Regulation of the acute production of steroids in steroidogenic cells

Endocrine Reviews

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 221-244

  Stocco, Douglas M ^a   Clark, Barbara J ^b  

^a TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE RECEPTOR; REGULATOR PROTEIN; STEROL CARRIER PROTEIN;

CYTOARCHITECTURE; HORMONAL REGULATION; MODEL; PHOSPHORYLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; STEROIDOGENESIS; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TRANSLATION REGULATION;

ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA, CONGENITAL; ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; PHOSPHOPROTEINS; STEROIDS;

EID: 0030047248     PISSN: 0163769X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1210/er.17.3.221     Document Type: Review

References (269)

1. Simpson ER, Boyd GS 1966 The cholesterol side-chain cleavage system of the adrenal cortex: a mixed function oxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 24:10-17
2. Simpson ER, Boyd GS 1967 The cholesterol side-chain cleavage system of the adrenal cortex. J Biochem 2:275-285
3. Yago N, Ichii S 1969 Submitochondrial distribution of components of the steroid 11-β-hydroxylase and cholesterol side chain-cleavage enzyme systems in hog adrenal cortex. J Biochem 65:215-224
4. scc and P45011β in bovine adrenocortical inner mitochondrial membranes. J Biol Chem 254:10443-10448
5. Lambeth JD, Seybert DW, Kamin H 1979 Ionic effects on adrenal steroidogenic electron transport. The role of adrenodoxin as an electron shuttle. J Biol Chem 254:7255-7264
6. Tuls J, Geren L, Lambeth JD, Millett F 1987 The use of a specific fluorescence probe to study the interaction of adrenodoxin with adrenodoxin reductase and cytochrome P450scc. J Biol Chem 262: 10020-10025
7. Saba N, Hechter O, Stone D 1954 The conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone in bovine adrenal homogenates. J Am Chem Soc 76:3862-3864
8. Constantopoulos G, Tchen TT 1961 Cleavage of cholesterol side chain by adrenal cortex. I. Cofactor requirement and product of cleavage. J Biol Chem 236:65-67
9. Halkerston IDK, Eichhorn J, Hechter O 1961 A requirement for reduced triphosphopyridine nucleotide for cholesterol side-chain cleavage by mitochondrial fractions of bovine adrenal cortex. J Biol Chem 236:374-380
10. Toren D, Menon KMJ, Forchielli E, Dorfman RI 1964 In vitro enzymatic cleavage of the cholesterol side chain in rat testis preparations. Steroids 3:381-390
11. scc. Evidence for an intramitochondrial cholesterol translocator. J Biol Chem 262:9181-9188
12. Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu Z 1986 Stoichiometry of mitochondrials, cytochromes P450, adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase in adrenal cortex and corpus luteum. Eur J Biochem 157:27-31
13. Seybert DW, Lancaster Jr JR, Lambeth JD, Kamin H 1979 Participation of the membrane in the side chain cleavage of cholesterol. J Biol Chem 254:12088-12098
14. Sulimovici S, Bartoov B, Lunenfeld B 1973 Localization of 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the inner membrane subfraction of rat testis mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 321:27-40
15. Chapman JC, Waterhouse TB, Michael SD 1992 Changes in mitochondrial and microsomal 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in mouse ovary over the course of the estrous cycle. Biol Reprod 47:992-997
16. Cherradi N, Defaye G, Chambaz EM 1994 Characterization of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity associated with bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Endocrinology 134:1358-1364
17. Sauer LA, Chapman JC, Dauchy RT 1994 Topology of 3β-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4-isomerase in adrenal cortex mitochondria and microsomes. Endocrinology 134:751-759
18. Kovanen PT, Goldstein JL, Chappell DA, Brown MS 1980 Regulation of low density lipoprotein receptors by adrenocorticotropin in the adrenal gland of mice and rats in vivo. J Biol Chem 255: 5591-5598
19. Gwynne JT, Mahaffee DD 1989 Rat adrenal uptake and metabolism of high density lipoprotein cholesteryl ester. J Biol Chem 264:8141-8150
20. Liscum L, Dahl NK 1992 Intracellular cholesterol transport. J Lipid Res 33:1239-1254
21. Freeman DA 1989 Plasma membrane cholesterol: removal and insertion into the membrane and utilization as substrate for steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 124:2527-2534
22. Scallen TJ, Pastuszyn A, Noland BJ, Chanderbhan R, Kharroubi A, Vahouny GV 1985 Sterol carrier and lipid transfer proteins. Chem Phys Lipids 38:239-261
23. Pedersen RC, Brownie AC 1986 The mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone on cholesterol metabolism in the adrenal cortex. In: Litwack G (ed) Biochemical Actions of Hormones. Academic Press, Orlando, FL, vol 13:130-166
24. Phillips MC, Johnson WJ, Rothblat GH 1987 Mechanisms and consequences of cellular cholesterol exchange and transfer. Biochim Biophys Acta 906:223-276
25. Reinhart MP 1990 Intracellular sterol trafficking. Experientia 46: 599-611
26. Schroeder F, Jefferson JR, Kier AB, Knittel J, Scallen TJ, Wood WG, Hapala I 1991 Membrane cholesterol dynamics: cholesterol domains and kinetic pools. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 196:235-252
27. Johnson WJ, Mahlberg FH, Rothblat GH, Phillips MC 1991 Cholesterol transport between cells and high-density lipoproteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1085:273-298
28. scc in steroid hormone synthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43:751-767
29. Lange Y 1992 Tracking cell cholesterol with cholesterol oxidase. J Lipid Res 33:315-321
30. Rennert H, Chang YJ, Strauss III JF 1993 Intracellular cholesterol dynamics in steroidogenic cells: a contemporary view. In: Adashi EY, Leung PCK (eds) The Ovary. Raven Press, New York, pp 147-164
31. Lange Y, Ye J, Strebel F 1995 Movement of 25-hydroxycholesterol from the plasma membrane to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in cultured hepatoma cells. J Lipid Res 36:1092-1097
32. Reaven E, Tsai L, Azhar S 1995 Cholesterol uptake by the 'selective' pathway of ovarian granulosa cells: early intracellular events. J Lipid Res 36:1602-1617
33. van Meer G 1989 Lipid traffic in animal cells. Annu Rev Cell Biol 5:247-275
34. Stone D, Hechter O 1954 Studies on ACTH action in perfused bovine adrenals: site of action of ACTH in corticosteroidogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 51:457-469
35. Karaboyas GC, Koritz SB 1965 Identity of the site of action of cAMP and ACTH in corticosteroidogenesis in rat adrenal and beef adrenal cortex slices. Biochemistry 4:462-468
36. Garren LD, Gill GN, Masui H, Walton GM 1971 On the mechanism of action of ACTH. Recent Prog Horm Res 27:433-478
37. Simpson ER, McCarthy JL, Peterson JA 1979 Evidence that the cycloheximide-sensitive site of ACTH action is in the mitochondrion. J Biol Chem 253:3135-3139
38. 37a. Crivello JF, Jefcoate CR 1980 Intracellular movement of cholesterol in rat adrenal cells. J Biol Chem 255:8144-8151
39. Jefcoate CR, DiBartolomeos MJ, Williams CA, McNamara BC 1987 ACTH regulation of cholesterol movement in isolated adrenal cells. J Steroid Biochem 27:721-729
40. scc in rat adrenal gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:702-706
41. Billiar RB, Eik-Nes KB 1965 Biosynthesis of corticoids in guinea pig adrenal slices. The effect of ACTH on [I-14C] acetate incorporation into adrenal steroids. Biochim Biophys Acta 104:503-514
42. Brownie AC, Simpson ER, Jefcoate CR, Boyd GS, Orme-Johnson WH, Beinert H 1972 Effect of ACTH on cholesterol side-chain cleavage in rat adrenal mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 46:483-490
43. Simpson ER, Jefcoate CR, Brownie AC, Boyd GS 1972 The effect of ether anaesthesia stress on cholesterol-side-chain cleavage and cytochrome P450 in rat-adrenal mitochondria. Eur J Biochem 28: 442-450
44. Mori M, Marsh JM 1982 The site of luteinizing hormone stimulation of steroidogenesis in mitochondria of the rat corpus luteum. J Biol Chem 257:6178-6183
45. Brownie AC, Alfano J, Jefcoate CR, Orme-Johnson W, Beinert H, Simpson ER 1973 Effect of ACTH on adrenal mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 in the rat. Ann NY Acad Sci 212:344-360
46. Nakamura M, Watanuki M, Tilley BE, Hall PF 1980 Effect of adrenocorticotrophin on intracellular cholesterol transport. J Endocrinol 84:179-188
47. Lambeth JD, Kitchen SE, Farooqui AA, Tuckey R, Kamin H 1982 Cytochrome P-450scc substrate interactions: studies of binding and catalytic activity using hydroxycholesterols. J Biol Chem 257:1876-1884
48. Tuckey TC, Stevenson PM 1984 Properties of bovine luteal cytochrome P-450scc incorporated into artificial phospholipid vesicles. Int J Biochem 16:479-503
49. Tuckey RC, Atkinson HC 1989 Pregnenolone synthesis from cholesterol and hydroxycholesterols by mitochondria from ovaries following the stimulation of immature rats with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and human choriogonadotropin. Eur J Biochem 186:255-259
50. Tuckey RC 1992 Cholesterol side-chain cleavage by mitochondria from the human placenta. Studies using hydroxycholesterols as substrates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 42:883-890
51. Saez JM 1994 Leydig cells: endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine regulation. Endocr Rev 15:574-626
52. Mason JI, Estabrook RW, Purvis JL 1973 Testicular cytochrome P-450 and iron-sulfur protein as related to steroid metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci 212:406-419
53. Tamaoki B 1973 Steroidogenesis and cell structure. Biochemical pursuit of sites of steroid biosynthesis. J Steroid Biochem 4:89-118
54. Ewing L, Brown BL 1977 Testicular Steroidogenesis. In Johnson AD, Gomes WR (eds) The Testis. Academic Press, New York, vol 4:239-287
55. Waterman MR, Simpson ER 1985 Regulation of the biosynthesis of cytochromes P-450 involved in steroid hormone synthesis. Mol Cell Biol 39:81-89
56. Payne AH, Quinn PG, Rani CSS Regulation of microsomal cytochrome P-450 enzymes, testosterone production in Leydig cells. Recent Prog Horm Res 41:153-197
57. Simpson ER, Waterman MR 1983 Regulation of ACTH of steroid hormone biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex. Can J Biochem Cell Biol 61:692-707
58. Hall PF 1986 Cytochromes P-450 and the regulation of steroid synthesis. Steroids 48:133-196
59. Simpson ER, Mason JI, John ME, Zuber MX, Rodgers RJ, Waterman MR 1987 Regulation of the biosynthesis of steroidogenic enzymes. J Steroid Biochem 27:801-805
60. Simpson ER, Waterman MR 1988 Regulation of the synthesis of steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal cortical cells by ACTH. Annu Rev Physiol 50:427-440
61. Hall PF 1988 Testicular steroid synthesis: organization and regulation. In: Knobil E, Neill J (eds) The Physiology of Reproduction. Raven Press, New York, pp 975-998
62. Miller WL 1988 Molecular biology of steroid hormone synthesis. Endocr Rev 9:295-318
63. Payne AH 1990 Hormonal regulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes, cholesterol side-chain cleavage and 17α-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase in Leydig cells. Biol Reprod 42:399-404
64. Simpson E, Lauber M, Demeter M, Stirling D, Rodgers R, Means G, Mahendroo M, Kilgore M, Mendelson C, Waterman M 1991 Regulation of expression of the genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes. J Steroid Biochem 40:45-52
65. Simpson E, Lauber M, Demeter M, Means G, Mahendroo M, Kilgore M, Mendelson C, Waterman M 1992 Regulation of expression of the genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes in the ovary. J Steroid Biochem 41:409-413
66. Hanukoglu I 1992 Steroidogenic enzymes: structure function, and role in the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43:779-804
67. Simpson ER, Mahendroo MS, Means GD, Kilgore MW, Corbin CJ, Mendelson CR 1993 Tissue-specific promoters regulate aromatase cytochrome P450 expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 44:321-330
68. Hum DW, Miller WL 1993 Transcriptional regulation of human genes for steroidogenic enzymes. Clin Chem 39:333-340
69. Payne AH, Youngblood GI 1995 Regulation of expression of steroidogenic enzymes in Leydig cells. Biol Reprod 52:217-225
70. Miller WL 1995 Mitochondrial specificity of the early steps in steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 55:607-619
71. Hechter O, Zaffaroni A, Jacobsen RP, Levy H, Jeanloz RW, Schenker V, Pincus G 1951 The nature and the biogenesis of the adrenal secretory product. Recent Prog Horm Res 6:215-246
72. Haynes R, Savard K, Dorfman RI 1952 An action of ACTH on adrenal slices. Science 116:690-691
73. Saffran M, Grad B, Bayliss MJ 1952 Production of corticoids by rat adrenals in vitro. Endocrinology 50:639-643
74. 14 incorporation into protein by rat adrenals. J Biol Chem 226:643-650
75. Ferguson JJ 1962 Puromycin and adrenal responsiveness to adrenocorticotropic hormone. Biochim Biophys Acta 57:616-617
76. Ferguson JJ 1963 Protein synthesis and adrenocorticotropin responsiveness. J Biol Chem 238:2754-2759
77. Garren LD, Ney RL, Davis WW 1965 Studies on the role of protein synthesis in the regulation of corticosterone production by ACTH in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 53:1443-1450
78. Garren LD, Davis WW, Crocco RM 1966 Puromycin analogs: action of adrenocorticotropic hormone and the role of glycogen. Science 152:1386-1388
79. Davis WW, Garren LD 1968 On the mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone. The inhibitory site of cycloheximide in the pathway of steroid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 243:5153-5157
80. Garren LD 1968 The mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone. In: Harris RS, Wool IG, Loraine JA (eds) Vitamins and Hormones. Academic Press, New York, vol 26:119-145
81. Davis WW, Garren LD 1966 Evidence for the stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone of the conversion of cholesterol esters to cholesterol in the adrenal, in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 24:805-810
82. Crivello JF, Jefcoate CR 1978 Mechanism of corticotropin action in rat adrenal cells. 1. Effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis and of microfilament formation on corticosterone synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 542:315-329
83. Farese RV 1967 Adrenocorticotrophin-induced changes in the steroidogenic activity of adrenal cell-free preparations. Biochemistry 6:2052-2065
84. Cooke BA, Janszen FHA, Clotscher WF, van der Molen HJ 1975 Effect of protein-synthesis inhibitors on testosterone production in rat testis interstitial tissue and Leydig-cell preparations. Biochem J 150:413-418
85. scc of the rat adrenal. Effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cycloheximide. J Biol Chem 251:7120-7126
86. Farese RV, Prudente WJ 1977 On the requirement for protein synthesis during corticotropin-induced stimulation of cholesterol side chain cleavage in rat adrenal mitochondrial and solubilized desmolase preparations. Biochim Biophys Acta 496:567-570
87. Mason JI, Arthur JR, Boyd GS 1978 Control of sterol metabolism in rat adrenal mitochondria. Biochem J 173:1045-1051
88. Toaff ME, Strauss III JF, Flickinger GL, Shattil SJ 1979 Relationship of cholesterol supply to luteal mitochondrial steroid synthesis. J Biol Chem 254:3977-3982
89. Privalle CT, Crivello JF, Jefcoate CR 1983 Regulation of intramitochondrial cholesterol transfer to side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 in rat adrenal gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:702-706
90. Stevens VL, Aw TY, Jones DP, Lambeth JD 1984 Oxygen dependence of adrenal cortex cholesterol side chain cleavage. Implications in the rate-limiting steps in steroidogenesis. J Biol Chem 259:1174-1179
91. Solano AR, Neger R, Podesta EJ 1984 Rat adrenal cycloheximidesensitive factors and phospholipids in the control of acute steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem 21:111-116
92. Privalle CT, McNamara BC, Dhariwal MS, Jefcoate CR 1987 ACTH control of cholesterol side-chain cleavage at adrenal mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 scc. Regulation of intramitochondrial cholesterol transfer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 53:87-101
93. McNamara BC, Jefcoate CR 1988 Synergistic stimulation of pregnenolone synthesis in rat adrenal mitochondria by n-hexane and cardiolipin. Arch Biochem Biophys 260:780-788
94. Stevens VL, Xu T, Lambeth JD 1992 Cholesterol pools in rat adrenal mitochondria: use of cholesterol oxidase to infer a complex pool structure. Endocrinology 130:1557-1563
95. Stevens VL, Xu T, Lambeth JD 1993 Cholesterol trafficking in steroidogenic cells: reversible cycloheximide-dependent accumulation of cholesterol in a pre-steroidogenic pool. Eur J Biochem 216:557-563
96. Farese RV 1964 Inhibition of the steroidogenic effect of ACTH and incorporation of amino acid into rat adrenal protein in vitro by chloramphenicol. Biochim Biophys Acta 87:701-703
97. Hanson JB, Hodges TK 1963 Uncoupling action of chloramphenicol as a basis for the inhibition of ion accumulation. Nature 200: 1009
98. Freeman KB, Haldar D 1967 The inhibition of NADH oxidation in mammalian mitochondria by chloramphenicol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 28:8-12
99. Janszen FHA, Cooke BA, van Driel MJA, van der Molen HJ 1976 LH induction of a specific protein (LH-IP) in rat testis Leydig cells. FEBS Lett 71:269-272
100. Janszen FHA, Cooke BA, van der Molen HJ 1977 Specific protein synthesis in isolated rat testis Leydig cells. Influence of luteinizing hormone and cycloheximide. Biochem J 162:341-346
101. Arthur JR, Boyd GS 1976 The effect of inhibitors of protein synthesis on cholesterol side-chain cleavage in the mitochondria of luteinized rat ovaries. Eur J Biochem 49:117-127
102. Ohno Y, Yanagibashi K, Yonezawa Y, Ishiwatari S, Matsuba M 1983 A possible role of "steroidogenic factor" in the corticoidogenic response to ACTH; Effect of ACTH, cycloheximide and aminoglutethimide on the content of cholesterol in the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane of rat adrenal cortex. Endocrinol Jpn 30:335-338
103. Krueger RJ, Orme-Johnson NR 1983 Acute adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation of adrenal corticosteroidogenesis. J Biol Chem 258:10159-10167
104. Epstein LF, Orme-Johnson NR 1991 Acute action of luteinizing hormone on mouse Leydig cells: accumulation of mitochondrial phosphoproteins and stimulation of testosterone biosynthesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 81:113-126
105. Pon LA, Orme-Johnson NR 1988 Acute stimulation of corpus luteum cells by gonadotropin or adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate causes accumulation of a phosphoprotein concurrent with acceleration of steroid synthesis. Endocrinology 123:1942-1948
106. Stocco DM, Sodeman TC 1991 The 30-kDa mitochondrial proteins induced by hormone stimulation in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells are processed from larger precursors. J Biol Chem 266:19731-19738
107. Stocco DM, Chen W 1991 Presence of identical mitochondrial proteins in unstimulated constitutive steroid-producing R2C rat Leydig tumor and stimulated nonconstitutive steroid-producing MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Endocrinology 128:1918-1926
108. Ferguson JJ, Morita Y 1964 RNA synthesis and adrenocorticotropin responsiveness. Biochim Biophys Acta 87:348-350
109. Vernikos-Danellis J, Hall M 1965 Inhibition of adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH by actinomycin D in vivo. Nature 207:766
110. Mendelson C, Dufau ML, Call KJ 1975 Dependence of gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis on RNA and protein synthesis in the interstitial cells of the rat testis. Biochim Biophys Acta 411:222-230
111. Schulster D 1974 Corticosteroid and ribonucleic acid synthesis in isolated adrenal cells: inhibition by actinomycin D. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1:55-64
112. Nakamura M, Watanuki M, Hall PF 1978 On the role of protein synthesis in the response of adrenal tumor cells to ACTH. Mol Cell Endocrinol 12:209-219
113. Cooke BA, Janszen FHA, van Driel MJA, van der Molen HJ 1979 Evidence for the involvement of lutropin-independent RNA synthesis in Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 14:181-189
114. Schulster D, Richardson MC, Palfreyman JW 1974 The role of protein synthesis in adrenocorticotrophin action: effects of cycloheximide and puromycin on the steroidogenic response of isolated adrenocortical cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2:17-29
115. Rommerts FFG, Cooke BA, van der Molen HJ 1974 The role of cAMP in the regulation of steroid biosynthesis in testis tissue. J Steroid Biochem 5:279-285
116. Hsueh AJW, Adashi EY, Jones PBC, Welsh TH 1984 Hormonal regulation of the differentiation of cultured ovarian granulosa cells. Endocr Rev 5:76-127
117. Marsh JM 1975 The role of cyclic AMP in gonadal function. Adv Cyclic Nucl Res 6:137-199
118. Sala GB, Hayashi K, Catt KJ, Dufau ML 1979 Adrenocorticotropin action in isolated adrenal cells. J Biol Chem 254:3861-3875
119. Edelman AM, Blumenthal DK, Krebs EG 1987 Protein serine/ threonine kinases. Annu Rev Biochem 56:567-613
120. Griffin Green E, Orme-Johnson NR 1991 Inhibition of steroidogenesis in rat adrenal cortex cells by a threonine analog. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40:421-429
121. Stocco DM, Clark BJ 1991 The requirement of phosphorylation on a threonine residue in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 46:337-347
122. Pon LA, Hartigan JA, Orme-Johnson NR 1986 Acute ACTH regulation of adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis: rapid accumulation of a phosphoprotein. J Biol Chem 261:13309-13316
123. Alberta JA, Epstein LF, Pon LA, Orme-Johnson NR 1989 Mitochondrial localization of a phosphoprotein that rapidly accumulates in adrenal cortex cells exposed to adrenocorticotropic hormone or to cAMP. J Biol Chem 264:2368-2372
124. Epstein LF, Orme-Johnson NR 1991 Regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis: identification of precursors of a phosphoprotein targeted to the mitochondrion in stimulated rat adrenal cortex cells. J Biol Chem 266:19739-19745
125. Chaudhary LR, Stocco DM 1991 Effect of different steroidogenic stimuli on protein phosphorylation in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1094:175-184
126. Rae PA, Gutmann NS, Tsao J, Schimmer BP 1979 Mutations in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and corticotropin (ACTH)-sensitive adenylate cyclase affect adrenal steroidogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:1896-1900
127. Wong M, Krolczyk AJ, Schimmer BP 1992 The causal relationship between mutations in cAMP-dependent protein kinase and the loss of adrenocorticotropin-regulated adrenocortical functions. Mol Endocrinol 6:1614-1624
128. Hall PF 1985 The role of the cytoskeleton in the supply of cholesterol for steroidogenesis. In: Strauss JF, Menon KMJ (eds) Lipoprotein and Cholesterol Metabolism in Steroidogenic Tissues. Strickley, Philadelphia, pp 207-217
129. Hall P, Almahbobi G 1992 The role of the cytoskeleton in the regulation of steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43:769-777
130. Betz G, Hall PF 1987 Steroidogenesis in adrenal tumor cells: influence of cell shape. Endocrinology 129:2547-2554
131. Cortese F, Wolff J 1978 Cytochalasin-stimulated steroidogenesis from high density lipoproteins. J Cell Biol 77:507-516
132. Ichikawa Y 1989 Composition of culture media for steroid hormone secretion by murine adrenal tumor cells, Y-1 clone. Acta Med Okayama 43:97-103
133. Temple R, Wolff J 1973 Stimulation of steroid secretion by antimicrotubular agents. J Biol Chem 248:2691-2698
134. Ray P, Strott CA 1978 Stimulation of steroid synthesis by normal rat adrenocortical cells in response to antimicrotubular agents. Endocrinology 103:1281-1288
135. Sackett DL, Wolff J 1986 Cyclic AMP-independent stimulation of steroidogenesis in Y-1 adrenal tumor cells by antimitotic agents. Biochim Biophys Acta 888:163-170
136. Carnegie JA, Dardick I, Tsang BK 1987 Microtubes and the gonadotropic regulation of granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 120:819-828
137. Carnegie JA, Tsang BK 1987 Microtubules and the calcium-dependent regulation of rat granulosa cell steroidogenesis. Biol Reprod 36:1007-1015
138. Kotani S, Murofushi H, Sakai H 1988 Dual effect of antimitotic drugs on steroid secretion in mouse adrenocortical Y-1 tumor cells. Cell Struct Funct 13:171-177
139. Nagy L, Freeman DA 1990 Effect of cholesterol transport inhibitors on steroidogenesis and plasma membrane cholesterol transport in cultured MA-10 Leydig tumor cells. Endocrinology 126:2267-2276
140. Rainey WE, Kramer RE, Mason JI, Shay JW 1985 The effects of taxol, a microtubule-stabilizing drug, on steroidogenic cells. J Cell Physiol 123:17-24
141. Chen TT, Massey PJ, Caudle MR 1994 The inhibitory action of taxol on granulosa cell steroidogenesis is reversible. Endocrinology 134:2178-2183
142. Mrotek JJ, Hall PF 1975 The influence of cytochalasin B on the response of adrenal tumor cells to ACTH and cyclic AMP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 64:891-896
143. Mrotek J, Hall PF 1977 Response of adrenal tumor cells to ACTH: site of inhibition by cytochalasin B. Biochemistry 16:3177-3181
144. Hall PF, Charponnier C, Nakamura M, Gabbiani G 1979 The role of microfilaments in the response of adrenal tumor cells to ACTH. J Biol Chem 254:9080-9084
145. Hall PF, Nakamura M, Mrotek JJ 1981 The actions of various cytochalasins on mouse adrenal tumor cells in relation to trophic stimulation of steroidogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 676:338-344
146. Rainey WE, Shay JW, Mason JI 1984 The effect of cytochalasin D on steroid production and stress fiber organization in cultured bovine adrenocortical cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 35:189-197
147. Franke WW, Hergt M, Grund C 1987 Rearrangement of the vimentin cytoskeleton during adipose conversion: formation of an intermediate filament cage around lipid globules. Cell 49:131-141
148. Almahbobi G, Hall PF 1990 The role of intermediate filaments in adrenal steroidogenesis. J Cell Sci 97:679-687
149. Almahbobi G, Williams LJ, Hall PF 1992 Attachment of steroidogenic lipid droplets to intermediate filaments in adrenal cells. J Cell Sci 101:383-393
150. Almahbobi G, Williams LJ, Hall PF 1992 Attachment of mitochondria to intermediate filaments in adrenal cells: relevance to the regulation of steroid synthesis. Exp Cell Res 200:361-369
151. Almahbobi G, Williams LJ, Han X-G, Hall PF 1993 Binding of lipid droplets and mitochondria to intermediate filaments in rat Leydig cells. J Reprod Fertil 98:209-217
152. Almahbobi G 1995 Adhesion of intermediate filaments and lipid droplets in adrenal cells studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Cell Tissue Res 281:387-390
153. Shiver TM, Sackett DL, Knipling L, Wolff J 1992 Intermediate filaments and steroidogenesis in adrenal Y-1 cells: acrylamide stimulation of steroid production. Endocrinology 131:201-207
154. Szabo D, Czako F, Toth IE, Szalay KS, Krasznai K, Stark E 1992 Effect of chronic ACTH treatment on the physical state of lipid droplets in rat adrenocortical cells. J Steroid Biochem 41:781-784
155. Vahouny GV, Chanderbhan R, Noland BJ, Scallen TJ 1985 Cholesterol ester hydrolase and sterol carrier proteins. Endocr Res 10:473-505
156. Vahouny GV, Chanderbhan R, Kharroubi A, Noland BJ, Pastuszyn A, Scallen TJ 1987 Sterol carrier and lipid transfer proteins. Adv Lipid Res 22:83-113
157. 2: delivery of cholesterol from adrenal lipid droplets to mitochondria for pregnenolone synthesis. J Biol Chem 257:8928-8934
158. 2 and site of action for mitochondrial cholesterol utilization. J Biol Chem 258:11731-11737
159. 2)-mediated transfer of cholesterol to mitochondrial inner membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 122:509-515
160. McNamara BC, Jefcoate CR 1989 The role of sterol carrier protein 2 in stimulation of steroidogenesis in rat adrenal mitochondria by adrenal cytosol. Arch Biochem Biophys 275:53-62
161. Megli FM, De Lisi A, van Amerongen A, Wirtz KWA, Quagliariello E 1986 Nonspecific lipid transfer protein (sterol carrier protein 2) is bound to rat liver mitochondria: its role in spontaneous intermembrane phospholipid transfer. Biochim Biophys Acta 861:463-470
162. Puglielli L, Rigotti A, Greco AV, Santos MJ, Nervi F 1995 Sterol carrier protein-2 is involved in cholesterol transfer from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane in human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 270:18723-18726
163. Hapala I, Kavecansky J, Butko P, Scallen TJ, Joiner CH, Schroeder F 1994 Regulation of membrane cholesterol domains by sterol carrier protein-2. Biochemistry 33:7682-7690
164. Colles SM, Woodford JK, Moncecchi D, Myers-Payne SC, McLean LR, Billheimer JT, Schroeder F 1995 Cholesterol interaction with recombinant human sterol carrier protein-2. Lipids 30: 795-803
165. Yamamoto R, Kallen CB, Babalola GO, Rennert H, Billheimer JT, Strauss JF 1991 Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding human sterol carrier protein 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:463-467
166. 2: further evidence for its role in adrenal steroidogenesis. Endocr Res 12:351-360
167. Keller GA, Scallen TJ, Clarke D, Maher PA, Krisans SK, Singer SJ 1989 Subcellular localization of sterol carrier protein-2 in rat hepatocytes: its primary localization to peroxisomes. J Cell Biol 108:1353-1361
168. van Amerongen A, van Noort M, van Beckhoven JRCM, Rommerts FFG, Orly J, Wirtz KWA 1989 The subcellular distribution of the nonspecific lipid transfer protein (sterol carrier protein 2) in rat liver and adrenal gland. Biochim Biophys Acta 1001: 243-248
169. Fujiki Y, Tsuneoka M, Tashiro Y 1989 Biosynthesis of nonspecific lipid transfer protein (sterol carrier protein 2) on free polyribosomes as a larger precursor in rat liver. J Biochem 106:1126-1131
170. Mendis-Handagama SMLC, Zirkin BR, Scallen TJ, Ewing LL 1990 Studies on peroxisomes of the adult rat Leydig cell. J Androl 11: 270-278
171. 2). Genomics 24:370-374
172. Trzeciak WH, Simpson ER, Scallen TJ, Vahouny GV, Waterman MR 1987 Studies on the synthesis of SCP-2 in rat adrenal cortical cells in monolayer culture. J Biol Chem 262:3713-3720
173. van Amerongen A, Demel RA, Westerman J, Wirtz KWA 1989 Transfer of cholesterol and oxysterol derivatives by the non-specific lipid transfer protein (sterol carrier protein 2): a study on its mode of action. Biochim Biophys Acta 1004:36-43
174. 2 in the soluble fraction of rat Leydig cells. Kinetics and possible role of calcium influx. Mol Cell Endocrinol 56:133-138
175. McLean MP, Puryear TK, Khan I, Azhar S, Billheimer JT, Orly J, Gibori G 1989 Estradiol regulation of sterol carrier protein-2 independent of cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage expression in the rat corpus luteum. Endocrinology 125:1337-1344
176. Rennert H, Amsterdam A, Billheimer JT, Strauss III JF 1991 Regulated expression of sterol carrier protein 2 in the ovary: a key role for cyclic AMP. Biochemistry 47:11280-11285
177. Johnson WJ, Reinhart MP 1994 Lack of requirement for sterol carrier protein-2 in the intracellular trafficking of lysosomal cholesterol. J Lipid Res 35:563-573
178. Pfeifer SM, Furth EE, Ohba T, Chang YJ, Rennert H, Sakuragi N, Billheimer JT, Strauss III JF 1993 Sterol carrier protein 2: a role in steroid hormone synthesis? J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 47:167-172
179. Pedersen RC, Brownie AC 1983 Cholesterol side-chain cleavage in the rat adrenal cortex: isolation of a cycloheximide-sensitive activator peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:1882-1886
180. Pedersen RC 1984 Polypeptide activators of cholesterol side-chain cleavage. Endocr Res 10:533-561
181. Pedersen RC, Brownie AC 1987 Steroidogenesis activator polypeptide isolated from a rat Leydig cell tumor. Science 236: 188-190
182. Pedersen RC 1987 Steroidogenesis activator polypeptide (SAP) in the rat ovary and testis. J Steroid Biochem 27:731-735
183. Mertz LM, Pedersen RC 1989 Steroidogenesis activator polypeptide may be a product of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Endocr Res 15:101-115
184. Frustaci J, Mertz LM, Pedersen RC 1989 Steroidogenesis activator polypeptide (SAP) in the guinea pig adrenal cortex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 64:137-143
185. Mertz LM, Pedersen RC 1989 The kinetics of Steroidogenesis activator polypeptide in the rat adrenal cortex. J Biol Chem 264: 15274-15279
186. Li X, Warren DW, Gregoire J, Pedersen RC, Lee AS 1989 The rat 78,000 dalton glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) as a precursor of the rat steroidogenesis-activator polypeptide (SAP): the SAP coding sequence is homologous with the terminal end of GRP78. Mol Endocrinol 3:1944-1952
187. A receptor subunit for benzodiazepine pharmacology. Nature 338: 582-585
188. 3H]diazepam binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:3805-3809
189. DeSouza EB, Anholt RHH, Murphy KMM, Snyder SH, Kuhar MJ 1985 Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in endocrine organs: autoradiographic localization in rat pituitary, adrenal, and testis. Endocrinology 116:567-573
190. Verma A, Snyder SH 1989 Peripheral type benzodiazepine receptors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 29:307-322
191. Papadopoulos V 1993 Peripheral-type benzodiazepine/diazepam binding inhibitor receptor: biological role in steroidogenic cell function. Endocr Rev 14:222-240
192. Parola AL, Yamamura HI, Laird HE 1993 Minireview: periperal-type benzodiazepine receptors. Life Sci 52:1329-1342
193. Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Mukhin AG, Guidotti A, Krueger KE 1988 Purification and characterization of a protein associated with peripheral-type benzodiazepine binding sites. J Biol Chem 263: 17317-17321
194. Sprengel R, Werner P, Seeburg PH, Mukhin AG, Santi MR, Grayson DR, Guidotti A, Krueger KE 1989 Molecular cloning and expression of cDNA encoding a peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor. J Biol Chem 264:20415-20421
195. Parola AL, Stump DG, Pepperl DJ, Krueger KE, Regan JW, Laird HE 1991 Cloning and expression of a pharmacologically unique bovine peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor isoquinoline binding protein. J Biol Chem 266:14082-14087
196. Gamier M, Dimchev AB, Boujrad N, Price JM, Musto NA, Papadopoulos V 1993 In vitro reconstitution of a functional peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor from mouse Leydig tumor cells. Mol Pharmacol 45:201-211
197. Anholt RRH, Pedersen PL, DeSouza EB, Snyder SH 1986 The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, localization to the mitochondrial outer membrane. J Biol Chem 261:576-583
198. McEnery MW, Snowman A, Trifiletti RR, Snyder SH 1992 Isolation of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor: association with the voltage-dependent anion channel and the adenine nucleotide carrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3170-3174
199. McEnery MW, Dawson TM, Verma A, Gurley D, Colombini M, Snyder SH 1993 Mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel: immunochemical and immunohistochemical characterization in rat brain. J Biol Chem 268:23289-23296
200. Papadopoulos V, Boujrad N, Ikonomovic MD, Ferrara P, Vidic B 1994 Topography of the Leydig cell mitochondrial peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 104:R5-R9
201. Kinnally KW, Zorov DB, Antonenko YN, Snyder SH, McEnery MW, Tedeschi H 1993 Mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor linked to inner membrane ion channels by nanomolar actions of ligands. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:1374-1378
202. Yanagibashi K, Ohno Y, Kawamura M, Hall PF 1988 The regulation of intracellular transport of cholesterol in bovine adrenal cells: purification of a novel protein. Endocrinology 123:2075-2082
203. Besman MJ, Yanagibashi K, Lee TD, Kawamura M, Hall PF, Shively JE 1989 Identification of des-(Gly-Ile)-endozepine as an effector of corticotropin-dependent adrenal steroidogenesis: stimulation of cholesterol delivery is mediated by the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:4897-4901
204. Holloway CD, Kenyon CJ, Dowie LJ, Corrie JET, Gray CE, Fraser AR 1989 Effect of the benzodiazepines diazepam, des-n-methyl-diazepam and midazolam on corticosteroid biosynthesis in bovine adrenocortical cells in vitro; location of site of action. J Steroid Biochem 33:219-225
205. Amsterdam A, Suh BS 1991 An inducible functional peripheral benzodiazepine receptor in mitochondria of steroidogenic granulosa cells. Endocrinology 129:503-510
206. Yanagibashi K, Ohno Y, Nakamichi N, Matsui T, Hayashida K, Takamura M, Yamada K, Tou S, Kawamura M 1989 Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors are involved in the regulation of cholesterol side chain cleavage in adrenocortical mitochondria. J Biochem 106:1026-1029
207. Papadopoulos V, Mukhin AG, Costa E, Krueger KE 1990 The peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor is functionally linked to Leydig cell steroidogenesis. J Biol Chem 265:3772-3779
208. Papadopoulos V, Berkovich A, Krueger KE, Costa E, Guidotti A 1991 Diazepam binding inhibitor and its processing products stimulate mitochondrial steroid biosynthesis via an interaction with mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors. Endocrinology 129:1481-1488
209. Cavallaro S, Korneyev A, Guidotti A, Costa E 1992 Diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI)-processing products, acting at the mitochondrial DBI receptor, mediate adrenocorticotropic hormone-induced steroidogenesis in rat adrenal gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:10598-10602
210. Barnea ER, Fares F, Gavish M 1989 Modulatory action of benzodiazepines on human term placental steroidogenesis in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 64:155-159
211. Mukhin AG, Papadopoulos V, Costa E, Krueger KE 1989 Mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors regulate steroid biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:9813-9816
212. Korneyev A, Pan BS, Polo A, Romeo E, Guidotti A, Costa E 1993 Stimulation of brain pregnenolone synthesis by mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptor ligands in vivo. J Neurochem 61:1515-1524
213. Papadopoulos V, Guaarneri P, Krueger KE, Guidotti A, Costa E 1992 Pregnenolone biosynthesis in C6-2B glioma cell mitochondria: regulation by a mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:5113-5117
214. Boujrad N, Hudson JR, Papadopoulos V 1993 Inhibition of hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis in cultured Leydig rumor cells by a cholesterol-linked phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to diazepam-binding inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 5728-5731
215. Garnier M, Boujrad N, Ogwuegbu SO, Hudson JR, Papadopoulos V 1994 The polypeptide diazepam-binding inhibitor and a higher affinity mitochondrial peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor sustain constitutive steroidogenesis in the R2C tumor cell line. J Biol Chem 269:22105-22112
216. Python CP, Rossier MF, Vallotton MB, Capponi AM 1993 Peripheral-type benzodiazepines inhibit calcium channels and aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Endocrinology 132:1489-1496
217. Thomson I, Fraser R, Kenyon CJ 1995 Regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis by benzodiazepines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:75-79
218. Krueger KE, Papadopoulos V 1990 Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors mediate translocation of cholesterol from outer to inner mitochondrial membranes in adrenocortical cells. J Biol Chem 265:15015-15022
219. Anholt RRH, DeSouza EB, Huhar MJ, Snyder SH 1985 Depletion of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors after hypophysectomy in rat adrenal gland and testis. Eur J Pharmacol 110:41-46
220. Massotti M, Slobodyansky E, Konkel D, Costa E, Guidotti A 1991 Regulation of diazepam binding inhibitor in rat adrenal gland by adrenocorticotropin. Endocrinology 129:591-596
221. Cavallaro S, Pani L Guidotti A, Costa E 1993 ACTH-induced mitochondrial DBI receptor (MDR) and diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) expression in adrenals of hypophysectomized rats is not cause-effect related to its immediate steroidogenic action. Life Sci 53:1137-1147
222. Brown AS, Hall PF, Shoyab M, Papadopoulos V 1992 Endozepine/diazepam binding inhibitor in adrenocortical and Leydig cell lines: absence of hormonal regulation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 83:1-9
223. Papadopoulos V, Brown AS 1995 Role of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor and the polypeptide diazepam binding inhibitor in steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:103-110
224. Papadopoulos V, Nowzari FB, Krueger KE 1991 Hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis is coupled to mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors: tropic hormone action of steroid biosynthesis is inhibited by flunitrazepam. J Biol Chem 266:3682-3687
225. Boujrad N, Gaillard J-L, Gamier M, Papadopoulos V 1994 Acute action of choriogonadotropin on Leydig tumor cells: induction of a higher affinity benzodiazepine-binding site related to steroid biosynthesis. Endocrinology 135:1576-1583
226. Brown AS, Hall PF 1991 Stimulation by endozepine of the side-chain cleavage of cholesterol in a reconstituted enzyme system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 180:609-614
227. Pon LA, Orme-Johnson NR 1986 Acute stimulation of steroidogenesis in corpus luteum and adrenal cortex by peptide hormones: rapid induction of a similar protein in both tissues. J Biol Chem 261:6594-6599
228. Pon LA, Epstein LF, Orme-Johnson NR 1986 Acute cAMP stimulation in Leydig cells: rapid accumulation of a protein similar to that detected in adrenal cortex and corpus luteum. Endocr Res 12:429-446
229. Stocco DM, Kilgore MW 1988 Induction of mitochondrial proteins in MA-10 Leydig tumour cells with human choriogonadotropin. Biochem J 249:95-103
230. Stocco DM, Clark BJ 1993 The requirement of phosphorylation on a threonine residue in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 46: 337-347
231. Stocco DM, King S, Clark BJ 1995 Differential effects of dimethylsulfoxide on steroidogenesis in mouse MA-10 and rat R2C Leydig tumor cells. Endocrinology 136:2993-2999
232. Stocco DM 1992 Further evidence that the mitochondrial proteins induced by hormone stimulation in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells are involved in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 43:319-333
233. Stocco DM, Ascoli M 1993 The use of genetic manipulation of MA-10 Leydig tumor cells to demonstrate the role of mitochondrial proteins in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis. Endocrinology 132:959-967
234. Choi YS, Stocco DM, Freeman DA 1995 Diethylumbelliferyl phosphate inhibits steroidogenesis by interfering with a long-lived factor acting between protein kinase A activation and induction of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. Eur J Biochem 234: 680-685
235. Clark BJ, Wells J, King SR, Stocco DM 1994 The purification, cloning, and expression of a novel LH-induced mitochondrial protein in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells: characterization of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). J Biol Chem 269: 28314-28322
236. Sugawara T, Holt JA, Driscoll D, Strauss III JF, Lin D, Miller WL, Patterson D, Clancy KP, Hart IM, Clark BJ, Stocco DM 1995 Human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein: functional activity in COS-1 cells, tissue-specific expression, and mapping of the gene to 8p11.2 and a pseudogene to chromosome 13. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:4778-4782
237. Clark BJ, Soo SC, Caron KM, Ikeda Y, Parker KL, Stocco DM 1995 Hormonal and developmental regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. Mol Endocrinol 9:1346-1355
238. Juengel JL, Meberg BM, Turzillo AM, Nett TM, Niswender GD 1995 Hormonal regulation of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in ovine corpora lutea. Endocrinology 136:5423-5429
239. Hartung S, Rust W, Balvers M, Ivell R 1995 Molecular cloning and in vivo expression of the bovine steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 215:646-653
240. Sugawara T, Lin D, Holt JD, Martin KO, Javitt NB, Miller WL, Strauss III JF 1995 Structure of the human steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene: StAR stimulates mitochondrial cholesterol 27-hydroxylase activity. Biochemistry 34:12506-12512
241. Lin D, Sugawara T, Strauss III JF, Clark BJ, Stocco DM, Saenger P, Rogol A, Miller WL 1995 Role of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. Science 267:1828-1831
242. Deleted in proof
243. Waterman MR 1994 Biochemical diversity of the cAMP-dependent transcription of steroid hydroxylase genes in the adrenal cortex. J Biol Chem 269:27783-27786
244. Rice DA, Mouw AR, Bogerd AM, Parker KL 1991 A shared promoter element regulates the expression of three steroidogenic enzymes. Mol Endocrinol 5:1552-1556
245. Morohashi K, Honda S, Inomata Y, Handa H, Omura T 1992 A common trans-acting binding factor, Ad4-binding protein, to the promoters of steroidogenic P450 s. J Biol Chem 267:17913-17919
246. Deleted in proof
247. Hendrick JP, Hodges PE, Rosenberg LE 1989 Survey of amino-terminal proteolytic cleavage sites in mitochondrial precursor proteins: leader peptides cleaved by two matrix proteases share a three amino acid motif. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:4056-4060
248. King SR, Ronen-Fuhrmann T, Timberg R, Clark BJ, Orly J, Stocco DM 1995 Steroid production after in vitro transcription, translation, and mitochondrial processing of protein products of complementary deoxyribonucleic acid for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Endocrinology 136:5165-5176
249. Hartigan JA, Green EG, Mortensen RM, Menachery A, Williams GH, Orme-Johnson NR 1995 Comparison of protein phosphorylation patterns produced in adrenal cells by activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and Ca-dependent protein kinase. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 53:1-6
250. Elliot ME, Goodfriend TL, Jefcoate CR 1993 Bovine adrenal glomerulosa and fasciculata cells exhibit 28.5-kilodalton proteins sensitive to angiotensin, other agonists, and atrial natriuretic peptide. Endocrinology 133:1669-1677
251. + in H295R adrenocortical cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 115:215-219
252. Pezzi V, Clark BJ, Ando S, Stocco DM, Rainey WE 1996 Role of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in acute adrenal aldosterone production. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, in press
253. Camacho AM, Kowarski A, Migeon CJ, Brough AJ 1968 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to a deficiency of one of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pregnenolone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 28:153-161
254. Degenhart HJ, Visser HKA, Boon H, O'Doherty NJ 1972 Evidence for deficient 20α-cholesterol-hydroxylase activity in adrenal tissue of a patient with lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 71:512-518
255. Koizumi S, Kyoya S, Miyawaki T, Kidani H, Funabashi T, Nakashima Y, Ohta G, Itagaki E, Katagiri M 1977 Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme activity and cytochrome P450 content in adrenal mitochondria of a patient with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (Prader disease). Clin Chim Acta 77:301-306
256. Hauffa PT, Miller WL, Grumbach MM, Conte FA, Kaplan SL 1985 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to deficient cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity (20, 22-desmolase) in a patient treated for 18 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 23:481-493
257. scc, in congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Invest 88:1955-1962
258. Sakai Y, Yanase T, Okabe Y, Hara T, Waterman MR, Takayanagi R, Haji M, Nawata H 1994 No mutation in cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage in a patient with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:1198-1201
259. Lin D, Chang YJ, Strauss III JF, Miller WL 1993 The human peripheral benzodiazepine receptor gene: cloning and characterization of alternative splicing in normal tissues and in a patient with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. Genomics 18:643-650
260. Saenger P, Klonari Z, Black SM, Compagnone N, Mellon SH, Fleischer A, Abrams CAL, Shackelton CHL, Miller WL 1995 Prenatal diagnosis of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:200-205
261. Tee M, Lin D, Sugaware T, Holt JA, Guiguen Y, Buckingham B, Strauss III JF, Miller WL 1995 T-A transversion 11 bp from a splice acceptor site in the human gene for steroidogenic acute regulatory protein causes congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. Hum Mol Genet 4:2299-2305
262. scc are associated in a catalytically active molecular complex in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria. Program of the IX International Congress on Hormonal Steroids, Dallas, Texas, 1995, p 90 (Abstract A171)
263. Stevens VL, Tribble DL, Lambeth JD 1985 Regulation of mitochondrial compartment volumes in rat adrenal cortex by ether stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 242:324-327
264. Schwaiger M, Herzog V, Neupert W 1987 Characterization of translocation contact sites involved in the import of mitochondrial proteins. J Cell Biol 105:235-246
265. Vestweber D, Schatz G 1988 A chimeric mitochondrial precursor protein with internal disulphide bridges blocks import of authentic precursors into mitochondria. A means to quantitate translocation contact sites. J Cell Biol 107:2037-2043
266. Rassow J, Guiard B, Weinhues U, Herzog V, Hartl FU, Neupert W 1989 Translocation arrest by reversible folding of a precursor protein imported into mitochondria. A means to quantitate translocation contact sites. J Cell Biol 109:1421-1428
267. Pon L, Moll T, Vestweber D, Marshallsay B, Schatz G 1989 Protein import into mitochondria: ATP-dependent protein translocation activity in a submitochondrial fraction enriched in membrane contact sites and specific proteins. J Cell Biol 109:2603-2616
268. Pfanner N, Rassow J, Wienhues U, Hergersberg C, Sollner Becker K, Neupert W 1990 Contact sites between inner and outer membranes: structure and role in protein translocation into the mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1018:239-242
269. Hwang ST, Wachter C, Schatz G 1991 Protein import into the yeast mitochondrial matrix: a new translocation intermediate between the two mitochondrial membranes. J Biol Chem 266: 21083-21089