Genetics of developmental dyslexia

European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 179-197

  Scerri, Thomas S ^a   Schulte Körne, Gerd ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Developmental dyslexia; Genetics; Reading; Spelling

Indexed keywords

BINDING PROTEIN; DOPAMINE 1 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 2 RECEPTOR; DOPAMINE 5 RECEPTOR; DYSLEXIA SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 CANDIDATE 1PROTEIN; DYSLEXIA SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 PROTEIN; DYSLEXIA SUSCEPTIBILITY 2 PROTEIN; DYSLEXIA SUSCEPTIBILITY 3 PROTEIN; DYSLEXIA SUSCEPTIBILITY 4 PROTEIN; DYSLEXIA SUSCEPTIBILITY 5 PROTEIN; DYSLEXIA SUSCEPTIBILITY 7 PROTEIN; DYSLEXIA SUSCEPTIBILITY 8 PROTEIN; PROTEIN DCDC2; PROTEIN KIAA0319; PROTEIN SLC6A3; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CELL MIGRATION; CHROMOSOME 1; CHROMOSOME 11; CHROMOSOME 15; CHROMOSOME 2; CHROMOSOME 3; CHROMOSOME 6; CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DYSLEXIA; ECTOPIC TISSUE; GENE CLUSTER; GENE FUNCTION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEURONAL MIGRATION DISORDER; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; WORD RECOGNITION;

ADOLESCENT; AGE FACTORS; CHILD; CHROMOSOME MAPPING; COMORBIDITY; DISEASES IN TWINS; DYSLEXIA; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENETIC VARIATION; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; PHENOTYPE; READING;

EID: 77950861146     PISSN: 10188827     EISSN: 1435165X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-009-0081-0     Document Type: Review

References (213)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994) American Psychiatric Association: Task force on DSM-IV. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV, 4th edn. American Pyschiatric Association, Washington, DC
2. H Anthoni M Zucchelli H Matsson, et al. 2007 A locus on 2p12 containing the co-regulated MRPL19 and C2ORF3 genes is associated to dyslexia Hum Mol Genet 16 6 667 677 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXktlWjsro%3D 17309879 (Pubitemid 46585666)
3. GJ August BD Garfinkel 1990 Comorbidity of ADHD and reading disability among clinic-referred children J Abnorm Child Psychol 18 1 29 45 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3hslejsw%3D%3D 2324400 (Pubitemid 20165212)
4. H Bakwin 1973 Reading disability in twins Dev Med Child Neurol 15 2 184 187 1:STN:280:DyaE3s7lslagsg%3D%3D 4697752
5. TC Bates M Luciano A Castles, et al. 2007 Replication of reported linkages for dyslexia and spelling and suggestive evidence for novel regions on chromosomes 4 and 17 Eur J Hum Genet 15 2 194 203 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXmt1Okuw%3D%3D 17119535 (Pubitemid 46111858)
6. Bates TC, Luciano M, Lind PA et al (2007) Genetic influences on dyslexia: support for DYX1C1 and DCDC2. World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, New York City
7. G Bellini C Bravaccio F Calamoneri, et al. 2005 No evidence for association between dyslexia and DYX1C1 functional variants in a group of children and adolescents from Southern Italy J Mol Neurosci 27 3 311 314 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1CgtbnI 16280601 (Pubitemid 41572678)
8. AA Benasich P Tallal 2002 Infant discrimination of rapid auditory cues predicts later language impairment Behav Brain Res 136 1 31 49 12385788 (Pubitemid 35251841)
9. CM Bird N Burgess 2008 The hippocampus and memory: insights from spatial processing Nat Rev Neurosci 9 3 182 194 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitFKntbc%3D 18270514 (Pubitemid 351272664)
10. ML Bisgaard H Eiberg N Moller, et al. 1987 Dyslexia and chromosome 15 heteromorphism: negative lod score in a Danish material Clin Genet 32 2 118 119 1:STN:280:DyaL1c%2Fgt12hsg%3D%3D 3652490 (Pubitemid 17122979)
11. DV Bishop 2001 Genetic influences on language impairment and literacy problems in children: same or different? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42 2 189 198 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7ovVOhuw%3D%3D 11280415
12. DV Bishop 2002 Motor immaturity and specific speech and language impairment: evidence for a common genetic basis Am J Med Genet 114 1 56 63 11840507
13. DV Bishop C Adams 1990 A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders and reading retardation J Child Psychol Psychiatry 31 7 1027 1050 1:STN:280:DyaK3M7kslGisA%3D%3D 2289942
14. DVM Bishop 2005 DeFries-Fulker analysis of twin data with skewed distributions: cautions and recommendations from a study of children's use of verb inflections Behav Genet 35 4 479 490 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2MzitVyqug%3D%3D 15971028
15. DVM Bishop CV Adams CF Norbury 2006 Distinct genetic influences on grammar and phonological short-term memory deficits: evidence from 6-year-old twins Genes Brain Behav 5 2 158 169 1:STN:280:DC%2BD287itVOqtw%3D%3D 16507007
16. B Boets B De Smedt J Wouters, et al. 2007 No relation between 2D: 4D fetal testosterone marker and dyslexia Neuroreport 18 14 1487 1491 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpt1Gqu7o%3D 17712280 (Pubitemid 47295951)
17. Brady SA, Shankweiler DP (1991) Phonological processes in literacy. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale
18. Z Brkanac NH Chapman MM Matsushita, et al. 2007 Evaluation of candidate genes for DYX1 and DYX2 in families with dyslexia Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144 4 556 560 (Pubitemid 46983168)
19. WE Brown S Eliez V Menon, et al. 2001 Preliminary evidence of widespread morphological variations of the brain in dyslexia Neurology 56 6 781 783 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3mtVCnsA%3D%3D 11274316 (Pubitemid 32240101)
20. F Brozzi C Arcuri I Giambanco, et al. 2009 S100B protein regulates astrocyte shape and migration via interaction with Src kinase: implications for astrocyte development, activation, and tumor growth J Biol Chem 284 13 8797 8811 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXjsVSitLc%3D 19147496
21. N Brunswick E McCrory CJ Price, et al. 1999 Explicit and implicit processing of words and pseudowords by adult developmental dyslexics: a search for Wernicke's Wortschatz? Brain 122 Pt 10 1901 1917 10506092 (Pubitemid 29473862)
22. N Burgess EA Maguire J O'Keefe 2002 The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory Neuron 35 4 625 641 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmslSlsLc%3D 12194864 (Pubitemid 35223024)
23. TF Campbell CA Dollaghan HE Rockette, et al. 2003 Risk factors for speech delay of unknown origin in 3-year-old children Child Dev 74 2 346 357 12705559
24. ID Capel MH Pinnock HM Dorrell, et al. 1981 Comparison of concentrations of some trace, bulk, and toxic metals in the hair of normal and dyslexic children Clin Chem 27 6 879 881 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXkt1amtrk%3D 7237768
25. LR Cardon SD Smith DW Fulker, et al. 1994 Quantitative trait locus for reading disability on chromosome 6 Science 266 5183 276 279 1:CAS:528: DyaK2cXmslemurw%3D 7939663 (Pubitemid 24343512)
26. LR Cardon SD Smith DW Fulker, et al. 1995 Quantitative trait locus for reading disability: correction Science 268 5217 1553 1:CAS:528: DyaK2MXmtlart7w%3D 7777847
27. A Castles H Datta J Gayan, et al. 1999 Varieties of developmental reading disorder: genetic and environmental influences J Exp Child Psychol 72 2 73 94 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7ivVWqug%3D%3D 9927524
28. DW Chan CSH Ho SM Tsang, et al. 2007 Prevalence, gender ratio and gender differences in reading-related cognitive abilities among Chinese children with dyslexia in Hong Kong Educ Stud 33 2 249 265
29. NH Chapman RP Igo JB Thomson, et al. 2004 Linkage analyses of four regions previously implicated in dyslexia: confirmation of a locus on chromosome 15q Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 131B 1 67 75 15389770
30. MM Chiu C McBride-Chang 2006 Gender, context, and reading: a comparison of students in 43 countries Sci Stud Read 10 4 331 362 (Pubitemid 44563700)
31. N Cope D Harold G Hill, et al. 2005 Strong evidence that KIAA0319 on chromosome 6p is a susceptibility gene for developmental dyslexia Am J Hum Genet 76 4 581 591 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXisleisL4%3D 15717286 (Pubitemid 40432166)
32. NA Cope G Hill M van den Bree, et al. 2005 No support for association between dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate 1 and developmental dyslexia Mol Psychiatry 10 3 237 238 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhs12qt7k%3D 15477871 (Pubitemid 40432677)
33. DP Corina TL Richards S Serafini, et al. 2001 fMRI auditory language differences between dyslexic and able reading children Neuroreport 12 6 1195 1201 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MrgsFSlsg%3D%3D 11338191 (Pubitemid 32374743)
34. JM Couto L Gomez K Wigg, et al. 2008 The KIAA0319-like (KIAA0319L) gene on chromosome 1p34 as a candidate for reading disabilities J Neurogenet 22 4 295 313 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsV2it77O 19085271
35. Couto JM, Gomez L, Wigg K et al (2009) Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with a candidate region for reading disabilities on chromosome 6p. Biol Psychiatry 66(4):368-375
36. E Cyhlarova JG Bell JR Dick, et al. 2007 Membrane fatty acids, reading and spelling in dyslexic and non-dyslexic adults Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 17 2 116 121 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1eqsL3L 16997534 (Pubitemid 44779188)
37. Dahdouh F, Anthoni H, Tapia-Paez I et al (2009) Further evidence for DYX1C1 as a susceptibility factor for dyslexia. Psychiatr Genet 19(2):59-63
38. CJ Davis J Gayan VS Knopik, et al. 2001 Etiology of reading difficulties and rapid naming: the Colorado Twin Study of Reading Disability Behav Genet 31 6 625 635 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387gslOksA%3D%3D 11838539 (Pubitemid 34112057)
39. CG de Kovel FA Hol JG Heister, et al. 2004 Genomewide scan identifies susceptibility locus for dyslexia on Xq27 in an extended Dutch family J Med Genet 41 9 652 657 15342694
40. KE Deffenbacher JB Kenyon DM Hoover, et al. 2004 Refinement of the 6p21.3 quantitative trait locus influencing dyslexia: linkage and association analyses Hum Genet 115 2 128 138 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltVSms7w%3D 15138886
41. JC DeFries M Alarcón 1996 Genetics of specific reading disability Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2 39 47
42. JC DeFries DW Fulker MC LaBuda 1987 Evidence for a genetic aetiology in reading disability of twins Nature 329 6139 537 539 1:STN:280: DyaL1c%2FhsVajtA%3D%3D 3657975
43. JF Demonet MJ Taylor Y Chaix 2004 Developmental dyslexia Lancet 363 9419 1451 1460 15121410 (Pubitemid 38586723)
44. MY Dennis S Paracchini TS Scerri, et al. 2009 A common variant associated with dyslexia reduces expression of the KIAA0319 gene PLoS Genet 5 3 e1000436 19325871
45. MA Eckert CM Leonard TL Richards, et al. 2003 Anatomical correlates of dyslexia: frontal and cerebellar findings Brain 126 Pt 2 482 494 12538414
46. T Fagerheim P Raeymaekers FE Toenessen, et al. 2000 A genome wide search for dyslexia loci in a large Norwegian family Am J Hum Genet 67 4 310
47. T Fagerheim P Raeymaekers FE Tonnessen, et al. 1999 A new gene (DYX3) for dyslexia is located on chromosome 2 J Med Genet 36 9 664 669 1:STN:280:DyaK1MvjsFGkug%3D%3D 10507721 (Pubitemid 29433723)
48. T Fagerheim FE Toennessen HA Lubs 2002 Refinement of the dyslexia 3 locus (DYX3) on chromosome 2p15-p16 and mutation screening of candidate genes Am J Hum Genet 71 4 461
49. AF Farrag AA el-Behary MR Kandil 1988 Prevalence of specific reading disability in Egypt Lancet 2 8615 837 839 1:STN:280:DyaL1M%2FhtlCisQ%3D%3D 2902276
50. AJ Fawcett RI Nicolson P Dean 1996 Impaired performance of children with dyslexia on a range of cerebellar tasks Ann Dyslexia 46 259 283 (Pubitemid 127050599)
51. LL Field BJ Kaplan 1998 Absence of linkage of phonological coding dyslexia to chromosome 6p23-p21.3 in a large family data set Am J Hum Genet 63 5 1448 1456 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FhtFaltA%3D%3D 9792873
52. Finucci JM, Childs B (1981) Are there really more dyslexic boys than girls? In: Asara A, Geschwind N, Galaburda A et al (eds) Sex differences in dyslexia. Orton Dyslexia Society, Towson, pp 1-9
53. SE Fisher JC DeFries 2002 Developmental dyslexia: genetic dissection of a complex cognitive trait Nat Rev Neurosci 3 10 767 780 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XnsVGqtbc%3D 12360321
54. SE Fisher C Francks AJ Marlow, et al. 2002 Independent genome-wide scans identify a chromosome 18 quantitative-trait locus influencing dyslexia Nat Genet 30 1 86 91 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XivVCqsQ%3D%3D 11743577
55. SE Fisher AJ Marlow J Lamb, et al. 1999 A quantitative-trait locus on chromosome 6p influences different aspects of developmental dyslexia Am J Hum Genet 64 1 146 156 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXht1elsrY%3D 9915953 (Pubitemid 30428967)
56. KA Flannery J Liederman L Daly, et al. 2000 Male prevalence for reading disability is found in a large sample of black and white children free from ascertainment bias J Int Neuropsychol Soc 6 4 433 442 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3czptlWktw%3D%3D 10902412 (Pubitemid 30394396)
57. C Francks SE Fisher RK Olson, et al. 2002 Fine mapping of the chromosome 2p12-16 dyslexia susceptibility locus: quantitative association analysis and positional candidate genes SEMA4F and OTX1 Psychiatr Genet 12 1 35 41 11901358 (Pubitemid 34274492)
58. C Francks IL MacPhie AP Monaco 2002 The genetic basis of dyslexia Lancet Neurol 1 8 483 490 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXkvFKrsbs%3D 12849333 (Pubitemid 37159139)
59. Francks C, Paracchini S, Smith SD et al (2004) A 77-kilobase region of chromosome 6p22.2 is associated with dyslexia in families from the United Kingdom and from the United States. Am J Hum Genet 75(6):1046-1058
60. DW Fulker L Cardon JC DeFries, et al. 1991 Multiple regression analysis of sib-pair data on reading to detect quantitative trait loci Read Writ 3 299 313
61. AM Galaburda TL Kemper 1979 Cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: a case study Ann Neurol 6 2 94 100 1:STN:280: DyaL3c%2FktFWrtw%3D%3D 496415
62. AM Galaburda MT Menard GD Rosen 1994 Evidence for aberrant auditory anatomy in developmental dyslexia Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 17 8010 8013 1:STN:280:DyaK2czjs1Kktw%3D%3D 8058748
63. AM Galaburda GF Sherman GD Rosen, et al. 1985 Developmental dyslexia: four consecutive patients with cortical anomalies Ann Neurol 18 2 222 233 1:STN:280:DyaL2MzgsFGqtA%3D%3D 4037763
64. J Gayan RK Olson 2001 Genetic and environmental influences on orthographic and phonological skills in children with reading disabilities Dev Neuropsychol 20 2 483 507 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387mtFGmuw%3D%3D 11892949 (Pubitemid 34225651)
65. J Gayan SD Smith SS Cherny, et al. 1999 Quantitative-trait locus for specific language and reading deficits on chromosome 6p Am J Hum Genet 64 1 157 164 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXht1elsrc%3D 9915954 (Pubitemid 30428968)
66. N Geschwind AM Galaburda 1985 Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A hypothesis and a program for research Arch Neurol 42 5 428 459 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7pvVCrtQ%3D%3D 3994562 (Pubitemid 15113010)
67. JW Gilger E Hanebuth SD Smith, et al. 1996 Differential risk for developmental reading disorders in the offspring of compensated versus noncompensated parents Read Writ 8 5 407 417 (Pubitemid 126818951)
68. JW Gilger BF Pennington JC Defries 1992 A twin study of the etiology of comorbidity-attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and dyslexia J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 2 343 348 1:STN:280:DyaK383is1Wjsw%3D%3D 1564037
69. JW Gilger BF Pennington RJ Harbeck, et al. 1998 A twin and family study of the association between immune system dysfunction and dyslexia using blood serum immunoassay and survey data Brain Cogn 36 3 310 333 1:STN:280: DyaK1czhtleqsQ%3D%3D 9647681
70. ECG Grant JM Howard S Davies, et al. 1988 Zinc-deficiency in children with dyslexia-concentrations of zinc and other minerals in sweat and hair Br Med J 296 6622 607 609 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXktVCrtrk%3D (Pubitemid 18059441)
71. EL Grigorenko FB Wood L Golovyan, et al. 2003 Continuing the search for dyslexia genes on 6p Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 118 1 89 98 (Pubitemid 37064082)
72. EL Grigorenko FB Wood MS Meyer, et al. 1997 Susceptibility loci for distinct components of developmental dyslexia on chromosomes 6 and 15 Am J Hum Genet 60 1 27 39 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXlvFKltQ%3D%3D 8981944
73. EL Grigorenko FB Wood MS Meyer, et al. 2000 Chromosome 6p influences on different dyslexia-related cognitive processes: further confirmation Am J Hum Genet 66 2 715 723 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXitFyitbo%3D 10677331
74. EL Grigorenko FB Wood MS Meyer, et al. 2001 Linkage studies suggest a possible locus for developmental dyslexia on chromosome 1p Am J Med Genet 105 1 120 129 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mzmtlehsw%3D%3D 11424982
75. V Gross-Tsur O Manor RS Shalev 1996 Developmental dyscalculia: prevalence and demographic features Dev Med Child Neurol 38 1 25 33 1:STN:280: DyaK287ovF2htg%3D%3D 8606013
76. M Habib 2000 The neurological basis of developmental dyslexia: an overview and working hypothesis Brain 123 Pt 12 2373 2399 11099442
77. B Hallgren 1950 Specific dyslexia (congenital word-blindness); a clinical and genetic study Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 65 1 287 1:STN:280: DyaG3M%2Fns1answ%3D%3D
78. K Hannula-Jouppi N Kaminen-Ahola M Taipale, et al. 2005 The axon guidance receptor gene ROBO1 is a candidate gene for developmental dyslexia PLoS Genet 1 4 e50 16254601
79. N Harlaar FM Spinath PS Dale, et al. 2005 Genetic influences on early word recognition abilities and disabilities: a study of 7-year-old twins J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46 4 373 384 15819646
80. Harold D, Paracchini S, Scerri T et al (2006) Further evidence that the KIAA0319 gene confers susceptibility to developmental dyslexia. Mol Psychiatry 11(12):1085-1091; 1061
81. MN Haslum TR Miles 2007 Motor performance and dyslexia in a national cohort of 10-year-old children Dyslexia 13 4 257 275 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2snjvFeruw%3D%3D 17948879
82. J Hinshelwood 1895 Word-blindness and visual memory Lancet 146 3773 1564 1570
83. J Hinshelwood 1896 A case of dyslexia: a peculiar form of word-blindness Lancet 148 3821 1451 1454
84. J Hinshelwood 1898 A case of "word" without "letter" blindness Lancet 152 3927 422 425
85. J Hinshelwood 1899 "Letter" without "word" blindness Lancet 153 3933 83 86
86. J Hinshelwood 1900 Congenital word-blindness Lancet 155 4004 1506 1508
87. J Hinshelwood 1902 Congenital word-blindness, with reports of two cases Ophthal Rev 21 91 99
88. J Hinshelwood 1902 Four cases of word-blindness Lancet 159 4093 358 363
89. J Hinshelwood 1907 Four cases of congenital word-blindness occuring in the same family Br Med J 1 608 609
90. GY Hsiung BJ Kaplan TL Petryshen, et al. 2004 A dyslexia susceptibility locus (DYX7) linked to dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) region on chromosome 11p15.5 Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 125 1 112 119
91. K Hugdahl B Synnevag P Satz 1990 Immune and autoimmune diseases in dyslexic children Neuropsychologia 28 7 673 679 1:STN:280:DyaK3M%2FhsFKltg%3D%3D 2215878 (Pubitemid 20252628)
92. P Humphreys WE Kaufmann AM Galaburda 1990 Developmental dyslexia in women: neuropathological findings in three patients Ann Neurol 28 6 727 738 1:STN:280:DyaK3M7js1WmsA%3D%3D 2285260
93. RP Igo NH Chapman VW Berninger, et al. 2006 Genomewide scan for real-word reading subphenotypes of dyslexia: novel chromosome 13 locus and genetic complexity Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141B 1 15 27 16331673
94. N Kaminen K Hannula-Jouppi M Kestila, et al. 2003 A genome scan for developmental dyslexia confirms linkage to chromosome 2p11 and suggests a new locus on 7q32 J Med Genet 40 5 340 345 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmt1GksLg%3D 12746395 (Pubitemid 36613470)
95. DE Kaplan J Gayan J Ahn, et al. 2002 Evidence for linkage and association with reading disability on 6p21.3-22 Am J Hum Genet 70 5 1287 1298 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjsFGnsL8%3D 11951179 (Pubitemid 34450578)
96. SK Katusic RC Colligan WJ Barbaresi, et al. 2001 Incidence of reading disability in a population-based birth cohort, 1976-1982, Rochester, Minn Mayo Clin Proc 76 11 1081 1092 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MnltVygtg%3D%3D 11702896
97. T Kidd K Brose KJ Mitchell, et al. 1998 Roundabout controls axon crossing of the CNS midline and defines a novel subfamily of evolutionarily conserved guidance receptors Cell 92 2 205 215 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnslaluw%3D%3D 9458045 (Pubitemid 28073044)
98. VS Knopik M Alarcon JC DeFries 1997 Comorbidity of mathematics and reading deficits: evidence for a genetic etiology Behav Genet 27 5 447 453 1:STN:280:DyaK2svns1OqtQ%3D%3D 9336081 (Pubitemid 27426335)
99. Kussmaul A (1877) Die Störungen der Sprache. Vogel, Leipzig
100. JC Lambert S Ferreira J Gussekloo, et al. 2007 Evidence for the association of the S100beta gene with low cognitive performance and dementia in the elderly Mol Psychiatry 12 9 870 880 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpvFWgurc%3D 17579612 (Pubitemid 47347788)
101. J Law J Boyle F Harris, et al. 2000 Prevalence and natural history of primary speech and language delay: findings from a systematic review of the literature Int J Lang Commun Disord 35 2 165 188 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3czptlCjtw%3D%3D 10912250 (Pubitemid 30209428)
102. A Lawler 2001 Archaeology. Writing gets a rewrite Science 292 5526 2418 2420 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvFWmsLs%3D 11431546
103. CM Leonard MA Eckert LJ Lombardino, et al. 2001 Anatomical risk factors for phonological dyslexia Cereb Cortex 11 2 148 157 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3M3ls1Omtg%3D%3D 11208669
104. B Lewis L Freebairn HG Taylor 2002 Correlates of spelling abilities in children with early speech sound disorders Read Writ 15 389 407
105. C Lewis GJ Hitch P Walker 1994 The prevalence of specific arithmetic difficulties and specific reading difficulties in 9- to 10-year-old boys and girls J Child Psychol Psychiatry 35 2 283 292 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3ksFyrsA%3D%3D 8188799
106. JG Light BF Pennington JW Gilger, et al. 1995 Reading-disability and hyperactivity disorder-evidence for a common genetic etiology Dev Neuropsychol 11 3 323 335
107. JX Liu YY Shi JX Tang, et al. 2005 SNPs and haplotypes in the S100B gene reveal association with schizophrenia Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328 1 335 341 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXmvFegsQ%3D%3D 15670788
108. MS Livingstone GD Rosen FW Drislane, et al. 1991 Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 18 7943 7947 1:STN:280:DyaK3Mzns1SlsA%3D%3D 1896444
109. P Luca N Laurin VL Misener, et al. 2007 Association of the dopamine receptor D1 gene, DRD1, with inattention symptoms in families selected for reading problems Mol Psychiatry 12 8 776 785 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXot1Crur4%3D 17310237 (Pubitemid 47172689)
110. M Luciano PA Lind DL Duffy, et al. 2007 A haplotype spanning KIAA0319 and TTRAP is associated with normal variation in reading and spelling ability Biol Psychiatry 62 7 811 817 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVCgs7vF 17597587 (Pubitemid 47374651)
111. KU Ludwig D Roeske J Schumacher, et al. 2008 Investigation of interaction between DCDC2 and KIAA0319 in a large German dyslexia sample J Neural Transm 115 11 1587 1589 18810304
112. KU Ludwig J Schumacher G Schulte-Korne, et al. 2008 Investigation of the DCDC2 intron 2 deletion/compound short tandem repeat polymorphism in a large German dyslexia sample Psychiatr Genet 18 6 310 312 19018237
113. C Marino A Citterio R Giorda, et al. 2007 Association of short-term memory with a variant within DYX1C1 in developmental dyslexia Genes Brain Behav 6 7 640 646 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1Khu7bF 17309662 (Pubitemid 47476184)
114. C Marino R Giorda M Luisa Lorusso, et al. 2005 A family-based association study does not support DYX1C1 on 15q21.3 as a candidate gene in developmental dyslexia Eur J Hum Genet 13 4 491 499 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXisFKitbc%3D 15702132 (Pubitemid 40520941)
115. C Marino R Giorda L Vanzin, et al. 2003 No evidence for association and linkage disequilibrium between dyslexia and markers of four dopamine-related genes Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 12 4 198 202 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3svksVSrsg%3D%3D 14505070 (Pubitemid 36903189)
116. C Marino R Giorda L Vanzin, et al. 2004 A locus on 15q15-15qter influences dyslexia: further support from a transmission/disequilibrium study in an Italian speaking population J Med Genet 41 1 42 46 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2cXhs1KhsLg%3D 14729831 (Pubitemid 38125686)
117. AJ Marlow SE Fisher C Francks, et al. 2003 Use of multivariate linkage analysis for dissection of a complex cognitive trait Am J Hum Genet 72 3 561 570 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitFWqu7g%3D 12587094 (Pubitemid 36255955)
118. GM McArthur JH Hogben VT Edwards, et al. 2000 On the " specifics" of specific reading disability and specific language impairment J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41 7 869 874 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7islGkug%3D%3D 11079429
119. EL Meaburn N Harlaar IW Craig, et al. 2008 Quantitative trait locus association scan of early reading disability and ability using pooled DNA and 100K SNP microarrays in a sample of 5760 children Mol Psychiatry 13 7 729 740 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXnt1alt70%3D 17684495 (Pubitemid 351861530)
120. SA Meda J Gelernter JR Gruen, et al. 2008 Polymorphism of DCDC2 reveals differences in cortical morphology of healthy individuals-A preliminary voxel based morphometry study Brain Imaging Behav 2 1 21 26 19096528
121. H Meng SD Smith K Hager, et al. 2005 DCDC2 is associated with reading disability and modulates neuronal development in the brain Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 47 17053 17058 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1yksLnO 16278297 (Pubitemid 41692682)
122. HY Meng K Hager M Held, et al. 2005 TDT-association analysis of EKN1 and dyslexia in a Colorado twin cohort Hum Genet 118 1 87 90 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28Xjs1Slsw%3D%3D 16133186
123. WP Morgan 1896 A case of congenital word-blindness (inability to learn to read) Br Med J 2 1543 1544
124. DW Morris L Robinson D Turic, et al. 2000 Family-based association mapping provides evidence for a gene for reading disability on chromosome 15q Hum Mol Genet 9 5 843 848 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXitlaisLs%3D 10749993 (Pubitemid 30162770)
125. M Mukhopadhyay P Pelka D DeSousa, et al. 2002 Cloning, genomic organization and expression pattern of a novel Drosophila gene, the disco-interacting protein 2 (dip2), and its murine homolog Gene 293 1-2 59 65 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlsFyks7Y%3D 12137943 (Pubitemid 34876461)
126. RI Nicolson AJ Fawcett P Dean 2001 Developmental dyslexia: the cerebellar deficit hypothesis Trends Neurosci 24 9 508 511 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlvFWgs7s%3D 11506881 (Pubitemid 32744702)
127. J Nopola-Hemmi B Myllyluoma T Haltia, et al. 2001 A dominant gene for developmental dyslexia on chromosome 3 J Med Genet 38 10 658 664 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXotVemurs%3D 11584043 (Pubitemid 32946786)
128. J Nopola-Hemmi M Taipale T Haltia, et al. 2000 Two translocations of chromosome 15q associated with dyslexia J Med Genet 37 10 771 775 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnvVOis74%3D 11015455
129. N Norton E Heiervang M Hamshere, et al. 2000 Suggestive evidence of linkage with reading disability in a large Norwegian family Am J Med Genet 96 4 556
130. MM Nothen G Schulte-Korne T Grimm, et al. 1999 Genetic linkage analysis with dyslexia: evidence for linkage of spelling disability to chromosome 15 Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 8 Suppl 3 56 59 10638372
131. BR Oliver R Plomin 2007 Twins' Early Development Study (TEDS): a multivariate, longitudinal genetic investigation of language, cognition and behavior problems from childhood through adolescence Twin Res Hum Genet 10 1 96 105 17539369 (Pubitemid 46423380)
132. DS Olton BC Papas 1979 Spatial memory and hippocampal function Neuropsychologia 17 6 669 682 1:STN:280:DyaL3c%2FpvF2nsg%3D%3D 522981
133. S Paracchini T Scerri AP Monaco 2007 The genetic lexicon of dyslexia Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 8 57 79 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1Wksr3I 17444811
134. S Paracchini CD Steer LL Buckingham, et al. 2008 Association of the KIAA0319 dyslexia susceptibility gene with reading skills in the general population Am J Psychiatry 165 12 1576 1584 18829873
135. S Paracchini A Thomas S Castro, et al. 2006 The chromosome 6p22 haplotype associated with dyslexia reduces the expression of KIAA0319, a novel gene involved in neuronal migration Hum Mol Genet 15 10 1659 1666 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XktlSitrg%3D 16600991 (Pubitemid 43904832)
136. SA Petrill K Deater-Deckard LA Thompson, et al. 2006 Reading skills in early readers: genetic and shared environmental influences J Learn Disabil 39 1 48 55 16512082 (Pubitemid 43253536)
137. TL Petryshen BJ Kaplan M Fu Liu, et al. 2001 Evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 6q influencing phonological coding dyslexia Am J Med Genet 105 6 507 517 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvltVWjsw%3D%3D 11496366
138. TL Petryshen BJ Kaplan ML Hughes, et al. 1999 Linkage and association analyses of GABA receptor, dopamine receptor, and dopamine transporter genes in phonological coding dyslexia Mol Psychiatry 4 S85
139. TL Petryshen BJ Kaplan ML Hughes, et al. 2002 Supportive evidence for the DYX3 dyslexia susceptibility gene in Canadian families J Med Genet 39 2 125 126 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitV2iur4%3D 11836362
140. TL Petryshen BJ Kaplan MF Liu, et al. 2000 Absence of significant linkage between phonological coding dyslexia and chromosome 6p23-21.3, as determined by use of quantitative-trait methods: confirmation of qualitative analyses Am J Hum Genet 66 2 708 714 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXitFyitb0%3D 10677330
141. M Peyrard-Janvid H Anthoni P Onkamo, et al. 2004 Fine mapping of the 2p11 dyslexia locus and exclusion of TACR1 as a candidate gene Hum Genet 114 5 510 516 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXisFSqs70%3D 15007729 (Pubitemid 38678931)
142. G Poelmans JJ Engelen J Van Lent-Albrechts, et al. 2009 Identification of novel dyslexia candidate genes through the analysis of a chromosomal deletion Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 150B 1 140 147 1:STN:280: DC%2BD1M%2Fps1artg%3D%3D 18521840
143. KR Pugh R Sandak SJ Frost, et al. 2005 Examining reading development and reading disability in English language learners: potential contributions from functional neuroimaging Learn Disabil Res Pract 20 1 24 30 (Pubitemid 40097932)
144. M Rabin XL Wen M Hepburn, et al. 1993 Suggestive linkage of developmental dyslexia to chromosome 1p34-p36 Lancet 342 8864 178 1:STN:280: DyaK3szitlKntg%3D%3D 8101276 (Pubitemid 23200459)
145. F Ramus S Rosen SC Dakin, et al. 2003 Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults Brain 126 Pt 4 841 865 12615643 (Pubitemid 36372984)
146. WH Raskind RP Igo NH Chapman, et al. 2005 A genome scan in multigenerational families with dyslexia: identification of a novel locus on chromosome 2q that contributes to phonological decoding efficiency Mol Psychiatry 10 7 699 711 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsVCqt7o%3D 15753956
147. MA Reed 1989 Speech perception and the discrimination of brief auditory cues in reading disabled children J Exp Child Psychol 48 2 270 292 1:STN:280:DyaK3c%2FhtVOltQ%3D%3D 2794857
148. Richlan F, Kronbichler M, Wimmer H (2009) Functional abnormalities in the dyslexic brain: a quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp 10:3299-3308
149. S Roche F Cassidy C Zhao, et al. 2007 Candidate gene analysis of 21q22: support for S100B as a susceptibility gene for bipolar affective disorder with psychosis Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144B 8 1094 1096 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhsVygsbrO 17525977 (Pubitemid 350207788)
150. Rosen GD, Bai J, Wang Y et al (2007) Disruption of neuronal migration by RNAi of Dyx1c1 results in neocortical and hippocampal malformations. Cereb Cortex 17(11):2562-2572
151. JM Rumsey K Nace B Donohue, et al. 1997 A positron emission tomographic study of impaired word recognition and phonological processing in dyslexic men Arch Neurol 54 5 562 573 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3ps1Kntg%3D%3D 9152113 (Pubitemid 27204242)
152. M Rutter W Yule 1975 The concept of specific reading retardation J Child Psychol Psychiatry 16 3 181 197 1:STN:280:DyaE28%2FgsF2jtQ%3D%3D 1158987
153. Sawyer D, Krishnamani R, Hannig VL et al (1998) Genetic analysis of phonologic core deficit dyslexia (PCDD). Am J Hum Genet 63(A307)
154. TS Scerri SE Fisher C Francks, et al. 2004 Putative functional alleles of DYX1C1 are not associated with dyslexia susceptibility in a large sample of sibling pairs from the UK J Med Genet 41 11 853 857 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFSjurzM 15520411 (Pubitemid 39524313)
155. G Schulte-Korne 2001 Annotation: Genetics of reading and spelling disorder J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42 8 985 997 1:STN:280: DC%2BD38%2FnvFOntQ%3D%3D 11806692
156. G Schulte-Korne W Deimel K Muller, et al. 1996 Familial aggregation of spelling disability J Child Psychol Psychiatry 37 7 817 822 1:STN:280: DyaK2s%2FotF2rsw%3D%3D 8923224
157. G Schulte-Korne T Grimm MM Nothen, et al. 1998 Evidence for linkage of spelling disability to chromosome 15 Am J Hum Genet 63 1 279 282 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnvFars78%3D 9634517 (Pubitemid 30428348)
158. J Schumacher H Anthoni F Dahdouh, et al. 2006 Strong genetic evidence of DCDC2 as a susceptibility gene for dyslexia Am J Hum Genet 78 1 52 62 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhslKktQ%3D%3D 16385449 (Pubitemid 41833159)
159. J Schumacher P Hoffmann C Schmal, et al. 2007 Genetics of dyslexia: the evolving landscape J Med Genet 44 5 289 297 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtl2gtL0%3D 17307837 (Pubitemid 46732622)
160. J Schumacher IR Konig E Plume, et al. 2006 Linkage analyses of chromosomal region 18p11-q12 in dyslexia J Neural Transm 113 3 417 423 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVajtL0%3D 16075186 (Pubitemid 43201107)
161. J Schumacher IR Konig T Schroder, et al. 2008 Further evidence for a susceptibility locus contributing to reading disability on chromosome 15q15-q21 Psychiatr Genet 18 3 137 142 18496212
162. M Semrud-Clikeman J Biederman S Sprich-Buckminster, et al. 1992 Comorbidity between ADDH and learning disability: a review and report in a clinically referred sample J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31 3 439 448 1:STN:280:DyaK383ns1ansQ%3D%3D 1592775
163. S Seshadri AL DeStefano R Au, et al. 2007 Genetic correlates of brain aging on MRI and cognitive test measures: a genome-wide association and linkage analysis in the Framingham Study BMC Med Genet 8 Suppl 1 S15 17903297 (Pubitemid 351958746)
164. RS Shalev J Auerbach O Manor, et al. 2000 Developmental dyscalculia: prevalence and prognosis Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 9 Suppl 2 1158 1164
165. RS Shalev V Gross-Tsur 2001 Developmental dyscalculia Pediatr Neurol 24 5 337 342 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvntVWmsA%3D%3D 11516606 (Pubitemid 32552054)
166. BA Shaywitz SE Shaywitz KR Pugh, et al. 2002 Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia Biol Psychiatry 52 2 101 110 12114001 (Pubitemid 34756555)
167. SE Shaywitz 1998 Dyslexia N Engl J Med 338 5 307 312 1:STN:280: DyaK1c%2Fpt1SktQ%3D%3D 9445412 (Pubitemid 28065336)
168. SE Shaywitz BA Shaywitz KR Pugh, et al. 1998 Functional disruption in the organization of the brain for reading in dyslexia Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 5 2636 2641 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhslensLc%3D 9482939 (Pubitemid 28145995)
169. DK Sherman WG Iacono MK McGue 1997 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder dimensions: a twin study of inattention and impulsivity-hyperactivity J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 6 745 753 1:STN:280:DyaK2szis1alsw%3D%3D 9183128
170. LD Shriberg JB Tomblin JL McSweeny 1999 Prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old children and comorbidity with language impairment J Speech Lang Hear Res 42 6 1461 1481 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2Fms1Kisg%3D%3D 10599627
171. PG Simos JI Breier JM Fletcher, et al. 2000 Cerebral mechanisms involved in word reading in dyslexic children: a magnetic source imaging approach Cereb Cortex 10 8 809 816 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3cvisFSjsA%3D%3D 10920052
172. PG Simos JI Breier JM Fletcher, et al. 2000 Brain activation profiles in dyslexic children during non-word reading: a magnetic source imaging study Neurosci Lett 290 1 61 65 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXltlWhtbo%3D 10925175
173. PG Simos JI Breier JW Wheless, et al. 2000 Brain mechanisms for reading: the role of the superior temporal gyrus in word and pseudoword naming Neuroreport 11 11 2443 2447 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FmvFShsA%3D%3D 10943701
174. SD Smith WJ Kimberling B Pennington 1991 Screening for multiple genes influencing dyslexia Read Writ Interdiscip J 3 285 298
175. SD Smith WJ Kimberling BF Pennington, et al. 1983 Specific reading disability: identification of an inherited form through linkage analysis Science 219 4590 1345 1347 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7ks1emsQ%3D%3D 6828864
176. SD Smith BF Pennington WJ Kimberling, et al. 1990 Familial dyslexia: use of genetic linkage data to define subtypes J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29 2 204 213 1:STN:280:DyaK3c3hs1Ghug%3D%3D 1969860
177. MJ Snowling 1981 Phonemic deficits in developmental dyslexia Psychol Res 43 2 219 234 1:STN:280:DyaL38%2FmtV2nsA%3D%3D 7302091
178. CM Stein JH Schick HG Taylor, et al. 2004 Pleiotropic effects of a chromosome 3 locus on speech-sound disorder and reading Am J Hum Genet 74 2 283 297 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtlKiurY%3D 14740317
179. J Stein V Walsh 1997 To see but not to read: the magnocellular theory of dyslexia Trends Neurosci 20 4 147 152 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXitVKntrs%3D 9106353 (Pubitemid 27116284)
180. H Steller KF Fischbach GM Rubin 1987 Disconnected: a locus required for neuronal pathway formation in the visual system of Drosophila Cell 50 7 1139 1153 1:STN:280:DyaL2szgtFOmtQ%3D%3D 3113740
181. S Stephenson 1907 Six cases of congenital word-blindness affecting three generations of one family Ophthalmoscope 5 482 484
182. J Stevenson P Graham G Fredman, et al. 1987 A twin study of genetic influences on reading and spelling ability and disability J Child Psychol Psychiatry 28 2 229 247 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3it1Ortg%3D%3D 3584294
183. CJ Stoodley AJ Fawcett RI Nicolson, et al. 2005 Impaired balancing ability in dyslexic children Exp Brain Res 167 3 370 380 16044303
184. M Taipale N Kaminen J Nopola-Hemmi, et al. 2003 A candidate gene for developmental dyslexia encodes a nuclear tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein dynamically regulated in brain Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 20 11553 11558 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotFKmtrk%3D 12954984 (Pubitemid 37205974)
185. P Tallal 1980 Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children Brain Lang 9 2 182 198 1:STN:280:DyaL3c7lsVGguw%3D%3D 7363063 (Pubitemid 10116526)
186. KE Taylor CJ Higgins CM Calvin, et al. 2000 Dyslexia in adults is associated with clinical signs of fatty acid deficiency Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 63 1-2 75 78 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmvVGjtrw%3D 10970717
187. E Temple RA Poldrack J Salidis, et al. 2001 Disrupted neural responses to phonological and orthographic processing in dyslexic children: an fMRI study Neuroreport 12 2 299 307 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7nvFehsA%3D%3D 11209939 (Pubitemid 32114369)
188. CJ Thomas 1905 Congenital "word-blindness" and its treatment Ophthalmoscope 3 380 385
189. SW Threlkeld MM McClure J Bai, et al. 2007 Developmental disruptions and behavioral impairments in rats following in utero RNAi of Dyx1c1 Brain Res Bull 71 5 508 514 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpvVKnug%3D%3D 17259020 (Pubitemid 46149200)
190. JB Tomblin PR Buckwalter 1998 Heritability of poor language achievement among twins J Speech Lang Hear Res 41 1 188 199 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7lt1Ogug%3D%3D 9493744
191. JB Tomblin NL Records P Buckwalter, et al. 1997 Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children J Speech Lang Hear Res 40 6 1245 1260 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2Fpt1Gguw%3D%3D 9430746 (Pubitemid 28008821)
192. FE Tonnessen A Lokken T Hoien, et al. 1993 Dyslexia, left-handedness, and immune disorders Arch Neurol 50 4 411 416 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3htlahug%3D%3D 8460963 (Pubitemid 23105466)
193. D Turic L Robinson M Duke, et al. 2003 Linkage disequilibrium mapping provides further evidence of a gene for reading disability on chromosome 6p21.3-22 Mol Psychiatry 8 2 176 185 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhsFWku7k%3D 12610650 (Pubitemid 36315226)
194. J Tzenova BJ Kaplan TL Petryshen, et al. 2004 Confirmation of a dyslexia susceptibility locus on chromosome 1p34-p36 in a set of 100 Canadian families Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 127 1 117 124 (Pubitemid 38542326)
195. A Vincent R Deacon P Dalton, et al. 2002 Maternal antibody-mediated dyslexia? Evidence for a pathogenic serum factor in a mother of two dyslexic children shown by transfer to mice using behavioural studies and magnetic resonance spectroscopy J Neuroimmunol 130 1-2 243 247 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD38XmvVWquro%3D 12225907
196. SA Vogel 1990 Gender differences in intelligence, language, visual-motor abilities, and academic achievement in students with learning disabilities: a review of the literature J Learn Disabil 23 1 44 52 1:STN:280: DyaK3c7htFCgtw%3D%3D 2404079
197. GP Vogler JC DeFries SN Decker 1985 Family history as an indicator of risk for reading disability J Learn Disabil 18 7 419 421 1:STN:280: DyaL2M3ptFaksw%3D%3D 4031642
198. Y Wang M Paramasivam A Thomas, et al. 2006 DYX1C1 functions in neuronal migration in developing neocortex Neuroscience 143 2 515 522 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1agt7rL 16989952 (Pubitemid 44781065)
199. M Ward C McCann M DeWulf, et al. 2003 Distinguishing between directional guidance and motility regulation in neuronal migration J Neurosci 23 12 5170 5177 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltlentLo%3D 12832541 (Pubitemid 36793245)
200. KG Wigg JM Couto Y Feng, et al. 2004 Support for EKN1 as the susceptibility locus for dyslexia on 15q21 Mol Psychiatry 9 12 1111 1121 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVSitLjF 15249932 (Pubitemid 40065456)
201. KG Wigg JM Couto Y Feng, et al. 2005 Investigation of the relationship of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder to the EKN1 gene on chromosome 15q21 Sci Stud Read 9 3 261 283 (Pubitemid 41175605)
202. KG Wigg Y Feng J Crosbie, et al. 2008 Association of ADHD and the Protogenin gene in the chromosome 15q21.3 reading disabilities linkage region Genes Brain Behav 7 8 877 886 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmvV2rug%3D%3D 19076634
203. EG Willcutt BF Pennington 2000 Comorbidity of reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: differences by gender and subtype J Learn Disabil 33 2 179 191 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2crjsFShsg%3D%3D 15505947
204. EG Willcutt BF Pennington JC DeFries 2000 Twin study of the etiology of comorbidity between reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Am J Med Genet 96 3 293 301 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3czptVWrtw%3D%3D 10898903 (Pubitemid 30390121)
205. EG Willcutt BF Pennington RK Olson, et al. 2007 Understanding comorbidity: a twin study of reading disability and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144B 6 709 714 17440942 (Pubitemid 47417197)
206. J Williams MC O'Donovan 2006 The genetics of developmental dyslexia Eur J Hum Genet 14 6 681 689 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XkvVyls7g%3D 16721404 (Pubitemid 43797265)
207. M Wolf PG Bowers 1999 The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias J Educ Psychol 91 3 415 438
208. M Wolf PG Bowers 2000 Naming-speed processes and developmental reading disabilities: an introduction to the special issue on the double-deficit hypothesis J Learn Disabil 33 4 322 324 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2crit1KjtQ%3D%3D 15493094
209. World Health Organization (1993) The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. World Health Organization, Geneva
210. T Ylisaukko-Oja M Peyrard-Janvid CM Lindgren, et al. 2005 Family-based association study of DYX1C1 variants in autism Eur J Hum Genet 13 1 127 130 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVOnurrE 15470369
211. G Yu T Zerucha M Ekker, et al. 2001 Evidence that GRIP, a PDZ-domain protein which is expressed in the embryonic forebrain, co-activates transcription with DLX homeodomain proteins Brain Res Dev Brain Res 130 2 217 230 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnslCjurY%3D 11675124 (Pubitemid 33000086)
212. E Zerbin-Rüdin 1967 Kongenitale Worblindheit oder spezifische dyslexie (congenital word-blindness) Bull Orton Soc 17 47 56
213. A Ziegler IR Konig W Deimel, et al. 2005 Developmental dyslexia-recurrence risk estimates from a german bi-center study using the single proband sib pair design Hum Hered 59 3 136 143 15867474 (Pubitemid 40875067)