Paving the axonal highway: From stem cells to myelin repair

Stem Cell Reviews

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 304-318

  Peru, Raniero L ^a   Mandrycky, Nicole ^a   Nait Oumesmar, Brahim ^b   Lu, Q Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b INSERM   (France)

Author keywords

Central nervous system; Multiple sclerosis; Myelin repair; Myelination; Oligodendrocytes; Regeneration; Stem cells; Transcriptional regulation

Indexed keywords

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR;

ANIMAL; BRAIN; CYTOLOGY; HUMAN; MYELIN SHEATH; NERVE CELL; NERVE FIBER; NERVE REGENERATION; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PHYSIOLOGY; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD; ULTRASTRUCTURE;

ANIMALS; AXONS; BRAIN; HUMANS; MYELIN SHEATH; NERVE GROWTH FACTORS; NERVE REGENERATION; NEURONS; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS; SPINAL CORD;

EID: 58149397109     PISSN: 15508943     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9043-z     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. B. Zalc 2006 The acquisition of myelin: a success story Novartis Foundation Symposium 276 15 21
2. Campagnoni, A. T. (2005). Molecular biology of myelination. In H. Kettenmann & B.R. Ransom (Eds.), Neuroglia (pp. 253-267). New York: Oxford University Press.
3. R. J. Franklin 2002 Why does remyelination fail in multiple sclerosis? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3 705 714
4. R. J. Franklin M. R. Kotter 2008 The biology of CNS remyelination: the key to therapeutic advances Journal of Neurology 255 Suppl 1 19 25
5. D. M. Chari W. F. Blakemore 2002 Efficient recolonisation of progenitor-depleted areas of the CNS by adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells Glia 37 307 313
6. J. M. Levine R. Reynolds 1999 Activation and proliferation of endogenous oligodendrocyte precursor cells during ethidium bromide-induced demyelination Experimental Neurology 160 333 347
7. A. Chang 2000 NG2-positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in adult human brain and multiple sclerosis lesions Journal of Neuroscience 20 6404 6412
8. T. Kuhlmann 2008 Differentiation block of oligodendroglial progenitor cells as a cause for remyelination failure in chronic multiple sclerosis Brain 131 1749 1758
9. J. L. Mason 2004 Oligodendrocytes and progenitors become progressively depleted within chronically demyelinated lesions American Journal of Pathology 164 1673 1682
10. J. Penderis 2003 Increasing local levels of neuregulin (glial growth factor-2) by direct infusion into areas of demyelination does not alter remyelination in the rat CNS European Journal of Neuroscience 18 2253 2264
11. F. J. Sim C. Zhao J. Penderis R. J. Franklin 2002 The age-related decrease in CNS remyelination efficiency is attributable to an impairment of both oligodendrocyte progenitor recruitment and differentiation Journal of Neuroscience 22 2451 2459
12. M. R. Kotter W. W. Li C. Zhao R. J. Franklin 2006 Myelin impairs CNS remyelination by inhibiting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation Journal of Neuroscience 26 328 332
13. M. R. Kotter C. Zhao N. van Rooijen R. J. Franklin 2005 Macrophage-depletion induced impairment of experimental CNS remyelination is associated with a reduced oligodendrocyte progenitor cell response and altered growth factor expression Neurobiology of Disease 18 166 175
14. A. J. Loughlin 1997 Myelination and remyelination of aggregate rat brain cell cultures enriched with macrophages Journal of Neuroscience Research 47 384 392
15. D. M. Chari W. L. Huang W. F. Blakemore 2003 Dysfunctional oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) populations may inhibit repopulation of OPC depleted tissue Journal of Neuroscience Research 73 787 793
16. K. A. Irvine W. F. Blakemore 2007 A different regional response by mouse oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to high-dose X-irradiation has consequences for repopulating OPC-depleted normal tissue European Journal of Neuroscience 25 417 424
17. W. F. Blakemore K. A. Irvine 2008 Endogenous or exogenous oligodendrocytes for remyelination Journal of the Neurological Sciences 265 43 46
18. K. R. Boheler 2002 Differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells into cardiomyocytes Circulation Research 91 189 201
19. L. Sartiani 2007 Developmental changes in cardiomyocytes differentiated from human embryonic stem cells: a molecular and electrophysiological approach Stem Cells 25 1136 1144
20. J. H. Kim 2002 Dopamine neurons derived from embryonic stem cells function in an animal model of Parkinson's disease Nature 418 50 56
21. T. Glaser T. Schmandt O. Brustle 2008 Generation and potential biomedical applications of embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursors Journal of the Neurological Sciences 265 47 58
22. I. Ginis 2004 Differences between human and mouse embryonic stem cells Developmental Biology 269 360 380
23. G. Keller 2005 Embryonic stem cell differentiation: emergence of a new era in biology and medicine Genes & Development 19 1129 1155
24. C. P. Chen M. E. Kiel D. Sadowski R. D. McKinnon 2007 From stem cells to oligodendrocytes: prospects for brain therapy Stem Cell Reviews 3 280 8
25. O. Brustle 1999 Embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursors: a source of myelinating transplants Science 285 754 756
26. S. Liu 2000 Embryonic stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate in culture and after spinal cord transplantation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 97 6126 6131
27. S. C. Zhang 2001 In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells Nature Biotechnology 19 1129 1133
28. J. W. McDonald 1999 Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord Nature Medicine 5 1410 1412
29. H. S. Keirstead 2005 Human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplants remyelinate and restore locomotion after spinal cord injury Journal of Neuroscience 25 4694 4705
30. J. A. Thomson 1998 Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts Science 282 1145 1147
31. B. A. Reynolds S. Weiss 1992 Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system Science 255 1707 1710
32. Baron-Van Evercooren, A., & Blakemore, W. F. (2004). Remyelination through engraftment. In R. A. Lazzarini (Ed.), Myelin biology and disorders (pp. 143-172). New York: Elsevier Academic.
33. M. S. Windrem 2008 Neonatal chimerization with human glial progenitor cells can both remyelinate and rescue the otherwise lethally hypomyelinated shiverer mouse Cell Stem Cell 2 553 565
34. S. Pluchino 2003 Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis Nature 422 688 694
35. S. Pluchino 2005 Neurosphere-derived multipotent precursors promote neuroprotection by an immunomodulatory mechanism Nature 436 266 271
36. T. Ben-Hur 2008 Immunomodulation by neural stem cells Journal of the Neurological Sciences 265 102 104
37. S. Pluchino G. Martino 2008 The therapeutic plasticity of neural stem/precursor cells in multiple sclerosis Journal of the Neurological Sciences 265 105 110
38. Y. Ziv 2006 Synergy between immune cells and adult neural stem/progenitor cells promotes functional recovery from spinal cord injury Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103 13174 13179
39. A. Polito R. Reynolds 2005 NG2-expressing cells as oligodendrocyte progenitors in the normal and demyelinated adult central nervous system Journal of Anatomy 207 707 716
40. I. C. Di Bello M. R. Dawson J. M. Levine R. Reynolds 1999 Generation of oligodendroglial progenitors in acute inflammatory demyelinating lesions of the rat brain stem is associated with demyelination rather than inflammation Journal of Neurocytology 28 365 381
41. M. Watanabe Y. Toyama A. Nishiyama 2002 Differentiation of proliferated NG2-positive glial progenitor cells in a remyelinating lesion Journal of Neuroscience Research 69 826 836
42. Q. Zhou S. Wang D. J. Anderson 2000 Identification of a novel family of oligodendrocyte lineage-specific basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Neuron 25 331 343
43. Q. R. Lu 2000 Sonic hedgehog-regulated oligodendrocyte lineage genes encoding bHLH proteins in the mammalian central nervous system Neuron 25 317 329
44. J. M. Redwine R. C. Armstrong 1998 In vivo proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors expressing PDGFalphaR during early remyelination Journal of Neurobiology 37 413 428
45. S. P. Fancy C. Zhao R. J. Franklin 2004 Increased expression of Nkx2.2 and Olig2 identifies reactive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells responding to demyelination in the adult CNS Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 27 247 254
46. M. Watanabe T. Hadzic A. Nishiyama 2004 Transient upregulation of Nkx2.2 expression in oligodendrocyte lineage cells during remyelination Glia 46 311 322
47. S. Chandran 2008 Myelin repair: the role of stem and precursor cells in multiple sclerosis Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B Biological Sciences 363 171 183
48. B. Nait-Oumesmar 1999 Progenitor cells of the adult mouse subventricular zone proliferate, migrate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes after demyelination European Journal of Neuroscience 11 4357 4366
49. B. Menn 2006 Origin of oligodendrocytes in the subventricular zone of the adult brain Journal of Neuroscience 26 7907 7918
50. W. D. Richardson 2000 Oligodendrocyte lineage and the motor neuron connection Glia 29 136 142
51. N. P. Pringle W. D. Richardson 1993 A singularity of PDGF alpha-receptor expression in the dorsoventral axis of the neural tube may define the origin of the oligodendrocyte lineage Development 117 525 533
52. B. Rogister T. Ben-Hur M. Dubois-Dalcq 1999 From neural stem cells to myelinating oligodendrocytes Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 14 287 300
53. R. H. Miller 2002 Regulation of oligodendrocyte development in the vertebrate CNS Progress in Neurobiology 67 451 467
54. H. Takebayashi 2000 Dynamic expression of basic helix-loop-helix Olig family members: implication of Olig2 in neuron and oligodendrocyte differentiation and identification of a new member, Olig3 Mechanisms of Development 99 143 148
55. W. D. Richardson N. Kessaris N. Pringle 2006 Oligodendrocyte wars Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7 11 18
56. A. Vallstedt J. M. Klos J. Ericson 2005 Multiple dorsoventral origins of oligodendrocyte generation in the spinal cord and hindbrain Neuron 45 55 67
57. J. Cai 2005 Generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells from mouse dorsal spinal cord independent of nkx6 regulation and shh signaling Neuron 45 41 53
58. N. Kessaris 2006 Competing waves of oligodendrocytes in the forebrain and postnatal elimination of an embryonic lineage Nature Neuroscience 9 173 179
59. M. Fogarty W. D. Richardson N. Kessaris 2005 A subset of oligodendrocytes generated from radial glia in the dorsal spinal cord Development 132 1951 1959
60. R. H. Woodruff 2001 Oligodendrocyte development in the spinal cord and telencephalon: common themes and new perspectives International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 19 379 385
61. W. He 2001 Multipotent stem cells from the mouse basal forebrain contribute GABAergic neurons and oligodendrocytes to the cerebral cortex during embryogenesis Journal of Neuroscience 21 8854 8862
62. T. Yue 2006 A critical role for dorsal progenitors in cortical myelination Journal of Neuroscience 26 1275 1280
63. B. Nait-Oumesmar N. Picard-Riera C. Kerninon A. Baron-Van Evercooren 2008 The role of SVZ-derived neural precursors in demyelinating diseases: from animal models to multiple sclerosis Journal of the Neurological Sciences 265 26 31
64. F. Doetsch 2003 The glial identity of neural stem cells Nature Neuroscience 6 1127 1134
65. M. Cayre 2006 Migrating and myelinating potential of subventricular zone neural progenitor cells in white matter tracts of the adult rodent brain Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 31 748 758
66. W. F. Blakemore H. S. Keirstead 1999 The origin of remyelinating cells in the central nervous system Journal of Neuroimmunology 98 69 76
67. J. M. Gensert J. E. Goldman 1997 Endogenous progenitors remyelinate demyelinated axons in the adult CNS Neuron 19 197 203
68. A. A. Aguirre R. Chittajallu S. Belachew V. Gallo 2004 NG2-expressing cells in the subventricular zone are type C-like cells and contribute to interneuron generation in the postnatal hippocampus Journal of Cell Biology 165 575 589
69. A. Aguirre J. L. Dupree J. M. Mangin V. Gallo 2007 A functional role for EGFR signaling in myelination and remyelination Nature Neuroscience 10 990 1002
70. Roy, N. S., Windrem, M. S., & Goldman, S. A. (2004). Progenitor cells of the adult human subcortical white matter. In R. A. Lazzarini (Ed.), Myelin biology and disorders (pp. 259-289). New York: Elsevier.
71. V. G. Kukekov 1999 Multipotent stem/progenitor cells with similar properties arise from two neurogenic regions of adult human brain Experimental Neurology 156 333 344
72. M. A. Curtis 2007 Human neuroblasts migrate to the olfactory bulb via a lateral ventricular extension Science 315 1243 1249
73. B. Nait-Oumesmar 2007 Activation of the subventricular zone in multiple sclerosis: evidence for early glial progenitors Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104 4694 4699
74. J. A. Alberta 2001 Sonic hedgehog is required during an early phase of oligodendrocyte development in mammalian brain Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 18 434 441
75. B. A. Barres M. A. Lazar M. C. Raff 1994 A novel role for thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids and retinoic acid in timing oligodendrocyte development Development 120 1097 1108
76. V. Younes-Rapozo 2006 Thyroid hormone deficiency changes the distribution of oligodendrocyte/myelin markers during oligodendroglial differentiation in vitro International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 24 445 453
77. C. Lubetzki 1993 Even in culture, oligodendrocytes myelinate solely axons Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90 6820 6824
78. C. Demerens 1996 Induction of myelination in the central nervous system by electrical activity Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93 9887 9892
79. W. B. Macklin C. L. Weill P. L. Deininger 1986 Expression of myelin proteolipid and basic protein mRNAs in cultured cells Journal of Neuroscience Research 16 203 217
80. J. R. Chan 2004 NGF controls axonal receptivity to myelination by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes Neuron 43 183 191
81. L. Gao R. H. Miller 2006 Specification of optic nerve oligodendrocyte precursors by retinal ganglion cell axons Journal of Neuroscience 26 7619 7628
82. M. Bozzali L. Wrabetz 2004 Axonal signals and oligodendrocyte differentiation Neurochemical Research 29 979 988
83. J. M. Cosgaya J. R. Chan E. M. Shooter 2002 The neurotrophin receptor p75NTR as a positive modulator of myelination Science 298 1245 1248
84. J. R. Chan J. M. Cosgaya Y. J. Wu E. M. Shooter 2001 Neurotrophins are key mediators of the myelination program in the peripheral nervous system Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98 14661 14668
85. B. A. Barres 1994 A crucial role for neurotrophin-3 in oligodendrocyte development Nature 367 371 375
86. S. Kumar M. A. Kahn L. Dinh J. de Vellis 1998 NT-3-mediated TrkC receptor activation promotes proliferation and cell survival of rodent progenitor oligodendrocyte cells in vitro and in vivo Journal of Neuroscience Research 54 754 765
87. D. M. McTigue P. J. Horner B. T. Stokes F. H. Gage 1998 Neurotrophin-3 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor induce oligodendrocyte proliferation and myelination of regenerating axons in the contused adult rat spinal cord Journal of Neuroscience 18 5354 5365
88. J. P. Vos A. L. Gard S. E. Pfeiffer 1996 Regulation of oligodendrocyte cell survival and differentiation by ciliary neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, oncostatin M, and interleukin-6 Perspectives on Developmental Neurobiology 4 39 52
89. B. Stankoff 2002 Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) enhances myelin formation: a novel role for CNTF and CNTF-related molecules Journal of Neuroscience 22 9221 9227
90. Y. Ito 2006 Sox10 regulates ciliary neurotrophic factor gene expression in Schwann cells Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 103 7871 7876
91. T. Ishibashi 2006 Astrocytes promote myelination in response to electrical impulses Neuron 49 823 832
92. D. L. Falls 2003 Neuregulins: functions, forms, and signaling strategies Experimental Cell Research 284 14 30
93. K. Adlkofer C. Lai 2000 Role of neuregulins in glial cell development Glia 29 104 111
94. K. A. Nave J. L. Salzer 2006 Axonal regulation of myelination by neuregulin 1 Current Opinion in Neurobiology 16 492 500
95. G. V. Michailov 2004 Axonal neuregulin-1 regulates myelin sheath thickness Science 304 700 703
96. P. D. Canoll 1996 GGF/neuregulin is a neuronal signal that promotes the proliferation and survival and inhibits the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors Neuron 17 229 243
97. S. K. Park R. Miller I. Krane T. Vartanian 2001 The erbB2 gene is required for the development of terminally differentiated spinal cord oligodendrocytes Journal of Cell Biology 154 1245 1258
98. C. M. Sauvageot C. D. Stiles 2002 Molecular mechanisms controlling cortical gliogenesis Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12 244 249
99. Q. R. Lu V. Balasubramaniyan R. L. Peru 2007 Oligodendrocyte myelination in the mammalian CNS Functional Development and Embryology 1 118 129
100. D. J. Nicolay J. R. Doucette A. J. Nazarali 2007 Transcriptional control of oligodendrogenesis Glia 55 1287 1299
101. M. Wegner 2008 A matter of identity: transcriptional control in oligodendrocytes Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 35 3 12
102. R. Mizuguchi 2001 Combinatorial roles of olig2 and neurogenin2 in the coordinated induction of pan-neuronal and subtype-specific properties of motoneurons Neuron 31 757 771
103. B. G. Novitch A. I. Chen T. M. Jessell 2001 Coordinate regulation of motor neuron subtype identity and pan-neuronal properties by the bHLH repressor Olig2 Neuron 31 773 789
104. Q. Zhou G. Choi D. J. Anderson 2001 The bHLH transcription factor Olig2 promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation in collaboration with Nkx2.2 Neuron 31 791 807
105. Q. R. Lu 2002 Common developmental requirement for Olig function indicates a motor neuron/oligodendrocyte connection Cell 109 75 86
106. H. Takebayashi 2002 The basic helix-loop-helix factor olig2 is essential for the development of motoneuron and oligodendrocyte lineages Current Biology 12 1157 1163
107. Q. Zhou D. J. Anderson 2002 The bHLH transcription factors OLIG2 and OLIG1 couple neuronal and glial subtype specification Cell 109 61 73
108. C. M. Parras 2004 Mash1 specifies neurons and oligodendrocytes in the postnatal brain European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 23 4495 4505
109. C. M. Parras 2007 The proneural gene Mash1 specifies an early population of telencephalic oligodendrocytes Journal of Neuroscience 27 4233 4242
110. S. Casarosa C. Fode F. Guillemot 1999 Mash1 regulates neurogenesis in the ventral telencephalon Development 126 525 534
111. A. W. Helms 2005 Sequential roles for Mash1 and Ngn2 in the generation of dorsal spinal cord interneurons Development 132 2709 2719
112. J. Samanta J. A. Kessler 2004 Interactions between ID and OLIG proteins mediate the inhibitory effects of BMP4 on oligodendroglial differentiation Development 131 4131 4142
113. T. Kondo M. Raff 2000 The Id4 HLH protein and the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 19 1998 2007
114. S. Gokhan 2005 Combinatorial profiles of oligodendrocyte-selective classes of transcriptional regulators differentially modulate myelin basic protein gene expression Journal of Neuroscience 25 8311 8321
115. S. Wang 2001 A role for the helix-loop-helix protein Id2 in the control of oligodendrocyte development Neuron 29 603 614
116. S. Wang 1998 Notch receptor activation inhibits oligodendrocyte differentiation Neuron 21 63 75
117. B. Deneen 2006 The transcription factor NFIA controls the onset of gliogenesis in the developing spinal cord Neuron 52 953 968
118. T. Kondo M. Raff 2000 Basic helix-loop-helix proteins and the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation Development 127 2989 2998
119. A. Liu 2006 A molecular insight of Hes5-dependent inhibition of myelin gene expression: old partners and new players European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 25 4833 4842
120. M. A. Petryniak G. B. Potter D. H. Rowitch J. L. Rubenstein 2007 Dlx1 and Dlx2 control neuronal versus oligodendroglial cell fate acquisition in the developing forebrain Neuron 55 417 433
121. M. Wegner 2001 Expression of transcription factors during oligodendroglial development Microscopy Research and Technique 52 746 752
122. J. Bowles G. Schepers P. Koopman 2000 Phylogeny of the SOX family of developmental transcription factors based on sequence and structural indicators Developmental Biology 227 239 255
123. C. C. Stolt 2005 Impact of transcription factor Sox8 on oligodendrocyte specification in the mouse embryonic spinal cord Developmental Biology 281 309 317
124. C. C. Stolt 2003 The Sox9 transcription factor determines glial fate choice in the developing spinal cord Genes & Development 17 1677 1689
125. S. Kellerer 2006 Replacement of the Sox10 transcription factor by Sox8 reveals incomplete functional equivalence Development 133 2875 2886
126. C. C. Stolt 2002 Terminal differentiation of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes depends on the transcription factor Sox10 Genes & Development 16 165 170
127. Z. Liu 2007 Induction of oligodendrocyte differentiation by Olig2 and Sox10: evidence for reciprocal interactions and dosage-dependent mechanisms Developmental Biology 302 683 693
128. M. Finzsch C. C. Stolt P. Lommes M. Wegner 2008 Sox9 and Sox10 influence survival and migration of oligodendrocyte precursors in the spinal cord by regulating PDGF receptor alpha expression Development 135 637 646
129. C. C. Stolt 2006 SoxD proteins influence multiple stages of oligodendrocyte development and modulate SoxE protein function Developmental Cell 11 697 709
130. J. Sohn 2006 Identification of Sox17 as a transcription factor that regulates oligodendrocyte development Journal of Neuroscience 26 9722 9735
131. J. Briscoe A. Pierani T. M. Jessell J. Ericson 2000 A homeodomain protein code specifies progenitor cell identity and neuronal fate in the ventral neural tube Cell 101 435 445
132. C. Hochstim 2008 Identification of positionally distinct astrocyte subtypes whose identities are specified by a homeodomain code Cell 133 510 522
133. N. Kessaris N. Pringle W. D. Richardson 2001 Ventral neurogenesis and the neuron-glial switch Neuron 31 677 680
134. Y. Qi 2001 Control of oligodendrocyte differentiation by the Nkx2.2 homeodomain transcription factor Development 128 2723 2733
135. J. G. Kim L. D. Hudson 1992 Novel member of the zinc finger superfamily: A C2-HC finger that recognizes a glia-specific gene Molecular and Cellular Biology 12 5632 5639
136. J. A. Nielsen J. A. Berndt L. D. Hudson R. C. Armstrong 2004 Myelin transcription factor 1 (Myt1) modulates the proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 25 111 123
137. J. A. Berndt 2001 The transcriptional regulator Yin Yang 1 activates the myelin PLP gene Journal of Neurochemistry 77 935 942
138. Y. He 2007 The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 is essential for oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation Neuron 55 217 230
139. T. Shimizu 2005 Wnt signaling controls the timing of oligodendrocyte development in the spinal cord Developmental Biology 282 397 410
140. D. H. Rowitch 2004 Glial specification in the vertebrate neural tube Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 409 419
141. J. Cai 2007 A crucial role for Olig2 in white matter astrocyte development Development 134 1887 1899
142. T. Sun 2003 Cross-repressive interaction of the Olig2 and Nkx2.2 transcription factors in developing neural tube associated with formation of a specific physical complex Journal of Neuroscience 23 9547 9556
143. S. Z. Wang 2006 An oligodendrocyte-specific zinc-finger transcription regulator cooperates with Olig2 to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation Development 133 3389 3398
144. H. Li Y. Lu H. K. Smith W. D. Richardson 2007 Olig1 and Sox10 interact synergistically to drive myelin basic protein transcription in oligodendrocytes Journal of Neuroscience 27 14375 14382
145. T. Setoguchi T. Kondo 2004 Nuclear export of OLIG2 in neural stem cells is essential for ciliary neurotrophic factor-induced astrocyte differentiation Journal of Cell Biology 166 963 968
146. M. Xin 2005 Myelinogenesis and axonal recognition by oligodendrocytes in brain are uncoupled in Olig1-null mice Journal of Neuroscience 25 1354 1365
147. H. A. Arnett 2004 bHLH transcription factor Olig1 is required to repair demyelinated lesions in the CNS Science 306 2111 2115
148. R. Balabanov B. Popko 2005 Myelin repair: developmental myelination redux? Nature Neuroscience 8 262 264
149. A. Goris 2006 Novel Olig 1-coding variants and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 77 1296 1297
150. P. Topilko 1994 Krox-20 controls myelination in the peripheral nervous system Nature 371 796 799
151. P. Topilko 1997 Differential regulation of the zinc finger genes Krox-20 and Krox-24 (Egr-1) suggests antagonistic roles in Schwann cells Journal of Neuroscience Research 50 702 712
152. M. Acar 2006 Senseless physically interacts with proneural proteins and functions as a transcriptional co-activator Development 133 1979 1989
153. E. J. Bellefroid 1996 X-MyT1, a Xenopus C2HC-type zinc finger protein with a regulatory function in neuronal differentiation Cell 87 1191 1202
154. E. K. Nakakura 2001 Mammalian Scratch: a neural-specific Snail family transcriptional repressor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98 4010 4015
155. C. Southwood 2004 CNS myelin paranodes require Nkx6-2 homeoprotein transcriptional activity for normal structure Journal of Neuroscience 24 11215 11225
156. J. Hsieh F. H. Gage 2004 Epigenetic control of neural stem cell fate Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 14 461 469
157. J. Hsieh F. H. Gage 2005 Chromatin remodeling in neural development and plasticity Current Opinion in Cell Biology 17 664 671
158. S. Shen J. Li P. Casaccia-Bonnefil 2005 Histone modifications affect timing of oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation in the developing rat brain Journal of Cell Biology 169 577 589
159. M. Marin-Husstege M. Muggironi A. Liu P. Casaccia-Bonnefil 2002 Histone deacetylase activity is necessary for oligodendrocyte lineage progression Journal of Neuroscience 22 10333 10345
160. A. Liu 2007 The glial or neuronal fate choice of oligodendrocyte progenitors is modulated by their ability to acquire an epigenetic memory Journal of Neuroscience 27 7339 7343
161. K. Iwamoto 2005 DNA methylation status of SOX10 correlates with its downregulation and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in schizophrenia Journal of Neuroscience 25 5376 5381