Virus entry, assembly, budding, membrane rafts

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 67, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 226-237

  Chazal, Nathalie ^a   Gerlier, Denis ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE LYON   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; SPHINGOLIPID;

BUDDING; CELL MEMBRANE; ENDOCYTOSIS; LIPID MEMBRANE; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VIROGENESIS; VIRUS ASSEMBLY; VIRUS CELL INTERACTION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

ANIMALS; CELL MEMBRANE; HUMANS; MEMBRANE LIPIDS; MEMBRANE MICRODOMAINS; VIRAL PHYSIOLOGY; VIRUS ASSEMBLY; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0038314400     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.67.2.226-237.2003     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Ahn, A., D. L. Gibbons, and M. Kielian. 2002. The fusion peptide of Semliki Forest virus associates with sterol-rich membrane domains. J. Virol. 76:3267-3275.
2. Alfsen, A., and M. Bomsel. 2002. HIV-1 gp41 envelope residues 650-685 exposed on native virus act as a lectin to bind epithelial cell galactosyl ceramide. J. Biol. Chem. 277:25649-25659.
3. Ali, A., R. T. Avalos, E. Ponimaskin, and D. P. Nayak. 2000. Influenza virus assembly: effect of influenza virus glycoproteins on the membrane association of M1 protein. J. Virol. 74:8709-8719.
4. Ali, A., and D. P. Nayak. 2000. Assembly of Sendai virus: M protein interacts with F and HN proteins and with the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane domain of F protein. Virology 276:289-303.
5. Aloia, R. C., H. Tian, and F. C. Jensen. 1993. Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope and host cell plasma membranes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5181-5185.
6. Alonso, M. A., and J. Millan. 2001. The role of lipid rafts in signalling and membrane trafficking in T lymphocytes. J. Cell Sci. 114:3957-3965.
7. Anderson, H. A., Y. Chen, and L. C. Norkin. 1998. MHC class I molecules are enriched in caveolae but do not enter with simian virus 40. J. Gen. Virol. 79:1469-1477.
8. Banerjee, P., J. B. Joo, J. T. Buse, and G. Dawson. 1995. Differential solubilization of lipids along with membrane proteins by different classes of detergents. Chem. Phys. Lipids 77:65-78.
9. Barman, S., and D. P. Nayak. 2000. Analysis of the transmembrane domain of influenza virus neuraminidase, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, for apical sorting and raft association. J. Virol. 74:6538-6545.
10. Bavari, S., C. M. Bosio, E. Wiegand, G. Ruthel, A. B. Will, T. W. Geisbert, M. Hevey, C. Schmaljohn, A. Schmaljohn, and M. J. Aman. 2002. Lipid raft microdomains: a gateway for compartmentalized trafficking of Ebola and Marburg viruses. J. Exp. Med. 195:593-602.
11. Bergelson, J. M., M. Chan, K. R. Solomon, N. F. St John, H. Lin, and R. W. Finberg. 1994. Decay-accelerating factor (CD55), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored complement regulatory protein, is a receptor for several echoviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:6245-6249.
12. Bess, J. W., Jr., R. J. Gorelick, W. J. Bosche, L. E. Henderson, and L. O. Arthur. 1997. Microvesicles are a source of contaminating cellular proteins found in purified HIV-1 preparations. Virology 230:134-144.
13. Bini, L., S. Pacini, S. Liberatore, S. Valensin, M. Pellegrini, R. Raggiashi, V. Pallini, and C. T. Baldari. 2003. Extensive temporally regulated rcorganization of the lipid rail proteome following T-cell antigen receptor triggering. Biochem. J. 369:301-309.
14. Bohn, W., G. Rutter, H. Hohenberg, K. Mannweiler, and P. Nobis. 1986. Involvement of actin filaments in budding of measles virus: studies on cytoskeletons of infected cells. Virology 149:91-106.
15. Bron, R., J. M. Wahlberg, H. Garoff, and J. Wilschut. 1993. Membrane fusion of Semliki Forest virus in a model system: correlation between fusion kinetics and structural changes in the envelope glycoprotein. EMBO J. 12:693-701.
16. Brown, D. A., and E. London. 2000. Structure and function of sphingolipidand cholesterol-rich membrane rafts. J. Biol. Chem. 275:17221-17224.
17. Brown, D. A., and E. London. 1998. Structure and origin of ordered lipid domains in biological membranes. J. Membr. Biol. 164:103-114.
18. Brown, G., J. Aitken, H. W. Rixon, and R. J. Sugrue. 2002. Caveolin-1 is incorporated into mature respiratory syncytial virus particles during virus assembly on the surface of virus-infected cells. J. Gen. Virol. 83:611-621.
19. Brown, G., H. W. Rixon, and R. J. Sugrue. 2002. Respiratory syncytial virus assembly occurs in GM1-rich regions of the host-cell membrane and alters the cellular distribution of tyrosine phosphorylated caveolin-1. J. Gen. Virol. 83:1841-1850.
20. Caballero, M., J. Carabana, J. Ortego, R. Fernandez-Munoz, and M. L. Celma. 1998. Measles virus fusion protein is palmitoylated on transmembrane-intracytoplasmic cysteine residues which participate in cell fusion. J. Virol. 72:8198-8204.
21. Campbell, S. M., S. M. Crowe, and J. Mak. 2001. Lipid rafts and HIV-1: from viral entry to assembly of progeny virions. J. Clin. Virol. 22:217-227.
22. Cerny, J., H. Stockinger, and V. Horejsi. 1996. Noncovalent associations of T lymphocyte surface proteins. Eur. J. Immunol. 26:2335-2343.
23. Chazal, N., G. Singer, C. Aiken, M. L. Hammarskjold, and D. Rekosh. 2001. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles pseudotyped with envelope proteins that fuse at low pH no longer require Nef for optimal infectivity. J. Virol. 75:4014-4018.
24. Chen, Y., and L. C. Norkin. 1999. Extracellular simian virus 40 transmits a signal that promotes virus enclosure within caveolae. Exp. Cell Res. 246:83-90.
25. Cicala, C., J. Arthos, S. M. Selig, G. Dennis, Jr., D. A. Hosack, D. Van Ryk, M. L. Spangler, T. D. Steenbeke, P. Khazanie, N. Gupta, J. Yang, M. Daucher, R. A. Lempicki, and A. S. Fauci. 2002. HIV envelope induces a cascade of cell signals in non-proliferating target cells that favor virus replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:9380-9385.
26. Cleverley, D. Z., H. M. Geller, and J. Lenard. 1997. Characterization of cholesterol-free insect cells infectible by baculoviruses: effects of cholesterol on VSV fusion and infectivity and on cytotoxicity induced by influenza M2 protein. Exp. Cell Res. 233:288-296.
27. Cullen, B. R. 1998. HIV-1 auxiliary proteins: making connections in a dying cell. Cell 93:685-692.
28. Del Real, G., S. Jimenez-Baranda, R. A. Lacalle, E. Mira, P. Lucas, C. Gomez-Mouton, A. C. Carrera, A. C. Martinez, and S. Manes. 2002. Blocking of HIV-1 infection by targeting CD4 to nonraft membrane domains. J. Exp. Med. 196:293-301.
29. Dermine, J. F., S. Duclos, J. Garin, F. St Louis, S. Rea, R. G. Parton, and M. Desjardins. 2001. Flotillin-1-enriched lipid raft domains accumulate on maturing phagosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 276:18507-18512.
30. Dietrich, C., L. A. Bagatolli, Z. N. Volovyk, N. L. Thompson, M. Levi, K. Jacobson, and E. Gratton. 2001. Lipid rafts reconstituted in model membranes. Biophys. J. 80:1417-1428.
31. Dubois-Dalcq, M., and T. S. Reese. 1975. Structural changes in the membrane of vero cells infected with a paramyxovirus. J. Cell Biol. 67:551-565.
32. Echarri, A., M. E. Gonzalez, and L. Carrasco. 1996. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Nef is an RNA binding protein in cell-free systems. J. Mol. Biol. 262:640-651.
33. Empig, C. J., and M. A. Goldsmith. 2002. Association of the caveola vesicular system with cellular entry by filoviruses. J. Virol. 76:5266-5270.
34. Fantini, J., D. G. Cook, N. Nathanson, S. L. Spitalnik, and F. GonzalezScarano. 1993. Infection of colonic epithelial cell lines by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus is associated with cell surface expression of galactosylceramide, a potential alternative gp120 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2700-2704.
35. Fantini, J., D. Hammache, O. Delezay, N. Yahi, C. Andre-Barres, I. RicoLattes, and A. Lattes. 1997. Synthetic soluble analogs of galactosylceramide (GalCer) bind to the V3 domain of HIV-1 gp120 and inhibit HIV-1-induced fusion and entry. J. Biol. Chem. 272:7245-7252.
36. Fournier, C., J. C. Cortay, C. Carbonnelle, C. Ehreshmann, R. Marquet, and P. Boulanger. 2002. The HIV-1 Nef protein enhances the affinity of reverse transcriptase for RNA in vitro. Virus Genes 25:253-267.
37. Freed, E. O. 2002. Viral late domains. J. Virol. 76:4679-4687.
38. Friedrichson, T., and T. V. Kurzchalia. 1998, Microdomains of GPI-anchored proteins in living cells revealed by crosslinking. Nature 394:802-805.
39. Fuller, S., C. H. von Bonsdorff, and K. Simons. 1984. Vesicular stomatitis virus infects and matures only through the basolateral surface of the polarized epithelial cell line, MDCK. Cell 38:65-77.
40. Garnier, L., J. B. Bowzard, and J. W. Wills. 1998. Recent advances and remaining problems in HIV assembly. AIDS 12(Suppl. A):S5-S16.
41. Garoff, H., R. Hewson, and D. J. Opstelten. 1998. Virus maturation by budding. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62:1171-1190.
42. Gluschankof, P., I. Mondor, H. R. Gelderblom, and Q. J. Sattentau. 1997. Cell membrane vesicles are a major contaminant of gradient-enriched human immunodeficiency virus type-1 preparations. Virology 230:125-133.
43. Gottlinger, H. G. 2001. The HIV-1 assembly machine. AIDS 15(Suppl. 5):S13-S20.
44. Guerrero, C. A., D. Bouyssounade, S. Zarate, P. Isa, T. Lopez, R. Espinosa, P. Romero, E. Mendez, S. Lopez, and C. F. Arias. 2002. Heat shock cognate protein 70 is involved in rotavirus cell entry. J. Virol. 76:4096-4102.
45. Guerrero, C. A., S. Zarate, G. Corkidi, S. Lopez, and C. F. Arias. 2000. Biochemical characterization of rotavirus receptors in MA104 cells. J. Virol. 74:9362-9371.
46. Guyader, M., E. Kiyokawa, L. Abrami, P. Turelli, and D. Trono. 2002. Role for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 membrane cholesterol in viral internalization. J. Virol. 76:10356-10364.
47. Hammache, D., G. Pieron, N. Yahi, O. Delezay, N. Koch, H. Lafont, C. Tamalet, and J. Fantini. 1998. Specific interaction of HIV-1 and HIV-2 surface envelope glycoproteins with monolayers of galactosylceramide and ganglioside GM3. J. Biol. Chem. 273:7967-7971.
48. Harder, T., and K. Simons. 1997. Caveolae, DIGs, and the dynamics of sphingolipid-cholesterol microdomains. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:534-542.
49. Henderson, G., J. Murray, and R. P. Yeo. 2002. Sorting of the respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein into detergent-resistant structures is dependent on cell-surface expression of the glycoproteins. Virology 300:244-254.
50. Huang, X., T. Liu, J. Muller, R. A. Levandowski, and Z. Ye. 2001. Effect of influenza virus matrix protein and viral RNA on ribonucleoprotein formation and nuclear export. Virology 287:405-416.
51. Hug, P., H. M. Lin, T. Korte, X. Xiao, D. S. Dimitrov, J. M. Wang, A. Puri, and R. Blumenthal. 2000. Glycosphingolipids promote entry of a broad range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates into cell lines expressing CD4, CXCR4, and/or CCR5. J. Virol. 74:6377-6385.
52. Hughey, P. G., R. W. Compans, S. L. Zebedee, and R. A. Lamb. 1992. Expression of the influenza A virus M2 protein is restricted to apical surfaces of polarized epithelial cells. J. Virol. 66:5542-5552.
53. Huttner, W. B., and J. Zimmerberg. 2001. Implications of lipid microdomains for membrane curvature, budding and fission. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13:478-484.
54. Jackson, D. C., X. L. Tang, K. G. Murti, R. G. Webster, G. W. Tregear, and W. J. Bean. 1991. Electron microscopic evidence for the association of M2 protein with the influenza virion. Arch. Virol. 118:199-207.
55. Jacobson, K., and C. Dietrich. 1999. Looking at lipid rafts? Trends Cell Biol. 9:87-91.
56. Janes, P. W., S. C. Ley, and A. I. Magee. 1999. Aggregation of lipid rafts accompanies signaling via the T cell antigen receptor. J. Cell Biol. 147:447-461.
57. Karnauchow, T. M., D. L. Tolson, B. A. Harrison, E. Altman, D. M. Lublin, and K. Dimock. 1996. The HeLa cell receptor for enterovirus 70 is decayaccelerating factor (CD55). J. Virol. 70:5143-5152.
58. Keller, P., and K. Simons. 1998. Cholesterol is required for surface transport of influenza virus hemagglutinin. J. Cell Biol. 140:1357-1367.
59. Kielian, M. C., and A. Helenius. 1984. Role of cholesterol in fusion of Semliki Forest virus with membranes. J. Virol. 52:281-283.
60. Kikonyogo, A., F. Bouamr, M. L. Vana, Y. Xiang, A. Aiyar, C. Carter, and J. Leis. 2001. Proteins related to the Nedd4 family of ubiquitin protein ligases interact with the L domain of Rous sarcoma virus and are required for gag budding from cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:11199-11204.
61. Kozak, S. L., J. M. Heard, and D. Kabat. 2002. Segregation of CD4 and CXCR4 into distinct lipid microdomains in T lymphocytes suggests a mechanism for membrane destabilization by human immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol.76:1802-1815.
62. Lee, A. 2001. Membrane structure. Curr. Biol. 11:R811-R814.
63. Lee, Y. M., B. Liu, and X. F. Yu. 1999. Formation of virus assembly intermediate complexes in the cytoplasm by wild-type and assembly-defective mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and their association with membranes. J. Virol. 73:5654-5662.
64. Liao, Z., L. M. Cimakasky, R. Hampton, D. H. Nguyen, and J. E. Hildreth. 2001. Lipid rafts and HIV pathogenesis: host membrane cholesterol is required for infection by HIV type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 17:1009-1019.
65. Lindwasser, O. W., and M. D. Resh. 2002. Myristoylation as a target for inhibiting HIV assembly: unsaturated fatty acids block viral budding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 99:13037-13042.
66. Liu, N. Q., A. S. Lossinsky, W. Popik, X. Li, C. Gujuluva, B. Kriederman, J. Roberts, T. Pushkarsky, M. Bukrinsky, M. Witte, M. Weinand, and M. Fiala. 2002. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enters brain microvascular endothelia by macropinocytosis dependent on lipid rafts and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J. Virol. 76:6689-6700.
67. Lodge, R., H. Gottlinger, D. Gabuzda, E. A. Cohen, and G. Lemay. 1994. The intracytoplasmic domain of gp41 mediates polarized budding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in MDCK cells. J. Virol. 68:4857-4861.
68. Lu, X., and J. Silver. 2000. Ecotropic murine leukemia virus receptor is physically associated with caveolin and membrane rafts. Virology 276:251-258.
69. Lu, X., Y. Xiong, and J. Silver. 2002. Asymmetric requirement for cholesterol in receptor-bearing but not envelope-bearing membranes for fusion mediated by ecotropic murine leukemia virus. J. Virol. 76:6701-6709.
70. Lu, Y. E., T. Cassese, and M. Kielian. 1999. The cholesterol requirement for sindbis virus entry and exit and characterization of a spike protein region involved in cholesterol dependence. J. Virol. 73:4272-4278.
71. Luan, P., L. Yang, and M. Glaser. 1995. Formation of membrane domains created during the budding of vesicular stomatitis virus. A model for selective lipid and protein sorting in biological membranes. Biochemistry 34:9874-9883.
72. Madore, N., K. L. Smith, C. H. Graham, A. Jen, K. Brady, S. Hall, and R. Morris. 1999. Functionally different GPI proteins are organized in different domains on the neuronal surface. EMBO J. 18:6917-6926.
73. Manes, S., G. del Real, R. A. Lacalle, P. Lucas, C. Gomez-Mouton, S. Sanchez-Palomino, R. Delgado, J. Alcam, E. Mira, and A. C. Martinez. 2000. Membrane raft microdomains mediate lateral assemblies required for HIV-1 infection. EMBO Rep. 1:190-196.
74. Manie, S. N., S. Debreyne, S. Vincent, and D. Gerlier. 2000. Measles virus structural components are enriched into lipid raft microdomains: a potential cellular location for virus assembly. J. Virol. 74:305-311.
75. Marjomaki, V., V. Pietiainen, H. Matilainen, P. Upla, J. Ivaska, L. Nissinen, H. Reunanen, P. Huttunen, T. Hyypia, and J. Heino. 2002. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J. Virol. 76:1856-1865.
76. Martin, K., and A. Helenius. 1991. Nuclear transport of influenza virus ribonucleoproteins: the viral matrix protein (M1) promotes export and inhibits import. Cell 67:117-130.
77. Maziere, J. C., J. C. Landureau, P. Giral, M. Auclair, L. Fall, A. Lachgar, A. Achour, and D. Zagury. 1994. Lovastatin inhibits HIV-1 expression in H9 human T lymphocytes cultured in cholesterol-poor medium. Biomed. Pharmacother. 48:63-67.
78. Melkonian, K. A., G. Ostermeyer, J. Z. Chen, M. G. Roth, and D. A. Brown. 1999. Role of lipid modifications in targeting proteins to detergentresistant membrane rafts. Many raft proteins are acylated, while few are prenylated. J. Biol. Chem. 274:3910-3917.
79. Millan, J., J. Cerny, V. Horejsi, and M. A. Alonso. 1999. CD4 segregates into specific detergent-resistant T-cell membrane microdomains. Tissue Antigens 53:33-40.
80. Nguyen, D. H., and J. E. Hildreth. 2000. Evidence for budding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selectively from glycolipid-enriched membrane lipid rafts. J. Virol. 74:3264-3272.
81. Nichols, B. J., and J. Lippincott-Schwartz. 2001. Endocytosis without clathrin coats. Trends Cell Biol. 11:406-412.
82. Nicholson-Weller, A. 1992. Decay accelerating factor (CD55). Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 178:7-30.
83. Nisole, S., B. Krust, and A. G. Hovanessian. 2002. Anchorage of HIV on permissive cells leads to coaggregation of viral particles with surface nucleolin at membrane raft microdomains. Exp. Cell Res. 276:155-173.
84. Norkin, L. C., H. A. Anderson, S. A. Wolfrom, and A. Oppenheim. 2002. Caveolar endocytosis of simian virus 40 is followed by brefeldin A-sensitive transport to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the virus disassembles. J. Virol. 76:5156-5166.
85. Ono, A., and E. O. Freed. 2001. Plasma membrane rafts play a critical role in HIV-1 assembly and release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:13925-13930.
86. Parolini, I., S. Topa, M. Sorice, A. Pace, P. Ceddia, E. Montesoro, A. Pavan, M. P. Lisanti, C. Peschle, and M. Sargiacomo. 1999. Phorbol ester-induced disruption of the CD4-Lck complex occurs within a detergent-resistant microdomain of the plasma membrane. Involvement of the translocation of activated protein kinase C isoforms. J. Biol. Chem. 274:14176-14187.
87. Parton, R. G., and M. Lindsay. 1999. Exploitation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules and caveolae by simian virus 40. Immunol, Rev. 168:23-31.
88. Perez, O. D., and G. P. Nolan. 2001. Resistance is futile: assimilation of cellular machinery by HIV-1. Immunity 15:687-690.
89. Pessin, J. E., and M. Glaser. 1980. Budding of Rous sarcoma virus and vesicular stomatitis virus from localized lipid regions in the plasma membrane of chicken embryo fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 255:9044-9050.
90. Phalen, T., and M. Kielian. 1991. Cholesterol is required for infection by Semliki Forest virus. J. Cell Biol. 112:615-623.
91. Pickl, W. F., F. X. Pimentel-Muinos, and B. Seed. 2001. Lipid rafts and pseudotyping. J. Virol. 75:7175-7183.
92. Plemper, R. K., A. L. Hammond, and R. Cattaneo. 2001. Measles virus envelope glycoproteins hetero-oligomerize in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Biol. Chem. 276:44239-44246.
93. + T cells. J. Virol. 76:4709-4722.
94. Pralle, A., P. Keller, E.-L. Florin, K. Simons, and J. K. H. Hörber. 2000. Sphingolipid-cholesterol rafts diffuse as small entities in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 148:997-1007.
95. Rager, M., S. Vongpunsawad, W. P. Duprex, and R. Cattaneo. 2002. Polyploid measles virus with hexameric genome length. EMBO J. 21:2364-2372.
96. Raulin, J. 2002. Human immunodeficiency virus and host cell lipids. Interesting pathways in research for a new HIV therapy. Prog. Lipid Res. 41:27-65.
97. Riedl, P., M. Moll, H. D. Klenk, and A. Maisner. 2002. Measles virus matrix protein is not cotransported with the viral glycoproteins but requires virus infection for efficient surface targeting. Virus Res. 83:1-12.
98. Roper, K., D. Corbeil, and W. B. Huttner. 2000. Retention of prominin in microvilli reveals distinct cholesterol-based lipid micro-domains in the apical plasma membrane. Nat. Cell Biol. 2:582-592.
99. Rousso, I., M. B. Mixon, B. K. Chen, and P. S. Kim. 2000. Palmitoylation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is critical for viral infectivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:13523-13525.
100. Saez-Cirion, A., S. Nir, M. Lorizate, A. Agirre, A. Cruz, J. Perez-Gil, and J. L. Nieva. 2002. Sphingomyelin and cholesterol promote HIV-1 gp41 pretransmembrane sequence surface aggregation and membrane restructuring. J. Biol. Chem. 277:21776-21785.
101. Sapin, C., O. Colard, O. Delmas, C. Tessier, M. Breton, V. Enouf, S. Chwetzoff, J. Ouanich, J. Cohen, C. Wolf, and G. Trugnan. 2002. Rafts promote assembly and atypical targeting of a nonenveloped virus, rotavirus, in Caco-2 cells. J. Virol. 76:4591-4602.
102. Scheiffele, P., A. Rietveld, T. Wilk, and K. Simons. 1999. Influenza viruses select ordered lipid domains during budding from the plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 274:2038-2044.
103. Scheiffele, P., M. G. Roth, and K. Simons. 1997. Interaction of influenza virus haemagglutinin with sphingolipid-cholesterol membrane domains via its transmembrane domain. EMBO J. 16:5501-5508.
104. Schutz, G. J., M. Sonnleitner, P. Hinterdorfer, and H. Schindler. 2000. Single molecule microscopy of biomembranes. Mol. Membr. Biol. 17:17-29.
105. Simons, K., and R. Ehehalt. 2002. Cholesterol, lipid rafts, and disease. J. Clin. Investig. 110:597-603.
106. Simons, K., and E. Ikonen. 1997. Functional rafts in cell membranes. Nature 387:569-572.
107. Simons, K., and D. Toomre. 2000. Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1:31-39.
108. Singer, S. J., and G. L. Nicholson. 1972. The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175:720-731.
109. Smit, J. M., R. Bittman, and J. Wilschut. 1999. Low-pH-dependent fusion of Sindbis virus with receptor-free cholesterol- and sphingolipid-containing liposomes. J. Virol. 73:8476-8484.
110. Spielhofer, P., T. Bachi, T. Fehr, G. Christiansen, R. Cattaneo, K. Kaclin, M. A. Billeter, and H. Y. Naim. 1998. Chimeric measles viruses with a foreign envelope. J. Virol. 72:2150-2159.
111. Stang, E., J. Kartenbeck, and R. G. Parton. 1997. Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules mediate association of SV40 with caveolae. Mol. Biol. Cell 8:47-57.
112. Stuart, A. D., H. E. Eustace, T. A. McKee, and T. D. Brown. 2002. A novel cell entry pathway for a DAF-using human enterovirus is dependent on lipid rafts. J. Virol. 76:9307-9322.
113. Sugrue, R. J., R. B. Belshe, and A. J. Hay. 1990. Palmitoylation of the influenza A virus M2 protein. Virology 179:51-56.
114. Tritel, M., and M. D. Resh. 2001. The late stage of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly is an energy-dependent process. J. Virol. 75:5473-5481.
115. van der Goot, F. G., and T. Harder. 2001. Raft membrane domains: from a liquid-ordered membrane phase to a site of pathogen attack. Semin. Immunol. 13:89-97.
116. Varma, R., and S. Mayor. 1998, GPI-anchored proteins are organized in submicron domains at the cell surface. Nature 394:798-801.
117. Vashishtha, M., T. Phalen, M. T. Marquardt, J. S. Ryu, A. C. Ng, and M. Kielian. 1998. A single point mutation controls the cholesterol dependence of Semliki Forest virus entry and exit. J. Cell Biol. 140:91-99.
118. Viard, M., I. Parolini, M. Sargiacomo, K. Fecchi, C. Ramoni, S. Ablan, F. W. Ruscetti, J. M. Wang, and R. Blumenthal. 2002. Role of cholesterol in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope protein-mediated fusion with host cells. J. Virol. 76:11584-11595.
119. Vincent, S., D. Gerlier, and S. N. Manie. 2000. Measles virus assembly within membrane rafts. J. Virol. 74:9911-9915.
120. Vincent, S., D. Spehner, S. Manie, R. Delorme, R. Drillien, and D. Gerlier. 1999. Inefficient measles virus budding in murine LCD46 fibroblasts. Virology 265:185-195.
121. Waarts, B. L., R. Bittman, and J. Wilschut. 2002. Sphingolipid and cholesterol dependence of alphavirus membrane fusion. Lack of correlation with lipid raft formation in target liposomes. J. Biol. Chem. 277:38141-38147.
122. Wang, J. K., E. Kiyokawa, E. Verdin, and D. Trono. 2000. The Nef protein of HIV-1 associates with rafts and primes T cells for activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:394-399.
123. Welker, R., M. Harris, B. Cardel, and H. G. Krausslich. 1998. Virion incorporation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef is mediated by a bipartite membrane-targeting signal: analysis of its role in enhancement of viral infectivity. J. Virol. 72:8833-8840.
124. White, J., and A. Helenius. 1980. pH-dependent fusion between the Semliki Forest virus membrane and liposomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:3273-3277.
125. Wyma, D. J., A. Kotov, and C. Aiken. 2000. Evidence for a stable interaction of gp41 with Pr55(Gag) in immature human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles. J. Virol. 74:9381-9387.
126. Xiao, X., L Wu, T. S. Stantchev, Y. R. Feng, S. Ugolini, H. Chen, Z. Shen, J. L. Riley, C. C. Broder, Q. J. Sattentau, and D. S. Dimitrov. 1999. Constitutive cell surface association between CD4 and CCR5. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:7496-7501.
127. Yamamoto-Goshima, F., K. Maeno, T. Morishita, M. Ueda, Y. Fujita, K. Nakajima, and S. Yoshii. 1994. Role of neuraminidase in the morphogenesis of influenza B virus. J. Virol. 68:1250-1254.
128. Yang, L., and L. Ratner. 2002. Interaction of HIV-1 Gag and membranes in a cell-free system. Virology 302:164-173.
129. Yasuda, J., E. Hunter, M. Nakao, and H. Shida. 2002. Functional involvement of a novel Nedd4-like ubiquitin ligase on retrovirus budding. EMBO Rep. 3:636-640.
130. Zhang, J., A. Pekosz, and R. A. Lamb. 2000. Influenza virus assembly and lipid raft microdomains: a role for the cytoplasmic tails of the spike glycoproteins. J. Virol. 74:4634-4644.
131. Zheng, Y. H., A. Plemenitas, T. Linnemann, O. T. Fackler, and B. M. Peterlin. 2001. Nef increases infectivity of HIV via lipid rafts. Curr. Biol. 11:875-879.