Targeting the assembly of the human immunodeficiency virus type I

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 10, Issue 30, 2004, Pages 3725-3739

  Muriaux, D ^a   Darlix, J L ^a   Cimarelli, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON   (France)

Author keywords

Anti viral approaches; Drugs; HIV 1; Retrovirus 3 ; Virion assembly

Indexed keywords

1,1' [1,4 PHENYLENEBIS(METHYLENE)]BIS(1,4,8,11 TETRAAZACYCLOTETRADECANE); 3 NITROSOBENZAMIDE; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BENZYLOXYCARBONYLLEUCYLLEUCYLLEUCINAL; BETULIC ACID; BREFELDIN A; COLCHICINE; CYTOCHALASIN D; EFAVIRENZ; EPOXOMICIN; GAG PROTEIN; LACTACYSTIN; LATRUNCULIN B; LEPTOMYCIN B; MESSENGER RNA; MONENSIN; N [4 CHLORO 3 (3 METHYL 2 BUTENYLOXY)PHENYL] 2 METHYL 3 FURANCARBOTHIOAMIDE; NEVIRAPINE; NOCODAZOLE; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; POL PROTEIN; PROTEASOME INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; TALVIRALINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS ENZYME; VIRUS PROTEIN; WORTMANNIN;

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; CELL MEMBRANE; CYTOSKELETON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG TARGETING; ENDOSOME; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; VIRION; VIRUS ASSEMBLY; VIRUS CAPSID; VIRUS MORPHOGENESIS; VIRUS NUCLEOCAPSID; VIRUS PARTICLE; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; CELL MEMBRANE; GENE PRODUCTS, GAG; HIV-1; HUMANS; VIRION; VIRUS ASSEMBLY;

EID: 6944223885     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612043382701     Document Type: Review

References (240)

1. Este JA. Virus entry as a target for anti-HIV intervention. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10(17): 1617-32.
2. Dayam R, Neamati N. Small-molecule HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: the 2001-2002 update. Curr Pharm Des 2003; 9(22): 1789-802.
3. Menendez-Arias L. Targeting HIV: antiretroviral therapy and development of drug resistance. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002; 23(8): 381-8.
4. Coffin JM, Hughes SH, Varmus HE. Retroviruses. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: CSHL Press; 1997.
5. Gheysen D, Jacobs E, de Foresta F, Thiriart C, Francotte M, Thines D, et al. Assembly and release of HIV-1 precursor Pr55gag virus-like particles from recombinant baculovirusinfected insect cells. Cell 1989; 59(1): 103-12.
6. Campbell S, Vogt VM. Self-assembly in vitro of purified CA-NC proteins from Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1995; 69(10): 6487-97.
7. Cimarelli A, Darlix JL. Assembling the human immumodeficiency virus type 1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2002; 59(7): 1166-84.
8. Greene WC, Peterlin BM. Charting HIV's remarkable voyage through the cell: Basic science as a passport to future therapy. Nat Med 2002; 8(7): 673-80.
9. Pornillos O, Garrus JE, Sundquist WI. Mechanisms of enveloped RNA virus budding. Trends Cell Biol 2002; 12(12): 569-79.
10. Biswas P, Poli G, Kinter AL, Justement JS, Stanley SK, Maury WJ, et al. Interferon gamma induces the expression of human immunodeficiency virus in persistently infected promonocytic cells (U1) and redirects the production of virions to intracytoplasmic vacuoles in phorbol myristate acetate-differentiated U1 cells. J Exp Med 1992; 176(3): 739-50.
11. Pautrat G, Suzan M, Salaun D, Corbeau P, Allasia C, Morel G, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of U937 cells promotes cell differentiation and a new pathway of viral assembly. Virology 1990; 179(2): 749-58.
12. Hansen BD, Nara PL, Maheshwari RK, Sidhu GS, Bernbaum JG, Hoekzema D, et al. Loss of infectivity by progeny virus from alpha interferon-treated human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected T cells is associated with defective assembly of envelope gp 120. J Virol 1992; 66(12): 7543-8.
13. Blom J, Nielsen C, Rhodes JM. An ultrastructural study of HIV-infected human dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages. APMIS 1993; 101(9): 672-80.
14. Matsuda S, Akagawa K, Honda M, Yokota Y, Takebe Y, Takemori T. Suppression of HIV replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages induced by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11(9): 1031-8.
15. Bourinbaiar AS, Phillips DM. Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus from monocytes to epithelia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4(1): 56-63.
16. Pelchen-Matthews A, Kramer B, Marsh M. Infectious HIV-1 assembles in late endosomes in primary macrophages. J Cell Biol 2003; 162(3): 443-55.
17. Wills JW, Craven RC. Form, function and use of retroviral Gag proteins. AIDS 1991; 5: 639-654.
18. Gottlinger HG, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA. Role of capsid precursor processing and myristoylation in morphogenesis and infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86(15): 5781-5.
19. Facke M, Janetzko A, Shoeman RL, Krausslich HG. A large deletion in the matrix domain of the human immunodeficiency virus gag gene redirects virus particle assembly from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum. J Virol 1993; 67(8): 4972-80.
20. Zhou W, Parent LJ, Wills JW, Resh MD. Identification of a membrane-binding domain within the amino-terminal region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein which interacts with acidic phospholipids. J Virol 1994; 68(4): 2556-69.
21. Chazal N, Gay B, Carriere C, Tournier J, Boulanger P. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 MA deletion mutants expressed in baculovirus-infected cells: cis and trans effects on the Gag precursor assembly pathway. J Virol 1995; 69(1): 365-75.
22. Lee PP, Linial ML. Efficient particle formation can occur if the matrix domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag is substituted by a myristylation signal. J Virol 1994; 68(10): 6644-54.
23. Spearman P, Wang JJ, Vander Heyden N, Ratner L. Identification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein domains essential to membrane binding and particle assembly. J Virol 1994; 68(5): 3232-42.
24. Resh MD. Fatty acylation of proteins: new insights into membrane targeting of myristoylated and palmitoylated proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1451(1): 1-16.
25. Murray D, Ben-Tal N, Honig B, McLaughlin S. Electrostatic interaction of myristoylated proteins with membranes: simple physics, complicated biology. Structure 1997; 5(8): 985-9.
26. Bryant ML, Heuckeroth RO, Kimata JT, Ratner L, Gordon JI. Replication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 and Moloney murine leukemia virus is inhibited by different heteroatom-containing analogs of myristic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86(22): 8655-9.
27. Bryant M, Ratner L. Myristoylation-dependent replication and assembly of human immunodeficiency virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87(2): 523-7.
28. Bryant ML, Ratner L, Duronio RJ, Kishore NS, Devadas B, Adams SP, et al. Incorporation of 12-methoxydodecanoate into the human immunodeficiency virus 1 gag polyprotein precursor inhibits its proteolytic processing and virus production in a chronically infected human lymphoid cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88(6): 2055-9.
29. Campbell S, Fisher RJ, Towler EM, Fox S, Issaq HJ, Wolfe T, et al. Modulation of HIVlike particle assembly in vitro by inositol phosphates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98(19): 10875-9.
30. Sasaki H, Nakamura M, Ohno T, Matsuda Y, Yuda Y, Nonomura Y. Myosin-actin interaction plays an important role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 release from host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92(6) 2026-30
31. Chazal N, Gerlier D. Virus entry, assembly, budding, and membrane rafts. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2003; 67(2): 220-37, table of contents.
32. Briggs JA, Wilk T, Fuller SD. Do lipid rafts mediate virus assembly and pseudotyping? J Gen Virol 2003; 84(Pt 4): 757-68.
33. Ali A, Avalos RT, Ponimaskin E, Nayak DP. Influenza virus assembly: effect of influenza virus glycoproteins on the membrane association of M1 protein. J Virol 2000; 74(18): 8709-19.
34. Manie SN, Debreyne S, Vincent S, Gerlier D. Measles virus structural components are enriched into lipid raft microdomains: a potential cellular location for virus assembly. J Virol 2000; 74(1): 305-11.
35. Ali A, Nayak DP. Assembly of Sendai virus: M protein interacts with F and HN proteins and with the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane domain of F protein. Virology 2000; 276(2): 289-303.
36. Vincent S, Gerlier D, Manic SN. Measles virus assembly within membrane rafts. J Virol 2000; 74(21): 9911-5.
37. Barman S, Ali A, Hui EK, Adhikary L, Nayak DP. Transport of viral proteins to the apical membranes and interaction of matrix protein with glycoproteins in the assembly of influenza viruses. Virus Res 2001; 77(1): 61-9.
38. Zheng Y, Plemenitas A, Linnemann T, Fackler OT, Peterlin BM. Nef increases infectivity of HIV via lipid rafts. Curr Biol 2001; 11(11): 875-9.
39. Wang JK, Kiyokawa E, Verdin E, Trono D. The Nef protein of HIV-1 associates with rafts and primes T cells for activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(1): 394-9.
40. Pickl WF, Pimentel-Muinos FX, Seed B. Lipid rafts and pseudotyping. J Virol 2001; 75(15): 7175-83.
41. Pessin JE, Glaser M. Budding of Rous sarcoma virus and vesicular stomatitis virus from localized lipid regions in the plasma membrane of chicken embryo fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1980; 255(19): 9044-50.
42. Quigley JP, Rifkin DB, Reich E. Phospholipid composition of Rous sarcoma virus, host cell membranes and other enveloped RNA viruses. Virology 1971; 46(1): 106-16.
43. Aloia RC, Jensen FC, Curtain CC, Mobley PW, Gordon LM. Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85(3): 900-4.
44. Poon DT, Coren LV, Ott DE. Efficient incorporation of HLA class II onto human immunodeficiency virus type 1 requires envelope glycoprotein packaging. J Virol 2000; 74(8): 3918-23.
45. Camaur D, Trono D. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif particle incorporation. J Virol 1996; 70(9): 6106-11.
46. Ott DE. Cellular proteins in HIV virions. Rev Med Virol 1997; 7(3): 167-180.
47. Cherukuri A, Dykstra M, Pierce SK. Floating the raft hypothesis: lipid rafts play a role in immune cell activation. Immunity 2001; 14(6): 657-60.
48. Simons K, Toomre D. Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2000; 1(1): 31-9.
49. Matsuuchi L, Gold MR. New views of BCR structure and organization. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13(3): 270-7.
50. Viola A. The amplification of TCR signaling by dynamic membrane microdomains. Trends Immunol 2001; 22(6): 322-7.
51. Bi K, Altman A. Membrane lipid microdomains and the role of PKCtheta in T cell activation. Semin Immunol 2001; 13(2): 139-46.
52. Miceli MC, Moran M, Chung CD, Patel VP, Low T, Zinnanti W. Co-stimulation and counter-stimulation: lipid raft clustering controls TCR signaling and functional outcomes. Semin Immunol 2001; 13(2): 115-28.
53. Cheng PC, Cherukuri A, Dykstra M, Malapati S, Sproul T, Chen MR, et al. Floating the raft hypothesis: the roles of lipid rafts in B cell antigen receptor function. Semin Immunol 2001; 13(2): 107-14.
54. Lindwasser OW, Resh MD. Myristoylation as a target for inhibiting HIV assembly: unsaturated fatty acids block viral budding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99(20): 13037-42.
55. Mariani R, Rutter G, Harris ME, Hope TJ, Krausslich HG, Landau NR. A block to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly in murine cells. J Virol 2000; 74(8): 3859-70.
56. Reed M, Mariani R, Sheppard L, Pekrun K, Landau NR, Soong NW. Chimeric Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Containing Murine Leukemia Virus Matrix Assembles in Murine Cells. J Virol 2002; 76(1): 436-443.
57. Chen BK, Rousso I, Shim S, Kim PS. Efficient assembly of an HIV-1/MLV Gag-chimeric virus in murine cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98(26): 15239-44.
58. Campbell S, Rein A. In vitro assembly properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein lacking the p6 domain. J Virol 1999; 73(3): 2270-9.
59. Burniston MT, Cimarelli A, Colgan J, Curtis SP, Luban J. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag polyprotein multimerization requires the nucleocapsid domain and RNA and is promoted by the capsid- dimer interface and the basic region of matrix protein. J Virol 1999; 73(10): 8527-40.
60. Morikawa Y, Zhang WH, Hockley DJ, Nermut MV, Jones IM. Detection of a trimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag intermediate is dependent on sequences in the matrix protein, p17. J Virol 1998; 72(9): 7659-63
61. Hill CP, Worthylake D, Bancroft DP, Christensen AM, Sundquist WI. Crystal structures of the trimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein: implications for membrane association and assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93(7): 3099-104.
62. Forster MJ, Mulloy B, Nermut MV. Molecular modelling study of HIV p17gag (MA) protein shell utilising data from electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. J Mol Biol 2000; 298(5): 841-57.
63. Wang JJ, Horton R, Varthakavi V, Spearman P, Ratner L. Formation and release of viruslike particles by HIV-1 matrix protein. AIDS 1999; 13(2): 281-3.
64. Reil H, Bukovsky AA, Gelderblom HR, Gottlinger HG. Efficient HIV-1 replication can occur in the absence of the viral matrix protein. EMBO J 1998; 17(9): 2699-708.
65. Accola MA, Strack B, Gottlinger HG. Efficient particle production by minimal Gag constructs which retain the carboxy-terminal domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid-p2 and a late assembly domain. J Virol 2000; 74(12): 5395-402.
66. Borsetti A, Ohagen A, Gottlinger HG. The C-terminal half of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor is sufficient for efficient particle assembly. J Virol 1998; 72(11): 9313-7.
67. Ganser BK, Li S, Klishko VY, Finch JT, Sundquist WI. Assembly and analysis of conical models for the HIV-1 core. Science 1999; 283(5398): 80-3.
68. Barklis E, McDermott J, Wilkens S, Fuller S, Thompson D. Organization of HIV-1 capsid proteins on a lipid monolayer. J Biol Chem 1998; 273(13): 7177-80.
69. von Schwedler UK, Stemmler TL, Klishko VY, Li S, Albertine KH, Davis DR, et al. Proteolytic refolding of the HIV-1 capsid protein amino-terminus facilitates viral core assembly. EMBO J 1998; 17(6): 1555-68.
70. Gross I, Hohenberg H, Wilk T, Wiegers K, Grattinger M, Muller B, et al. A conformational switch controlling HIV-1 morphogenesis. EMBO J 2000; 19(1): 103-13.
71. Ehrlich LS, Agresta BE, Carter CA. Assembly of recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid protein in vitro. J Virol 1992; 66(8): 4874-83.
72. Ehrlich LS, Liu T, Scarlata S, Chu B, Carter CA. HIV-1 capsid protein forms spherical (immature-like) and tubular (mature-like) particles in vitro: structure switching by pH-induced conformational changes. Biophys J 2001; 81(1): 586-94.
73. Gitti RK, Lee BM, Walker J, Summers MY, Yoo S, Sundquist WI. Structure of the aminoterminal core domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein. Science 1996; 273(5272): 231-5.
74. Gamble TR, You S, Vajdos FF, von Schwedler UK, Worthylake DK, Wang H, et al. Structure of the carboxyl-terminal dimerization domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein. Science 1997; 278(5339): 849-53.
75. Momany C, Kovari LC, Prongay AJ, Keller W, Gitti RK, Lee BM, et al. Crystal structure of dimeric HIV-1 capsid protein. Nat Struct Biol 1996; 3(9): 763-70.
76. Li S, Hill CP, Sundquist WI, Finch JT. Image reconstructions of helical assemblies of the HIV-1 CA protein. Nature 2000; 407(6802): 409-13.
77. Li S, Hill CP, Sundquist WI, Finch JT. Image reconstructions of helical assemblies of the HIV-1 CA protein. Nature 2000; 407(6802): 409-13.
78. Tang S, Murakami T, Agresta BE, Campbell S, Freed EO, Levin JG. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 N-terminal capsid mutants that exhibit aberrant core morphology and are blocked in initiation of reverse transcription in infected cells. J Virol 2001; 75(19): 9357-66.
79. von Schwedler UK, Stray KM, Garrus JE, Sundquist WI. Functional surfaces of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid protein. J Virol 2003; 77(9): 5439-50.
80. Dorfman T, Bukovsky A, Ohagen A, Hoglund S, Gottlinger HG. Functional domains of the capsid protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1994; 68(12): 8180-7.
81. von Poblotzki A, Wagner R, Niedrig M, Wanner G, Wolf H, Modrow S. Identification of a region in the Pr55gag-polyprotein essential for HIV- 1 particle formation. Virology 1993; 193(2): 981-5.
82. Reicin AS, Paik S, Berkowitz RD, Luban J, Lowy I, Goff SP. Linker insertion mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene effects on virion particle assembly, release, and infectivity. J Virol 1995; 69(2): 642-50.
83. Srinivasakumar N, Hammarskjold ML, Rekosh D. Characterization of deletion mutations in the capsid region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 that affect particle formation and Gag-Pol precursor incorporation. J Virol 1995; 69(10): 6106-14.
84. Mammano F, Ohagen A, Hoglund S, Gottlinger HG. Role of the major homology region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in virion morphogenesis. J Virol 1994; 69(8): 4927-36.
85. Rein A, Henderson LE, Levin JG. Nucleic-acid-chaperone activity of retroviral nucleocapsid proteins: significance for viral replication. Trends Biochem Sci 1998; 23(8): 297-301.
86. Darlix JL, Cristofari G, Rau M, Pechoux C, Berthoux L, Roques B. Nucleocapsid protein of human immunodeficiency virus as a model protein with chaperoning functions and as a target for antiviral drugs. Adv Pharmacol 2000; 48: 345-72.
87. Berkowitz R, Fisher J, Goff SP. RNA packaging. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 214: 177-218.
88. Freed EO. HIV-1 gag proteins: diverse functions in the virus life cycle. Virology 1998; 251(1): 1-15.
89. Amarasinghe GK, De Guzman RN, Turner RB, Chancellor KJ, Wu ZR, Summers MF. NMR structure of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein bound to stem-loop SL2 of the psi-RNA packaging signal. Implications for genome recognition. J Mol Biol 2000; 301(2): 491-511.
90. Ramboarina S, Morellet N, Fournie-Zaluski MC, Roques BP, Morellet N. Structural investigation on the requirement of CCHH zinc finger type in nucleocapsid protein of human immunodeficiency virus 1. Biochemistry 1999; 38(30): 9600-7.
91. Muriaux D, Rein A. Encapsidation and transduction of cellular genes by retroviruses. Front Biosci 2003; 8: d135-42.
92. Ono A, Demirov D, Freed EO. Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag multimerization and membrane binding. J Virol 2000; 74(11): 5142-50.
93. Franke EK, Yuan HE, Bossolt KL, Goff SP, Luban J. Specificity and sequence requirements for interactions between various retroviral Gag proteins. J Virol 1994; 68(8): 5300-5.
94. Cimarelli A, Luban J. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion density is not determined by nucleocapsid basic residues. J Virol 2000; 74(15): 6734-40.
95. Jowett JB, Hockley DJ, Nermut MV, Jones IM. Distinct signals in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Pr55 necessary for RNA binding and particle formation. J Gen Virol 1992; 73(Pt 12): 3079-86.
96. Dawson L, Yu XF. The role of nucleocapsid of HIV-1 in virus assembly. Virology 1998; 251(1): 141-57.
97. Carriere C, Gay B, Chazal N, Morin N, Boulanger P. Sequence requirements for encapsidation of deletion mutants and chimeras of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor into retrovirus-like particles. J Virol 1995; 69(4): 2366-77.
98. Cimarelli A, Sandin S, Hoglund S, Luban J. Basic residues in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid promote virion assembly via interaction with RNA. J Virol 2000; 74(7): 3046-57.
99. Schmalzbauer E, Strack B, Dannull J, Guehmann S, Moelling K. Mutations of basic amino acids of NCp7 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 affect RNA binding in vitro. J Virol 1996; 70(2): 771-7.
100. Wang SW, Aldovini A. RNA incorporation is critical for retroviral particle integrity after cell membrane assembly of Gag complexes. J Virol 2002; 76(23): 11853-65.
101. Zhang Y, Barklis E. Effects of nucleocapsid mutations on human immunodeficiency virus assembly and RNA encapsidation. J Virol 1997; 71(9): 6765-76.
102. Zhang Y, Qian H, Love Z, Barklis E. Analysis of the assembly function of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag protein nucleocapsid domain. J Virol 1998; 72(3): 1782-9.
103. Stoylov SP, Vuilleumier C, Stoylova E, De Rocquigny H, Roques BP, Gerard D, et al. Ordered aggregation of ribonucleic acids by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein. Biopolymers 1997; 41(3): 301-12.
104. Tanchou V, Gabus C, Rogemond V, Darlix JL. Formation of stable and functional HIV-1 nucleoprotein complexes in vitro. J Mol Biol 1995; 252(5): 563-71.
105. Muriaux D, Mirro J, Harvin D, Rein A. RNA is a structural element in retrovirus particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98(9): 5246-51.
106. Gorelick RJ, Chabot DJ, Rein A, Henderson LE, Arthur LO. The two zinc fingers in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein are not functionally equivalent. J Virol 1993; 67(7): 4027-36.
107. Sakaguchi K, Zambrano N, Baldwin ET, Shapiro BA, Erickson JW, Omichinski JG, et al. Identification of a binding site for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90(11): 5219-23.
108. Dorfman T, Luban J, Goff SP, Haseltine WA, Gottlinger HG. Mapping of functionally important residues of a cysteine-histidine box in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein. J Virol 1993; 67(10): 6159-69.
109. Lapadat-Tapolsky M, Gabus C, Rau M, Darlix JL. Possible roles of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein in the specificity of proviral DNA synthesis and in its variability. J Mol Biol 1997; 268(2): 250-60.
110. Tanchou V, Decimo D, Pechoux C, Lener D, Rogemond V, Berthoux L, et al. Role of the N-terminal zinc finger of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein in virus structure and replication. J Virol 1998; 72(5): 4442-7.
111. Cimarelli A, Sandin S, Hoglund S, Luban J. Rescue of multiple viral functions by a second-site suppressor of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid mutation. J Virol 2000; 74(9): 4273-83.
112. Poljak L, Batson SM, Ficheux D, Roques BP, Darlix JL, Kas E. Analysis of NCp7- dependent activation of HIV-1 cDNA integration and its conservation among retroviral nucleocapsid proteins. J Mol Biol 2003; 329(3): 411-21.
113. Gao K, Gorelick RJ, Johnson DG, Bushman F. Cofactors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cDNA integration in vitro. J Virol 2003; 77(2): 1598-603.
114. Carteau S, Batson SC, Poljak L, Mouscadet JF, de Rocquigny H, Darlix JL, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid protein specifically stimulates Mg2+-dependent DNA integration in vitro. J Virol 1997; 71(8): 6225-9.
115. Carteau S, Gorelick RJ, Bushman FD. Coupled integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cDNA ends by purified integrase in vitro: stimulation by the viral nucleocapsid protein. J Virol 1999; 73(8): 6670-9.
116. Yu X, Hathout Y, Fenselau C, Sowder RC 2nd, Henderson LE, Rice WG, et al. Specific disuffide formation in the oxidation of HIV-1 zinc finger protein nucleocapsid p7. Chem Res Toxicol 1995; 8(4): 586-90.
117. Berthoux L, Pechoux C, Darlix JL. Multiple effects of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleocapsid inhibitor on virus morphology and replication. J Virol 1999; 73(12): 10000-9.
118. Turpin JA, Terpening SJ, Schaeffer CA, Yu G, Glover CJ, Felsted RL, et al. Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 zinc fingers prevent normal processing of gag precursors and result in the release of noninfectious virus particles. J Virol 1996; 70(9): 6180-9.
119. Mahmood N, Jhaumeer-Lauloo S, Sampson J, Houghton PJ. Anti-HIV activity and mechanism of action of macrocyclic diamide SRR-SB3. J Pharm Pharmacol 1998; 50(12): 1339-42.
120. Witvrouw M, Balzarini J, Pannecouque C, Jhaumeer-Laulloo S, Este JA, Schols D, et al. SRR-SB3, a disulfide-containing macrolide that inhibits a late stage of the replicative cycle of human immunodeficiency virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41(2): 262-8.
121. Rice WG, Baker DC, Schaeffer CA, Graham L, Bu M, Terpening S, et al. Inhibition of multiple phases of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by a dithiane compound that attacks the conserved zinc fingers of retroviral nucleocapsid proteins. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41(2): 419-26.
122. Huang M, Maynard A, Turpin JA, Graham L, Janini GM, Covell DG, et al. Anti-HIV agents that selectively target retroviral nucleocapsid protein zinc fingers without affecting cellular zinc finger proteins. J Med Chem 1998; 41(9): 1371-81.
123. Rice WG, Turpin JA, Huang M, Clanton D, Buckheit RW Jr, Covell DG, et al. Azodicarbonamide inhibits HIV-1 replication by targeting the nucleocapsid protein. Nat Med 1997; 3(3): 341-5.
124. Vandevelde M, Witvrouw M, Schmit JC, Sprecher S, De Clercq E, Tassignon JP. ADA, a potential anti-HIV drug. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12(7): 567-8.
125. Rice WG, Schaeffer CA, Harten B, Villinger F, South TL, Summers MF, et al. Inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity by zinc-ejecting aromatic C-nitroso compounds. Nature 1993; 361(6411): 473-5.
126. Rein A, Ott DE, Mirro J, Arthur LO, Rice W, Henderson LE. Inactivation of murine leukemia virus by compounds that react with the zinc finger in the viral nucleocapsid protein. J Virol 1996; 70(8): 4966-72.
127. Basrur V, Song Y, Mazur SJ, Higashimoto Y, Turpin JA, Rice WG, et al. Inactivation of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein P7 by pyridinioalkanoyl thioesters. Characterization of reaction products and proposed mechanism of action. J Biol Chem 2000; 275(20): 14890-7.
128. Sheng N, Pettit SC, Tritch RJ, Ozturk DH, Rayner MM, Swanstrom R, et al. Determinants of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p15NC-RNA interaction that affect enhanced cleavage by the viral protease. J Virol 1997; 71(8): 5723-32.
129. Goebel FD, Hemmer R, Schmit JC, Bogner JR, de Clercq E, Witvrouw M, et al. Phase I/II dose escalation and randomized withdrawal study with add-on azodicarbonamide in patients failing on current antiretroviral therapy. Aids 2001; 15(1): 33-45.
130. Tassignon J, Vandevelde M, Goldman M. Azodicarbonamide as a new T cell immunosuppressant: synergy with cyclosporin A. Clin Immunol 2001; 100(1): 24-30.
131. Tassignon J, Ismaili J, Le Moine A, Van Laethem F, Leo O, Vandevelde M, et al. Azodicarbonamide inhibits T-cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Nat Med 1999; 5(8): 947-50.
132. Stephen AG, Worthy KM, Towler E, Mikovits JA, Sei S, Roberts P, et al. Identification of HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein: nucleic acid antagonists with cellular anti-HIV activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 296(5): 1228-37.
133. Lodi PJ, Ernst JA, Kuszewski J, Hickman AB, Engelman A, Craigie R, et al. Solution structure of the DNA binding domain of HIV-1 integrase. Biochemistry 1995; 34(31): 9826-33.
134. Eijkelenboom AP, van den Ent FM, Wechselberger R, Plasterk RH, Kaptein R, Boelens R. Refined solution structure of the dimeric N-terminal HHCC domain of HIV-2 integrase. J Biomol NMR 2000; 18(2): 119-28.
135. Esposito D, Craigie R. HIV integrase structure and function. Adv Virus Res 1999; 52: 319-33.
136. Wlodawer A, Miller M, Jaskolski M, Sathyanarayana BK, Baldwin E, Weber IT, et al. Conserved folding in retroviral proteases: crystal structure of a synthetic HIV-1 protease. Science 1989; 245(4918): 616-21.
137. Navia MA, Fitzgerald PM, McKeever BM, Leu CT, Heimbach JC, Herber WK, et al. Three-dimensional structure of aspartyl protease from human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1. Nature 1989; 337(6208): 615-20.
138. Unge T, Ahola H, Bhikhabhai R, Backbro K, Lovgren S, Fenyo EM, et al. Expression, purification, and crystallization of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990; 6(11): 1297-303.
139. Unge T, Knight S, Bhikhabhai R, Lovgren S, Dauter Z, Wilson K, et al. 2.2 A resolution structure of the amino-terminal half of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (fingers and palm subdomains). Structure 1994; 2(10): 953-61.
140. Kohlstaedt LA, Wang J, Friedman JM, Rice PA, Steitz TA. Crystal structure at 3.5 A resolution of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase complexed with an inhibitor. Science 1992; 256(5065): 1783-90.
141. Krausslich HG. Human immunodeficiency virus proteinase dimer as component of the viral polyprotein prevents particle assembly and viral infectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88(8): 3213-7.
142. Shehu-Xhilaga M, Crewe SM, Mak J. Maintenance of the Gag/Gag-Pol ratio is important for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA dimerization and viral infectivity. J Virol 2001; 75(4): 1834-41.
143. Luukkonen BG, Fenyo EM, Schwartz S. Overexpression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease increases intracellular cleavage of Gag and reduces virus infectivity. Virology 1995; 206(2): 854-65.
144. Karacostas V, Wolffe EJ, Nagashima K, Gonda MA, Moss B. Overexpression of the HIV- 1 gag-pol polyprotein results in intracellular activation of HIV-1 protease and inhibition of assembly and budding of virus-like particles. Virology 1993; 193(2): 661-71.
145. Boggetto N, Reboud-Ravaux M. Dimerization inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Biol Chem 2002; 383(9): 1321-4.
146. Morris MC, Robert-Hebmann V, Chaloin L, Mery J, Heitz F, Devaux C, et al. A new potent HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. A synthetic peptide derived from the interface subunit domains. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(35): 24941-6.
147. Maroun RG, Gayet S, Benleulmi MS, Porumb H, Zargarian L, Merad H, et al. Peptide inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase dissociate the enzyme oligomers. Biochemistry 2001; 40(46): 13840-8.
148. Zhao L, O'Reilly MK, Shultz MD, Chmielewski J. Interfacial peptide inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase activity and dimerization. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13(6): 1175-7.
149. Tachedjian G, Orlova M, Sarafianos SG, Arnold E, Goff SP. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are chemical enhancers of dimerization of the HIV type 1 reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98(13): 7188-93.
150. Freed EO. Viral late domains. J Virol 2002; 76(10): 4679-87.
151. Demirov DG, Orenstein JM, Freed EO. The late domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p6 promotes virus release in a cell type-dependent manner. J Virol 2002; 76(1): 105-17.
152. Yuan B, Campbell S, Bacharach E, Rein A, Goff SP. Infectivity of coloney murine leukemia virus defective in late assembly events is restored by late assembly domains of other retroviruses. J Virol 2000; 74(16): 7250-60.
153. Xiang Y, Cameron CE, Wills JW, Leis J. Fine mapping and characterization of the Rous sarcoma Virus Pr76gag late assembly domain. J Virol 1996; 70(8): 5695-700.
154. Gottlinger HG, Dorfman T, Sodroski JG, Haseltine WA. Effect of mutations affecting the p6 gag protein on human immunodeficiency virus particle release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88(8): 3195-9.
155. Huang M, Orenstein JM, Martin MA, Freed EO. p6Gag is required for particle production from full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 molecular clones expressing protease. J Virol 1995; 69(11): 6810-8.
156. Parent LJ, Bennett RP, Craven RC, Nelle TD, Krishna NK, Bowzard JB, et al. Positionally independent and exchangeable late budding functions of the Rous sarcoma virus and human immunodeficiency virus Gag proteins. J Virol 1995; 69(9): 5455-60.
157. Garrus JE, von Schwedler UK, Pornillos OW, Morham SG, Zavitz KH, Wang HE, et al. Tsg101 and the vacuolar protein sorting pathway are essential for hiv-1 budding. Cell 2001; 107(1): 55-65.
158. Pornillos O, Alam SL, Davis DR, Sundquist WI. Structure of the Tsg101 UEV domain in complex with the PTAP motif of the HIV-1 p6 protein. Nat Struct Biol 2002; 9(11): 812-7.
159. VerPlank L, Bouamr F, LaGrassa TJ, Agresta B, Kikonyogo A, Leis J, et al. Tsg101, a homologue of ubiquitin-conjugating (E2) enzymes, binds the L domain in HIV type 1 Pr55(Gag). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98(14): 7724-9.
160. von Schwedler U, Stuchell M, Muller B, Ward DM, Chung HY, Morita E, et al. The protein network of HIV budding. Cell 1003; 114: 701-713.
161. Strack B, Calistri A, Craig S, Popova E, Gottlinger HG. AIP1/ALIX is a binding partner for HIV-1 p6 and EIAV p9 functioning in virus budding. Cell 2003; 114: 689-699.
162. Katzmann DJ, Babst M, Emr SD. Ubiquitin-dependent sorting into the multivesicular body pathway requires the function of a conserved endosomal protein sorting complex, ESCRT-I. Cell 2001; 106(2): 145-55.
163. Pornillos O, Higginson DS, Stray KM, Fisher RD, Garrus JE, Payne M, et al. HIV Gag mimics the Tsg101-recruiting activity of the human Hrs protein. J Cell Biol 2003; 162(3): 425-34.
164. Martin-Serrano J, Zang T, Bieniasz PD. HIV-1 and Ebola virus encode small peptide motifs that recruit Tsg101 to sites of particle assembly to facilitate egress. Nat Med 2001; 7(12): 1313-9.
165. Martin-Serrano J, Zang T, Bieniasz PD. Role of ESCRT-I in retroviral budding. J Virol 2003: 77(8): 4794-804.
166. Lu Q, Hope LW, Brasch M, Reinhard C, Cohen SN. TSG101 interaction with HRS mediates endosomal trafficking and receptor down-regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(13): 7626-31.
167. Amara A, Littman DR. After Hrs with HIV. J Cell Biol 2003; 162(3): 371-5.
168. Goila-Gaur R, Demirov DG, Orenstein JM, Ono A, Freed EO. Defects in human immunodeficiency virus budding and endosomal sorting induced by TSG101 overexpression. J Virol 2003; 77(11): 6507-19.
169. Nguyen JT, Turck CW, Cohen FE, Zuckermann RN, Lim WA. Exploiting the Oasis of proline recognition by SH3 and WW domains: design of N-substituted inhibitors. Science 1998; 282(5396): 2088-92.
170. Ott DE, Coren LV, Copeland TD, Kane BP, Johnson DG, Sowder RC 2nd, et al. Ubiquitin is covalently attached to the p6Gag proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus and to the p12Gag protein of Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 1998; 72(4): 2962-8.
171. Vogt VM. Ubiquitin in retrovirus assembly: actor or bystander? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(24): 12945-7.
172. Strack B, Calistri A, Accola MA, Palu G, Gottlinger HG. A role for ubiquitin ligase recruitment in retrovirus release. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(24): 13063-8.
173. Schubert U, Ott DE, Chertova EN, Welker R, Tessmer U, Princiotta MF, et al. Proteasome inhibition interferes with gag polyprotein processing, release, and maturation of HIV- 1 and HIV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(24): 13057-62.
174. Patnaik A, Chau V, Wills JW. Ubiquitin is part of the retrovirus budding machinery. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97(24):
175. Putterman D, Pepinsky RB, Vogt VM. Ubiquitin in avian leukosis virus particles. Virology 1990; 176(2): 633-7.
176. Hicke L. A new ticket for entry into budding vesicles-ubiquitin. Cell 2001; 106(5): 527-30.
177. Shih SC, Sloper-Mould KE, Hicke L. Monoubiquitin carries a novel internalization signal that is appended to activated receptors. EMBO J 2000; 19(2): 187-98.
178. Lee DIL Goldberg AL. Proteasome inhibitors: valuable new tools for cell biologists. Trends Cell Biol 1998; 8(10): 397-403.
179. Li F, Goila-Gaur R, Salzwedel K, Kilgore NR, Reddick M, Matallana C, et al. PA-457: a potent HIV inhibitor that disrupts core condensation by targeting a late step in Gag processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003; 100(23): 13555-60.
180. Ott DE, Coren Ly Kane BP, Busch LK, Johnson DG, Sowder RC 2nd, et al. Cytoskeletal proteins inside human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions. J,Virol 1996; 70(11): 7734-43.
181. Liu B, Dai R, Tian CJ, Dawson L, Gorelick R, Yu XF. Interaction of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleocapsid with actin. J Virol 1999; 73(4): 2901-8.
182. Wilk T, Gowen B, Fuller SD. Actin associates with the nucleocapsid domain of the human immunodeficiency virus Gag polyprotein. J Virol 1999; 73(3): 1931-40.
183. Rey O, Canon J, Krogstad P. HIV-1 Gag protein associates with F-actin present in microfilaments. Virology 1996; 220(2): 530-4.
184. Perotti ME, Tan X, Phillips DM. Directional budding of human immunodeficiency virus from monocytes. J Virol 1996; 70(9): 5916-21.
185. Suomalainen M, Hultenby K, Garoff H. Targeting of Moloney murine leukemia virus gag precursor to the site of virus budding. J Cell Biol 1996; 135(6 Pt 2): 1841-52.
186. Basyuk E, Galli T, Mougel M, Blanchard JM, Sitbon M, Bertrand E. Retroviral genomic RNAs are transported to the plasma membrane by endosomal vesicles. Dev Cell 2003; 5(1): 161-74.
187. Hansen M, Jelinek L, Whiting S, Barklis E. Transport and assembly of gag proteins into Moloney murine leukemia virus. J Virol 1990; 64(11): 5306-16.
188. Ulmer JB, Palade GE. Effects of brefeldin A on the processing of viral envelope glycoproteins in murine erythroleukemia cells. J Biol Chem 1991; 266(14): 9173-9.
189. McDonald D, Vodicka MA, Lucero G, Svitkina TM, Borisy GG, Emerman M, et al. Visualization of the intracellular behavior of HIV in living cells. J Cell Biol 2002; 159(3): 441-52.
190. Balla T. Pharmacology of phosphoinositides, regulators of multiple cellular functions. Curr Pharm Des 2001; 7(6): 475-507.
191. Wymann MP, Sozzani S, Altruda F, Mantovani A, Hirsch E. Lipids on the move: phosphoinositide 3-kinases in leukocyte function. Immunol Today 2000; 21(6): 260-4.
192. Berrie CP. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition in cancer treatment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 10(6): 1085-98.
193. Niedrig M, Gelderblom HR, Pauli G, Marz J, Bickhard H, Wolf H, et al. Inhibition of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particle formation by Gag protein-derived peptides. J Gen Virol 1994; 75 ( Pt 6): 1469-74.
194. Cannon PM, Matthews S, Clark N, Byles ED, Iourin O, Hockley DJ, et al. Structurefunction studies of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein, p17. J Virol 1997; 71(5): 3474-83.
195. Hoglund S, Su J, Reneby SS, Vegvari A, Hjerten S, Sintorn IM, et al. Tripeptide interference with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 morphogenesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46(11): 3597-605.
196. Su J, Andersson E, Horal P, Naghavi MH, Palm A, Wu YP, et al. The nontoxic tripeptide glycyl-prolyl-glycine amide inhibits the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Hum Virol 2001; 4(1): 1-7.
197. Kurup A, Mekapati SB, Garg R, Hansch C, HIV-1 protease inhibitors: a comparative QSAR analysis. Curr Med Chem 2003; 10(17): 1679-88.
198. De Clercq E. New developments in anti-HIV chemotherapy. Curr Med Chem 2001; 8(13): 1543-72.
199. Kaplan AH, Zack JA, Knigge M, Paul DA, Kempf DJ, Norbeck DW, et al. Partial inhibition of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease results in aberrant virus assembly and the formation of noninfectious particles. J Virol 1993; 67(7): 4050-5.
200. Lambert DM, Petteway SR Jr, McDanal CE, Hart TK, Leary JJ, Dreyer GB, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors irreversibly block infectivity of purified virions from chronically infected cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36(5): 982-8.
201. Fujioka T, Kashiwada Y, Kilkuskie RE, Cosentino LM, Ballas LM, Jiang JB, et al. Anti- AIDS agents, 11. Betulinic acid and platanic acid as anti-HIV principles from Syzigium claviflorum, and the anti-HIV activity of structurally related triterpenoids. J Nat Prod 1994; 57(2): 243-7.
202. Mayaux JF, Bousseau A, Pauwels R, Huet T, Henin Y, Dereu N, et al. Triterpene derivatives that block entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 into cells. Proc Natl And Sci USA 1994; 91(9): 3564-8.
203. Labrosse B, Pleskoff O, Sol N, Jones C, Henin Y, Alizon M. Resistance to a drug blocking human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry (RPR103611) is conferred by mutations in gp41. J Virol 1997; 71(11): 8230-6.
204. De Clercq E. Novel compounds in preclinical/early clinical development for the treatment of HIV infections. Rev Med Virol 2000; 10(4): 255-77.
205. Kanamoto T, Kashiwada Y, Kanbara K, Gotoh K, Yoshimori M, Goto T, et al. Antihuman immunodeficiency virus activity of YK-FH312 (a betulinic acid derivative), a novel compound blocking viral maturation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45(4): 1225-30.
206. Rossmann MG. The structure of antiviral agents that inhibit uncoating when complexed with viral capsids. Antiviral Res 1989; 11(1): 3-13.
207. Smith TJ, Kremer MJ, Luo M, Vriend G, Arnold E. Kamer G, et al. The site of attachment in human rhinovirus 14 for antiviral agents that inhibit uncoating. Science 1986; 233(4770): 1286-93.
208. Deres K, Schroder CH, Paessens A, Goldmann S, Hacker HJ, Weber O, et al. Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by drug-induced depletion of nucleocapsids. Science 2003; 299(5608): 893-6.
209. von Schwedler UK, Stemmler TL, Klishko VY, Li S, Albertine KH, Davis DR, et al. Proteolytie refolding of the HIV-1 capsid protein amino-terminus facilitates viral core assembly. EMBO J 1998; 17(6): 1555-68.
210. Gross I, Hohenberg H, Huckhagel C, Krausslich HG. N-Terminal extension of human immunodeficiency virus capsid protein converts the in vitro assembly phenotype from tubular to spherical particles. J Virol 1998; 72(6): 4798-810.
211. Reicin AS, Ohagen A, Yin L, Hoglund S, Goff SP. The role of Gag in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion morphogenesis and early steps ofthe viral life cycle. J Virol 1996; 70(12): 8645-52.
212. Forshey BM, von Schwedler U, Sundquist WI, Aiken C. Formation of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 core of optimal stability is crucial for viral replication. J Virol 2002; 76(11): 5667-77.
213. Tang C, Loeliger E, Kinde I, Kyere S, Mayo K, Barklis E, et al. Antiviral inhibition ofthe HIV-1 capsid protein. J Mol Biol 2003; 327(5): 1013-20.
214. Fan L, Peden K. Cell-free transmission of Vif mutants of HIV-1. Virology 1992; 190(1): 19-29.
215. Courcoul M, Patience C, Rey F, Blanc D, Harmache A, Sire J, et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells produce normal amounts of defective Vif- human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles which are restricted for the preretrotranscription steps. J Virol 1995; 69(4): 2068-74.
216. Sheehy AM, Gaddis NC, Choi JD, Malim MH. Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature 2002; 418(6898): 646-50.
217. Zhang H, Yang B, Pomerantz RJ, Zhang C, Arunachalam SC, Gao L. The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA. Nature 2003; 424(6944): 94-8.
218. Mariani R, Chen D, Schrofelbauer B, Navarro F, Konig R, Bollman B, et al. Speciesspecific exclusion of APOBEC3G from HIV-1 virions by Vif. Cell 2003; 114(1): 21-31.
219. Mangeat B, Turelli P, Caron G, Friedli M, Perrin L, Trono D. Broad antiretroviral defence by human APOBEC3G through lethal editing of nascent reverse transcripts. Nature 2003; 424(6944): 99-103.
220. Lecossier D, Bouchonnet F, Clavel F, Hance AJ. Hypermutation of HIV-1 DNA in the absence of the Vif protein. Science 2003; 300(5622): 1112.
221. Harris RS, Bishop KN, Sheehy AM, Craig HM, Petersen-Mahrt SK, Watt IN, et al. DNA deamination mediates innate immunity to retroviral infection. Cell 1003; 113(6): 803-9.
222. Desrosiers RC, Lifson JD, Gibbs JS, Czajak SC, Howe AY, Arthur LO, et al. Identification of highly attenuated mutants of simian immunodeficiency virus, J Virol 1998; 72(2): 1431-7.
223. Alexander L, Aquino-DeJesus MJ, Chan M, Andiman WA. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication by a two-amino-acid insertion in HIV-1 Vif from a nonprogressing mother and child. J Virol 2002; 76(20): 10533-9.
224. Hassaine G, Agostini I, Candotti D, Bessou G, Caballero M, Agut H, et al. Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vif gene in long-term asymptomatic individuals. Virology 2000; 276(1): 169-80.
225. Potash MJ, Bentsman G, Muir T, Krachmarov C, Sova P, Volsky DJ. Peptide inhibitors of HIV-1 protease and viral infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes based on HIV-1 Vif. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95(23): 13865-8.
226. Baraz L, Friedler A, Blumenzweig I, Nussinuv O, Chen N, Steinitz M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif-derived peptides inhibit the viral protease and arrest virus production. FFBS Lett 1998; 441(3): 419-26,
227. Blumenzweig I, Baraz L, Friedler A, Danielson UH, Gilon C, Steinitz M, et al. HIV-1 Vif-derived peptide inhibits drug-resistant HIV proteases. Biochem Biophys Res Common 2002; 292(4): 832-40.
228. Yang B, Gao L, Li L, Lu Z, Fan X, Patel CA, et al. Potent suppression of viral infectivity by the peptides that inhibit multimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif proteins. J Biol Chem 2003; 278(8): 6596-602,
229. Kotler M, Simm M, Zhao YS, Sova P, Chao W, Ohnona SF, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protein Vif inhibits the activity of HIV-1 protease in bacteria and in vitro. J Virol 1997; 71(8): 5774-81.
230. Hoglund S, Ohagen A, Lawrence K, Gabuzda D. Role of vif during packing of the core of HIV-1. Virology 1994; 201(2): 349-55.
231. Khan MA, Aberham C, Kao S, Akari H, Gorelick R, Bour S, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif protein is packaged into the nucleoprotein complex through an interaction with viral genomic RNA. J Virol 2001; 75(16): 7252-65.
232. De Guzman RN, Wu ZR, Stalling CC, Pappalardo L, Borer PN, Summers MF. Structure of the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein bound to the SL3 psi-RNA recognition element. Science 1998; 279(5349): 384-8.
233. Pal R, Mumbauer S, Hoke GM, Takatsuki A, Sarngadharan MG. Brefeldin A inhibits the processing and secretion of envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7(8): 707-12.
234. Luffig RB, Lupo LD. Viral interactions with the host-cell cytoskeleton: the role of retroviral proteases. Trends Microbiol 1994; 2(5): 178-82.
235. Scheifele LZ, Garbitt RA, Rhoads JD, Parent LJ. Nuclear entry and CRM1-dependent nuclear export of the Rous sarcoma virus Gag polyprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99(6): 3944-9.
236. Fischinger PJ, Nomura S. Efficient release of murine xenotropic oncornavirus after murine leukemia virus infection of mouse cells. Virology 1975; 65(1): 304-7.
237. Satake M, Luftig RB. Microtubule-depolymerizing agents inhibit Moloney murine leukaemia virus production. J Gen Virol 1982; 58(Pt 2): 339-49.
238. Cole AM, Lehrer RI. Minidefensins: antimicrobial peptides with activity against HIV-1. Curr Pharm Design 2003; 9(18): 1463-73.
239. Morris-Natschke SL, Ishaq KS, Kucera LS. Phospholipid analogs against HIV-1 infection and disease. Curr Pharm Design 2003; 9(18): 1441-51.
240. Tozser J, Oroszlan S, Proteolytic events of HIV-1 replication as targets for therapeutic intervention. Curr Pharm Design 2003; 9(22): 1803-15.