Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods - A review

International Journal of Food Microbiology

Volumn 94, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 223-253

  Burt, Sara ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Antibacterial; Essential oils; Food borne pathogens; Preservatives

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; AMYLASE; BACTERIAL TOXIN; BORNYL ACETATE; CAMPHOR; CARVACROL; CARVONE; CELL MEMBRANE PROTEIN; CINEOLE; CINNAMALDEHYDE; CINNAMIC ACID; CLOVE OIL; ESSENTIAL OIL; EUGENOL; LINALOOL; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; OXYGEN; PERILLALDEHYDE; PINENE; PROTEINASE; TERPINENE; THYMOL; TRIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM; YOGHURT;

ACIDITY; ACTIVE TRANSPORT; AGAR MEDIUM; BACILLUS CEREUS; BACTERIAL CELL; BACTERIAL MEMBRANE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; BACTERIOSTASIS; CELL DEATH; CELL INTERACTION; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CELL SWELLING; CELL VIABILITY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIFFUSION; DILUTION; DISTILLATION; ELECTRON TRANSPORT; ENTEROBACTER AEROGENES; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EUROPE; FISH; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; FOOD; FOOD PRESERVATION; FOOD SPOILAGE; FOOD WASHING; FRUIT; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HYDROPHOBICITY; LACTOBACILLUS DELBRUECKII; LIPID ANALYSIS; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; LOW TEMPERATURE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MEAT; MILK; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTY; PHOTOBACTERIUM PHOSPHOREUM; PROTEIN BINDING; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; RICE; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE; STAPHYLOCOCCACEAE; SURVIVAL RATE; UNITED STATES; VEGETABLE;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COLONY COUNT, MICROBIAL; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FOOD MICROBIOLOGY; FOOD PRESERVATION; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; HUMANS; MICROBIAL SENSITIVITY TESTS; OILS, VOLATILE;

BACILLUS CEREUS; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); EOS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; LISTERIA; LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES; NEGIBACTERIA; POSIBACTERIA; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; SHIGELLA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

EID: 3042838374     PISSN: 01681605     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022     Document Type: Review

References (195)

1. Akgül A., Kivanç M. Inhibitory effects of selected Turkish spices and oregano components on some foodborne fungi. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 6:1988;263-268
2. Akgül A., Kivanç M., Sert S. Effect of carvacrol on growth and toxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Sciences des Aliments. 11:1991;361-370
3. Arras G., Grella G.E. Wild thyme, Thymus capitatus, essential oil seasonal changes and antimycotic activity. Journal of Horticultural Science. 67(2):1992;197-202
4. Aureli P., Costantini A., Zolea S. Antimicrobial activity of some plant essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Food Protection. 55(5):1992;344-348
5. Azzouz M.A., Bullerman L.B. Comparative antimycotic effects of selected herbs, spices, plant components and commercial antifungal agents. Journal of Food Protection. 45(14):1982;1298-1301
6. Barry A.L. The Antimicrobic Susceptibility Test: Principles and Practices. 1976;Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia
7. Bassett I.B., Pannowitz D.L., Barnetson R.S.C. A comparitive study of tea-tree oil versus benzoylperoxide in the treatment of acne. Medical Journal of Australia. 153:1990;455-458
8. Bassole I.H.N., Ouattara A.S., Nebie R., Ouattara C.A.T., Kabore Z.I., Traore S.A. Chemical composition and antibacterial activities of the essential oils of Lippia chevalieri and Lippia multiflora from Burkina Faso. Phytochemistry. 62:2003;209-212
9. Bauer K., Garbe D. Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials. Preparation, Properties and Uses. 1985;213 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim
10. Bauer K., Garbe D., Surburg H. Common Fragrance and Flavor Materials: Preparation, Properties and Uses. 2001;293 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
11. Bayoumi S. Bacteriostatic effect of some spices and their utilization in the manufacture of yogurt. Chemie, Mikrobiologie, Technologie der Lebensmittel. 14:1992;21-26
12. Beuchat L.R. Sensitivity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus to spices and organic acids. Journal of Food Science. 41:1976;899-902
13. Bishop C.D. Antiviral activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel (tea tree) against tobacco mosaic virus. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 7:1995;641-644
14. Bleasel N., Tate B., Rademaker M. Allergic contact dermatitis following exposure to essential oils. Australasian Journal of Dermatology. 43(3):2002;211-213
15. Board R.G., Gould G.W. Future prospects. Gould N.J.R.a.G.W. Food Preservatives. 1991;267-284 Blackie, Glasgow
16. Boyle W. Spices and essential oils as preservatives. The American Perfumer and Essential Oil Review. 66:1955;25-28
17. Brocklehurst T.F., Parker M.L., Gunning P.A., Coleman H.P., Robins M.M. Growth of food-borne pathogenic bacteria in oil-in-water emulsions: II. Effect of emulsion structure on growth parameters and form of growth. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 78:1995;609-615
18. Burt S.A., Reinders R.D. Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 36(3):2003;162-167
19. Canillac N., Mourey A. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Picea excelsa on Listeria, Staphylococcus aureus and coliform bacteria. Food Microbiology. 18:2001;261-268
20. Carson C.F., Riley T.V. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 16:1993;49-55
21. Carson C.F., Riley T.V. Antimicrobial activity of the major components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 78:1995;264-269
22. Carson C.F., Riley T.V. Safety, efficacy and provenance of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil. Contact Dermatitis. 45:2001;65-67
23. Carson C.F., Cookson B.D., Farrelly H.D., Riley T.V. Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 35:1995;421-424
24. Carson C.F., Hammer K.A., Riley T.V. Broth micro-dilution method for determining the susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Microbios. 82:1995;181-185
25. Carson C.F., Mee B.J., Riley T.V. Mechanism of action of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil on Staphylococcus aureus determined by time-kill, lysis, leakage and salt tolerance assays and electron microscopy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 46(6):2002;1914-1920
26. Chaibi A., Ababouch L.H., Belasri K., Boucetta S., Busta F.F. Inhibition of germination and vegetative growth of Bacillus cereus T and Clostridium botulinum 62A spores by essential oils. Food Microbiology. 14:1997;161-174
27. Charai M., Mosaddak M., Faid M. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of two aromatic plants: Origanum majorana L. and O. compactum Benth. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 8:1996;657-664
28. Cimanga K., Kambu K., Tona L., Apers S., De Bruyne T., Hermans N., Totté J., Pieters L., Vlietinck A.J. Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 79:2002;213-220
29. Commission Decision of 23 February 1999 adopting a register of flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs drawn up in application of Regulation (EC) No 2232/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council on 28 October 1996. 1999/217/EC: Official Journal L084, 27/03/1999, pp. 1-137.
30. Commission Decision of 23 January 2002 amending Commission Decision 1999/217/EC as regards the register of flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs. 2002/113/EC: Official Journal L49 20/02/2002, pp. 1-160.
31. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000 laying down the measures necessary for the adoption of an evaluation programme in application of Regulation (EC) No 2232/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council: Official Journal L180 19/07/2000, pp. 8-16.
32. Commission Regulation (EC) No. 622/2002 of 11 April 2002 establishing deadlines for the submission of information of chemically defined flavouring substances used in or on foodstuffs: Official Journal L95 12/04/2002, pp. 10-11.
33. Conner D.E., Beuchat L.R. Effects of essential oils from plants on growth of food spoilage yeasts. Journal of Food Science. 49:1984;429-434
34. Cosentino S., Tuberoso C.I.G., Pisano B., Satta M., Mascia V., Arzedi E., Palmas F. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 29:1999;130-135
35. Cox S.D., Mann C.M., Markham J.L., Bell H.C., Gustafson J.E., Warmington J.R., Wyllie S.G. The mode of antimicrobial action of essential oil of Melaleuca alternifola (tea tree oil). Journal of Applied Microbiology. 88:2000;170-175
36. Cremieux A., Guirard-Dauriac H., Dumenil G. Neutralisation des antiseptiques et désinfectants. Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique. 36(4):1981;223-226
37. Cressy H.K., Jerrett A.R., Osborne C.M., Bremer P.J. A novel method for the reduction of numbers of Listeria monocytogenes cells by freezing in combination with an essential oil in bacteriological media. Journal of Food Protection. 66(3):2003;390-395
38. Crosthwaite D. UK trade within the flavour and fragrance industry. International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma Trades - 21st International Conference on Essential Oils and Aroma's. 1998;6-12 IFEAT, London
39. Cutter C.N. Antimicrobial effect of herb extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium associated with beef. Journal of Food Protection. 63(5):2000;601-607
40. Daferera D.J., Ziogas B.N., Polissiou M.G. GC-MS analysis of essential oils from some Greek aromatic plants and their fungitoxicity on Penicillium digitatum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48:2000;2576-2581
41. Daferera D.J., Ziogas B.N., Polissiou M.G. The effectiveness of plant essential oils in the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sp. and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Crop Protection. 22:2003;39-44
42. Davidson P.M. Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial compounds. Doyle M.P., Beuchat L.R., Montville T.J. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers. 1997;520-556 ASM, Washington
43. Davidson P.M., Parish M.E. Methods for testing the efficacy of food antimicrobials. Food Technology. 43:1989;148-155
44. Deans S.G., Ritchie G. Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 5:1987;165-180
45. Deans S.G., Simpson E., Noble R.C., MacPherson A., Penzes L. Natural antioxidants from Thymus vulgaris (thyme) volatile oil: the beneficial effects upon mammalian lipid metabolism. Acta Horticulturae. 332:1993;177-182
46. Delaquis P.J., Stanich K., Girard B., Mazza G. Antimicrobial activity of individual and mixed fractions of dill, cilantro, coriander and eucalyptus essential oils. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 74:2002;101-109
47. Demetzos C., Perdetzoglou D.K. Composition and antimicrobial studies of the oils of Origanum calcaratum Juss. and O. scabrum Boiss. et Heldr. from Greece. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 13:2001;460-462
48. Denyer S.P., Hugo W.B. Biocide-induced damage to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Denyer S.P., Hugo W.B. Mechanisms of Action of Chemical Biocides. The Society for Applied Bacteriology, Technical Series No 27. 1991;171-188 Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford
49. Denyer S.P., Hugo W.B. Mechanisms of antibacterial action - A summary. Denyer S.P., Hugo W.B. Mechanisms of Action of Chemical Biocides. 1991;331-334 Blackwell, Oxford
50. Dorman H.J.D., Deans S.G. Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 88:2000;308-316
51. Elgayyar M., Draughon F.A., Golden D.A., Mount J.R. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms. Journal of Food Protection. 64(7):2001;1019-1024
52. Faleiro M.L., Miguel M.G., Ladeiro F., Venancio F., Tavares R., Brito J.C., Figueiredo A.C., Barroso J.G., Pedro L.G. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils isolated from Portuguese endemic species of Thymus. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 36:2002;35-40
53. Farag R.S., Daw Z.Y., Hewedi F.M., El-Baroty G.S.A. Antimicrobial activity of some Egyptian spice essential oils. Journal of Food Protection. 52(9):1989;665-667
54. Firouzi R., Azadbakht M., Nabinedjad A. Anti-listerial activity of essential oils of some plants. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 14:1998;75-80
55. Friedman M., Henika P.R., Mandrell R.E. Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. Journal of Food Protection. 65(10):2002;1545-1560
56. Friedman M., Kozuekue N., Harden L.A. Cinnamaldehyde content in foods determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48:2000;5702-5709
57. Gill A.O., Delaquis P., Russo P., Holley R.A. Evaluation of antilisterial action of cilantro oil on vacuum packed ham. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 73:2002;83-92
58. Gould G.W. Industry perspectives on the use of natural antimicrobials and inhibitors for food applications. Journal of Food Protection. 1996;82-86
59. Guenther E. The Essential Oils. 1948;D. Van Nostrand, New York
60. Gustafson J.E., Liew Y.C., Chew S., Markham J.L., Bell H.C., Wyllie S.G., Warmington J.R. Effects of tea tree oil on Escherichia coli. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 26:1998;194-198
61. Hammer K.A., Carson C.F., Riley T.V. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and other plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 86:1999;985-990
62. Hao Y.Y., Brackett R.E., Doyle M.P. Efficacy of plant extracts in inhibiting Aeromonas hydrophila and Listeria monocytogenes in refrigerated cooked poultry. Food Microbiology. 15:1998;367-378
63. Hao Y.Y., Brackett R.E., Doyle M.P. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Aeromonas hydrophila by plant extracts in refrigerated cooked beef. Journal of Food Protection. 61(3):1998;307-312
64. Harpaz S., Glatman L., Drabkin V., Gelman A. Effects of herbal essential oils used to extend the shelf life of freshwater-reared Asian sea bass fish (Lates calcarifer). Journal of Food Protection. 66(3):2003;410-417
65. Hartmans K.J., Diepenhorst P., Bakker W., Gorris L.G.M. The use of carvone in agriculture: sprout suppression of potatoes and antifungal activity against potato tuber and other plant diseases. Industrial Crops and Products. 4:1995;3-13
66. Helander I.M., Alakomi H.-L., Latva-Kala K., Mattila-Sandholm T., Pol I., Smid E.J., Gorris L.G.M., Von Wright A. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on Gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46:1998;3590-3595
67. Hodges N.A., Hanlon G.W. Detection and measurement of combined biocide action. Denyer S.P., Hugo W.B. Mechanisms of Action of Chemical Biocides. 1991;297-310 Blackwell, Oxford
68. Ilsley S., Miller H., Greathead H., Kamel C. Herbal sow diets boost pre-weaning growth. Pig Progress. 18(4):2002;8-10
69. Ismaiel A.A., Pierson M.D. Effect of sodium nitrite and origanum oil on growth and toxin production of Clostridium botulinum in TYG broth and ground pork. Journal of Food Protection. 53(11):1990;958-960
70. Janssen A.M. Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils - A Pharmacological Study. 1989;182 University of Leiden, Leiden
71. Janssen A.M., Scheffer J.J.C., Baerheim Svendsen A. Antimicrobial activity of essential oils: a 1976-1986 literature review. Aspects of the test methods. Planta Medica. 53:1987;396-398
72. Jayashree T., Subramanyam C. Antiaflatoxigenic activity of eugenol is due to inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 28:1999;179-183
73. Jerkovic I., Mastelic J., Milos M. The impact of both the season of collection and drying on the volatile constituents of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum grown wild in Croatia. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 36:2001;649-654
74. Juglal S., Govinden R., Odhav B. Spice oils for the control of co-occurring mycotoxin-producing fungi. Journal of Food Protection. 65(4):2002;683-687
75. Juliano C., Mattana A., Usai M. Composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Thymus herba-barona Loisel growing wild in Sardinia. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 12:2000;516-522
76. Juven B.J., Kanner J., Schved F., Weisslowicz H. Factors that interact with the antibacterial action of thyme essential oil and its active constituents. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 76:1994;626-631
77. Karapinar M., Aktug S.E. Inhibition of foodborne pathogens by thymol, eugenol, menthol and anethole. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 4:1987;161-166
78. Karatzas A.K., Bennik M.H.J., Smid E.J., Kets E.P.W. Combined action of S-carvone and mild heat treatment on Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 89:2000;296-301
79. Karatzas A.K., Kets E.P.W., Smid E.J., Bennik M.H.J. The combined action of carvacrol and high hydrostatic pressure on Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 90:2001;463-469
80. Karpouhtsis I., Pardali E., Feggou E., Kokkini S., Scouras Z.G., Mavragani-Tsipidou P. Insecticidal and genotoxic activities of oregano essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46:1998;1111-1115
81. Kim J., Marshall M.R., Wei C.-I. Antibacterial activity of some essential oil components against five foodborne pathogens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43:1995;2839-2845
82. Kim J.M., Marshall M.R., Cornell J.A., Preston J.F., Wei C.I. Antibacterial activity of carvacrol, citral, and geraniol against Salmonella typhimurium on culture medium and on fish cubes. Journal of Food Science. 60(6):1995;1364-1374
83. Knobloch K., Weigand H., Weis N., Schwarm H.-M., Vigenschow H. Action of terpenoids on energy metabolism. Brunke E.J. Progress in Essential Oil Research: 16th International Symposium on Essential Oils. 1986;429-445 De Gruyter, Berlin
84. Knobloch K., Pauli A., Iberl B., Weigand H., Weis N. Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oil components. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1:1989;119-128
85. Koedam A. Antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit ätherischer Öle: Eine Literaturarbeit 1960-1976 - Fortsetzung und Schluss. Riechstoffe, Aromen, Kosmetica. 27(2):1977;36-41
86. Koedam A. Antimikrobielle Wirksamkeit ätherischer Öle: Eine Literaturarbeit 1960-1976 - Teil I. Riechstoffe, Aromen, Kosmetica. 27(1):1977;8-11
87. Koidis P., Iossifidou E., Abrahim A., Ambrosiadis I. The effectiveness of different spices as inhibitors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in nutrient broth stored at 4°C or 12°C. Archiv für Lebensmittelhygiene. 51(6):2000;129-152
88. Kokkini S., Karousou R., Dardioti A., Krigas N., Lanaras T. Autumn essential oils of Greek oregano. Phytochemistry. 44(5):1997;883-886
89. Konstantopoulou I., Vassilopoulou L., Mavragani-Tsipidou P., Scouras Z.G. Insecticidal effects of essential oils. A study of the effects of essential oils extracted from eleven Greek aromatic plants on Drosophila auraria. Experientia. 48(6):1992;616-619
90. Koutsoumanis K., Lambropoulou K., Nychas G.-J.E. A predictive model for the non-thermal inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis in a food model system supplemented with a natural antimicrobial. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 49:1999;63-74
91. Lambert R.J.W., Pearson J. Susceptibility testing: accurate and reproducible minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and non-inhibitory concentration (NIC) values. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 88:2000;784-790
92. Lambert R.J.W., Skandamis P.N., Coote P., Nychas G.-J.E. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91:2001;453-462
93. Lancaster, M.V., Fields, R.D., 1996. Antibiotic and cytotoxic drug susceptibility assays using resazurin and poising agents. US Patent and Trademark Office Patent nr. 5,501,959, U.S.A., Alamar Biosciences Laboratory, Inc. (Chicago, IL)
94. Lattaoui N., Tantaoui-Elaraki A. Individual and combined antibacterial activity of the main components of three thyme essential oils. Rivista Italiana EPPOS. 13:1994;13-19
95. Lawrence B.M. The botanical and chemical aspects of oregano. Perfumer & Flavorist. 9:1984;41-51
96. Leistner L. Hurdle effect and energy saving. Downey W.K. Food Quality and Nutrition. 1978;553 Applied Science Publ. London
97. Lemay M.-J., Choquette J., Delaquis P.J., Gariépy C., Rodrigue N., Saucier L. Antimicrobial effect of natural preservatives in a cooked and acidified chicken meat model. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 78:2002;217-226
98. Lens-Lisbonne C., Cremieux A., Maillard C., Balansard G. Methodes d'evaluation de l'activité antibacterienne des huiles essentielles: application aux essences de thym et de cannelle. Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique. 42(5):1987;297-302
99. Lis-Balchin M., Hart S., Deans S.G., Eaglesham E. Comparison of the pharmacological and antimicrobial action of commercial plant essential oils. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants. 4(2):1996;69-86
100. Lis-Balchin M., Ochoka R.J., Deans S.G., Asztemborska M., Hart S. Differences in bioactivity between the enantiomers of a-pinene. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 11:1999;393-397
101. Lou Y., Yousef A.E. Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes to heat after adaptation to environmental stresses. Journal of Food Protection. 59(5):1996;465-471
102. Madeira S.V.F., Matos F.J.A., Leal-Cardoso J.H., Criddle D.N. Relaxant effects of the essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum on isolated ileum of the guinea pig. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 81:2002;1-4
103. Mahmoud S.S., Croteau R.B. Strategies for transgenic manipulation of monoterpene biosynthesis in plants. Trends in Plant Science. 7(8):2002;366-373
104. Manabe A., Nakayama S., Sakamoto K. Effects of essential oils on erythrocytes and hepatocytes from rats and dipalitoyl phophatidylcholine- liposomes. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology. 44:1987;77-84
105. Mann C.M., Markham J.L. A new method for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of essential oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 84:1998;538-544
106. Mari M., Bertolini P., Pratella G.C. Non-conventional methods for the control of post-harvest pear diseases. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 94:2003;761-766
107. Marino M., Bersani C., Comi G. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. measured using a bioimpedometric method. Journal of Food Protection. 62(9):1999;1017-1023
108. Marino M., Bersani C., Comi G. Impedance measurements to study the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Lamiacea and Compositae. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 67:2001;187-195
109. Marotti M., Piccaglia R., Giovanelli E. Effects of planting time and mineral fertilization on peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) essential oil composition and its biological activity. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 9:1994;125-129
110. McCaskill D., Croteau R. Strategies for bioengineering the development and metabolism of glandular tissues in plants. Nature Biotechnology. 17:1999;31-36
111. McGimpsey J.A., Douglas M.H., Van Klink J.L., Beauregard D.A., Perry N.B. Seasonal variation in essential oil yield and composition from naturalized Thymus vulgaris L. in New Zealand. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 9:1994;347-352
112. Mejlholm O., Dalgaard P. Antimicrobial effect of essential oils on the seafood spoilage micro-organism Photobacterium phosphoreum in liquid media and fish products. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 34:2002;27-31
113. Mendoza-Yepes M.J., Sanchez-Hidalgo L.E., Maertens G., Marin-Iniesta F. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and other bacteria by a plant essential oil (DMC) en Spanish soft cheese. Journal of Food Safety. 17:1997;47-55
114. Moleyar V., Narasimham P. Antibacterial activity of essential oil components. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 16:1992;337-342
115. Mourey A., Canillac N. Anti-Listeria monocytogenes activity of essential oils components of conifers. Food Control. 13:2002;289-292
116. 2 extraction and other new technologies: an update on commercial adoption. International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma Trades - 21st International Conference on Essential Oils and Aroma's. 1998;33-39 IFEAT, London
117. NCCLS, 2000. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard - Fifth edition. NCCLS document M7-A5. [ISBN 1-56238-394-9] NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, PA 19087-1898. USA.
118. Negi P.S., Jayaprakasha G.K., Jagan Rao Mohan L., Sakariah K.K. Antibacterial activity of turmeric oil: a byproduct from curcumin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47:1999;4297-4300
119. Nychas G.J.E. Natural antimicrobials from plants. Gould G.W. New Methods of Food Preservation. 1995;58-89 Blackie Academic and Professional, London
120. Onawunmi G.O. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of citral. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 9:1989;105-108
121. Oosterhaven K., Poolman B., Smid E.J. S-carvone as a natural potato sprout inhibiting, fungistatic and bacteristatic compound. Industrial Crops and Products. 4:1995;23-31
122. Ouattara B., Simard R.E., Holley R.A., Piette G.J.-P., Bégin A. Antibacterial activity of selected fatty acids and essential oils against six meat spoilage organisms. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 37:1997;155-162
123. Ouattara B., Sabato S.F., Lacroix M. Combined effect of antimicrobial coating and gamma irradiation on shelf life extension of pre-cooked shrimp (Penaeus spp.). International Journal of Food Microbiology. 68:2001;1-9
124. Packiyasothy E.V., Kyle S. Antimicrobial properties of some herb essential oils. Food Australia. 54(9):2002;384-387
125. Pandey R., Kalra A., Tandon S., Mehrotra N., Singh H.N., Kumar S. Essential oil compounds as potent source of nematicidal compounds. Journal of Phytopathology. 148(7-8):2000;501-502
126. Pandit V.A., Shelef L.A. Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Food Microbiology. 11:1994;57-63
127. Paster N., Juven B.J., Shaaya E., Menasherov M., Nitzan R., Weisslowicz H., Ravid U. Inhibitory effect of oregano and thyme essential oils on moulds and foodborne bacteria. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 11:1990;33-37
128. Paster N., Menasherov M., Ravid U., Juven B. Antifungal activity of oregano and thyme essential oils applied as fumigants against fungi attacking stored grain. Journal of Food Protection. 58(1):1995;81-85
129. Periago P.M., Moezelaar R. Combined effect of nisin and carvacrol at different pH and temperature levels on the variability of different strains of Bacillus cereus. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 68:2001;141-148
130. Periago P.M., Palop A., Fernandez P.S. Combined effect of nisin, carvacrol and thymol on the viability of Bacillus cereus heat-treated vegetative cells. Food Science and Technology International. 7(6):2001;487-492
131. Pessoa L.M., Morais S.M., Bevilaqua C.M.L., Luciano J.H.S. Anthelmintic activity of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum Linn. and eugenol against Haemonchus contortus. Veterinary Parasitology. 109(1-2):2002;59-63
132. Pintore G., Usai M., Bradesi P., Juliano C., Boatto G., Tomi F., Chessa M., Cerri R., Casanova J. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. oils from Sardinia and Corsica. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 17:2002;15-19
133. Pol I.E., Smid E.J. Combined action of nisin and carvacrol on Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 29:1999;166-170
134. Pol I.E., Krommer J., Smid E.J. Bioenergetic consequences of nisin combined with carvacrol towards Bacillus cereus. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies. 3:2002;55-61
135. Pol I.E., Mastwijk H.C., Slump R.A., Popa M.E., Smid E.J. Influence of food matrix on inactivation of Bacillus cereus by combinations of nisin, pulsed electric field treatment and carvacrol. Journal of Food Protection. 64(7):2001;1012-1018
136. Prudent D., Perineau F., Bessiere J.M., Michel G.M., Baccou J.C. Analysis of the essential oil of wild oregano from Martinique (Coleus aromaticus Benth.) - evaluation of its bacterioatatic and fungistatic properties. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 7:1995;165-173
137. Ratledge C., Wilkinson S.G. An overview of microbial lipids. Ratledge C., Wilkinson S.G. Microbial Lipids. vol. 1:1988;3-22 Academic Press, London
138. Rees C.E.D., Dodd C.E.R., Gibson P.T., Booth I.R., Stewart G.S.A.B. The significance of bacteria in stationary phase to food microbiology. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 28:1995;263-275
139. Regulation (EC) No 2232/96 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 October 1996 laying down a Community procedure for flavouring substances used or intended for use in or on foodstuffs: Official Journal L299 23/11/1996, pp. 1-4.
140. Remmal A., Bouchikhi T., Rhayour K., Ettayebi M. Improved method for the determination of antimicrobial activity of essential oils in agar medium. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 5(2):1993;179-184
141. Remmal A., Bouchikhi T., Tantaoui-Elaraki A., Ettayebi M. Inhibition of antibacterial activity of essential oils bij Tween 80 and ethanol in liquid medium. Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique. 48(5):1993;352-356
142. Renzini G., Scazzocchio F., Lu M., Mazzanti G., Salvatore G. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of Hyssopus officinalis L. oils. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 11:1999;649-654
143. Rios J.L., Recio M.C., Villar A. Screening methods for natural antimicrobial products with antimicrobial activity: a review of the literature. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 23:1988;127-149
144. Roller S., Seedhar P. Carvacrol and cinnamic acid inhibit microbial growth in fresh-cut melon and kiwifruit at 4°C and 8°C. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 35:2002;390-394
145. Ruberto G., Baratta M.T., Deans S.G., Dorman H.J.D. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Crithmum maritimum essential oils. Planta Medica. 66:2000;687-693
146. Russo M., Galletti G.C., Bocchini P., Carnacini A. Essential oil chemical composition of wild populations of Italian oregano spice (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart): A preliminary evaluation of their use in chemotaxonomy by cluster analysis: 1. Inflorescences. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 46:1998;3741-3746
147. Salvat A., Antonnacci L., Fortunato R.H., Suarez E.Y., Godoy H.M. Screening of some plants from Northern Argentina for their antimicrobial activity. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 32:2001;293-297
148. Salzer U.-J. The analysis of essential oils and extracts (oleoresins) from seasonings - a critical review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 9(4):1977;345-373
149. Scheffer J.J.C., Baerheim Svendsen A. Zur Analytik ätherische Öle: Zehn Jahre Ätherische-Öle-Forschung 1969 bis 1979. Riechstoffe, Aromen, Kosmetica. 31(2):1981;39-41
150. Senatore F. Influence of harvesting time on yield and composition of the essential oil of a thyme (Thymus pulegioides L.) growing wild in Campania (Southern Italy). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 44:1996;1327-1332
151. Senatore F., Napolitano F., Ozcan M. Composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Crithmum maritimum L. (Apiaceae) growing wild in Turkey. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 15:2000;186-189
152. Shelef L.A. Antimicrobial effects of spices. Journal of Food Safety. 6:1983;29-44
153. Shelef L.A., Jyothi E.K., Bulgarelli M.A. Growth of enteropathogenic and spoilage bacteria in sage-containing broth and foods. Journal of Food Science. 49(737-740):1984;809
154. Sikkema J., De Bont J.A.M., Poolman B. Interactions of cyclic hydrocarbons with biological membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269(11):1994;8022-8028
155. Sikkema J., De Bont J.A.M., Poolman B. Mechanisms of membrane toxicity of hydrocarbons. Microbiological Reviews. 59(2):1995;201-222
156. Singh N., Singh R.K., Bhunia A.K., Stroshine R.L. Efficacy of chlorine dioxide, ozone and thyme essential oil or a sequential washing in killing Escherichia coli O157:H7 on lettuce and baby carrots. Lebensmittelwissenchaften und Technologien. 35:2002;720-729
157. Sivropoulou A., Kokkini S., Lanaras T., Arsenakis M. Antimicrobial activity of mint essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43:1995;2384-2388
158. Sivropoulou A., Papanikolaou E., Nikolaou C., Kokkini S. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of Origanum essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 44:1996;1202-1205
159. Skandamis P.N., Nychas G.-J.E. Development and evaluation of a model predicting the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 NCTC 12900 in homemade eggplant salad at various temperatures, pHs and oregano essential oil concentrations. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66(4):2000;1646-1653
160. Skandamis P.N., Nychas G.-J.E. Effect of oregano essential oil on microbiological and physico-chemical attributes of minced meat stored in air and modified atmospheres. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91:2001;1011-1022
161. Skandamis P., Tsigarida E., Nychas G.-J.E. Ecophysiological attributes of Salmonella typhimurium in liquid culture and within a gelatin gel with or without the addition of oregano essential oil. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 16:2000;31-35
162. Skandamis P., Koutsoumanis K., Fasseas K., Nychas G.-J.E. Inhibition of oregano essential oil and EDTA on Escherichia coli O157:H7. Italian Journal of Food Science. 13(1):2001;65-75
163. Smid E.J., Gorris L.G.M. Natural antimicrobials for food preservation. Rahman M.S. Handbook of Food Preservation. 1999;285-308 Marcel Dekker, New York
164. Smith-Palmer A., Stewart J., Fyfe L. Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens. Letters in Food Microbiology. 26:1998;118-122
165. Smith-Palmer A., Stewart J., Fyfe L. The potential application of plant essential oils as natural food preservatives in soft cheese. Food Microbiology. 18:2001;463-470
166. Stammati A., Bonsi P., Zucco F., Moezelaar R., Alakomi H.-l., Von Wright A. Toxicity of selected plant volatiles in microbial and mammalian short-term assays. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 37:1999;813-823
167. Stecchini M.L., Sarais I., Giavedoni P. Effect of essential oils on Aeromonas hydrophila in a culture medium and in cooked pork. Journal of Food Protection. 56(5):1993;406-409
168. Tassou C., Drosinos E.H., Nychas G.-J.E. Effects of essential oil from mint (Mentha piperita) on Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes in model food systems at 4°C and 10°C. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 78:1995;593-600
169. Tassou C., Drosinos E.H., Nychas G.-J.E. Inhibition of resident microbial flora and pathogen inocula on cold fresh fish fillets in olive oil, oregano, and lemon juice under modified atmosphere or air. Journal of Food Protection. 59(1):1996;31-34
170. Tassou C., Koutsoumanis K., Nychas G.-J.E. Inhibition of Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus in nutrient broth by mint essential oil. Food Research International. 33:2000;273-280
171. Thoroski J., Blank G., Biliaderis C. Eugenol induced inhibition of extracellular enzyme production by Bacillus cereus. Journal of Food Protection. 52(6):1989;399-403
172. Ting W.T.E., Deibel K.E. Sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes to spices at two temperatures. Journal of Food Safety. 12:1991;129-137
173. Tsigarida E., Skandamis P., Nychas G.-J.E. Behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes and autochthonous flora on meat stored under aerobic, vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging conditions with or without the presence of oregano essential oil at 5°C. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 89:2000;901-909
174. Tuley de Silva K. A Manual on the Essential Oil Industry. 1996;United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna
175. Ultee A. Bactericidal action of carvacrol towards the food pathogen Bacillus cereus. A Case Study of a Novel Approach to Mild Food Preservation. 2000;Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 97 pp.
176. Ultee A., Smid E.J. Influence of carvacrol on growth and toxin production by Bacillus cereus. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 64:2001;373-378
177. Ultee A., Gorris L.G., Smit E.J. Bactericidal activity of carvacrol towards the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 85:1998;211-218
178. Ultee A., Kets E.P.W., Smid E.J. Mechanisms of action of carvacrol on the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65(10):1999;4606-4610
179. Ultee A., Kets E.P.W., Alberda M., Hoekstra F.A., Smid E.J. Adaptation of the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus to carvacrol. Archives of Microbiology. 174(4):2000;233-238
180. Ultee A., Slump R.A., Steging G., Smid E.J. Antimicrobial activity of carvacrol toward Bacillus cereus on rice. Journal of Food Protection. 63(5):2000;620-624
181. Ultee A., Bennink M.H.J., Moezelaar R. The phenolic hydroxyl group of carvacrol is essential for action against the food-borne pathogen Bacillus cereus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68(4):2002;1561-1568. PhD thesis, ISBN 90-5808-219-9
182. Vaara M. Agents that increase the permeability of the outer membrane. Microbiological Reviews. 56(3):1992;395-411
183. Van de Braak S.A.A.J., Leijten G.C.J.J. Essential Oils and Oleoresins: A Survey in the Netherlands and other Major Markets in the European Union. 1999;116 CBI, Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries, Rotterdam
184. Van Krimpen, M.M., Binnendijk, G.P., 2001. Ropadiar® as alternative for antimicrobial growth promoter in diets of weanling pigs. Lelystad, Praktijkonderzoek Veehouderij, May 2001. ISSN 0169-3689, p. 14.
185. Van Welie R.T.H. Alle cosmetica ingrediënten en hun functies. 1997;126 Nederlandse Cosmetica Vereniging, Nieuwegein
186. Vrinda Menon K., Garg S.R. Inhibitory effect of clove oil on Listeria monocytogenes in meat and cheese. Food Microbiology. 18:2001;647-650
187. Wan J., Wilcock A., Coventry M.J. The effect of essential oils of basil on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 84:1998;152-158
188. Weissinger W.R., McWatters K.H., Beuchat L.R. Evaluation of volatile chemical treatments for lethality to Salmonella on alfalfa seeds and sprouts. Journal of Food Protection. 64(4):2001;442-450
189. Wendakoon C.N., Sakaguchi M. Combined effect of sodium chloride and clove on growth and biogenic amine formation of Enterobacter aerogenes in mackerel muscle extract. Journal of Food Protection. 56(5):1993;410-413
190. Wendakoon C.N., Sakaguchi M. Inhibition of amino acid decarboxylase activity of Enterobacter aerogenes by active components in spices. Journal of Food Protection. 58(3):1995;280-283
191. WHO, 2002. Food safety and foodborne illness. World Health Organization Fact sheet 237, revised January 2002. Geneva.
192. WHO, 2002. World health report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva, World Health Organization, 30 October 2002. ISBN 92 4 156207 2 ISSN 1020-3311, p. 248.
193. Wilkins C., Madsen J.O. Oregano headspace constituents. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung. 192:1991;214-219
194. Wilkinson J.M., Hipwell M., Ryan T., Cavanagh H.M.A. Bioactivity of Backhousia citriodora: Antibacterial and antifungal activity. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51:2003;76-81
195. Wimpenny J.W.T., Lewis M.W.A. The growth and respiration of bacterial colonies. Journal of General Microbiology. 103:1977;9-18