Molecular imaging of metastatic potential

Journal of Nuclear Medicine

Volumn 49, Issue SUPPL.6, 2008, Pages

  Winnard Jr , Paul T ^a   Pathak, Arvind P ^a   Dhara, Surajit ^a   Cho, Steven Y ^a   Raman, Venu ^a   Pomper, Martin G ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioluminescence; Fluorescence; Magnetic resonance imaging; Metastasis; Optical imaging; PET; Radiopharmaceutical; SPECT

Indexed keywords

1 FLUORO 3 (2 NITRO 1 IMIDAZOLYL) 2 PROPANOL F 18; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; BOMBESIN CU 64; BOMBESIN F 18; BOMBESIN GA 68; BOMBESIN TC 99M; ETHYLTHIOSEMICARBAZONE CU 64; FLUOROAZOMYCIN ARABINOSIDE F 18; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE ALBUMIN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; INDOMETACIN; IODINE 123; IODINE 125; PENTETATE INDIUM IN 111; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; TETRAAZACYCLODODECANETETRAACETIC ACID CU 64; TETRAMERIC ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID CU 64; TIRAPAZAMINE; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE 2; VASCULOTROPIN 121;

BIOLUMINESCENCE; CANCER CELL; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER STEM CELL; CELL INVASION; CELL SURVIVAL; DRUG ACTIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; ISOTOPE LABELING; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR XENOGRAFT;

ANIMALS; CELL HYPOXIA; CELL MOVEMENT; HUMANS; LUMINESCENT MEASUREMENTS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MICE; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASMS; PHANTOMS, IMAGING; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS;

EID: 46749137246     PISSN: 01615505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.045948     Document Type: Review

References (193)

1. Sporn MB. The war on cancer. Lancet. 1996;347:1377-1381.
2. Fidler IJ. The pathogenesis of cancer metastasis: the 'seed and soil' hypothesis revisited. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:453-458.
3. 125I-5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1970;45:773-782.
4. Fidler IJ. Selection of successive tumour lines for metastasis. Nat New Biol. 1973;242:148-149.
5. Fidler IJ, Nicolson GL. Organ selectivity for implantation survival and growth of B16 melanoma variant tumor lines. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1976;57:1199-1202.
6. Fidler IJ, Nicolson GL. Fate of recirculating B16 melanoma metastatic variant cells in parabiotic syngeneic recipients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1977;58:1867-1872.
7. Fidler IJ, Kripke ML. Metastasis results from preexisting variant cells within a malignant tumor. Science. 1977;197:893-895.
8. Raz A, McLellan WL, Hart IR, et al. Cell surface properties of B16 melanoma variants with differing metastatic potential. Cancer Res. 1980;40:1645-1651.
9. Poste G, Tzeng J, Doll J, Greig R, Rieman D, Zeidman I. Evolution of tumor cell heterogeneity during progressive growth of individual lung metastases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1982;79:6574-6578.
10. Dexter DL, Kowalski HM, Blazar BA, Fligiel Z, Vogel R, Heppner GH. Heterogeneity of tumor cells from a single mouse mammary tumor. Cancer Res. 1978;38:3174-3181.
11. Poste G, Doll J, Brown AE, Tzeng J, Zeidman I. Comparison of the metastatic properties of B16melanoma clones isolated fromcultured cell lines, subcutaneous tumors, and individual lung metastases. Cancer Res. 1982;42:2770-2778.
12. Glaves D, Gabius HJ, Weiss L. Site-associated expression of endogenous tumor lectins. Int J Cancer. 1989;44:506-511.
13. Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100:3983-3988.
14. Gupta PB, Mani S, Yang J, Hartwell K, Weinberg RA. The evolving portrait of cancer metastasis. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2005;70:291-297.
15. Nguyen DX, Massague J. Genetic determinants of cancer metastasis. Nature Rev Genet. 2007;8:341-352.
16. Gupta GP, Massague J. Cancer metastasis: building a framework. Cell. 2006; 127:679-695.
17. Liu R, Wang X, Chen GY, et al. The prognostic role of a gene signature from tumorigenic breast-cancer cells. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:217-226.
18. Minn AJ, Kang Y, Serganova I, et al. Distinct organ-specific metastatic potential of individual breast cancer cells and primary tumors. J Clin Invest. 2005;115:44-55.
19. Phillips TM, McBride WH, Pajonk F. The response of CD24(-/low)/CD441 breast cancer-initiating cells to radiation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1777-1785.
20. Diehn M, Clarke MF. Cancer stem cells and radiotherapy: new insights into tumor radioresistance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1755-1757.
21. Dontu G, Liu S, Wicha MS. Stem cells in mammary development and carcinogenesis: implications for prevention and treatment. Stem Cell Rev. 2005;1:207-213.
22. Henry MD, Triplett AA, Oh KB, Smith GH, Wagner KU. Parity-induced mammary epithelial cells facilitate tumorigenesis in MMTV-neu transgenic mice. Oncogene. 2004;23:6980-6985.
23. International symposium: critical determinants in cancer progression and metastasis - a centennial celebration of Dr. Stephen Paget's 'seed and soil' hypothesis. March 6-10, 1989, Houston, Texas. Abstracts. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1989;8:93-197.
24. Ewing J. Neoplastic Diseases, a Text-Book on Tumors. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company; 1919.
25. Hart IR, Fidler IJ. Role of organ selectivity in the determination of metastatic patterns of B16 melanoma. Cancer Res. 1980;40:2281-2287.
26. Butler TP, Gullino PM. Quantitation of cell shedding into efferent blood of mammary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res. 1975;35:512-516.
27. Eccles SA, Welch DR. Metastasis: recent discoveries and novel treatment strategies. Lancet. 2007;369:1742-1757.
28. Norton L, Massague J. Is cancer a disease of self-seeding? Nat Med. 2006;12:875-878.
29. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000;100:57-70.
30. Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nat Med. 2004;10:789-799.
31. Seigneuric R, Starmans MH, Fung G, et al. Impact of supervised gene signatures of early hypoxia on patient survival. Radiother Oncol. 2007;83:374-382.
32. Chi JT, Wang Z, Nuyten DS, et al. Gene expression programs in response to hypoxia: cell type specificity and prognostic significance in human cancers. PLoS Med. 2006;3:e47.
33. Hirota K, Semenza GL. Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2006;59:15-26.
34. Semenza GL. HIF-1 mediates the Warburg effect in clear cell renal carcinoma. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 2007;39:231-234.
35. Zhang H, Gao P, Fukuda R, et al. HIF-1 inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular respiration in VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma by repression of C-MYC activity. Cancer Cell. 2007;11:407-420.
36. Semenza GL. Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:721-732.
37. Erler JT, Bennewith KL, Nicolau M, et al. Lysyl oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis. Nature. 2006;440:1222-1226.
38. Minn AJ, Gupta GP, Siegel PM, et al. Genes that mediate breast cancer metastasis to lung. Nature. 2005;436:518-524.
39. van de Vijver MJ, He YD, van't Veer LJ, et al. A gene-expression signature as a predictor of survival in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1999-2009.
40. van't Veer LJ, Dai H, van de Vijver MJ, et al. Gene expression profiling predicts clinical outcome of breast cancer. Nature. 2002;415:530-536.
41. Ramaswamy S, Ross KN, Lander ES, Golub TR. A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nat Genet. 2003;33:49-54.
42. Wang Y, Klijn JG, Zhang Y, et al. Gene-expression profiles to predict distant metastasis of lymph-node-negative primary breast cancer. Lancet. 2005;365:671-679.
43. Minn AJ, Gupta GP, Padua D, et al. Lung metastasis genes couple breast tumor size and metastatic spread. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:6740-6745.
44. Varambally S, Yu J, Laxman B, et al. Integrative genomic and proteomic analysis of prostate cancer reveals signatures of metastatic progression. Cancer Cell. 2005;8:393-406.
45. Gupta PB, Kuperwasser C, Brunet JP, et al. The melanocyte differentiation program predisposes to metastasis after neoplastic transformation. Nat Genet. 2005;37:1047-1054.
46. Milovic M, Popov I, Jelic S. Tumor markers in metastatic disease from cancer of unknown primary origin. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8:MT25-MT30.
47. Pavlidis N, Briasoulis E, Hainsworth J, Greco FA. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of cancer of an unknown primary. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39:1990-2005.
48. Dowell JE. Cancer from an unknown primary site. Am J Med Sci. 2003;326:35-46.
49. Lobo NA, Shimono Y, Qian D, Clarke MF. The biology of cancer stem cells. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2007;23:675-699.
50. Dalerba P, Cho RW, Clarke MF. Cancer stem cells: models and concepts. Annu Rev Med. 2007;58:267-284.
51. Brabletz T, Jung A, Spaderna S, Hlubek F, Kirchner T. Opinion: migrating cancer stem cells - an integrated concept of malignant tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:744-749.
52. Brabletz T, Jung A, Hermann K, Gunther K, Hohenberger W, Kirchner T. Nuclear overexpression of the oncoprotein beta-catenin in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front. Pathol Res Pract. 1998;194:701-704.
53. Jung A, Schrauder M, Oswald U, et al. The invasion front of human colorectal adenocarcinomas shows co-localization of nuclear beta-catenin, cyclin D1, and p16INK4A and is a region of low proliferation. Am J Pathol. 2001;159:1613-1617.
54. Karhadkar SS, Bova GS, Abdallah N, et al. Hedgehog signalling in prostate regeneration, neoplasia and metastasis. Nature. 2004;431:707-712.
55. Feldmann G, Dhara S, Fendrich V, et al. Blockade of hedgehog signaling inhibits pancreatic cancer invasion and metastases: a new paradigm for combination therapy in solid cancers. Cancer Res. 2007;67:2187-2196.
56. Condeelis JS, Wyckoff J, Segall JE. Imaging of cancer invasion and metastasis using green fluorescent protein. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36:1671-1680.
57. Heyn C, Ronald JA, Ramadan SS, et al. In vivo MRI of cancer cell fate at the single-cell level in a mouse model of breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Magn Reson Med. 2006;56:1001-1010.
58. Voura EB, Jaiswal JK, Mattoussi H, Simon SM. Tracking metastatic tumor cell extravasation with quantum dot nanocrystals and fluorescence emission-scanning microscopy. Nat Med. 2004;10:993-998.
59. Condeelis J, Segall JE. Intravital imaging of cell movement in tumours. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3:921-930.
60. Hoshida T, Isaka N, Hagendoorn J, et al. Imaging steps of lymphatic metastasis reveals that vascular endothelial growth factor-C increases metastasis by increasing delivery of cancer cells to lymph nodes: therapeutic implications. Cancer Res. 2006;66:8065-8075.
61. Lauenstein TC, Goehde SC, Herborn CU, et al. Whole-body MR imaging: evaluation of patients for metastases. Radiology. 2004;233:139-148.
62. Pilatus U, Ackerstaff E, Artemov D, Mori N, Gillies RJ, Bhujwalla ZM. Imaging prostate cancer invasion with multi-nuclear magnetic resonance methods: the Metabolic Boyden Chamber. Neoplasia. 2000;2:273-279.
63. McGovern KA, Schoeniger JS, Wehrle JP, Ng CE, Glickson JD. Gel-entrapment of perfluorocarbons: a fluorine-19 NMR spectroscopic method for monitoring oxygen concentration in cell perfusion systems. Magn Reson Med. 1993;29:196-204.
64. Ackerstaff E, Pflug BR, Nelson JB, Bhujwalla ZM. Detection of increased choline compounds with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy subsequent to malignant transformation of human prostatic epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 2001;61:3599-3603.
65. Ackerstaff E, Gimi B, Artemov D, Bhujwalla ZM. Anti-inflammatory agent indomethacin reduces invasion and alters metabolism in a human breast cancer cell line. Neoplasia. 2007;9:222-235.
66. Gimi B, Mori N, Ackerstaff E, Frost EE, Bulte JW, Bhujwalla ZM. Noninvasive MRI of endothelial cell response to human breast cancer cells. Neoplasia. 2006;8:207-213.
67. Vermeulen PB, Gasparini G, Fox SB, et al. Second international consensus on the methodology and criteria of evaluation of angiogenesis quantification in solid human tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2002;38:1564-1579.
68. Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR, Folkman J.Tumor angiogenesis and metastasis: correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1-8.
69. Pathak AP, Gimi B, Glunde K, Ackerstaff E, Artemov D, Bhujwalla ZM. Molecular and functional imaging of cancer: advances in MRI and MRS. Methods Enzymol. 2004;386:3-60.
70. Bhujwalla ZM, Artemov D, Natarajan K, Ackerstaff E, Solaiyappan M. Vascular differences detected by MRI for metastatic versus nonmetastatic breast and prostate cancer xenografts. Neoplasia. 2001;3:143-153.
71. Keshtgar MR, Ell PJ. Sentinel lymph node detection and imaging. Eur J Nucl Med. 1999;26:57-67.
72. Bissell MJ, Radisky D. Putting tumours in context. Nat Rev Cancer. 2001;1:46-54.
73. Egeblad M, Werb Z. New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2:161-174.
74. Liotta LA, Kohn EC. The microenvironment of the tumour-host interface. Nature. 2001;411:375-379.
75. Pathak AP, Artemov D, Ward BD, Jackson DG, Neeman M, Bhujwalla ZM. Characterizing extravascular fluid transport of macromolecules in the tumor interstitium by magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Res. 2005;65:1425-1432.
76. Pathak AP, Artemov D, Neeman M, Bhujwalla ZM. Lymph node metastasis in breast cancer xenografts is associated with increased regions of extravascular drain, lymphatic vessel area, and invasive phenotype. Cancer Res. 2006;66:5151-5158.
77. Hoffman RM. The multiple uses of fluorescent proteins to visualize cancer in vivo. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:796-806.
78. McDonald DM, Choyke PL. Imaging of angiogenesis: from microscope to clinic. Nat Med. 2003;9:713-725.
79. Rogers WJ, Meyer CH, Kramer CM. Technology insight: in vivo cell tracking by use of MRI. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006;3:554-562.
80. Bulte JW, Kraitchman DL. Iron oxide MR contrast agents for molecular and cellular imaging. NMR Biomed. 2004;17:484-499.
81. Kvistad KA, Rydland J, Smethurst HB, Lundgren S, Fjosne HE, Haraldseth O. Axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer: preoperative detection with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Eur Radiol. 2000;10:1464-1471.
82. Harisinghani MG, Barentsz J, Hahn PF, et al. Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2491-2499.
83. Kelloff GJ, Hoffman JM, Johnson B, et al. Progress and promise of FDG-PET imaging for cancer patient management and oncologic drug development. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:2785-2808.
84. Shields AF. Positron emission tomography measurement of tumor metabolism and growth: its expanding role in oncology. Mol Imaging Biol. 2006;8:141-150.
85. 18F-FDG PET as an indicator of therapeutic response in patients in National Cancer Institute Trials. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:1059-1066.
86. Wahl RL. Principles and Practice of Positron Emission Tomography. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002.
87. Schwarzbach MH, Hinz U, Dimitrakopoulou-Strauss A, et al. Prognostic significance of preoperative [18-F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in patients with resectable soft tissue sarcomas. Ann Surg. 2005;241:286-294.
88. 18F] fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by positron emission tomography predicts outcome of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1136-1143.
89. 18F-FDG PET in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma undergoing curative surgery: prognostic implications. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1843-1850.
90. 18F-FDG uptake value an outcome predictor in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:263-269.
91. 18Fdeoxyglucose on positron emission tomography scan correlates with survival, hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha and GLUT-1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43:1392-1398.
92. Bruzzi JF, Macapinlac H, Tsimberidou AM, et al. Detection of Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:1267-1273.
93. Sundin A, Eriksson B, Bergstrom M, Langstrom B, Oberg K, Orlefors H. PET in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1014:246-257.
94. Semenza GL. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1: mechanisms and consequences. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000;59:47-53.
95. 18F]fluoromisonidazole and pO (2)-polarography in metastatic head and neck cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:1426-1431.
96. 18fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in human breast cancer measured by positron emission tomography. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:379-387.
97. Flier JS, Mueckler MM, Usher P, Lodish HF. Elevated levels of glucose transport and transporter messenger RNA are induced by ras or src oncogenes. Science. 1987;235:1492-1495.
98. Osthus RC, Shim H, Kim S, et al. Deregulation of glucose transporter 1 and glycolytic gene expression by c-Myc. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:21797-21800.
99. Thompson JE, Thompson CB. Putting the rap on Akt. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4217-4226.
100. Vaupel P. The role of hypoxia-induced factors in tumor progression. Oncologist. 2004;9(suppl 5):10-17.
101. Powis G, Kirkpatrick L. Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha as a cancer drug target. Mol Cancer Ther. 2004;3:647-654.
102. Scandurro AB, Weldon CW, Figueroa YG, Alam J, Beckman BS. Gene microarray analysis reveals a novel hypoxia signal transduction pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2001;19:129-135.
103. Krause BJ, Beck R, Souvatzoglou M, Piert M. PET and PET/CT studies of tumor tissue oxygenation. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;50:28-43.
104. Padhani AR, Krohn KA, Lewis JS, Alber M. Imaging oxygenation of human tumours. Eur Radiol. 2007;17:861-872.
105. 18F]FDG PET imaging in soft tissue sarcomas: correlation of hypoxia, metabolism and VEGF expression. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:695-704.
106. Valk PE, Mathis CA, Prados MD, Gilbert JC, Budinger TF. Hypoxia in human gliomas: demonstration by PET with fluorine-18-fluoromisonidazole. J Nucl Med. 1992;33:2133-2137.
107. 18F]fluoromisonidazole: a pretherapy study of 37 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996;36:417-428.
108. Koh WJ, Bergman KS, Rasey JS, et al. Evaluation of oxygenation status during fractionated radiotherapy in human nonsmall cell lung cancers using [F-18]fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;33:391-398.
109. 18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10:2245-2252.
110. Weber WA. Positron emission tomography as an imaging biomarker. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:3282-3292.
111. 18F]fluoromisonidazole (18FMISO): a comparative study of their selective uptake in hypoxic cells and PET imaging in experimental rat tumors. Nucl Med Biol. 2003;30:317-326.
112. 18F-fluoroazomycin arabinoside. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:106-113.
113. 18F-FAZA PET predicts success of hypoxia-directed radiochemotherapy using tirapazamine. J Nucl Med. 2007;48:973-980.
114. 18F]FAZA PET in head and neck cancer patients: a pilot study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2007;34:1566-1575.
115. Chao KS, Bosch WR, Mutic S, et al. A novel approach to overcome hypoxic tumor resistance: Cu-ATSM-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001;49:1171-1182.
116. Rajendran JG, Krohn KA. Imaging hypoxia and angiogenesis in tumors. Radiol Clin North Am. 2005;43:169-187.
117. 64Cu(II)- diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) positron emission tomography: comparative study featuring microPET imaging, Po2 probe measurement, autoradiography, and fluorescent microscopy in the R3327-AT and FaDu rat tumor models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61:1493-1502.
118. 60Cu-ATSM: relationship to therapeutic response - a preliminary report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;55:1233-1238.
119. 60Cu-ATSM. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2003;30:844-850.
120. Choe YS, Lee KH. Targeted in vivo imaging of angiogenesis: present status and perspectives. Curr Pharm Des. 2007;13:17-31.
121. Cai W, Rao J, Gambhir SS, Chen X. How molecular imaging is speeding up antiangiogenic drug development. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006;5:2624-2633.
122. Cai W, Chen X. Multimodality imaging of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression. Front Biosci. 2007;12:4267-4279.
123. Jayson GC, Zweit J, Jackson A, et al. Molecular imaging and biological evaluation of HuMV833 anti-VEGF antibody: implications for trial design of antiangiogenic antibodies. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94:1484-1493.
124. 64Cu-labeled AbegrinTM, a humanized monoclonal antibody against integrin {alpha}v{beta}3. Cancer Res. 2006;66:9673-9681.
125. Meyer A, Auernheimer J, Modlinger A, Kessler H. Targeting RGD recognizing integrins: drug development, biomaterial research, tumor imaging and targeting. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12:2723-2747.
126. Liu S. Radiolabeled multimeric cyclic RGD peptides as integrin alphavbeta3 targeted radiotracers for tumor imaging. Mol Pharm. 2006;3:472-487.
127. Bello L, Francolini M, Marthyn P, et al. Alpha(v)beta3 and alpha(v)beta5 integrin expression in glioma periphery. Neurosurgery. 2001;49:380-389.
128. Gasparini G, Brooks PC, Biganzoli E, et al. Vascular integrin alpha(v)beta3: a new prognostic indicator in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4:2625-2634.
129. Albelda SM, Mette SA, Elder DE, et al. Integrin distribution in malignant melanoma: association of the beta 3 subunit with tumor progression. Cancer Res. 1990;50:6757-6764.
130. 18F]galacto-RGD identifies the level of integrin alpha(v)beta3 expression in man. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:3942-3949.
131. Wu Y, Zhang X, Xiong Z, et al. microPET imaging of glioma integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 expression using (64)Cu-labeled tetrameric RGD peptide. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:1707-1718.
132. 18F-galacto-RGD. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:184-189.
133. Wagner S, Breyholz HJ, Faust A, et al. Molecular imaging of matrix metalloproteinases in vivo using small molecule inhibitors for SPECT and PET. Curr Med Chem. 2006;13:2819-2838.
134. Van de Wiele C, Oltenfreiter R. Imaging probes targeting matrix metalloproteinases. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2006;21:409-417.
135. 111In-DTPA-N-TIMP-2 in Kaposi sarcoma associated with HIV infection. Eur J Nucl Med. 2001;28:756-761.
136. Patel O, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Gastrin-releasing peptide and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1766:23-41.
137. Lin KS, Luu A, Baidoo KE, et al. A new high affinity technetium-99m- bombesin analogue with low abdominal accumulation. Bioconjug Chem. 2005;16:43-50.
138. 64Cu-labeled bombesin analogue. Bioconjug Chem. 2003;14:756-763.
139. 18F-labeled bombesin analogs for targeting GRP receptor-expressing prostate cancer. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:492-501.
140. 68Ga-labeled peptides in tumor imaging. J Nucl Med. 2005;46(suppl 1):172S-178S.
141. 68Ga-labelled DOTA-derivatised peptide ligands. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31:1097-1104.
142. Orend G, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. Tenascin-C induced signaling in cancer. Cancer Lett. 2006;244:143-163.
143. Hicke BJ, Stephens AW, Gould T, et al. Tumor targeting by an aptamer. J Nucl Med. 2006;47:668-678.
144. Muller A, Homey B, Soto H, et al. Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature. 2001;410:50-56.
145. Schrader AJ, Lechner O, Templin M, et al. CXCR4/CXCL12 expression and signalling in kidney cancer. Br J Cancer. 2002;86:1250-1256.
146. Phillips RJ, Burdick MD, Lutz M, Belperio JA, Keane MP, Strieter RM. The stromal derived factor-1/CXCL12-CXC chemokine receptor 4 biological axis in non-small cell lung cancer metastases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:1676-1686.
147. 111In-labeled peptide derivative targeting a chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for imaging tumors. Nucl Med Biol. 2006;33:489-494.
148. 125I] stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha binding to CXCR4 receptors in rat brain and human neuroblastoma cells. J Neuroimmunol. 2000;110:151-160.
149. Zacharias DA, Tsien RY. Molecular biology and mutation of green fluorescent protein. Methods Biochem Anal. 2006;47:83-120.
150. Zolotukhin S, Potter M, Hauswirth WW, Guy J, Muzyczka NA. "Humanized" green fluorescent protein cDNA adapted for high-level expression in mammalian cells. J Virol. 1996;70:4646-4654.
151. Crameri A, Whitehorn EA, Tate E, Stemmer WP. Improved green fluorescent protein by molecular evolution using DNA shuffling. Nat Biotechnol. 1996;14:315-319.
152. Goodison S, Kawai K, Hihara J, et al. Prolonged dormancy and site-specific growth potential of cancer cells spontaneously disseminated from nonmetastatic breast tumors as revealed by labeling with green fluorescent protein. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:3808-3814.
153. Henriksson KC, Almgren MA, Thurlow R, Varki NM, Chang CL. A fluorescent orthotopic mouse model for reliable measurement and genetic modulation of human neuroblastoma metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2004;21:563-570.
154. Hoffman RM. Imaging tumor angiogenesis with fluorescent proteins. APMIS. 2004;112:441-449.
155. Peyruchaud O, Winding B, Pecheur I, Serre CM, Delmas P, Clezardin P. Early detection of bone metastases in a murine model using fluorescent human breast cancer cells: application to the use of the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in the treatment of osteolytic lesions. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16:2027-2034.
156. Shinji S, Ishiwata T, Tajiri T, et al. External whole-body image of EGFP gene expression. J Nippon Med Sch. 2003;70:462-463.
157. Umeoka T, Kawashima T, Kagawa S, et al. Visualization of intrathoracically disseminated solid tumors in mice with optical imaging by telomerase-specific amplification of a transferred green fluorescent protein gene. Cancer Res. 2004;64:6259-6265.
158. Yang M, Jiang P, An Z, et al. Genetically fluorescent melanoma bone and organ metastasis models. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5:3549-3559.
159. Rice BW, Cable MD, Nelson MB. In vivo imaging of light-emitting probes. J Biomed Opt. 2001;6:432-440.
160. Troy T, Jekic-McMullen D, Sambucetti L, Rice B. Quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of detection of fluorescent and bioluminescent reporters in animal models. Mol Imaging. 2004;3:9-23.
161. Weissleder R. A clearer vision for in vivo imaging. Nat Biotechnol. 2001;19:316-317.
162. Shaner NC, Campbell RE, Steinbach PA, Giepmans BN, Palmer AE, Tsien RY. Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22:1567-1572.
163. Verkhusha VV, Lukyanov KA.The molecular properties and applications ofAnthozoa fluorescent proteins and chromoproteins. Nat Biotechnol. 2004;22:289-296.
164. Miyawaki A. Innovations in the imaging of brain functions using fluorescent proteins. Neuron. 2005;48:189-199.
165. Wang L, Jackson WC, Steinbach PA, Tsien RY. Evolution of new nonantibody proteins via iterative somatic hypermutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:16745-16749.
166. Winnard PT Jr, Kluth JB, Raman V. Noninvasive optical tracking of red fluorescent protein-expressing cancer cells in a model of metastatic breast cancer. Neoplasia. 2006;8:796-806.
167. Zhao H, Doyle TC, Coquoz O, Kalish F, Rice BW, Contag CH. Emission spectra of bioluminescent reporters and interaction with mammalian tissue determine the sensitivity of detection in vivo. J Biomed Opt. 2005;10:41210.
168. Ignowski JM, Schaffer DV. Kinetic analysis and modeling of firefly luciferase as a quantitative reporter gene in live mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2004;86:827-834.
169. de Wet JR, Wood KV, Helinski DR, DeLuca M. Cloning of firefly luciferase cDNA and the expression of active luciferase in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1985;82:7870-7873.
170. Zhang Y, Bressler JP, Neal J, et al. ABCG2/BCRP expression modulates D-Luciferin based bioluminescence imaging. Cancer Res. 2007;67:9389-9397.
171. Keller GA, Gould S, Deluca M, Subramani S. Firefly luciferase is targeted to peroxisomes in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1987;84:3264-3268.
172. White PJ, Squirrell DJ, Arnaud P, Lowe CR, Murray JA. Improved thermostability of the North American firefly luciferase: saturation mutagenesis at position 354. Biochem J. 1996;319:343-350.
173. Branchini BR, Southworth TL, Khattak NF, Michelini E, Roda A. Red- and green-emitting firefly luciferase mutants for bioluminescent reporter applications. Anal Biochem. 2005;345:140-148.
174. Lu Y, Dang H, Middleton B, et al. Bioluminescent monitoring of islet graft survival after transplantation. Mol Ther. 2004;9:428-435.
175. Kim DE, Schellingerhout D, Ishii K, Shah K, Weissleder R. Imaging of stem cell recruitment to ischemic infarcts in a murine model. Stroke. 2004;35:952-957.
176. Tang Y, Shah K, Messerli SM, Snyder E, Breakefield X, Weissleder R. In vivo tracking of neural progenitor cell migration to glioblastomas. Hum Gene Ther. 2003;14:1247-1254.
177. Costa GL, Sandora MR, Nakajima A, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via T cell delivery of the IL-12 p40 subunit. J Immunol. 2001;167:2379-2387.
178. Hardy J, Francis KP, DeBoer M, Chu P, Gibbs K, Contag CH. Extracellular replication of Listeria monocytogenes in the murine gall bladder. Science. 2004;303:851-853.
179. Luker GD, Bardill JP, Prior JL, Pica CM, Piwnica-Worms D, Leib DA. Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection and therapy in living mice. J Virol. 2002;76:12149-12161.
180. Gross S, Piwnica-Worms D. Spying on cancer: molecular imaging in vivo with genetically encoded reporters. Cancer Cell. 2005;7:5-15.
181. Anderson LM, Swaminathan S, Zackon I, Tajuddin AK, Thimmapaya B, Weitzman SA. Adenovirus-mediated tissue-targeted expression of the HSVtk gene for the treatment of breast cancer. Gene Ther. 1999;6:854-864.
182. Lyons SK, Lim E, Clermont AO, et al. Noninvasive bioluminescence imaging of normal and spontaneously transformed prostate tissue in mice. Cancer Res. 2006;66:4701-4707.
183. Ray P, Tsien R, Gambhir SS. Construction and validation of improved triple fusion reporter gene vectors for molecular imaging of living subjects. Cancer Res. 2007;67:3085-3093.
184. Burgos JS, Rosol M, Moats RA, et al. Time course of bioluminescent signal in orthotopic and heterotopic brain tumors in nude mice. Biotechniques. 2003;34:1184-1188.
185. Lin WC, Pretlow TP, Pretlow TG II, Culp LA. Bacterial lacZ gene as a highly sensitive marker to detect micrometastasis formation during tumor progression. Cancer Res. 1990;50:2808-2817.
186. Kim JH, Lee YS, Kim H, Huang JH, Yoon AR, Yun CO. Relaxin expression from tumor-targeting adenoviruses and its intratumoral spread, apoptosis induction, and efficacy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98:1482-1493.
187. Ntziachristos V, Ripoll J, Wang LV, Weissleder R. Looking and listening to light: the evolution of whole-body photonic imaging. Nat Biotechnol. 2005;23:313-320.
188. Zacharakis G, Kambara H, Shih H, et al. Volumetric tomography of fluorescent proteins through small animals in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:18252-18257.
189. Brakenhielm E, Burton JB, Johnson M, et al. Modulating metastasis by a lymphangiogenic switch in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer. 2007;121:2153-2161.
190. Veiseh M, Gabikian P, Bahrami SB, et al. Tumor paint: a chlorotoxin:Cy5.5 bioconjugate for intraoperative visualization of cancer foci. Cancer Res. 2007;67:6882-6888.
191. 131I-TM-601. J Nucl Med. 2005;46:580-586.
192. Li LZ, Zhou R, Zhong T, et al. Predicting melanoma metastatic potential by optical and magnetic resonance imaging. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;599:67-78.
193. Chambers AF, Matrisian LM. Changing views of the role of matrix metalloproteinases in metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1260-1270.