Chapter 6.1 The role of microdialysis in drug discovery: focus on antipsychotic agents

Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn 16, Issue , 2006, Pages 485-511

  Millan, M J ^a   Panayi, F ^a   Rivet, J M ^a   Cara, B Di ^a   Cistarelli, L ^a   Billiras, R ^a   Girardon, S ^a   Gobert, A ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE RECHERCHES INTERNATIONALES SERVIER   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 67649742285     PISSN: 15697339     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1569-7339(06)16026-9     Document Type: Review

References (264)

1. Abelson J.L., Curtis G.C., Sagher O., Albucher R.C., Harrigan M., Taylor S.F., Martis B., and Giordani B. Deep brain stimulation for refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2005) 510-516
2. Abercrombie E.D., Keller Jr. R.W., and Zigmond M.J. Characterization of hippocampal norepinephrine release as measured by microdialysis perfusion: pharmacological and behavioral studies. Neuroscience 27 (1988) 897-904
3. Abi-Dargham A., and Laruelle M. Mechanism of action of second generation antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia: insights from brain imaging studies. Eur. Psychiatry 20 (2005) 15-27
4. Adams B.W., and Moghaddam B. Effect of clozapine, haloperidol, or M100907 on phencyclidine-activated glutamate efflux in the prefrontal cortex. Biol. Psychiatry 50 (2001) 750-757
5. Allen D.D., and Geldenhuys W.J. Molecular modeling of blood-brain barrier nutrient transporters: in silico basis for evaluation of potential drug delivery to the central nervous system. Life Sci. 78 (2006) 1029-1033
6. Andrén P.E., and Caprioli R.M. Determination of extracellular release of neurotensin in discrete rat brain regions utilizing in vivo microdialysis/electrospray mass spectrometry. Brain Res. 845 (1999) 123-129
7. 2-adrenoceptor blocking activity. J. Med. Chem. 48 (2005) 2054-2071
8. Aouizerate B., Martin-Guehl C., Cuny E., Guehl D., Amieva H., Benazzouz A., Fabrigoule C., Bioulac B., Tignol J., and Burbaud P. Deep brain stimulation for OCD and major depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 162 (2005) 2192
9. Aravagiri M., Yuwiler A., and Marder S.R. Distribution after repeated oral administration of different dose levels of risperidone and 9-hydroxy-risperidone in the brain and other tissues of rat. Psychopharmacology 139 (1998) 356-363
10. Arnsten A.F. Adrenergic targets for the treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 174 (2004) 25-31
11. 1A agonist properties. Neuropsychopharmacology, in press.
12. Baseski H.M., Watson C.J., Cellar N.A., Shackman J.G., and Kennedy R.T. Capillary liquid chromatography with MS3 for the determination of enkephalins in microdialysis samples from the striatum of anesthetized and freely-moving rats. J. Mass Spectrom. 40 (2005) 146-153
13. Bellander B.M., Cantais E., Enblad P., Hutchinson P., Nordstrom C.H., Robertson C., Sahuquillo J., Smith M., Stocchetti N., Ungerstedt U., Unterberg A., and Olsen N.V. Consensus meeting on microdialysis in neurointensive care. Intensive Care Med. 30 (2004) 2166-2169
14. Benturquia N., Couderc F., Sauvinet V., Orset C., Parrot S., Bayle C., Renaud B., and Denoroy L. Analysis of serotonin in brain microdialysates using capillary electrophoresis and native laser-induced fluorescence detection. Electrophoresis 26 (2005) 1071-1079
15. 4 receptor agonist PD168,077 on memory consolidation of an inhibitory avoidance learned response in C57BL/6J mice. Behav. Brain Res. 142 (2003) 41-52
16. Bert L., Robert F., Denoroy L., Stoppini L., and Renaud B. Enhance temporal resolution for the microdialysis monitoring of catecholamines and excitatory amino acids using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection analytical developments and in vitro validations. J. Chromatogr. A 755 (1996) 99-111
17. Blier P. Crosstalk between the norepinephrine and serotonin systems and its role in the antidepressant response. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 26 (2001) S3-S10
18. 2A/2C receptor antagonist, potentiates haloperidol-induced dopamine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (2002) 430-441
19. Borowsky B., Durkin M.M., Ogozale K., Marzabadi M.R., DeLeon J., Lagu B., Heurich R., Lichtblau H., Shaposhnik Z., Daniewska I., Blackburn T.P., Branchek T.A., Gerald C., Vaysse P.J., and Forray C. Antidepressant, anxiolytic and anorectic effects of a melanin-concentrating hormone-1 receptor antagonist. Nat. Med. 8 (2002) 825-830
20. Boschi G., and Scherrmann J. Microdialysis in mice for drug delivery research. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 45 (2000) 271-281
21. Boulton D.W., DeVane C.L., Liston H.L., and Markowitz J.S. In vitro P-glycoprotein affinity for atypical and conventional antipsychotics. Life Sci. 71 (2002) 163-169
22. Bourne J.A. Intracerebral microdialysis: 30 years as a tool for the neuroscientist. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 30 (2003) 16-24
23. Bowser M.T., and Kennedy R.T. In vivo monitoring of amine neurotransmitters using microdialysis with on-line capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 22 (2001) 3668-3676
24. Bradberry C.W. Applications of microdialysis methodology in nonhuman primates: practice and rationale. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 14 (2000) 143-163
25. Bradberry C.W. Dynamics of extracellular dopamine in the acute and chronic actions of cocaine. Neuroscientist 8 (2002) 315-322
26. Bruno J.P., Sarter M., Moore Arnold H., and Himmelheber A.M. In vivo neurochemical correlates of cognitive processes: methodological and conceptual challenges. Rev. Neurosci. 10 (1999) 25-48
27. Bullock R. SGS-742. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 6 (2005) 108-113
28. Bymaster F.P., Hemrick-Luecke S.K., Perry K.W., and Fuller R.W. Neurochemical evidence for antagonism by olanzapine of dopamine, serotonin, alpha1-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in vivo in rats. Psychopharmacology 124 (1996) 87-94
29. Carboni E., and Di Chiara G. Serotonin release estimated by transcortical dialysis in freely-moving rats. Neuroscience 32 (1989) 637-645
30. Carboni E., and Silvagni A. Dopamine reuptake by norepinephrine neurons: exception or rule? Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 16 (2004) 121-128
31. Carboni E., Silvagni A., Vacca C., and Di Chiara G. Cumulative effect of norepinephrine and dopamine carrier blockade on extracellular dopamine increase in the nucleus accumbens shell, bed nucleus of stria terminalis and prefrontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 96 (2006) 473-481
32. Carlson R.G., Srinivasachar R.S., Givens R.S., and Matuszewski B.K. New derivatizing agents for amino acids and peptides. 1. Facile synthesis of N-substituted 1-cyanobenz[f]isoindoles and their spectroscopic properties. J. Org. Chem. 51 (1986) 3978-3983
33. Carlsson A., Waters N., Holm-Waters S., Tedroff J., Nilsson M., and Carlsson M.L. Interactions between monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in schizophrenia: new evidence. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 41 (2001) 237-260
34. 2A receptors in depression. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 29 (2004) 252-265
35. Chan L.M., Lowes S., and Hirst B.H. The ABCs of drug transport in intestine and liver: efflux proteins limiting drug absorption and bioavailability. Pharm. Sci. 21 (2004) 25-51
36. Chaurasia C.S. In vivo microdialysis sampling: theory and applications. Biomed. Chromatogr. 13 (1999) 317-332
37. Chrapusta S.J., Egan M.F., Wyatt R.J., Weinberger D.R., and Lipska B.K. Neonatal ventral hippocampal damage modifies serum corticosterone and dopamine release responses to acute footshock in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Synapse 47 (2003) 270-277
38. 1A receptor agonism. Brain Res. 1023 (2004) 54-63
39. Clough G.F. Microdialysis of large molecules. AAPS J. 7 (2005) E686-E692
40. Cordon-Cardo C., O'Brien J.P., Casals D., Rittman-Grauer L., Biedler J.L., Melamed M.R., and Bertino J.R. Multidrug-resistance gene (P-glycoprotein) is expressed by endothelial cells at blood-brain barrier sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (1989) 695-698
41. Danbolt N.C. Glutamate uptake. Prog. Neurobiol. 65 (2001) 1-105
42. Dazzi L., Ladu S., Spiga F., Vacca G., Rivano A., Pira L., and Biggio G. Chronic treatment with imipramine or mirtazapine antagonizes stress- and FG7142-induced increase in cortical norepinephrine output in freely moving rats. Synapse 43 (2002) 70-77
43. Dazzi L., Serra M., Spiga F., Pisu M.G., Jentsch J.D., and Biggio G. Prevention of the stress-induced increase in frontal cortical dopamine efflux of freely moving rats by long-term treatment with antidepressant drugs. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 11 (2001) 343-349
44. 2C receptor inhibits in vivo dopamine release in the rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 3235-3241
45. De Georgia M.A., and Deogaonkar A. Multimodal monitoring in the neurological intensive care unit. Neurologist 11 (2005) 45-54
46. De Groote L., Penalva R.G., Flachskamm C., Reul J.M., and Linthorst A.C. Differential monoaminergic, neuroendocrine and behavioural responses after central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 and type 2 agonists. J. Neurochem. 94 (2005) 862-864
47. Deguchi Y. Application of in vivo brain microdialysis to the study of blood-brain barrier transport of drugs. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 17 (2002) 395-407
48. Dekeyne A. Behavioural models for the characterisation of established and innovative antidepressant agents. Thérapie 60 (2005) 477-484
49. De Lange E.C., and Danhof M. Consideration in the use of cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics to predict brain target concentrations in the clinical setting: implications of the barriers between blood and brain. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 41 (2002) 691-703
50. De Lange E.C., Ravenstijn P.G., Groenendaal D., and van Steeg T.J. Towards the prediction of CNS drug-effect profiles in physiological and pathological conditions using microdialysis and mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling. AAPS J. 7 (2005) E532-E543
51. Del Arco A., Segovia G., Fuxe K., and Mora F. Changes in dialysate concentrations of glutamate and GABA in the brain: an index of volume transmission mediated actions?. J. Neurochem. 85 (2003) 23-33
52. Dell'Osso B., Altamura A.C., Allen A., and Hollander E. Brain stimulation techniques in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: current and future directions. CNS Spectr. 10 (2005) 966-979
53. De Montigny P., Stobaugh J.F., Givens R.S., Carlson R.G., Srinivasachar K., Sternson L.A., and Higuchi T. Naphtalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde/cyanide ion: a rationally designed fluorogenic reagent for primary amines. Anal. Chem. 59 (1987) 1096-1101
54. Depoortere R., Dargazanli G., Estenne-Bouhtou G., Coste A., Lanneau C., Desvignes C., Poncelet M., Heaulme M., Santucci V., Decobert M., Cudennec A., Voltz C., Boulay D., Terranova J.P., Stemmelin J., Roger P., Marabout B., Sevrin M., Vige X., Biton B., Steinberg R., Francon D., Alonso R., Avenet P., Oury-Donat F., Perrault G., Griebel G., George P., Soubrie P., and Scatton B. Neurochemical, electrophysiological and pharmacological profiles of the selective inhibitor of the glycine transporter-1 SSR504734, a potential new type of antipsychotic. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (2005) 1963-1985
55. Devoto P., Flore G., Saba P., Fa M., and Gessa G.L. Co-release of noradrenaline and dopamine in the cerebral cortex elicited by single train and repeated train stimulation of the locus coeruleus. BMC Neurosci. 6 (2005) 31
56. 1 receptors tonically excite, frontocortical acetylcholine release: a dialysis study in rats. Am. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 31 (2005) 913.6
57. Di Chiara G. In vivo brain dialysis of neurotransmitters. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 11 (1990) 116-121
58. Di Chiara G., Tanda G., and Carboni E. Estimation of in vivo neurotransmitter release by brain microdialysis: the issue of validity. Behav. Pharmacol. 7 (1996) 640-657
59. 2C receptors in the control of central dopamine function. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22 (2001) 229-232
60. Drew K.L., Pehek E.A., Rasley B.T., Ma Y.L., and Green T.K. Sampling glutamate and GABA with microdialysis: suggestions on how to get the dialysis membrane closer to the synapse. J. Neurosci. Methods 140 (2004) 127-131
61. 2C receptor-selective agonist with anorectic activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 313 (2005) 862-869
62. Eichelbaum M., Fromm M.F., and Schwab M. Clinical aspects of the MDR1 (ABCB1) gene polymorphism. Ther. Drug Monit. 26 (2004) 180-185
63. Ejsing T.B., Pedersen A.D., and Linnet K. P-glycoprotein interaction with risperidone and 9-OH-risperidone studied in vitro, in knock-out mice and in drug-drug interaction experiments. Hum. Psychopharmacol. 20 (2005) 493-500
64. El Ela A.A., Hartter S., Schmitt U., Hiemke C., Spahn-Langguth H., and Langguth P. Identification of P-glycoprotein substrates and inhibitors among psychoactive compounds - implications for pharmacokinetics of selected substrates. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 56 (2004) 967-975
65. Engstrom M., Polito A., Reinstrup P., Romner B., Ryding E., Ungerstedt U., and Nordstrom C.H. Intracerebral microdialysis in severe brain trauma: the importance of catheter location. J. Neurosurg. 102 (2005) 460-469
66. Fillenz M. In vivo neurochemical monitoring and the study of behaviour. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 29 (2005) 949-962
67. Frankel P.S., Hoonakker A.J., Hanson G.R., Bush L., Keefe K.A., and Alburges M.E. Differential neurotensin responses to low and high doses of methamphetamine in the terminal regions of striatal efferents. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 522 (2005) 47-54
68. Fujii T., Yoshizawa M., Nakai K., Fujimoto K., Suzuki T., and Kawashima K. Demonstration of the facilitatory role of 8-OH-DPAT on cholinergic transmission in the rat hippocampus using in vivo microdialysis. Brain Res. 761 (1997) 244-249
69. Gadea A., and Lopez-Colomé A.M. Glial transporters for glutamate, glycine, and GABA III. Glycine transporters. J. Neurosci. Res. 64 (2001) 218-222
70. Garberg P., Ball M., Borg N., Cecchelli R., Fenart L., Hurst R.D., Lindmark T., Mabondzo A., Nilsson J.E., Raub T.J., Stanimirovic D., Terasaki T., Oberg J., and Osterberg T. In vitro models for the blood-brain barrier. Toxicol. In Vitro 19 (2005) 299-334
71. 1A autoreceptors in the mechanism of action of serotoninergic antidepressant drugs: recent findings from in vivo microdialysis studies. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 10 (1996) 16-27
72. Geyer M.A., and Ellenbroek B. Animal behavior models of the mechanisms underlying antipsychotic atypicality. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27 (2003) 1071-1079
73. 3 receptors exhibit differential activation of prefrontal cortical neurons during tasks requiring attention. Cereb. Cortex 15 (2005) 1016-1024
74. Gobbi G., and Blier P. Effect of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists on serotoninergic, noradrenergic and hippocampal neurons: comparison with antidepressant drugs. Peptides 26 (2005) 1383-1393
75. 2-autoreceptors. J. Neurosci. Methods 140 (2004) 141-152
76. 2A-adrenoceptors: a dialysis comparison to talipexole and quinelorane in the absence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305 (2003) 338-346
77. 1A receptor agonists and antagonists: a comparison to adrenergic and dopaminergic neurones in individual rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273 (1995) 1032-1046
78. Gobert A., Rivet J.M., Audinot V., Newman-Tancredi A., Cistarelli L., and Millan M.J. Simultaneous quantification of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline levels in single frontal cortex dialysates of freely-moving rats reveals a complex pattern of reciprocal auto- and hetero-receptor mediated control of release. Neuroscience 84 (1998) 413-429
79. 2C receptors tonically suppress the activity of mesocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic, but not serotonergic, pathways: a combined dialysis and electrophysiological analysis in the rat. Synapse 36 (2000) 205-211
80. Goetz C.G., Poewe W., Rascol O., and Sampaio C. Evidence-based medical review update: pharmacological and surgical treatments of Parkinson's disease: 2001 to 2004. Mov. Disord. 20 (2005) 523-539
81. Gold P.E. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 80 (2003) 194-210
82. 1 receptor in schizophrenia: insights for cognitive dysfunction. Psychopharmacology 174 (2004) 3-16
83. Goodwin J.T., and Clark D.E. In silico predictions of blood-brain barrier penetration: considerations to "keep in mind". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 315 (2005) 477-483
84. Green M.F., Nuechterlein K.H., Gold J.M., Barch D.M., Cohen J., Essock S., Fenton W.S., Frese F., Goldberg T.E., Heaton R.K., Keefe R.S., Kern R.S., Kraemer H., Stover E., Weinberger D.R., Zalcman S., and Marder S.R. Approaching a consensus cognitive battery for clinical trials in schizophrenia: the NIMH-MATRICS conference to select cognitive domains and test criteria. Biol. Psychiatry 56 (2004) 301-307
85. Griebel G. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-interacting drugs in animal models of anxiety disorders: more than 30 years of research. Pharmacol. Ther. 65 (1995) 319-395
86. Hagan J.J., and Jones D.N. Predicting drug efficacy for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 31 (2005) 830-853
87. Hammarlund-Udenaes M. The use of microdialysis in CNS drug delivery studies. Pharmacokinetic perspectives and results with analgesics and antiepileptics. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 45 (2000) 283-294
88. Harsing Jr. L.G., Gacsalyi I., Szabo G., Schmidt E., Sziray N., Sebban C., Tesolin-Decros B., Matyus P., Egyed A., Spedding M., and Levay G. The glycine transporters-1 inhibitors NFPS and Org 24461: a pharmacological study. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 74 (2003) 811-825
89. Härtter S., Huwel S., Lohmann T., Abou El Ela A., Langguth P., Hiemke C., and Galla H.J. How does the benzamide antipsychotic amisulpride get into the brain? - an in vitro approach comparing amisulpride with clozapine. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (2003) 1916-1922
90. Harvey P.D., Green M.F., McGurk S.R., and Meltzer H.Y. Changes in cognitive functioning with risperidone and olanzapine treatment: a large-scale, double-blind, randomized study. Psychopharmacology 169 (2003) 404-411
91. Heidbreder C.A., Foxton R., Cilia J., Hughes Z.A., Shah A.J., Atkins A., Hunter A.J., Hagan J.J., and Jones D.N. Increased responsiveness of dopamine to atypical, but not typical antipsychotics in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation. Psychopharmacology 156 (2001) 338-351
92. Heresco-Levy U. Glutamatergic neurotransmission modulation and the mechanism of antipsychotic atypicality. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27 (2003) 1113-1123
93. Heresco-Levy U., and Javitt D.C. Comparative effects of glycine and d-cycloserine on persistent negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a retrospective analysis. Schizophr. Res. 66 (2004) 89-96
94. 1 receptors: a combined receptor autoradiography and in vivo dialysis study. J. Neurosci. 15 (2005) 7150-7157
95. Herzog C.D., Nowak K.A., Sarter M., and Bruno J.P. Microdialysis without acetylcholinesterase inhibition reveals an age-related attenuation in stimulated cortical acetylcholine release. Neurobiol. Aging 24 (2003) 861-863
96. Hilke S., Theodorsson A., Fetissov S., Aman K., Holm L., Hokfelt T., and Theodorsson E. Estrogen induces a rapid increase in galanin levels in female rat hippocampal formation - possibly a nongenomic/indirect effect. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21 (2005) 2089-2099
97. Hillered L., Vespa P.M., and Hovda D.A. Translational neurochemical research in acute human brain injury: the current status and potential future for cerebral microdialysis. J. Neurotrauma. 22 (2005) 3-41
98. Holmes A., Heilig M., Rupniak N.M., Steckler T., and Griebel G. Neuropeptide systems as novel therapeutic targets for depression and anxiety disorders. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 24 (2003) 580-588
99. Honey G.D., and Fletcher P.C. Investigating principles of human brain function underlying working memory: what insights from schizophrenia?. Neuroscience 139 (2006) 59-71
100. Hori T., Subramaniam S., Srivastava L.K., and Quirion R. Behavioral and neurochemical alterations following repeated phencyclidine administration in rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions. Neuropharmacology 39 (2000) 2478-2491
101. Hows M.E., Lacroix L., Heidbreder C., Organ A.J., and Shah A.J. High-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for the simultaneous measurement of dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and cocaine in biological samples. J. Neurosci. Methods 138 (2004) 123-132
102. Hows M.E., Organ A.J., Murray S., Dawson L.A., Foxton R., Heidbreder C., Hughes Z.A., Lacroix L., and Shah A.J. High-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric assay for the rapid high sensitivity measurement of basal acetylcholine from microdialysates. J. Neurosci. Methods 121 (2002) 33-39
103. Ichikawa J., Dai J., and Meltzer H.Y. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are neither necessary nor desirable for microdialysis studies of brain acetylcholine. Curr. Sep. 19 (2000) 37-44
104. 2A receptors minimally contribute to clozapine-induced acetylcholine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 939 (2002) 34-42
105. Ichikawa J., Dai J., O'Laughlin I.A., Fowler W.L., and Meltzer H.Y. Atypical, but not typical, antipsychotic drugs increase cortical acetylcholine release without an effect in the nucleus accumbens or striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (2002) 325-339
106. 1A receptor agonism. Brain Res. 956 (2002) 349-357
107. Imperato A., and Di Chiara G. trans-Striatal dialysis coupled to reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection: a new method for the study of the in vivo release of endogenous dopamine and metabolites. J. Neurosci. 4 (1984) 966-977
108. 2-adrenoceptors in antidepressant action: recent findings from microdialysis studies. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28 (2004) 819-827
109. Ito C. The role of the central histaminergic system in schizophrenia. Drug News Perspect. 17 (2004) 383-387
110. Jacobs W.A. O-phthalaldehyde-sulfite derivatization of primary amines for liquid chromatography-electrochemistry. J. Chromatogr. 392 (1987) 435-441
111. Javitt D.C. Glutamate as a therapeutic target in psychiatric disorders. Mol. Psychiatry 9 (2004) 984-997
112. Javitt D.C., Duncan L., Balla A., and Sershen H. Inhibition of system A-mediated glycine transport in cortical synaptosomes by therapeutic concentrations of clozapine: implications for mechanisms of action. Mol. Psychiatry 10 (2005) 275-287
113. Johnson D.E., Nedza F.M., Spracklin D.K., Ward K.M., Schmidt A.W., Iredale P.A., Godek D.M., and Rollema H. The role of muscarinic receptor antagonism in antipsychotic-induced hippocampal acetylcholine release. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 506 (2005) 209-219
114. Josserand V., Pélerin H., de Bruin B., Jego B., Kuhnast B., Hinnen F., Ducongé F., Boisgard R., Beuvon F., Chassoux F., Daumas-Duport C., Dollé E.E.F., Mabondzo A., and Tavitian B. Evaluation of drug penetration into the brain: a double study by in vivo imaging with positron emission tomography and using an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 316 (2006) 79-86
115. Joukhadar C., and Muller M. Microdialysis: current applications in clinical pharmacokinetic studies and its potential role in the future. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 44 (2005) 895-913
116. 3 receptor antagonists as therapeutic agents. Drug Discov. Today 10 (2005) 917-925
117. Kalen P., Strecker R.E., Rosengren E., and Bjorklund A. Endogenous release of neuronal serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the caudate-putamen of the rat as revealed by intracerebral dialysis coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. J. Neurochem. 51 (1988) 1422-1435
118. 2 receptors. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27 (2003) 1081-1090
119. Kay G.G. The effects of antihistamines on cognition and performance. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 105 (2000) S622-S627
120. Kennedy R.T., Watson C.J., Haskins W.E., Powell D.H., and Strecker R.E. In vivo neurochemical monitoring by microdialysis and capillary separations. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6 (2002) 659-665
121. Khan S.H., and Shuaib A. The technique of intracerebral microdialysis. Methods 23 (2001) 3-9
122. Kinney G.G., Sur C., Burno M., Mallorga P.J., Williams J.B., Figueroa D.J., Wittmann M., Lemaire W., and Conn P.J. The glycine transporter type 1 inhibitor N-[3-(4′-fluorophenyl)-3-(4′-phenylphenoxyl]sarcosine potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated responses in vivo and produces an antipsychotic profile in rodent behavior. J. Neurosci. 23 (2003) 7586-7591
123. Koch H.J., Uyanik G., and Fischer-Barnicol D. Memantine: a therapeutic approach in treating Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 4 (2005) 499-506
124. Kodama T., and Koyama Y. Nitric oxide from the laterodorsal tegmental neurons: its possible retrograde modulation on norepinephrine release from the axon terminal of the locus coeruleus neurons. Neuroscience 138 (2006) 245-256
125. Kopell B.H., Greenberg B., and Rezai A.R. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 21 (2004) 51-67
126. Kosten T.A., Zhang X.Y., and Kehoe P. Neurochemical and behavioral responses to cocaine in adult male rats with neonatal isolation experience. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 314 (2005) 661-667
127. Kuroki T., Meltzer H.Y., and Ichikawa J. Effects of antipsychotic drugs on extracellular dopamine levels in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288 (1999) 774-781
128. Kusch-Poddar M., Drewe J., Fux I., and Gutmann H. Evaluation of the immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell line BB19 as a human cell culture model for the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 1064 (2005) 21-31
129. Kusuhara H., and Sugiyama Y. Efflux transport systems for drugs at the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (part 1). Drug Discov. Today 6 (2001) 150-156
130. Kusuhara H., and Sugiyama Y. Efflux transport systems for drugs at the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (part 2). Drug Discov. Today 6 (2001) 206-212
131. Kutlàn D., Presits P., and Molnar-Perl I. Behavior and characteristics of amine derivatives obtained with o-phthaldehyde/3-mercaptopropionic acid and with o-phthaldehyde/N-acetyl-l-cysteine reagents. J. Chromatogr. A 949 (2002) 235-248
132. 3 receptors enhances monoaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmission in the rat anterior cingulate cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (2003) 839-849
133. 3 agonist immepip markedly reduces cortical histamine release, but only weakly promotes sleep in the rat. Pharmacol. Res. 48 (2003) 193-198
134. Langer O., and Muller M. Methods to assess tissue-specific distribution and metabolism of drugs. Curr. Drug Metab. 5 (2004) 463-481
135. 2 receptor antagonism to glutamate NMDA facilitation. Clin. Ther. 27 (2005) S16-S24
136. 3 receptor antagonists improve the learning performance in memory-impaired rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 179 (2005) 567-575
137. Levin E.D., and Christopher N.C. Effects of clozapine on memory function in the rat neonatal hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 30 (2006) 223-229
138. L'Heureux R., Dennis T., Curet O., and Scatton B. Measurement of endogenous noradrenaline release in the rat cerebral cortex in vivo by transcortical dialysis: effects of drugs affecting noradrenergic transmission. J. Neurochem. 46 (1986) 1794-1801
139. 1 muscarinic receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (2005) 1986-1995
140. Li Z., Ichikawa J., and Meltzer H.Y. A comparison of the effects of loxapine with ziprasidone and thioridazine on the release of dopamine and acetylcholine in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 167 (2003) 315-323
141. Li Z., Ichikawa J., Dai J., and Meltzer H.Y. Aripiprazole, a novel antipsychotic drug, preferentially increases dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in rat brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 493 (2004) 75-83
142. 2A/2C inverse agonist, potentiates haloperidol-induced dopamine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 183 (2005) 144-153
143. Lillrank S.M., Lipska B.K., Kolachana B.S., and Weinberger D.R. Attenuated extracellular dopamine levels after stress and amphetamine in the nucleus accumbens of rats with neonatal ventral hippocampal damage. J. Neural Transm. 106 (1999) 183-196
144. Lindroth P., and Mopper K. High performance liquid chromatographic determination of subpicomole amounts of amino acids by precolumn fluorescence derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde. Anal. Chem. 51 (1979) 1667-1674
145. Linthorst A.C., Flachskamm C., Muller-Preus P., Holsboer F., and Reul J.M. Effect of bacterial endotoxin and interleukin-1 beta on hippocampal serotonergic neurotransmission, behavioural activity, and free corticosterone levels: an in vivo microdialysis study. J. Neurosci. 15 (1995) 2920-2934
146. 2-adrenoceptor blockade. Biol. Psychiatry 46 (1999) 766-774
147. 1 antagonist CP-154,526 and the group II mGlu receptor agonist LY379268 on stress-evoked extracellular norepinephrine levels. Neuropharmacology 48 (2005) 927-935
148. Lundquist S., Renftel M., Brillault J., Fenart L., Cecchelli R., and Dehouck M.P. Prediction of drug transport through the blood-brain barrier in vivo: a comparison between two in vitro cell models. Pharmaceutical Res. 19 (2002) 976-981
149. 1A receptors in spatial and aversive learning in the rat. Neuropharmacology 48 (2005) 830-852
150. Maine L.W., Antonetti D.A., Wolpert E.B., and Smith C.D. Evaluation of the role of P-glycoprotein in the uptake of paroxetine, clozapine, phenytoin and carbamazapine by bovine retinal endothelial cells. Neuropharmacology 49 (2005) 610-617
151. 2/3 receptor blockade enhances cortical glutamatergic transmission and reverses cognitive impairment in the rat. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 8 (2005) 315-327
152. Mattay V.S., Goldberg T.E., Fera F., Hariri A.R., Tessitore A., Egan M.F., Kolachana B., Callicott J.H., and Weinberger D.R. Catechol O-methyltransferase val158-met genotype and individual variation in the brain response to amphetamine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 6186-6191
153. A receptor subtype selective cognition enhancers. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 2 (2003) 233-239
154. Mayber H.S., Lozano A.M., Voon V., McNeely H.E., Seminowicz D., Hamani C., Schwalb J.M., and Kennedy S.H. Deep brain stimulation for treatment resistant depression. Neuron 45 (2005) 651-660
155. McIntyre C.C., Savasta M., Walter B.L., and Vitek J.L. How does deep brain stimulation work? Present understanding and future questions. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 21 (2004) 40-50
156. Meltzer H.Y., Li Z., Kaneda Y., and Ichikawa J. Serotonin receptors: their key role in drugs to treat schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27 (2003) 1159-1172
157. Mercier C., Masseguin C., Roux F., Gabrion J., and Scherrmann J.M. Expression of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and Mrp1 (ABCC1) in adult rat brain: focus on astrocytes. Brain Res. 1021 (2004) 32-40
158. 1A receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 295 (2000) 853-861
159. Millan M.J. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor-coupled glycine B receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of schizophrenia: a critical review. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 1 (2002) 191-213
160. Millan M.J. The neurobiology and control of anxious states. Prog. Neurobiol. 70 (2003) 83-244
161. Millan M.J. The role of monoamines in the actions of established and "novel" antidepressant agents: a critical review. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 500 (2004) 371-384
162. Millan M.J. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptors as a target for improved antipsychotic agents: novel insights and clinical perspectives. Psychopharmacology 179 (2005) 30-53
163. 2C receptors as a target for the treatment of depressive and anxious states: focus on novel therapeutic strategies. Thérapie 60 (2005) 441-460
164. Millan M.J. Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol. Ther. 110 (2006) 1-236
165. 2A sites for induction of locomotion by PCP in the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 (1999) 4419-4432
166. 2 receptors: II. Actions in rodent, primate and cellular models of antiparkinson activity in comparison to ropinirole. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 309 (2004) 921-935
167. 2-adrenoceptors. Am. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 27 (2001) 975.18
168. 2C receptors: a comparison to citalopram. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 (2000) 1079-1095
169. 1A receptor partial agonist S15535 [4-(benzodioxan-5-yl) 1-(indan-2-yl) piperazine] enhances cholinergic transmission and cognitive function in rodents: a combined neurochemical and behavioural analysis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 311 (2004) 190-203
170. Millan M.J., Lejeune F., and Gobert A. Reciprocal autoreceptor and heteroceptor control of serotonergic, dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission in the frontal cortex: relevance to the actions of antidepressant agents. J. Psychopharmacol. 14 (2000) 114-138
171. 1A agonist properties I. Receptorial and neurochemical profile in comparison with clozapine and haloperidol. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286 (1998) 1341-1355
172. Mir S., and Taylor D. The adverse effects of antidepressants. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry 10 (1997) 88-94
173. Moghaddam B. Bringing order to the glutamate chaos in schizophrenia. Neuron 40 (2003) 881-884
174. Moghaddam B., and Adams B.W. Reversal of phencyclidine effects by a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist in rats. Science 281 (1998) 1349-1352
175. Moghaddam B., and Jackson M. Effect of stress on prefrontal cortex function. Neurotox. Res. 6 (2004) 73-78
176. Möller H.-J. Amisulpride: limbic specificity and the mechanism of antipsychotic atypicality. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27 (2003) 1101-1111
177. Morilak D.A., and Frazer A. Antidepressants and brain monoaminergic systems: a dimensional approach to understanding their behavioural effects in depression and anxiety disorders. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 7 (2004) 193-218
178. Mothet J.P., Pollegioni L., Ouanounou G., Martineau M., Fossier P., and Baux G. Glutamate receptor activation triggers a calcium-dependent and SNARE protein-dependent release of the gliotransmitter, d-serine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 5606-5611
179. 2C receptor antagonist but not agonist modulates cocaine-induced dopamine outflow in the rat nucleus accumbens and striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004) 319-326
180. B receptor antagonist CGP-36742 enhances somatostatin release in the rat hippocampus in vivo and in vitro. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 478 (2003) 111-119
181. O'Neil M.F., and Moore N.A. Animal models of depression: are there any? Hum. Psychopharmacol. 18 (2003) 239-254
182. Oshim A., Flachskamm C., Reul J.M., Holsboer F., and Linthorst A.C. Altered serotonergic neurotransmission but normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity in mice chronically treated with the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 antagonist NBI 30775. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (2003) 2148-2159
183. Pacher P., and Kecskemeti V. Trends in the development of new antidepressants. Is there a light at the end of the tunnel? Curr. Med. Chem. 11 (2004) 925-943
184. Page M.E., Szeliga P., Gasparini F., and Cryan J.F. Blockade of the mGlu5 receptor decreases basal and stress-induced cortical norepinephrine in rodents. Psychopharmacology 179 (2005) 240-246
185. Parent M.B., and Baxter M.G. Septohippocampal acetylcholine: involved in but not necessary for learning and memory?. Learn. Mem. 11 (2004) 9-20
186. Parent M., Bush D., Rauw G., Master S., Vaccarino F., and Baker G. Analysis of amino acids and catecholamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine and their metabolites in brain areas in the rat using in vivo microdialysis. Methods 23 (2001) 11-20
187. Parrot S., Bert L., Mouly-Badina L., Sauvinet V., Colussi-Mas J., Lambas-Senas L., Robert F., Bouilloux J.P., Suaud-Chagny M.F., Denoroy L., and Renaud B. Microdialysis monitoring of catecholamines and excitatory amino acids in the rat and mouse brain: recent development based on capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection - a mini-review. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 23 (2003) 793-804
188. Partridge W.M. Blood-brain barrier drug targeting: the future of brain drug development. Mol. Interv. 3 (2003) 90-105
189. Peerdeman S.M., van Tulder M.W., and Vandertop W.P. Cerebral microdialysis as a monitoring method in subarachnoid haemorrhage patients, and correlation with clinical events - a systematic review. J. Neurol. 250 (2003) 797-805
190. Pepeu G., and Giovannini G. Changes in acetylcholine extracellular levels during cognitive processes. Learn. Mem. 23 (2004) 21-27
191. Pepicelli O., Raiteri M., and Fedele E. The NOS/sGC pathway in the rat central nervous system: a microdialysis overview. Neurochem. Int. 45 (2004) 787-797
192. 3 dopamine antagonist activity and limbic selectivity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280 (1997) 73-82
193. Plock N., and Kloft C. Microdialysis - theoretical background and recent implementation in applied life-sciences. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 25 (2005) 1-24
194. Pomper M.G., and Lee J.S. Small animal imaging in drug development. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11 (2005) 3247-3272
195. Potschka H., Fedrowitz M., and Loscher W. P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of phenobarbital, lamotrigine, and felbamate at the blood-brain barrier: evidence from microdialysis experiments in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 327 (2002) 173-176
196. Powell P.R., and Ewing A.G. Recent advances in the application of capillary electrophoresis to neuroscience. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 382 (2005) 581-591
197. 3 receptors and BDNF in the neuroprotective effects of S32504 and pramipexole against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in terminally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Exp. Neurol. 190 (2004) 157-170
198. Rao V.V., Dahlheimer J.L., Bardgett M.E., Snyder A.Z., Finch R.A., Sartorelli A.C., and Piwnica-Worms D. Choroid plexus epithelial expression of MDRI P glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein contribute to the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid drug-permeability barrier. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (1999) 3900-3905
199. Rea K., Cremers T.I., and Westerink B.H. HPLC conditions are critical for the detection of GABA by microdialysis. J. Neurochem. 94 (2005) 672-679
200. Robert F., Bert L., Denoroy L., and Renaud B. Capillary zone electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of noradrenaline and dopamine: application to brain microdialysis analysis. Anal. Chem. 67 (1995) 1838-1844
201. Robert F., Bert L., Parrot S., Denoroy L., Stoppini L., and Renaud B. Coupling on-line brain microdialysis, precolumn derivatization and capillary electrophoresis for routine minute sampling of O-phosphoethanolamine and excitatory amino acids. J. Chromatogr. A 817 (1998) 195-203
202. Ronaldson P.T. Cellular localization and functional expression of P-glycoprotein in rat astrocyte cultures. J. Neurochem. 89 (2004) 788-800
203. Rossetti Z.L., and Carboni S. Noradrenaline and dopamine elevations in the rat prefrontal cortex in spatial working memory. J. Neurosci. 25 (2005) 2322-2329
204. Routledge C., and Marsden C.A. Comparison of the effects of selected drugs on the release of hypothalamic adrenaline and noradrenaline measured in vivo. Brain Res. 426 (1987) 103-111
205. Rowley H.L., Kilpatrick I.C., Needham P.L., and Heal D.J. Elevation of extracellular cortical noradrenaline may contribute to the antidepressant activity of zotepine: an in vivo microdialysis study in freely moving rats. Neuropharmacology 37 (1998) 937-944
206. Rowley H.L., Martin K.F., and Marsden C.A. Determination of in vivo amino acid neurotransmitters by high-performance liquid chromatography with o-phthalaldehyde-sulfite derivatisation. J. Neurosci. Methods 57 (1995) 96-99
207. 1 receptor) antagonists SR140333 and GR205171: a comparative study using mdr1a-/- and mdr1a+/+ mice. Behav. Pharmacol. 14 (2003) 457-463
208. 1) antagonists. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20 (1999) 485-490
209. Sarter M., Nelson C.L., and Bruno J.P. Cortical cholinergic transmission and cortical information processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 31 (2005) 117-138
210. Sawchuk R.J., and Elmquist W.F. Microdialysis in the study of drug transporters in the CNS. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 45 (2000) 295-307
211. 1A receptor antagonists in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Pharm. Des. 8 (2002) 139-145
212. Schmitt U., Abou E.-E., Guo L.J., Galvinas H., Krajcsi P., Baron J.M., Tillmann C., Hiemke C., Langguth P., and Hartter S. Cyclosporine A (CsA) affects the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the atypical antipsychotic amisulpride probably via inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). J. Neural. Transm. 113 (2006) 787-801
213. 3 receptor antagonist with both presynaptic and limbic selectivity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 280 (1997) 83-97
214. Schoepp D.D. Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 299 (2001) 12-20
215. Schwieler L., Engberg G., and Erhardt S. Clozapine modulates midbrain dopamine neuron firing via interaction with the NMDA receptor complex. Synapse 52 (2004) 114-122
216. Serra M., Pisul M.G., Dazzi L., Purdy R.H., and Biggio G. Prevention of the stress-induced increase in the concentration of neuroactive steroids in rat brain by long-term administration of mirtazapine but not of fluoxetine. J. Psychopharmacol. 16 (2002) 133-138
217. Sestini S., Ramat S., Formiconi A.R., Ammannati F., Sorbi S., and Pupi A. Brain networks underlying the clinical effects of long-term subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease: a 4-year follow-up study with rCBF SPECT. J. Nucl. Med. 46 (2005) 1444-1454
218. Shah A.J., de Biasi V., Taylor S.G., Roberts C., Hemmati P., Munton R., West A., Routledge C., and Camilleri P. Development of a protocol for the automated analysis of amino acids in brain tissue samples and microdialysates. J. Chromatogr. B 735 (1999) 133-140
219. Shah Y.B., and Marsden C.A. The application of functional magnetic resonance imaging to neuropharmacology. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 4 (2004) 517-521
220. Sharp T., Zetterstrom T., and Ungerstedt U. An in vivo study of dopamine release and metabolism in rat brain regions using intracerebral dialysis. J. Neurochem. 47 (1986) 113-122
221. Shirazi-Southall S., Rodriguez D.E., and Nomikos G.G. Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics and receptor selective compounds on acetylcholine efflux in the hippocampus of the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 26 (2002) 583-594
222. Shou M., Smith A.D., Shackman J.G., Peris J., and Kennedy R.T. In vivo monitoring of amino acids by microdialysis sampling with on-line derivatization by naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and rapid micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J. Neurosci. Methods 138 (2004) 189-197
223. 1 receptor antagonists. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 298 (2001) 1252-1259
224. Sossi V., and Ruth T.J. Micropet imaging: in vivo biochemistry in small animals. J. Neural Transm. 112 (2005) 319-330
225. Sramek J.J., Zarotsky V., and Cutler N.R. Generalised anxiety disorder: treatment options. Drugs 62 (2002) 1635-1648
226. Steward C.A., Marsden C.A., Prior M.J., Morris P.G., and Shah Y.B. Methodological considerations in rat brain BOLD contrast pharmacological MRI. Psychopharmacology 180 (2005) 687-704
227. Stip E., Chouinard S., and Boulay L.J. On the trail of a cognitive enhancer for the treatment of schizophrenia. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 29 (2005) 219-232
228. Stormer E., von Moltke L.L., Perloff M.D., and Greenblatt D.J. P-glycoprotein interactions of nefazodone and trazodone in cell culture. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 41 (2001) 708-714
229. Stouch T.R., and Gudmundsson O. Progress in understanding the structure-activity relationship of P-glycoprotein. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 54 (2002) 315-328
230. Suzuki T., Ohnuma T., Abe S., Yamaguchi M., Hori T., and Arai H. Glutamatergic and GABAergic dysfunctions in animal models of schizophrenia - comparison of data with those from schizophrenia. Curr. Top. Pharmacol. 8 (2004) 91-120
231. Svensson T.H. Alpha-adrenoceptor modulation hypothesis of antipsychotic atypicality. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 27 (2003) 1145-1158
232. Takada Y., Yoshida M., Sakairi M., and Koizumi H. Detection of gamma-aminobutyric acid in a living rat brain using in vivo microdialysis-capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom. 9 (1995) 895-896
233. Takano M., Yumoto R., and Murakami T. Expression and function of efflux drug transporters in the intestine. Pharmacol. Ther. 109 (2006) 137-161
234. Tamai I., and Tsuji A. Transporter-mediated permeation of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. J. Pharm. Sci. 89 (2000) 1371-1388
235. Tanaka S. Dopaminergic control of working memory and its relevance to schizophrenia: a circuit dynamics perspective. Neurosciences 139 (2006) 153-171
236. 1 receptors in human brain. Life Sci. 72 (2002) 409-414
237. Tatsumi M., Jansen K., Blakely R.D., and Richelson E. Pharmacological profile of neuroleptics at human monoamine transporters. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 368 (1999) 277-283
238. Timmerman W., and Westerink B.H.C. Brain microdialysis of GABA and glutamate: what does it signify? Synapse 27 (1997) 242-261
239. Uhr M., and Grauer M.R.T. abcd1ab P-glycoprotein is involved in the uptake of citalopram and trimipramine into the brain of mice. J. Psychiatric Res. 37 (2003) 179-185
240. Ungerstedt U. Microdialysis - principles and applications for studies in animals and man. J. Intern. Med. 230 (1991) 365-373
241. Ungerstedt U., and Rostami E. Microdialysis in neurointensive care. Curr. Pharm. Des. 10 (2004) 2145-2152
242. Uutela P., Reinila R., Piepponen P., Ketola R.A., and Kostiainen R. Analysis of acetylcholine and choline in microdialysis samples by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 19 (2005) 2950-2956
243. 1A receptor agonist flesinoxan via P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier. Pharm. Sci. 14 (2001) 81-86
244. 3 receptor stimulation in the induction of neurogenesis in the adult rat substantia nigra. Neuroscience 136 (2005) 381-386
245. Vayer P., Duret G., Junges C., Declèves X., and Bertrand M. In silico model for prediction of in vivo brain permeability. Drug Metab. Rev. 36 Suppl 1 (2004) p251
246. Volkmann J. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 21 (2004) 6-17
247. Volkow N.D., Wang G.J., Fowler J.S., Learned-Coughlin S., Yang J., Logan J., Schlyer D., Gatley J.S., Wong C., Zhu W., Pappas N., Schueller M., Jayne M., Carter P., Warner D., Ding Y.S., Shea C., and Xu Y. The slow and long-lasting blockade of dopamine transporters in human brain induced by the new antidepressant drug radafaxine predict poor reinforcing effects. Biol. Psychiatry 57 (2005) 640-646
248. Wang J.S., Taylor R., Ruan Y., Donovan J.L., Markowitz J.S., and Lindsay and De Vane C. Olanzapine penetration into brain is greater in transgenic Abcb1a P-glycoprotein-deficient mice than FVB1 (wild-type) animals. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004) 551-557
249. Watanabe K., Sawano T., Endo T., Sakata M., and Sato J. Studies on intestinal absorption of sulpiride (1): carrier-mediated uptake of sulpiride in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25 (2002) 885-890
250. Watanabe K., Sawano T., Jinriki T., and Sato J. Studies on intestinal absorption of sulpiride (3): intestinal absorption of sulpiride in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 27 (2004) 77-81
251. Weber C.C., Kressmann S., Ott M., Fricker G., and Muller W.E. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein function by several antidepressants may not contribute to clinical efficacy. Pharmacopsychiatry 38 (2005) 293-300
252. 1 muscarinic receptor agonism of N-desmethylclozapine in the unique clinical effects of clozapine. Pschopharmacology 177 (2004) 207-216
253. Weiss J., Dormann S.M., Martin-Facklam M., Kerpen C.J., Ketabi-Kiyanvash N., and Haefeli W.E. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein by newer antidepressants. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305 (2003) 197-204
254. Westerink B.H. Brain microdialysis and its application for the study of animal behaviour. Behav. Brain Res. 70 (1995) 103-124
255. Westerink B.H. Can antipsychotic drugs be classified by their effects on a particular group of dopamine neurons in the brain?. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 455 (2002) 1-18
256. 3 autoreceptors during handling stress in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. Synapse 43 (2002) 238-243
257. Westerink B.H., Damsma G., Rollema H., De Vries J.B., and Horn A.S. Scope and limitations of in vivo brain dialysis: a comparison of its application to various neurotransmitter systems. Life Sci. 41 (1987) 1763-1776
258. Westerink B.H., and Tuinte M.H. Chronic use of intracerebral dialysis of the in vivo measurement of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. J. Neurochem. 46 (1986) 181-185
259. Williams J.B., Mallorga P.J., Jeffrey Conn P., Pettibone D.J., and Sur C. Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on human glycine transporters. Schizophr. Res. 71 (2004) 103-112
260. Wood P.L., and Altar A. Dopamine release in vivo from nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical neurone: utility of 3-methoxytyramine measurements. Pharmacol. Rev. 40 (1988) 163-187
261. Yasui-Furukori N., Mihara K., Takahata T., Suzuki A., Nakagami T., De Vries R., Tateishi T., Kondo T., and Kaneko S. Effects of various factors on steady-state plasma concentration of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone: lack of impact of MDR-1 genotypes. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 57 (2004) 569-575
262. Zetterstrom T., Sharp T., Marsden C.A., and Ungerstedt U. In vivo measurement of dopamine and its metabolites by intracerebral dialysis: changes after d-amphetamine. J. Neurochem. 41 (1983) 1769-1773
263. Zhang M.Y., and Beyer C.E. Measurement of neurotransmitters from extracellular fluid in brain by in vivo microdialysis and chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 40 (2006) 492-499
264. Zocchi A., Fabbri D., and Heidbreder C.A. Aripiprazole increases dopamine but not noradrenaline and serotonin levels in the mouse prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Lett. 387 (2005) 157-161