Intestinal hormones and growth factors: Effects on the small intestine

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 385-406

  Drozdowski, Laurie ^a   Thomson, Alan B R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Epidermal growth factor; Glucocorticosteroids; Hepatocyte growth factor; Insulin like growth factor I II; Intestinal growth; Keratinocyte growth factor; Transforming growth factor 2

Indexed keywords

BETA CATENIN; BUDESONIDE; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; DEXAMETHASONE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; ERYTHROPOIETIN; GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 2; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 4; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; GROWTH FACTOR; GROWTH HORMONE; KERATINOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; SCATTER FACTOR; SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOMEDIN C; STEROID HORMONE; THYROID HORMONE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA3; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AVASCULAR NECROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PERFORATION; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ULCER; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; EDITORIAL; EUPHORIA; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; GASTROSCHISIS; GLAUCOMA; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INCREASED APPETITE; INSOMNIA; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; INTESTINE RESECTION; LOW DRUG DOSE; MOON FACE; MUSCLE ATROPHY; NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; NONHUMAN; ONTOGENY; OSTEOPOROSIS; PREMATURITY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; PSYCHOSIS; SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN FRAGILITY; SMALL INTESTINE DISEASE; SMALL INTESTINE PERFORATION; SODIUM RETENTION; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION; WATER RETENTION; WOUND HEALING IMPAIRMENT;

EID: 59249109218     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.385     Document Type: Editorial

References (293)

1. Jones JI, Clemmons DR. Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocr Rev 1995; 16: 3-34
2. Yang H, Ney DM. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) responses in rats maintained with intravenous or intragastric infusion of total parenteral nutrition solutions containing medium- or long-chain triglyceride emulsions. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 1403-1408
3. Donovan SM, Hintz RL, Rosenfeld RG. Insulin-like growth factors I and II and their binding proteins in human milk: effect of heat treatment on IGF and IGF binding protein stability. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1991; 13: 242-253
4. Beck F, Samani NJ, Penschow JD, Thorley B, Tregear GW, Coghlan JP. Histochemical localization of IGF-I and -II mRNA in the developing rat embryo. Development 1987; 101: 175-184
5. Dvorak B, Stephana AL, Holubec H, Williams CS, Philipps AF, Koldovsky O. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA in the small intestine of suckling and adult rats. FEBS Lett 1996; 388: 155-160
6. Orlowski CC, Brown AL, Ooi GT, Yang YW, Tseng LY, Rechler MM. Tissue, developmental, and metabolic regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding a rat insulin-like growth factor-binding protein. Endocrinology 1990; 126: 644-652
7. Schober DA, Simmen FA, Hadsell DL, Baumrucker CR. Perinatal expression of type I IGF receptors in porcine small intestine. Endocrinology 1990; 126: 1125-1132
8. Young GP, Taranto TM, Jonas HA, Cox AJ, Hogg A, Werther GA. Insulin-like growth factors and the developing and mature rat small intestine: receptors and biological actions. Digestion 1990; 46 Suppl 2: 240-252
9. Hormi K, Lehy T. Developmental expression of transforming growth factor-alpha and epidermal growth factor receptor proteins in the human pancreas and digestive tract. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 278: 439-450
10. Menard D, Pothier P. Radioautographic localization of epidermal growth factor receptors in human fetal gut. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 640-649
11. Han VK, Lund PK, Lee DC, D'Ercole AJ. Expression of somatomedin/ insulin-like growth factor messenger ribonucleic acids in the human fetus: identification, characterization, and tissue distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 66: 422-429
12. Conteas CN, McMorrow B, Luk GD. Modulation of epidermal growth factor-induced cell proliferation and receptor binding by insulin in cultured intestinal epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1989; 161: 414-419
13. Kurokowa M, Lynch K, Podolsky DK. Effects of growth factors on an intestinal epithelial cell line: transforming growth factor beta inhibits proliferation and stimulates differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987; 142: 775-782
14. Duncan MD, Korman LY, Bass BL. Epidermal growth factor primes intestinal epithelial cells for proliferative effect of insulin-like growth factor I. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 2197-2201
15. Ohneda K, Ulshen MH, Fuller CR, D'Ercole AJ, Lund PK. Enhanced growth of small bowel in transgenic mice expressing human insulin-like growth factor I. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 444-454
16. Wang J, Niu W, Nikiforov Y, Naito S, Chernausek S, Witte D, LeRoith D, Strauch A, Fagin JA. Targeted overexpression of IGF-I evokes distinct patterns of organ remodeling in smooth muscle cell tissue beds of transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 1425-1439
17. Liu JP, Baker J, Perkins AS, Robertson EJ, Efstratiadis A. Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r). Cell 1993; 75: 59-72
18. Alexander AN, Carey HV. Oral IGF-I enhances nutrient and electrolyte absorption in neonatal piglet intestine. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: G619-G625
19. Burrin DG, Wester TJ, Davis TA, Amick S, Heath JP. Orally administered IGF-I increases intestinal mucosal growth in formula-fed neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: R1085-R1091
20. Park YK, Monaco MH, Donovan SM. Enteral insulin-like growth factor-I augments intestinal disaccharidase activity in piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 29: 198-206
21. Houle VM, Schroeder EA, Odle J, Donovan SM. Small intestinal disaccharidase activity and ileal villus height are increased in piglets consuming formula containing recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I. Pediatr Res 1997; 42: 78-86
22. Lane RH, Dvorak B, MacLennan NK, Dvorakova K, Halpern MD, Pham TD, Philipps AF. IGF alters jejunal glucose transporter expression and serum glucose levels in immature rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 283: R1450-R1460
23. Alexander AN, Carey HV. Involvement of PI 3-kinase in IGF-I stimulation of jejunal Na+-K+-ATPase activity and nutrient absorption. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 280: G222-G228
24. Xu RJ, Mellor DJ, Birtles MJ, Breier BH, Gluckman PD. Effects of oral IGF-I or IGF-II on digestive organ growth in newborn piglets. Biol Neonate 1994; 66: 280-287
25. Baumrucker CR, Hadsell DL, Blum JW. Effects of dietary insulin-like growth factor I on growth and insulin-like growth factor receptors in neonatal calf intestine. J Anim Sci 1994; 72: 428-433
26. Okada M, Ohmura E, Kamiya Y, Murakami H, Onoda N, Iwashita M, Wakai K, Tsushima T, Shizume K. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha in human milk. Life Sci 1991; 48: 1151-1156
27. Saito S, Yoshida M, Ichijo M, Ishizaka S, Tsujii T. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in human milk. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 94: 220-224
28. Thomas DM, Nasim MM, Gullick WJ, Alison MR. Immunoreactivity of transforming growth factor alpha in the normal adult gastrointestinal tract. Gut 1992; 33: 628-631
29. Barnard JA, Beauchamp RD, Coffey RJ, Moses HL. Regulation of intestinal epithelial cell growth by transforming growth factor type beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 1578-1582
30. Barnard JA, Warwick GJ, Gold LI. Localization of transforming growth factor beta isoforms in the normal murine small intestine and colon. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 67-73
31. Dickson MC, Martin JS, Cousins FM, Kulkarni AB, Karlsson S, Akhurst RJ. Defective haematopoiesis and vasculogenesis in transforming growth factor-beta 1 knock out mice. Development 1995; 121: 1845-1854
32. Miettinen PJ, Perheentupa J, Otonkoski T, Lahteenmaki A, Panula P. EGF- and TGF-alpha-like peptides in human fetal gut. Pediatr Res 1989; 26: 25-30
33. Chailler P, Menard D. Ontogeny of EGF receptors in the human gut. Front Biosci 1999; 4: D87-D101
34. Berseth CL. Enhancement of intestinal growth in neonatal rats by epidermal growth factor in milk. Am J Physiol 1987; 253: G662-G665
35. Jaeger LA, Lamar CH, Cline TR, Cardona CJ. Effect of orally administered epidermal growth factor on the jejunal mucosa of weaned pigs. Am J Vet Res 1990; 51: 471-474
36. Zijlstra RT, Odle J, Hall WF, Petschow BW, Gelberg HB, Litov RE. Effect of orally administered epidermal growth factor on intestinal recovery of neonatal pigs infected with rotavirus. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994; 19: 382-390
37. Miettinen PJ, Berger JE, Meneses J, Phung Y, Pedersen RA, Werb Z, Derynck R. Epithelial immaturity and multiorgan failure in mice lacking epidermal growth factor receptor. Nature 1995; 376: 337-341
38. Opleta-Madsen K, Meddings JB, Gall DG. Epidermal growth factor and postnatal development of intestinal transport and membrane structure. Pediatr Res 1991; 30: 342-350
39. Dvorak B, Halpern MD, Holubec H, Williams CS, McWilliam DL, Dominguez JA, Stepankova R, Payne CM, McCuskey RS. Epidermal growth factor reduces the development of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal rat model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282: G156-G164
40. Kling PJ, Sullivan TM, Roberts RA, Philipps AF, Koldovsky O. Human milk as a potential enteral source of erythropoietin. Pediatr Res 1998; 43: 216-221
41. Juul SE, Joyce AE, Zhao Y, Ledbetter DJ. Why is erythropoietin present in human milk? Studies of erythropoietin receptors on enterocytes of human and rat neonates. Pediatr Res 1999; 46: 263-268
42. Kermorgant S, Walker F, Hormi K, Dessirier V, Lewin MJ, Lehy T. Developmental expression and functionality of hepatocyte growth factor and c-Met in human fetal digestive tissues. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 1635-1647
43. Wang Y, Harvey C, Rousset M, Swallow DM. Expression of human intestinal mRNA transcripts during development: analysis by a semiquantitative RNA polymerase chain reaction method. Pediatr Res 1994; 36: 514-521
44. Chailler P, Basque JR, Corriveau L, Menard D. Functional characterization of the keratinocyte growth factor system in human fetal gastrointestinal tract. Pediatr Res 2000; 48: 504-510
45. Liu T, Reisenauer AM, Castillo RO. Ontogeny of intestinal lactase: posttranslational regulation by thyroxine. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: G538-G543
46. Monteiro IM, Jiang L, Ferraris RP. Dietary modulation of intestinal fructose transport and GLUT5 mRNA expression in hypothyroid rat pups. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 29: 563-570
47. Stocco DM, Clark BJ. Regulation of the acute production of steroids in steroidogenic cells. Endocr Rev 1996; 17: 221-244
48. Haynes RCJ, Murad F. Andrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adrenocortical Steroids and their Synthetic Analogs; Inhibitors of Adrenocortical Biosynthesis. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, editors. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1985: 1459-1489
49. Haynes RCJ, Larner J. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adrenocortical Steroids and their Synthetic Analogs; Inhibitors of Adrenocortical Biosynthesis. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, editors. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1975: 1472-1506
50. Simpson ER, Mason JI. Molecular Aspects of the Biosynthesis of Adrenal Steroids. In: Gill GN, editor. Pharmacology of Adrenal Corticol Hormones. New York: Pergamon Press, 1979: 1-33
51. Bowman WC, Rand MJ. The Endocrine System and Drugs Affecting Endocrine Function. In: Textbook of Pharmacology. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1980: 29-43
52. Myles AB, Daly JR. Adrenocortical Steroids and their Metabolism. In: Corticosteroid and ACTH Treatment. London: Edward Arnold, 1974: 1-9
53. Girdwood RH, Petrie JC. Endocrine System and Metabolic Diseases. In: Girdwood RH, Petrie JC, editors. Textbook of Medical Treatment. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1987: 497-499
54. De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G. The interplay between the glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-kappaB or activator protein-1: molecular mechanisms for gene repression. Endocr Rev 2003; 24: 488-522
55. Brattsand R. Overview of newer glucocorticosteroids preparations for inflammatory bowel disease. Can J Gastroenterology 1990; 4: 407-414
56. Barr WH, Chung M, Shukur M. Intestinal Drug Metabolism-Presystemic and Systemic Mechanisms and Implications. In: Pharmacokinetics A Modern View. New York: Plenum Press, 1984: 426-429
57. Sutherland VC. Hormones. In: Sutherland VC, editor. A Synopsis of Pharmacology. Philadelphia: Suanders, 1970: 381-391
58. Hu LM, Bodwell J, Hu JM, Orti E, Munck A. Glucocorticoid receptors in ATP-depleted cells. Dephosphorylation, loss of hormone binding, HSP90 dissociation, and ATP-dependent cycling. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 6571-6577
59. Orti E, Bodwell JE, Munck A. Phosphorylation of steroid hormone receptors. Endocr Rev 1992; 13: 105-128
60. Bodwell JE, Hu LM, Hu JM, Orti E, Munck A. Glucocorticoid receptors: ATP-dependent cycling and hormone-dependent hyperphosphorylation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 47: 31-38
61. Li S, Rosen JM. Glucocorticoid regulation of rat whey acidic protein gene expression involves hormone-induced alterations of chromatin structure in the distal promoter region. Mol Endocrinol 1994; 8: 1328-1335
62. Jonat C, Rahmsdorf HJ, Park KK, Cato AC, Gebel S, Ponta H, Herrlich P. Antitumor promotion and antiinflammation: down-modulation of AP-1 (Fos/Jun) activity by glucocorticoid hormone. Cell 1990; 62: 1189-1204
63. Yang-Yen HF, Chambard JC, Sun YL, Smeal T, Schmidt TJ, Drouin J, Karin M. Transcriptional interference between c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor: mutual inhibition of DNA binding due to direct protein-protein interaction. Cell 1990; 62: 1205-1215
64. Ray A, Prefontaine KE. Physical association and functional antagonism between the p65 subunit of transcription factor NF-kappa B and the glucocorticoid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 752-756
65. Caldenhoven E, Liden J, Wissink S, Van de Stolpe A, Raaijmakers J, Koenderman L, Okret S, Gustafsson JA, Van der Saag PT. Negative cross-talk between RelA and the glucocorticoid receptor: a possible mechanism for the antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids. Mol Endocrinol 1995; 9: 401-412
66. Pratt WB. The role of heat shock proteins in regulating the function, folding, and trafficking of the glucocorticoid receptor. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 21455-21458
67. Madan AP, DeFranco DB. Bidirectional transport of glucocorticoid receptors across the nuclear envelope. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 3588-3592
68. Pratt WB, Toft DO. Steroid receptor interactions with heat shock protein and immunophilin chaperones. Endocr Rev 1997; 18: 306-360
69. DeFranco DB, Csermely P. Steroid receptor and molecular chaperone encounters in the nucleus. Sci STKE 2000; 2000: PE1
70. Cato AC, Mink S. BAG-1 family of cochaperones in the modulation of nuclear receptor action. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 78: 379-388
71. Davies TH, Ning YM, Sanchez ER. A new first step in activation of steroid receptors: hormone-induced switching of FKBP51 and FKBP52 immunophilins. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 4597-4600
72. Freeman BC, Yamamoto KR. Disassembly of transcriptional regulatory complexes by molecular chaperones. Science 2002; 296: 2232-2235
73. Morimoto RI. Dynamic remodeling of transcription complexes by molecular chaperones. Cell 2002; 110: 281-284
74. Gerritsen ME, Williams AJ, Neish AS, Moore S, Shi Y, Collins T. CREB-binding protein/p300 are transcriptional coactivators of p65. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 2927-2932
75. Sheppard KA, Rose DW, Haque ZK, Kurokawa R, McInerney E, Westin S, Thanos D, Rosenfeld MG, Glass CK, Collins T. Transcriptional activation by NF-kappaB requires multiple coactivators. Mol Cell Biol 1999; 19: 6367-6378
76. Tansey WP. Transcriptional activation: risky business. Genes Dev 2001; 15: 1045-1050
77. Kino T, Chrousos GP. Tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor-and Fas-associated FLASH inhibit transcriptional activity of the glucocorticoid receptor by binding to and interfering with its interaction with p160 type nuclear receptor coactivators. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 3023-3029
78. Cheung WL, Briggs SD, Allis CD. Acetylation and chromosomal functions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2000; 12: 326-333
79. Strahl BD, Allis CD. The language of covalent histone modifications. Nature 2000; 403: 41-45
80. Santos-Rosa H, Schneider R, Bannister AJ, Sherriff J, Bernstein BE, Emre NC, Schreiber SL, Mellor J, Kouzarides T. Active genes are tri-methylated at K4 of histone H3. Nature 2002; 419: 407-411
81. Rochette-Egly C. Nuclear receptors: integration of multiple signalling pathways through phosphorylation. Cell Signal 2003; 15: 355-366
82. Simoncini T, Hafezi-Moghadam A, Brazil DP, Ley K, Chin WW, Liao JK. Interaction of oestrogen receptor with the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase. Nature 2000; 407: 538-541
83. Lange CA. Making sense of cross-talk between steroid hormone receptors and intracellular signaling pathways: who will have the last word? Mol Endocrinol 2004; 18: 269-278
84. D'Agostino J, Henning SJ. Hormonal control of postnatal development of corticosteroid-binding globulin. Am J Physiol 1981; 240: E402-E406
85. Godfrey KM. The role of the placenta in fetal programming-a review. Placenta 2002; 23 Suppl A: S20-S27
86. Gartner H, Graul MC, Oesterreicher TJ, Finegold MJ, Henning SJ. Development of the fetal intestine in mice lacking the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). J Cell Physiol 2003; 194: 80-87
87. Moog F, Birkenmeier EH, Glazier HS. Leucylnaphthylamidase in the small intestine of the mouse: normal development and influence of cortisone and antibiotics. Dev Biol 1971; 25: 398-419
88. Galand G. Brush border membrane sucrase-isomaltase, maltase-glucoamylase and trehalase in mammals. Comparative development, effects of glucocorticoids, molecular mechanisms, and phylogenetic implications. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1989; 94: 1-11
89. Solomon NS, Gartner H, Oesterreicher TJ, Henning SJ. Development of glucocorticoid-responsiveness in mouse intestine. Pediatr Res 2001; 49: 782-788
90. Schaeffer C, Diab-Assef M, Plateroti M, Laurent-Huck F, Reimund JM, Kedinger M, Foltzer-Jourdainne C. Cytokine gene expression during postnatal small intestinal development: regulation by glucocorticoids. Gut 2000; 47: 192-198
91. Yeh KY, Yeh M, Holt PR. Thyroxine and cortisone cooperate to modulate postnatal intestinal enzyme differentiation in the rat. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: G371-G378
92. Leeper LL, McDonald MC, Heath JP, Henning SJ. Sucraseisomaltase ontogeny: synergism between glucocorticoids and thyroxine reflects increased mRNA and no change in cell migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 246: 765-770
93. Nanthakumar NN, Henning SJ. Ontogeny of sucraseisomaltase gene expression in rat intestine: responsiveness to glucocorticoids. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: G306-G311
94. Buchmiller TL, Shaw KS, Lam ML, Stokes R, Diamond JS, Fonkalsrud EW. Effect of prenatal dexamethasone administration: fetal rabbit intestinal nutrient uptake and disaccharidase development. J Surg Res 1994; 57: 274-279
95. Guo W, Swaniker F, Fonkalsrud EW, Vo K, Karamanoukian R. Effect of intraamniotic dexamethasone administration on intestinal absorption in a rabbit gastroschisis model. J Pediatr Surg 1995; 30: 983-986; discussion 986-987
96. Nanthakumar NN, Young C, Ko JS, Meng D, Chen J, Buie T, Walker WA. Glucocorticoid responsiveness in developing human intestine: possible role in prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288: G85-G92
97. Costalos C, Gounaris A, Sevastiadou S, Hatzistamatiou Z, Theodoraki M, Alexiou EN, Constandellou E. The effect of antenatal corticosteroids on gut peptides of preterm infants - a matched group comparison: corticosteroids and gut development. Early Hum Dev 2003; 74: 83-88
98. Reece EA, Hobbins JC, Mahoney MJ, Petrie RH. Handbook of medicine of the fetus and mother. Lippincott: Philadelphia, 1995: 533
99. Halac E, Halac J, Begue EF, Casanas JM, Indiveri DR, Petit JF, Figueroa MJ, Olmas JM, Rodriguez LA, Obregon RJ. Prenatal and postnatal corticosteroid therapy to prevent neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: a controlled trial. J Pediatr 1990; 117: 132-138
100. Gordon P, Rutledge J, Sawin R, Thomas S, Woodrum D. Early postnatal dexamethasone increases the risk of focal small bowel perforation in extremely low birth weight infants. J Perinatol 1999; 19: 573-577
101. Stark AR, Carlo WA, Tyson JE, Papile LA, Wright LL, Shankaran S, Donovan EF, Oh W, Bauer CR, Saha S, Poole WK, Stoll BJ. Adverse effects of early dexamethasone in extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 95-101
102. Walsh MJ, LeLeiko NS, Sterling KM Jr. Regulation of types I, III, and IV procollagen mRNA synthesis in glucocorticoidmediated intestinal development. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 10814-10818
103. Graham MF, Willey A, Adams J, Diegelmann RF. Corticosteroids increase procollagen gene expression, synthesis, and secretion by human intestinal smooth muscle cells. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1454-1461
104. Gordon PV, Price WA, Stiles AD. Dexamethasone administration to newborn mice alters mucosal and muscular morphology in the ileum and modulates IGF-I localization. Pediatr Res 2001; 49: 93-100
105. Gordon PV, Moats-Staats BM, Stiles AD, Price WA. Dexamethasone changes the composition of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the newborn mouse ileum. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002; 35: 532-538
106. Burrin DG, Fiorotto ML, Hadsell DL. Transgenic hypersecretion of des(1-3) human insulin-like growth factor I in mouse milk has limited effects on the gastrointestinal tract in suckling pups. J Nutr 1999; 129: 51-56
107. Henning SJ, Rubin DC, Shulman RJ. Ontogeny of the intestinal mucosa. In: Johnson LR, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press, 1994: 571-599
108. Deren JJ, Broitman SA, Zamcheck N. Effect of diet upon intestinal disaccharidases and disaccharide absorption. J Clin Invest 1967; 46: 186-195
109. Smith CL, Hammond GL. Hormonal regulation of corticosteroid-binding globulin biosynthesis in the male rat. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 2245-2251
110. McDonald MC, Henning SJ. Synergistic effects of thyroxine and dexamethasone on enzyme ontogeny in rat small intestine. Pediatr Res 1992; 32: 306-311
111. Leeper LL, Henning SJ. Development and tissue distribution of sucrase-isomaltase mRNA in rats. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: G52-G58
112. Oesterreicher TJ, Nanthakumar NN, Winston JH, Henning SJ. Rat trehalase: cDNA cloning and mRNA expression in adult rat tissues and during intestinal ontogeny. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: R1220-R1227
113. Dean DM, Sanders MM. Ten years after: reclassification of steroid-responsive genes. Mol Endocrinol 1996; 10: 1489-1495
114. Oesterreicher TJ, Henning SJ. Rapid induction of GATA transcription factors in developing mouse intestine following glucocorticoid administration. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286: G947-G953
115. Boudreau F, Rings EH, van Wering HM, Kim RK, Swain GP, Krasinski SD, Moffett J, Grand RJ, Suh ER, Traber PG. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha, GATA-4, and caudal related homeodomain protein Cdx2 interact functionally to modulate intestinal gene transcription. Implication for the developmental regulation of the sucrase-isomaltase gene. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 31909-31917
116. Divine JK, McCaul SP, Simon TC. HNF-1alpha and endodermal transcription factors cooperatively activate Fabpl: MODY3 mutations abrogate cooperativity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285: G62-G72
117. Dusing MR, Florence EA, Wiginton DA. High-level activation by a duodenum-specific enhancer requires functional GATA binding sites. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284: G1053-G1065
118. Krasinski SD, Van Wering HM, Tannemaat MR, Grand RJ. Differential activation of intestinal gene promoters: functional interactions between GATA-5 and HNF-1 alpha. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001; 281: G69-G84
119. Cirillo LA, Lin FR, Cuesta I, Friedman D, Jarnik M, Zaret KS. Opening of compacted chromatin by early developmental transcription factors HNF3 (FoxA) and GATA-4. Mol Cell 2002; 9: 279-289
120. Boudreau F, Blais S, Asselin C. Regulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein isoforms by serum and glucocorticoids in the rat intestinal epithelial crypt cell line IEC-6. Exp Cell Res 1996; 222: 1-9
121. Boudreau F, Zannoni S, Pelletier N, Bardati T, Yu SJ, Asselin C. Negative regulation of glucocorticoid-dependent induction of c-fos by ras in intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1999; 195: 99-111
122. Thiesen A, Wild GE, Tappenden KA, Drozdowski L, Keelan M, Thomson BK, McBurney MI, Clandinin MT, Thomson AB. The locally acting glucocorticosteroid budesonide enhances intestinal sugar uptake following intestinal resection in rats. Gut 2003; 52: 252-259
123. Foligne B, Aissaoui S, Senegas-Balas F, Cayuela C, Bernard P, Antoine JM, Balas D. Changes in cell proliferation and differentiation of adult rat small intestine epithelium after adrenalectomy: kinetic, biochemical, and morphological studies. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46: 1236-1246
124. Murosaki S, Inagaki-Ohara K, Kusaka H, Ikeda H, Yoshikai Y. Apoptosis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes induced by exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids. Microbiol Immunol 1997; 41: 139-148
125. Ruiz-Santana S, Lopez A, Torres S, Rey A, Losada A, Latasa L, Manzano JL, Diaz-Chico BN. Prevention of dexamethasone-induced lymphocytic apoptosis in the intestine and in Peyer patches by enteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001; 25: 338-345
126. Goke MN, Schneider M, Beil W, Manns MP. Differential glucocorticoid effects on repair mechanisms and NF-kappaB activity in the intestinal epithelium. Regul Pept 2002; 105: 203-214
127. Sauter SN, Roffler B, Philipona C, Morel C, Rome V, Guilloteau P, Blum JW, Hammon HM. Intestinal development in neonatal calves: effects of glucocorticoids and dependence of colostrum feeding. Biol Neonate 2004; 85: 94-104
128. Beaulieu JF, Calvert R. Hormonal regulation of epithelial cell proliferation in the fetal mouse duodenum in vitro. Anat Rec 1987; 217: 250-255
129. Reinisch JM, Simon NG, Karow WG, Gandelman R. Prenatal exposure to prednisone in humans and animals retards intrauterine growth. Science 1978; 202: 436-438
130. Ikegami M, Jobe AH, Newnham J, Polk DH, Willet KE, Sly P. Repetitive prenatal glucocorticoids improve lung function and decrease growth in preterm lambs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 178-184
131. Nyirenda MJ, Lindsay RS, Kenyon CJ, Burchell A, Seckl JR. Glucocorticoid exposure in late gestation permanently programs rat hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucocorticoid receptor expression and causes glucose intolerance in adult offspring. J Clin Invest 1998; 101: 2174-2181
132. French NP, Hagan R, Evans SF, Godfrey M, Newnham JP. Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: size at birth and subsequent development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180: 114-121
133. Newnham JP, Moss TJ. Antenatal glucocorticoids and growth: single versus multiple doses in animal and human studies. Semin Neonatol 2001; 6: 285-292
134. Bloom SL, Sheffield JS, McIntire DD, Leveno KJ. Antenatal dexamethasone and decreased birth weight. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97: 485-490
135. Levitt NS, Lindsay RS, Holmes MC, Seckl JR. Dexamethasone in the last week of pregnancy attenuates hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression and elevates blood pressure in the adult offspring in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 1996; 64: 412-418
136. Cleasby ME, Kelly PA, Walker BR, Seckl JR. Programming of rat muscle and fat metabolism by in utero overexposure to glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 999-1007
137. Welberg LA, Seckl JR, Holmes MC. Prenatal glucocorticoid programming of brain corticosteroid receptors and corticotrophin-releasing hormone: possible implications for behaviour. Neuroscience 2001; 104: 71-79
138. Lindsay RS, Lindsay RM, Waddell BJ, Seckl JR. Prenatal glucocorticoid exposure leads to offspring hyperglycaemia in the rat: studies with the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor carbenoxolone. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 1299-1305
139. Sugden MC, Langdown ML, Munns MJ, Holness MJ. Maternal glucocorticoid treatment modulates placental leptin and leptin receptor expression and materno-fetal leptin physiology during late pregnancy, and elicits hypertension associated with hyperleptinaemia in the early-growthretarded adult offspring. Eur J Endocrinol 2001; 145: 529-539
140. Canlon B, Erichsen S, Nemlander E, Chen M, Hossain A, Celsi G, Ceccatelli S. Alterations in the intrauterine environment by glucocorticoids modifies the developmental programme of the auditory system. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 17: 2035-2041
141. Drake AJ, Walker BR, Seckl JR. Intergenerational consequences of fetal programming by in utero exposure to glucocorticoids in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 288: R34-R38
142. Rotschild T, Nandgaonkar BN, Yu K, Higgins RD. Dexamethasone reduces oxygen induced retinopathy in a mouse model. Pediatr Res 1999; 46: 94-100
143. Yossuck P, Yan Y, Tadesse M, Higgins RD. Dexamethasone alters TNF-alpha expression in retinopathy. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 72: 164-167
144. Haroon Parupia MF, Dhanireddy R. Association of postnatal dexamethasone use and fungal sepsis in the development of severe retinopathy of prematurity and progression to laser therapy in extremely low-birth-weight infants. J Perinatol 2001; 21: 242-247
145. Shinwell ES, Karplus M, Reich D, Weintraub Z, Blazer S, Bader D, Yurman S, Dolfin T, Kogan A, Dollberg S, Arbel E, Goldberg M, Gur I, Naor N, Sirota L, Mogilner S, Zaritsky A, Barak M, Gottfried E. Early postnatal dexamethasone treatment and increased incidence of cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2000; 83: F177-F181
146. Thiesen A, Wild GE, Keelan M, Clandinin MT, Thomson AB. Locally and systemically active glucocorticosteroids modify intestinal absorption of sugars in rats. J Appl Physiol 2003; 94: 583-590
147. Marti A, Fernandez-Otero MP. Prostaglandin E2 accelerates enzymatic and morphological maturation of the small intestine in suckling rats. Biol Neonate 1994; 65: 119-125
148. Xu W, Chen H, Du K, Asahara H, Tini M, Emerson BM, Montminy M, Evans RM. A transcriptional switch mediated by cofactor methylation. Science 2001; 294: 2507-2511
149. Nishioka K, Reinberg D. Transcription. Switching partners in a regulatory tango. Science 2001; 294: 2497-2498
150. Okret S, Poellinger L, Dong Y, Gustafsson JA. Down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA by glucocorticoid hormones and recognition by the receptor of a specific binding sequence within a receptor cDNA clone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 5899-5903
151. Quaroni A, Tian JQ, Goke M, Podolsky DK. Glucocorticoids have pleiotropic effects on small intestinal crypt cells. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: G1027-G1040
152. Simo P, Simon-Assmann P, Arnold C, Kedinger M. Mesenchyme-mediated effect of dexamethasone on laminin in cocultures of embryonic gut epithelial cells and mesenchyme-derived cells. J Cell Sci 1992; 101 (Pt 1): 161-171
153. Coderre L, Vallega GA, Pilch PF, Chipkin SR. In vivo effects of dexamethasone and sucrose on glucose transport (GLUT-4) protein tissue distribution. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: E643-E648
154. Batt RM, Peters TJ. Effects of prednisolone on the small intestinal mucosa of the rat. Clin Sci Mol Med 1976; 50: 511-523
155. Scott J, Batt RM, Maddison YE, Peters TJ. Differential effect of glucocorticoids on structure and function of adult rat jejunum. Am J Physiol 1981; 241: G306-G312
156. Batt RM, Scott J. Response of the small intestinal mucosa to oral glucocorticoids. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1982; 74: 75-88
157. Crake T, Crisp AJ, Shearing M, Record CO, Sandle GI. Effect of intraluminal hydrocortisone on solute and water absorption in the human jejunum. Clin Sci (Lond) 1984; 67: 105-110
158. Bao B, Thomas MG, Griffith MK, Burghardt RC, Williams GL. Steroidogenic activity, insulin-like growth factor-I production, and proliferation of granulosa and theca cells obtained from dominant preovulatory and nonovulatory follicles during the bovine estrous cycle: effects of low-density and high-density lipoproteins. Biol Reprod 1995; 53: 1271-1279
159. Kawada M, Inoue H, Masuda T, Ikeda D. Insulin-like growth factor I secreted from prostate stromal cells mediates tumor-stromal cell interactions of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 4419-4425
160. Markel TA, Wang M, Crisostomo PR, Manukyan MC, Poynter JA, Meldrum DR. Neonatal stem cells exhibit specific characteristics in function, proliferation, and cellular signaling that distinguish them from their adult counterparts. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294: R1491-R1497
161. Hsu E, Feghali-Bostwick CA. Insulin-like growth factor-II is increased in systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary fibrosis and contributes to the fibrotic process via Jun N-terminal kinase- and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-dependent pathways. Am J Pathol 2008; 172: 1580-1590
162. Lee SK, Kang JS, Jung da J, Hur DY, Kim JE, Hahm E, Bae S, Kim HW, Kim D, Cho BJ, Cho D, Shin DH, Hwang YI, Lee WJ. Vitamin C suppresses proliferation of the human melanoma cell SK-MEL-2 through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and the modulation of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) production. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216: 180-188
163. Chung JO, Hong SI, Cho DH, Lee JH, Chung DJ, Chung MY. Hypoglycemia associated with the production of insulin-like growth factor II in a pancreatic islet cell tumor: a case report. Endocr J 2008; 55: 607-612
164. Kim DG, Lee DY, Cho BH, You KR, Kim MY, Ahn DS. Down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and growth modulation in hepatoma cells by retinoic acid. Hepatology 1999; 29: 1091-1098
165. Kuemmerle JF, Murthy KS. Coupling of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor tyrosine kinase to Gi2 in human intestinal smooth muscle: Gbetagamma -dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and growth. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 7187-7194
166. Rorive S, Berton A, D'haene N, Takacs CN, Debeir O, Decaestecker C, Salmon I. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 interplays with the IGFBP2-IGFII complex to promote cell growth and motility in astrocytomas. Glia 2008; 56: 1679-1690
167. Al Haj Ali M, Mensah-Brown E, Chandranath SI, Adeghate E, Adem A. Distribution of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its receptor in the intestines of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Growth Factors 2003; 21: 131-137
168. Moreira A, Napimoga MH, Benatti BB, Silva GA, Rocha-Rodrigues DB, Clemente-Napimoga JT, Vieira GA, Alves JB. Morphological changes and EGF expression in the granular convoluted tubule cells of submandibular glands of Trypanosoma cruzi infected rats. Tissue Cell 2008; 40: 293-298
169. Nakai K, Yoneda K, Igarashi J, Moriue T, Kosaka H, Kubota Y. Angiotensin II enhances EGF receptor expression levels via ROS formation in HaCaT cells. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 51: 181-189
170. Kawashima I, Okazaki T, Noma N, Nishibori M, Yamashita Y, Shimada M. Sequential exposure of porcine cumulus cells to FSH and/or LH is critical for appropriate expression of steroidogenic and ovulation-related genes that impact oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro. Reproduction 2008; 136: 9-21
171. Majewski M, Jaworski T, Sarosiek I, Sostarich S, Roeser K, Edlavitch SA, Kralstein J, Wallner G, McCallum RW, Sarosiek J. Significant enhancement of esophageal pre-epithelial defense by tegaserod: implications for an esophagoprotective effect. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 430-438
172. Varley CL, Southgate J. Effects of PPAR agonists on proliferation and differentiation in human urothelium. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2008; 60: 435-441
173. Ingram JL, Bonner JC. EGF and PDGF receptor tyrosine kinases as therapeutic targets for chronic lung diseases. Curr Mol Med 2006; 6: 409-421
174. Zhao D, Zhan Y, Zeng H, Koon HW, Moyer MP, Pothoulakis C. Neurotensin stimulates expression of early growth response gene-1 and EGF receptor through MAP kinase activation in human colonic epithelial cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 1652-1656
175. Miettinen P, Ormio P, Hakonen E, Banerjee M, Otonkoski T. EGF receptor in pancreatic beta-cell mass regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 36: 280-285
176. Ma YJ, Berg-von der Emde K, Moholt-Siebert M, Hill DF, Ojeda SR. Region-specific regulation of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) gene expression in astrocytes of the neuroendocrine brain. J Neurosci 1994; 14: 5644-5651
177. Mason HD, Carr L, Leake R, Franks S. Production of transforming growth factor-alpha by normal and polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2053-2056
178. Wong DT, Weller PF, Galli SJ, Elovic A, Rand TH, Gallagher GT, Chiang T, Chou MY, Matossian K, McBride J. Human eosinophils express transforming growth factor alpha. J Exp Med 1990; 172: 673-681
179. Kuwai T, Nakamura T, Sasaki T, Kim SJ, Fan D, Villares GJ, Zigler M, Wang H, Bar-Eli M, Kerbel RS, Fidler IJ. Phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor on tumor-associated endothelial cells is a primary target for therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Neoplasia 2008; 10: 489-500
180. Smith JJ, Derynck R, Korc M. Production of transforming growth factor alpha in human pancreatic cancer cells: evidence for a superagonist autocrine cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 7567-7570
181. Angelucci A, Garofalo S, Speca S, Bovadilla A, Gravina GL, Muzi P, Vicentini C, Bologna M. Arachidonic acid modulates the crosstalk between prostate carcinoma and bone stromal cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15: 91-100
182. Gu J, Chen L, Shatos MA, Rios JD, Gulati A, Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Presence of EGF growth factor ligands and their effects on cultured rat conjunctival goblet cell proliferation. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86: 322-334
183. Coffey RJ, Washington MK, Corless CL, Heinrich MC. Menetrier disease and gastrointestinal stromal tumors: hyperproliferative disorders of the stomach. J Clin Invest 2007; 117: 70-80
184. Xian CJ, Cool JC, Howarth GS, Read LC. Effects of TGF-alpha gene knockout on epithelial cell kinetics and repair of methotrexate-induced damage in mouse small intestine. J Cell Physiol 2002; 191: 105-115
185. Morisako T, Takahashi K, Kishi K, Kiguchi T, Mikami R, Kobayashi K, Yagyu H, Nakamura H, Matsuoka KT. Production of hepatocyte growth factor from human lung microvascular endothelial cells induced by interleukin-1beta. Exp Lung Res 2001; 27: 675-688
186. Wislez M, Rabbe N, Marchal J, Milleron B, Crestani B, Mayaud C, Antoine M, Soler P, Cadranel J. Hepatocyte growth factor production by neutrophils infiltrating bronchioloalveolar subtype pulmonary adenocarcinoma: role in tumor progression and death. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 1405-1412
187. Zhu Y, Hojo Y, Ikeda U, Shimada K. Production of hepatocyte growth factor during acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2000; 83: 450-455
188. Bell LN, Ward JL, Degawa-Yamauchi M, Bovenkerk JE, Jones R, Cacucci BM, Gupta CE, Sheridan C, Sheridan K, Shankar SS, Steinberg HO, March KL, Considine RV. Adipose tissue production of hepatocyte growth factor contributes to elevated serum HGF in obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291: E843-E848
189. Gude NA, Emmanuel G, Wu W, Cottage CT, Fischer K, Qui jada P, Muraski JA, Alvarez R, Rubio M, Schaefer E, Sussman MA. Activation of Notch-mediated protective signaling in the myocardium. Circ Res 2008; 102: 1025-1035
190. del Castillo G, Factor VM, Fernandez M, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Fabregat I, Thorgeirsson SS, Sanchez A. Deletion of the Met tyrosine kinase in liver progenitor oval cells increases sensitivity to apoptosis in vitro. Am J Pathol 2008; 172: 1238-1247
191. Wondergem R, Ecay TW, Mahieu F, Owsianik G, Nilius B. HGF/SF and menthol increase human glioblastoma cell calcium and migration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 372: 210-215
192. Zdzisinska B, Bojarska-Junak A, Dmoszynska A, Kandefer-Szerszen M. Abnormal cytokine production by bone marrow stromal cells of multiple myeloma patients in response to RPMI8226 myeloma cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2008; 56: 207-221
193. Garzotto D, Giacobini P, Crepaldi T, Fasolo A, De Marchis S. Hepatocyte growth factor regulates migration of olfactory interneuron precursors in the rostral migratory stream through Met-Grb2 coupling. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 5901-5909
194. Nussbaum T, Samarin J, Ehemann V, Bissinger M, Ryschich E, Khamidjanov A, Yu X, Gretz N, Schirmacher P, Breuhahn K. Autocrine insulin-like growth factor-II stimulation of tumor cell migration is a progression step in human hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2008; 48: 146-156
195. Rampino T, Gregorini M, Guidetti C, Broggini M, Marchini S, Bonomi R, Maggio M, Roscini E, Soccio G, Tiboldo R, Dal Canton A. KCNA1 and TRPC6 ion channels and NHE1 exchanger operate the biological outcome of HGF/scatter factor in renal tubular cells. Growth Factors 2007; 25: 382-391
196. La Rosa S, Uccella S, Capella C, Erba S, Sessa F. Localization of Hepatocyte Growth Factor and Its Receptor met in Endocrine Cells and Related Tumors of the Gut and Pancreas: An Immunohistochemical Study. Endocr Pathol 2000; 11: 315-329
197. Ogawa A, Terada S, Sakuragawa N, Masuda S, Nagao M, Miki M. Progesterone, but not 17beta-estradiol, up-regulates erythropoietin (EPO) production in human amniotic epithelial cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2003; 96: 448-453
198. Campana WM. Schwann cells: activated peripheral glia and their role in neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21: 522-527
199. Thedieck C, Kalbacher H, Kuczyk M, Muller GA, Muller CA, Klein G. Cadherin-9 is a novel cell surface marker for the heterogeneous pool of renal fibroblasts. PLoS ONE 2007; 2: e657
200. Yoshioka K, Miyakawa A, Ohno Y, Namiki K, Horiguchi Y, Murai M, Mukai M, Tachibana M. Production of erythropoietin and multiple cytokines by metanephric adenoma results in erythrocytosis. Pathol Int 2007; 57: 529-536
201. Kucic T, Copland IB, Cuerquis J, Coutu DL, Chalifour LE, Gagnon RF, Galipeau J. Mesenchymal stromal cells genetically engineered to overexpress IGF-I enhance cell-based gene therapy of renal failure-induced anemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295: F488-F496
202. Bose C, Udupa KB. Erythropoietin enhancement of rat pancreatic tumor cell proliferation requires the activation of ERK and JNK signals. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295: C394-C405
203. Paschos N, Lykissas MG, Beris AE. The role of erythropoietin as an inhibitor of tissue ischemia. Int J Biol Sci 2008; 4: 161-168
204. Juul SE, Ledbetter DJ, Joyce AE, Dame C, Christensen RD, Zhao Y, DeMarco V. Erythropoietin acts as a trophic factor in neonatal rat intestine. Gut 2001; 49: 182-189
205. Nair RR, Warner BB, Warner BW. Role of epidermal growth factor and other growth factors in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 2008; 32: 107-113
206. Shannon DB, McKeown ST, Lundy FT, Irwin CR. Phenotypic differences between oral and skin fibroblasts in wound contraction and growth factor expression. Wound Repair Regen 2006; 14: 172-178
207. Yashiro M, Nakazawa K, Tendo M, Kosaka K, Shinto O, Hirakawa K. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor downregulates the paracrine epithelial-mesenchymal interactions of growth in scirrhous gastric carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2007; 120: 686-693
208. Nasu K, Arima K, Fujisawa K, Nishida M, Kai K, Miyakawa I. Secretion of keratinocyte growth factor by cultured human endometrial stromal cells is induced through a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent pathway. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 392-395
209. Grau V, Wilker S, Lips KS, Hartmann P, Rose F, Padberg W, Fehrenbach H, Wessler I, Kummer W. Administration of keratinocyte growth factor down-regulates the pulmonary capacity of acetylcholine production. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39: 1955-1963
210. Zang XP, Pento JT, Tari AM. Wilms' tumor 1 protein and focal adhesion kinase mediate keratinocyte growth factor signaling in breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 133-137
211. Barbara M, Raffa S, Mure C, Manni V, Ronchetti F, Monini S, Torrisi MR. Keratinocyte growth factor receptor (KGF-R) in cholesteatoma tissue. Acta Otolaryngol 2008; 128: 360-364
212. Watanabe M, Ishiwata T, Nishigai K, Moriyama Y, Asano G. Overexpression of keratinocyte growth factor in cancer cells and enterochromaffin cells in human colorectal cancer. Pathol Int 2000; 50: 363-372
213. Bell GI, Santerre RF, Mullenbach GT. Hamster preproglucagon contains the sequence of glucagon and two related peptides. Nature 1983; 302: 716-718
214. Holst JJ, Orskov C. Glucagon and other proglucagon derived peptides. In: Walsh JH, Dockray GJ, editors. Cut Peptides: Biochemistry and Physiology. New York: Raven, 1994: 305-340
215. Eissele R, Goke R, Willemer S, Harthus HP, Vermeer H, Arnold R, Goke B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of rat, pig and man. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22: 283-291
216. Roberge JN, Brubaker PL. Secretion of proglucagon-derived peptides in response to intestinal luminal nutrients. Endocrinology 1991; 128: 3169-3174
217. Roberge JN, Brubaker PL. Regulation of intestinal proglucagon-derived peptide secretion by glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide in a novel enteroendocrine loop. Endocrinology 1993; 133: 233-240
218. Elliott RM, Morgan LM, Tredger JA, Deacon S, Wright J, Marks V. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36)amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in response to nutrient ingestion in man: acute post-prandial and 24-h secretion patterns. J Endocrinol 1993; 138: 159-166
219. Xiao Q, Boushey RP, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Secretion of the intestinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide 2 is differentially regulated by nutrients in humans. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 99-105
220. Herrmann C, Goke R, Richter G, Fehmann HC, Arnold R, Goke B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulin-releasing polypeptide plasma levels in response to nutrients. Digestion 1995; 56: 117-126
221. Reimer RA, Darimont C, Gremlich S, Nicolas-Metral V, Ruegg UT, Mace K. A human cellular model for studying the regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion. Endocrinology 2001; 142: 4522-4528
222. Ferraris RP, Yasharpour S, Lloyd KC, Mirzayan R, Diamond JM. Luminal glucose concentrations in the gut under normal conditions. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: G822-G837
223. Tavares W, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Enzymatic- and renal-dependent catabolism of the intestinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 278: E134-E139
224. Hartmann B, Harr MB, Jeppesen PB, Wojdemann M, Deacon CF, Mortensen PB, Holst JJ. In vivo and in vitro degradation of glucagon-like peptide-2 in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 2884-2888
225. Munroe DG, Gupta AK, Kooshesh F, Vyas TB, Rizkalla G, Wang H, Demchyshyn L, Yang ZJ, Kamboj RK, Chen H, McCallum K, Sumner-Smith M, Drucker DJ, Crivici A. Prototypic G protein-coupled receptor for the intestinotrophic factor glucagon-like peptide 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 1569-1573
226. Yusta B, Huang L, Munroe D, Wolff G, Fantaske R, Sharma S, Demchyshyn L, Asa SL, Drucker DJ. Enteroendocrine localization of GLP-2 receptor expression in humans and rodents. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 744-755
227. Bjerknes M, Cheng H. Modulation of specific intestinal epithelial progenitors by enteric neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 12497-12502
228. Thulesen J, Hartmann B, Orskov C, Jeppesen PB, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS. Potential targets for glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) in the rat: distribution and binding of i.v. injected (125)I-GLP-2. Peptides 2000; 21: 1511-1517
229. Orskov C, Hartmann B, Poulsen SS, Thulesen J, Hare KJ, Holst JJ. GLP-2 stimulates colonic growth via KGF, released by subepithelial myofibroblasts with GLP-2 receptors. Regul Pept 2005; 124: 105-112
230. Fehmann HC, Habener JF. Insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-I(7-37) stimulation of proinsulin gene expression and proinsulin biosynthesis in insulinoma beta TC-1 cells. Endocrinology 1992; 130: 159-166
231. Gleeson MH, Bloom SR, Polak JM, Henry K, Dowling RH. An endocrine tumour in kidney affecting small bowel structure, motility, and function. Gut 1970; 11: 1060
232. Bloom SR, Polak JM. The hormonal pattern of intestinal adaptation. A major role for enteroglucagon. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1982; 74: 93-103
233. Drucker DJ, Erlich P, Asa SL, Brubaker PL. Induction of intestinal epithelial proliferation by glucagon-like peptide 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 7911-7916
234. Drucker DJ, DeForest L, Brubaker PL. Intestinal response to growth factors administered alone or in combination with human [Gly2]glucagon-like peptide 2. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G1252-G1262
235. Tsai CH, Hill M, Asa SL, Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ. Intestinal growth-promoting properties of glucagon-like peptide-2 in mice. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: E77-E84
236. Petersen YM, Elnif J, Schmidt M, Sangild PT. Glucagon-like peptide 2 enhances maltase-glucoamylase and sucrase-isomaltase gene expression and activity in parenterally fed premature neonatal piglets. Pediatr Res 2002; 52: 498-503
237. Brubaker PL, Izzo A, Hill M, Drucker DJ. Intestinal function in mice with small bowel growth induced by glucagon-like peptide-2. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: E1050-E1058
238. Kitchen PA, Fitzgerald AJ, Goodlad RA, Barley NF, Ghatei MA, Legon S, Bloom SR, Price A, Walters JR, Forbes A. Glucagon-like peptide-2 increases sucrase-isomaltase but not caudal-related homeobox protein-2 gene expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 278: G425-G428
239. Schmidt PT, Naslund E, Gryback P, Jacobsson H, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Hellstrom PM. Peripheral administration of GLP-2 to humans has no effect on gastric emptying or satiety. Regul Pept 2003; 116: 21-25
240. Nagell CF, Wettergren A, Pedersen JF, Mortensen D, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide-2 inhibits antral emptying in man, but is not as potent as glucagon-like peptide-1. Scand J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 353-358
241. Wojdemann M, Wettergren A, Hartmann B, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide-2 inhibits centrally induced antral motility in pigs. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 828-832
242. Wojdemann M, Wettergren A, Hartmann B, Hilsted L, Holst JJ. Inhibition of sham feeding-stimulated human gastric acid secretion by glucagon-like peptide-2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 2513-2517
243. Benjamin MA, McKay DM, Yang PC, Cameron H, Perdue MH. Glucagon-like peptide-2 enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function of both transcellular and paracellular pathways in the mouse. Gut 2000; 47: 112-119
244. Kouris GJ, Liu Q, Rossi H, Djuricin G, Gattuso P, Nathan C, Weinstein RA, Prinz RA. The effect of glucagon-like peptide 2 on intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Am J Surg 2001; 181: 571-575
245. Swietlicki E, Iordanov H, Fritsch C, Yi L, Levin MS, Rubin DC. Growth factor regulation of PC4/TIS7, an immediate early gene expressed during gut adaptation after resection. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27: 123-131
246. Cheeseman CI, Tsang R. The effect of GIP and glucagon-like peptides on intestinal basolateral membrane hexose transport. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: G477-G482
247. Cheeseman CI. Upregulation of SGLT-1 transport activity in rat jejunum induced by GLP-2 infusion in vivo. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: R1965-R1971
248. Helliwell PA, Richardson M, Affleck J, Kellett GL. Regulation of GLUT5, GLUT2 and intestinal brush-border fructose absorption by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase intracellular signalling pathways: implications for adaptation to diabetes. Biochem J 2000; 350 Pt 1: 163-169
249. Helliwell PA, Richardson M, Affleck J, Kellett GL. Stimulation of fructose transport across the intestinal brush-border membrane by PMA is mediated by GLUT2 and dynamically regulated by protein kinase C. Biochem J 2000; 350 Pt 1: 149-154
250. Kellett GL, Helliwell PA. The diffusive component of intestinal glucose absorption is mediated by the glucose-induced recruitment of GLUT2 to the brush-border membrane. Biochem J 2000; 350 Pt 1: 155-162
251. Au A, Gupta A, Schembri P, Cheeseman CI. Rapid insertion of GLUT2 into the rat jejunal brush-border membrane promoted by glucagon-like peptide 2. Biochem J 2002; 367: 247-254
252. Ramsanahie AP, Berger UV, Zinner MJ, Whang EE, Rhoads DB, Ashley SW. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) on diurnal SGLT1 expression. Dig Dis Sci 2004; 49: 1731-1737
253. Guan X, Stoll B, Lu X, Tappenden KA, Holst JJ, Hartmann B, Burrin DG. GLP-2-mediated up-regulation of intestinal blood flow and glucose uptake is nitric oxide-dependent in TPN-fed piglets 1. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 136-147
254. Walsh NA, Yusta B, DaCambra MP, Anini Y, Drucker DJ, Brubaker PL. Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor activation in the rat intestinal mucosa. Endocrinology 2003; 144: 4385-4392
255. Estall JL, Yusta B, Drucker DJ. Lipid raft-dependent glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor trafficking occurs independently of agonist-induced desensitization. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15: 3673-3687
256. Topstad D, Martin G, Sigalet D. Systemic GLP-2 levels do not limit adaptation after distal intestinal resection. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36: 750-754
257. Thulesen J, Hartmann B, Kissow H, Jeppesen PB, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS. Intestinal growth adaptation and glucagon-like peptide 2 in rats with ileal - jejunal transposition or small bowel resection. Dig Dis Sci 2001; 46: 379-388
258. Ljungmann K, Hartmann B, Kissmeyer-Nielsen P, Flyvbjerg A, Holst JJ, Laurberg S. Time-dependent intestinal adaptation and GLP-2 alterations after small bowel resection in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001;, 281: G779-G785
259. Dahly EM, Guo Z, Ney DM. IGF-I augments resection-induced mucosal hyperplasia by altering enterocyte kinetics. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285: R800-R808
260. Scott RB, Kirk D, MacNaughton WK, Meddings JB. GLP-2 augments the adaptive response to massive intestinal resection in rat. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: G911-G921
261. Martin GR, Wallace LE, Sigalet DL. Glucagon-like peptide-2 induces intestinal adaptation in parenterally fed rats with short bowel syndrome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286: G964-G972
262. Washizawa N, Gu LH, Gu L, Openo KP, Jones DP, Ziegler TR. Comparative effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), growth hormone (GH), and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) on markers of gut adaptation after massive small bowel resection in rats. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2004; 28: 399-409
263. Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Graff J, Lohmann J, Hansen BS, Tofteng F, Poulsen SS, Madsen JL, Holst JJ, Mortensen PB. Glucagon-like peptide 2 improves nutrient absorption and nutritional status in short-bowel patients with no colon. Gastroenterology 2001; 120: 806-815
264. Jeppesen PB, Mortensen PB. Experimental approaches: dietary and hormone therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 17: 1041-1054
265. Commare CE, Tappenden KA. Development of the infant intestine: implications for nutrition support. Nutr Clin Pract 2007; 22: 159-173
266. Lee YC, Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ. Developmental and tissue-specific regulation of proglucagon gene expression. Endocrinology 1990; 127: 2217-2222
267. Lovshin J, Yusta B, Iliopoulos I, Migirdicyan A, Dableh L, Brubaker PL, Drucker DJ. Ontogeny of the glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor axis in the developing rat intestine. Endocrinology 2000; 141: 4194-4201
268. Petersen YM, Burrin DG, Sangild PT. GLP-2 has differential effects on small intestine growth and function in fetal and neonatal pigs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281: R1986-R1993
269. Yusta B, Somwar R, Wang F, Munroe D, Grinstein S, Klip A, Drucker DJ. Identification of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2)-activated signaling pathways in baby hamster kidney fibroblasts expressing the rat GLP-2 receptor. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 30459-30467
270. Yusta B, Boushey RP, Drucker DJ. The glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor mediates direct inhibition of cellular apoptosis via a cAMP-dependent protein kinase-independent pathway. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 35345-35352
271. Jasleen J, Shimoda N, Shen ER, Tavakkolizadeh A, Whang EE, Jacobs DO, Zinner MJ, Ashley SW. Signaling mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide 2-induced intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. J Surg Res 2000; 90: 13-18
272. Buteau J, Foisy S, Joly E, Prentki M. Glucagon-like peptide 1 induces pancreatic beta-cell proliferation via transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Diabetes 2003; 52: 124-132
273. Thulesen J, Hartmann B, Hare KJ, Kissow H, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Poulsen SS. Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) accelerates the growth of colonic neoplasms in mice. Gut 2004; 53: 1145-1150
274. Koehler JA, Yusta B, Drucker DJ. The HeLa cell glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor is coupled to regulation of apoptosis and ERK1/2 activation through divergent signaling pathways. Mol Endocrinol 2005; 19: 459-473
275. Yusta B, Estall J, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor activation engages bad and glycogen synthase kinase-3 in a protein kinase A-dependent manner and prevents apoptosis following inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 24896-24906
276. Rocha FG, Shen KR, Jasleen J, Tavakkolizadeh A, Zinner MJ, Whang EE, Ashley SW. Glucagon-like peptide-2: divergent signaling pathways. J Surg Res 2004; 121: 5-12
277. Burrin DG, Stoll B, Guan X, Cui L, Chang X, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide 2 dose-dependently activates intestinal cell survival and proliferation in neonatal piglets. Endocrinology 2005; 146: 22-32
278. Haderslev KV, Jeppesen PB, Hartmann B, Thulesen J, Sorensen HA, Graff J, Hansen BS, Tofteng F, Poulsen SS, Madsen JL, Holst JJ, Staun M, Mortensen PB. Short-term administration of glucagon-like peptide-2. Effects on bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover in short-bowel patients with no colon. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 392-398
279. Henriksen DB, Alexandersen P, Byrjalsen I, Hartmann B, Bone HG, Christiansen C, Holst JJ. Reduction of nocturnal rise in bone resorption by subcutaneous GLP-2. Bone 2004; 34: 140-147
280. Tang-Christensen M, Larsen PJ, Thulesen J, Romer J, Vrang N. The proglucagon-derived peptide, glucagon-like peptide-2, is a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of food intake. Nat Med 2000; 6: 802-807
281. Lovshin J, Estall J, Yusta B, Brown TJ, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 action in the murine central nervous system is enhanced by elimination of GLP-1 receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 21489-21499
282. Sorensen LB, Flint A, Raben A, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Astrup A. No effect of physiological concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-2 on appetite and energy intake in normal weight subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 450-456
283. Haslam SZ, Counterman LJ, Nummy KA. Effects of epidermal growth factor, estrogen, and progestin on DNA synthesis in mammary cells in vivo are determined by the developmental state of the gland. J Cell Physiol 1993; 155: 72-78
284. Migliaccio A, Di Domenico M, Castoria G, de Falco A, Bontempo P, Nola E, Auricchio F. Tyrosine kinase/p21ras/MAP-kinase pathway activation by estradiol-receptor complex in MCF-7 cells. EMBO J 1996; 15: 1292-1300
285. Baxter JD. Glucocorticoid hormone action. Pharmacol Ther [B] 1976; 2: 605-669
286. Michel MC, Knapp J, Ratjen H. Sensitization by dexamethasone of lymphocyte cyclic AMP formation: evidence for increased function of the adenylyl cyclase catalyst. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 113: 240-246
287. Meier CA. Regulation of gene expression by nuclear hormone receptors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 1997; 17: 319-335
288. Rangarajan PN, Umesono K, Evans RM. Modulation of glucocorticoid receptor function by protein kinase A. Mol Endocrinol 1992; 6: 1451-1457
289. Saad MJ, Folli F, Araki E, Hashimoto N, Csermely P, Kahn CR. Regulation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Effects of differentiation, insulin, and dexamethasone. Mol Endocrinol 1994; 8: 545-557
290. Buren J, Liu HX, Jensen J, Eriksson JW. Dexamethasone impairs insulin signalling and glucose transport by depletion of insulin receptor substrate-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B in primary cultured rat adipocytes. Eur J Endocrinol 2002; 146: 419-429
291. Krasil'nikov MA, Shatskaya VA, Stavrovskaya AA, Erohina M, Gershtein ES, Adler VV. The role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the regulation of cell response to steroid hormones. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1450: 434-443
292. Furtado LM, Somwar R, Sweeney G, Niu W, Klip A. Activation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 by insulin. Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 80: 569-578
293. Millar GA, Hardin JA, Johnson LR, Gall DG. The role of PI 3-kinase in EGF-stimulated jejunal glucose transport. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 80: 77-84