogenic Bacillus species in dough from wheat flour. LWT Food Sci Technol (submitted).
78. Mendoza F, Maqueda M, Gálvez A, Martínez-Bueno M, Valdivia E (1999) Antilisterial activity of peptide AS-48 and study of changes induced in the cell envelope properties of an AS-48-adapted strain of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 618-625.
79. Mosqueda-Melgar J, Elez-Martínez P, Raybaudi-Massilia RM, Martín-Belloso O (2008) Effects of pulsed electric fields on pathogenic microorganisms of major concern in fluid foods: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 48: 747-759.
80. Muñoz A, Maqueda M, Gálvez A, Martínez-Bueno M, Rodriguez A, Valdivia E (2004) Biocontrol of psychrotrophic enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus in a non fat hard type cheese by an enterococcal strain-producing enterocin AS-48. J Food Prot 67: 1517-1521.
81. Muñoz A, Ananou S, Gálvez A, Martínez-Bueno M, Rodríguez A, Maqueda M, Valdivia E (2007) Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy products by enterocin AS-48 produced in situ and ex situ: bactericidal synergism with heat. Int Dairy J 17: 760-769.
82. Nes IF, Yoon S-S, Diep DB (2007) Ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins) in lactic acid bacteria: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 16: 675-690.
83. Oppegård C, Rogne P, Emanuelsen L, Kristiansen PE, Fimland G, Nissen-Meyer J (2007) The two-peptide class II bacteriocins: structure, production, and mode of action. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 13: 210-219.
84. Pao S, Khalid MF, Kalantari A (2005) Sprouting seeds and potential hazards associated with enterotoxigenic Bacillus spp. in homegrown sprouts. J Food Prot 68: 1648-1653.
85. Rosenquist H, Hansen Å (1995) Contamination profiles and characterisation of Bacillus species in wheat bread and raw materials for bread production. Int J Food Microbiol 26: 353-363.
86. Samyn B, Martínez-Bueno M, Devreese B, Maqueda M, Gálvez A, Valdivia E, Coyette J, van Beeumen J (1994) The cyclic structure of the enterococal peptide antibiotic AS-48. FEBS Lett 352: 87-90.
87. Sánchez-Barrena M, Martínez-Ripoll G, Gálvez A, Valdivia E, Maqueda M, Cruz V, Albert A (2003) Structure of bacteriocin AS-48: from soluble state to membrane bound state. J Mol Biol 334: 541-549.
88. Sang Y, Blecha F (2008) Antimicrobial peptides and bacteriocins: alternatives to traditional antibiotics. Anim Health Res Rev 9: 227-235.
89. Sauvageot N, Gouffi K, Laplace JM, Auffray Y (2000) Glycerol metabolism in Lactobacillus collinoides: Production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde, a precursor of acrolein. Int J Food Microbiol 55: 167-170.
90. Settanni L, Corsetti A (2008) Application of bacteriocins in vegetable food biopreservation. Int J Food Microbiol 121: 123-138.
91. Silva FVM, Gibbs P (2001) Alicyclobacilus acidoterrestris spores in fruit products and design of pasteurization processes. Trends Food Sci Technol 12: 68-74.
92. Smith JP, Daifas DP, El-Khoury W, Koukoutsis J, El-Khoury A (2004) Shelf life and safety concerns of bakery products-a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 44: 19-55.
93. Sorokulova IB, Reva ON, Smirnov VV, Pinchuk IV, Lapa SV, Urdaci MC (2003) Genetic diversity and involvement in bread spoilage of Bacillus strains isolated from flour and ropy bread. Lett Appl Microbiol 37: 169-173.
94. Stenfors Arnesen LP, Fagerlund A, Granum PE (2008) From soil to gut: Bacillus cereus and its food poisoning toxins. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32: 579-606.
95. Tagg JR (2009) Streptococcal bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances: some personal insights into the bacteriocin-like activities produced by Streptococci good and bad. Probiotics & Antimicro Prot 1: 60-66.
96. Tahmassebi JF, Duggal MS, Malik-Kotru G, Curzon MEJ (2006) Soft drinks and dental health: A review of the current literature. J Dent 34: 2-11.
97. Thomas LV, Clarkson MR, Delves-Broughton J (2000) Nisin. In: Naidu AS (ed) Natural food antimicrobial systems. CRC-Press, Florida, pp 463-524.
98. Tomita H, Fujimoto S, Tanimoto K, Ike Y (1997) Cloning and genetic and sequence analyses of the bacteriocin 21 determinant encoded on the Enterococcus faecalis pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmid pPD1. J Bacteriol 179: 7843-7855.
99. Unicomb L, Bird P, Dalton C (2003) Outbreak of Salmonella Potsdam associated with salad dressing at a restaurant. Commun Dis Intellig 27: 508-512.
100. Wongkhantee S, Patanapiradej V, Maneenut C, Tantbirojn D (2006) Effect of acidic food and drinks on surface hardness of enamel, dentine, and tooth-coloured filling materials. J Dent 34: 214-220.
101. Yamazaki K, Murami M, Kawai Y, Inoue N, Matsuda T (2000) Use of nisin for inhibition of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris in acidic drinks. Food Microbiol 17: 210-315.
102. Zero DT (1996) Etiology of dental erosion-extrinsic factors. Eur J Oral Sci 104: 162-177.