The nexus between atopic disease and autoimmunity: A review of the epidemiological and mechanistic literature

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

Volumn 153, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 19-30

  Rabin, R L ^a   Levinson, A I ^b  

^a CENTER FOR BIOLOGICS EVALUATION AND RESEARCH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Allergy; Autoimmunity; Multiple sclerosis; Rheumatoid arthritis; T cell subsets; Type I diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

ENDOTOXIN; GAMMA INTERFERON; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 17; INTERLEUKIN 23; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 6; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ASTHMA; ATOPY; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNITY; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEREDITY; HUMAN; IMMUNOREGULATION; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MORBIDITY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM; NATURAL KILLER T CELL; PATHOGENESIS; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSORIASIS; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL;

ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; ASTHMA; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; CYTOKINES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; HUMANS; HYPERSENSITIVITY; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER;

EID: 44949221782     PISSN: 00099104     EISSN: 13652249     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03679.x     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Shirakawa T, Enomoto T, Shimazu S, Hopkin JM. The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science 1997 275 : 77 9.
2. Martinez FD. Gene-environment interactions in asthma: with apologies to William of Ockham. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2007 4 : 26 31.
3. Paul WE, Seder RA. Lymphocyte responses and cytokines. Cell 1994 76 : 241 51.
4. O'Garra A, Robinson D. Development and function of T helper 1 cells. Adv Immunol 2004 83 : 133 62.
5. Skurkovich B, Skurkovich S. Anti-interferon-gamma antibodies in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Mol Ther 2003 5 : 52 7.
6. Hafler DA. Multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2004 113 : 788 94.
7. Li-Weber M, Krammer PH. Regulation of IL4 gene expression by T cells and therapeutic perspectives. Nat Rev Immunol 2003 3 : 534 43.
8. Robinson DS. T-cell cytokines: what we have learned from human studies. Paediatr Respir Rev 2004 5 (Suppl. A S53 8.
9. Sornasse T, Larenas PV, Davis KA, de Vries JE, Yssel H. Differentiation and stability of T helper 1 and 2 cells derived from naive human neonatal CD4+ T cells, analyzed at the single-cell level. J Exp Med 1996 184 : 473 83.
10. Steinman L. A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage. Nat Med 2007 13 : 139 45.
11. Swern N. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in asthmatic patients. J Allergy 1932 2 : 375 8.
12. Siegal S, Herzstein J. Atopy and diabetes mellitus. J Allergy 1954 25 : 25 7.
13. Helander E. Asthma and diabetes. Acta Med Scand 1958 162 : 165 74.
14. Hermansson B, Holmgren G, Samuelson G. Juvenile diabetes mellitus and atopy. Hum Hered 1971 21 : 504 8.
15. Stromberg LG, Ludvigsson GJ, Bjorksten B. Atopic allergy and delayed hypersensitivity in children with diabetes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1995 96 : 188 92.
16. Douek IF, Leech NJ, Gillmor HA, Bingley PJ, Gale EA. Children with type-1 diabetes and their unaffected siblings have fewer symptoms of asthma. Lancet 1999 353 : 1850.
17. The EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group. Decreased prevalence of atopic diseases in children with diabetes. J Pediatr 2000 137 : 470 4.
18. Kero J, Gissler M, Hemminki E, Isolauri E. Could TH1 and TH2 diseases coexist? Evaluation of asthma incidence in children with coeliac disease, type 1 diabetes, or rheumatoid arthritis: a register study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 108 : 781 3.
19. Olesen AB, Juul S, Birkebaek N, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Association between atopic dermatitis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Lancet 2001 357 : 1749 52.
20. Douek IF, Leech NJ, Bingley PJ, Gale EA. Eczema and Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Med 2002 19 : 174 5.
21. Mattila PS, Tarkkanen J, Saxen H, Pitkaniemi J, Karvonen M, Tuomilehto J. Predisposition to atopic symptoms to inhaled antigens may protect from childhood type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002 25 : 865 8.
22. Meerwaldt R, Odink RJ, Landaeta R et al. A lower prevalence of atopy symptoms in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Clin Exp Allergy 2002 32 : 254 5.
23. Cardwell CR, Shields MD, Carson DJ, Patterson CC. A meta-analysis of the association between childhood type 1 diabetes and atopic disease. Diabetes Care 2003 26 : 2568 74.
24. Frovig AG, Presthus J, Sponheim N. The significance of allergy in the etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1967 43 : 215 27.
25. Alter M, Speer J. Clinical evaluation of possible etiologic factors in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1968 18 : 109 16.
26. Cendrowski W, Wender M, Dominik W, Flejsierowicz Z, Owsianowski M, Popiel M. Epidemiological study of multiple sclerosis in western Poland. Eur Neurol 1969 2 : 90 108.
27. Ansari KA, Yokoyama MM, Rand A. Circulating IgE, allergy and multiple sclerosis. Serum levels of IgE, other immunoglobulins and complement (C's) in patients with multiple sclerosis in exacerbation and other neurologic diseases. Acta Neurol Scand 1976 53 : 39 50.
28. Warren S, Warren KG. Multiple sclerosis and associated diseases: a relationship to diabetes mellitus. Can J Neurol Sci 1981 8 : 35 9.
29. Casetta I, Granieri E, Malagu S et al. Environmental risk factors and multiple sclerosis: a community-based, case-control study in the province of Ferrara, Italy. Neuroepidemiology 1994 13 : 120 8.
30. Oro AS, Guarino TJ, Driver R, Steinman L, Umetsu DT. Regulation of disease susceptibility. decreased prevalence of IgE-mediated allergic disease in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1996 97 : 1402 8.
31. Neukirch F, Lyon-Caen O, Clanet M, Bousquet J, Feingold J, Druet P. Asthma, nasal allergies, and multiple sclerosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997 99 : 270 1.
32. Solaro C, Messmer Uccelli M, Guglieri P et al. Prevalence of atopy in multiple sclerosis patients: a case-control study. J Neurol 2001 248 : 239 40.
33. Tremlett HL, Evans J, Wiles CM, Luscombe DK. Asthma and multiple sclerosis: an inverse association in a case-control general practice population. Q J Med 2002 95 : 753 6.
34. O'Driscoll BR, Milburn HJ, Kemeny DM, Cochrane GM, Panayi GS. Atopy and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Allergy 1985 15 : 547 53.
35. Verhoef CM, van Roon JA, Vianen ME, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA, Lafeber FP, Bijlsma JW. Mutual antagonism of rheumatoid arthritis and hay fever; a role for type 1/type 2 T cell balance. Ann Rheum Dis 1998 57 : 275 80.
36. Hilliquin P, Allanore Y, Coste J, Renoux M, Kahan A, Menkes CJ. Reduced incidence and prevalence of atopy in rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a case-control study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000 39 : 1020 6.
37. Rudwaleit M, Andermann B, Alten R et al. Atopic disorders in ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002 61 : 968 74.
38. Olsson AR, Wingren G, Skogh T, Svernell O, Ernerudh J. Allergic manifestations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. APMIS 2003 111 : 940 4.
39. Simpson CR, Anderson WJ, Helms PJ et al. Coincidence of immune-mediated diseases driven by Th1 and Th2 subsets suggests a common aetiology. A population-based study using computerized general practice data. Clin Exp Allergy 2002 32 : 37 42.
40. Sheikh A, Smeeth L, Hubbard R. There is no evidence of an inverse relationship between TH2-mediated atopy and TH1-mediated autoimmune disorders: lack of support for the hygiene hypothesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 111 : 131 5.
41. Tirosh A, Mandel D, Mimouni FB, Zimlichman E, Shochat T, Kochba I. Autoimmune diseases in asthma. Ann Intern Med 2006 144 : 877 83.
42. Mosaad YM, Metwally SS, Auf FA, Abd ELSER, el-Deek B, Limon NI, el-Chennawi FA. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12 and IL-18) in immune rheumatic diseases: relation with disease activity and autoantibodies production. Egypt J Immunol 2003 10 : 19 26.
43. Radstake TR, Roelofs MF, Jenniskens YM et al. Expression of toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in rheumatoid synovial tissue and regulation by proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-12 and interleukin-18 via interferon-gamma. Arthritis Rheum 2004 50 : 3856 65.
44. Dinarello CA. Interleukin-18 and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Semin Nephrol 2007 27 : 98 114.
45. Lipsky PE. Rheumatoid arthritis. In : Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS et al., eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 17th edn. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2008 : 2083 92.
46. Newton JL, Harney SM, Wordsworth BP, Brown MA. A review of the MHC genetics of rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 2004 5 : 151 7.
47. Orozco G, Rueda B, Martin J. Genetic basis of rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Pharmacother 2006 60 : 656 62.
48. Hajeer AH, Hutchinson IV. TNF-alpha gene polymorphism: clinical and biological implications. Microsc Res Tech 2000 50 : 216 28.
49. Padyukov L, Hytonen AM, Smolnikova M et al. Polymorphism in promoter region of IL10 gene is associated with rheumatoid arthritis in women. J Rheumatol 2004 31 : 422 5.
50. Tokuhiro S, Yamada R, Chang X et al. An intronic SNP in a RUNX1 binding site of SLC22A4, encoding an organic cation transporter, is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 2003 35 : 341 8.
51. Rioux JD, Daly MJ, Silverberg MS et al. Genetic variation in the 5q31 cytokine gene cluster confers susceptibility to Crohn disease. Nat Genet 2001 29 : 223 8.
52. Reckner Olsson A, Skogh T, Wingren G. Comorbidity and lifestyle, reproductive factors, and environmental exposures associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2001 60 : 934 9.
53. Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. The neurobiology of multiple sclerosis: genes, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. Neuron 2006 52 : 61 76.
54. Montoro J, Sastre J, Bartra J et al. Effect of H1 antihistamines upon the central nervous system. J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol 2006 16 (Suppl. 1 24 8.
55. Packard KA, Khan MM. Effects of histamine on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. Int Immunopharmacol 2003 3 : 909 20.
56. Takahashi HK, Iwagaki H, Mori S, Yoshino T, Tanaka N, Nishibori M. Histamine inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin (IL)-18 production in human monocytes. Clin Immunol 2004 112 : 30 4.
57. Jutel M, Watanabe T, Klunker S et al. Histamine regulates T-cell and antibody responses by differential expression of H1 and H2 receptors. Nature 2001 413 : 420 5.
58. Dimitriadou V, Pang X, Theoharides TC. Hydroxyzine inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and associated brain mast cell activation. Int J Immunopharmacol 2000 22 : 673 84.
59. Alonso A, Jick SS, Hernan MA. Allergy, histamine 1 receptor blockers, and the risk of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2006 66 : 572 5.
60. Debray-Sachs M, Carnaud C, Boitard C et al. Prevention of diabetes in NOD mice treated with antibody to murine IFN gamma. J Autoimmun 1991 4 : 237 48.
61. Trembleau S, Penna G, Gregori S, Giarratana N, Adorini L. IL-12 administration accelerates autoimmune diabetes in both wild-type and IFN-gamma-deficient nonobese diabetic mice, revealing pathogenic and protective effects of IL-12-induced IFN-gamma. J Immunol 2003 170 : 5491 501.
62. Tisch R, Wang B, Weaver DJ et al. Antigen-specific mediated suppression of beta cell autoimmunity by plasmid DNA vaccination. J Immunol 2001 166 : 2122 32.
63. Notkins AL. Immunologic and genetic factors in type 1 diabetes. J Biol Chem 2002 277 : 43545 8.
64. Arif S, Tree TI, Astill TP et al. Autoreactive T cell responses show proinflammatory polarization in diabetes but a regulatory phenotype in health. J Clin Invest 2004 113 : 451 63.
65. Melanitou E, Fain P, Eisenbarth GS. Genetics of type 1A (immune mediated) diabetes. J Autoimmun 2003 21 : 93 8.
66. Awata T, Matsumoto C, Urakami T, Hagura R, Amemiya S, Kanazawa Y. Association of polymorphism in the interferon gamma gene with IDDM. Diabetologia 1994 37 : 1159 62.
67. Morahan G, Huang D, Ymer SI et al. Linkage disequilibrium of a type 1 diabetes susceptibility locus with a regulatory IL12B allele. Nat Genet 2001 27 : 218 21.
68. Nistico L, Buzzetti R, Pritchard LE et al. The CTLA-4 gene region of chromosome 2q33 is linked to, and associated with, type 1 diabetes. Belgian Diabetes Registry. Hum Mol Genet 1996 5 : 1075 80.
69. Hirschhorn JN. Genetic epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2003 4 : 87 100.
70. Waterhouse P, Penninger JM, Timms E et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4 [see comments]. Science 1995 270 : 985 8.
71. Powers AC. Diabetes mellitus. In : Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Isselbacher KJ et al., eds. Harrison's principles of internal medicine, 17th edn. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2008 : 2275 304.
72. Nicoletti F, Conget I, Di Mauro M et al. Serum concentrations of the interferon-gamma-inducible chemokine IP-10/CXCL10 are augmented in both newly diagnosed Type I diabetes mellitus patients and subjects at risk of developing the disease. Diabetologia 2002 45 : 1107 10.
73. Nicoletti F, Conget I, Di Marco R et al. Serum levels of the interferon-gamma-inducing cytokine interleukin-18 are increased in individuals at high risk of developing type I diabetes. Diabetologia 2001 44 : 309 11.
74. Finotto S, Glimcher L. T cell directives for transcriptional regulation in asthma. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2004 25 : 281 94.
75. Trinchieri G, Pflanz S, Kastelein RA. The IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines. new players in the regulation of T cell responses. Immunity 2003 19 : 641 4.
76. Nakanishi K, Yoshimoto T, Tsutsui H, Okamura H. Interleukin-18 regulates both Th1 and Th2 responses. Annu Rev Immunol 2001 19 : 423 74.
77. Pernis A, Gupta S, Gollob KJ et al. Lack of interferon gamma receptor beta chain and the prevention of interferon gamma signaling in TH1 cells. Science 1995 269 : 245 7.
78. Szabo SJ, Kim ST, Costa GL, Zhang X, Fathman CG, Glimcher LH. A novel transcription factor, T-bet, directs Th1 lineage commitment. Cell 2000 100 : 655 69.
79. Finotto S, Neurath MF, Glickman JN et al. Development of spontaneous airway changes consistent with human asthma in mice lacking T-bet. Science 2002 295 : 336 8.
80. Raby BA, Hwang ES, Van Steen K et al. T-bet polymorphisms are associated with asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006 173 : 64 70.
81. Akbari O, Stock P, Meyer E et al. Essential role of NKT cells producing IL-4 and IL-13 in the development of allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. Nat Med 2003 9 : 582 8.
82. Szabo SJ, Dighe AS, Gubler U, Murphy KM. Regulation of the interleukin (IL)-12R beta 2 subunit expression in developing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells. J Exp Med 1997 185 : 817 24.
83. Rogge L, Barberis-Maino L, Biffi M et al. Selective expression of an interleukin-12 receptor component by human T helper 1 cells. J Exp Med 1997 185 : 825 31.
84. Ouyang W, Ranganath SH, Weindel K et al. Inhibition of Th1 development mediated by GATA-3 through an IL-4-independent mechanism. Immunity 1998 9 : 745 55.
85. Usui T, Nishikomori R, Kitani A, Strober W. GATA-3 suppresses Th1 development by downregulation of Stat4 and not through effects on IL-12Rbeta2 chain or T-bet. Immunity 2003 18 : 415 28.
86. Zhou M, Ouyang W. The function role of GATA-3 in Th1 and Th2 differentiation. Immunol Res 2003 28 : 25 37.
87. Skapenko A, Leipe J, Niesner U et al. GATA-3 in human T cell helper type 2 development. J Exp Med 2004 199 : 423 8.
88. Soumelis V, Reche PA, Kanzler H et al. Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat Immunol 2002 3 : 673 80.
89. Ito T, Wang YH, Duramad O et al. TSLP-activated dendritic cells induce an inflammatory T helper type 2 cell response through OX40 ligand. J Exp Med 2005 202 : 1213 23.
90. Wang YH, Ito T, Wang YH et al. Maintenance and polarization of human TH2 central memory T cells by thymic stromal lymphopoietin-activated dendritic cells. Immunity 2006 24 : 827 38.
91. Liu YJ, Soumelis V, Watanabe N et al. TSLP: an epithelial cell cytokine that regulates T cell differentiation by conditioning dendritic cell maturation. Annu Rev Immunol 2006 25 : 193 219.
92. Al-Shami A, Spolski R, Kelly J, Keane-Myers A, Leonard WJ. A role for TSLP in the development of inflammation in an asthma model. J Exp Med 2005 202 : 829 39.
93. Zhou B, Comeau MR, De Smedt T et al. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a key initiator of allergic airway inflammation in mice. Nat Immunol 2005 6 : 1047 53.
94. Rimoldi M, Chieppa M, Salucci V et al. Intestinal immune homeostasis is regulated by the crosstalk between epithelial cells and dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 2005 6 : 507 14.
95. Hansen G, McIntire JJ, Yeung VP et al. CD4(+) T helper cells engineered to produce latent TGF-beta1 reverse allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity and inflammation. J Clin Invest 2000 105 : 61 70.
96. Randolph DA, Carruthers CJ, Szabo SJ, Murphy KM, Chaplin DD. Modulation of airway inflammation by passive transfer of allergen-specific Th1 and Th2 cells in a mouse model of asthma. J Immunol 1999 162 : 2375 83.
97. Allam JP, Novak N. The pathophysiology of atopic eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol 2006 31 : 89 93.
98. Heaton T, Rowe J, Turner S et al. An immunoepidemiological approach to asthma: identification of in-vitro T-cell response patterns associated with different wheezing phenotypes in children. Lancet 2005 365 : 142 9.
99. Panitch HS, Hirsch RL, Schindler J, Johnson KP. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with gamma interferon: exacerbations associated with activation of the immune system. Neurology 1987 37 : 1097 102.
100. Braun J, Sieper J. Overview of the use of the anti-TNF agent infliximab in chronic inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003 3 : 141 68.
101. Feldmann M, Steinman L. Design of effective immunotherapy for human autoimmunity. Nature 2005 435 : 612 19.
102. van Oosten BW, Barkhof F, Truyen L et al. Increased MRI activity and immune activation in two multiple sclerosis patients treated with the monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody cA2. Neurology 1996 47 : 1531 4.
103. Jacob CO, Holoshitz J, Van der Meide P, Strober S, McDevitt HO. Heterogeneous effects of IFN-gamma in adjuvant arthritis. J Immunol 1989 142 : 1500 5.
104. Liu J, Marino MW, Wong G et al. TNF is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine in autoimmune-mediated demyelination. Nat Med 1998 4 : 78 83.
105. Harrington LE, Mangan PR, Weaver CT. Expanding the effector CD4 T-cell repertoire: the Th17 lineage. Curr Opin Immunol 2006 18 : 349 56.
106. Weaver CT, Harrington LE, Mangan PR, Gavrieli M, Murphy KM. Th17: an effector CD4 T cell lineage with regulatory T cell ties. Immunity 2006 24 : 677 88.
107. Weaver CT, Hatton RD, Mangan PR, Harrington LE. IL-17 family cytokines and the expanding diversity of effector T cell lineages. Annu Rev Immunol 2007 25 : 821 52.
108. Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W et al. Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells. Nature 2006 441 : 235 8.
109. Veldhoen M, Hocking RJ, Atkins CJ, Locksley RM, Stockinger B. TGFbeta in the context of an inflammatory cytokine milieu supports de novo differentiation of IL-17-producing T cells. Immunity 2006 24 : 179 89.
110. Wynn TA. T(H)-48: a giant step from T(H)1 and T(H)2. Nat Immunol 2005 6 : 1069 70.
111. Dong C. Diversification of T-helper-cell lineages: finding the family root of IL-17-producing cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2006 6 : 329 33.
112. McFarland HF, Martin R. Multiple sclerosis: a complicated picture of autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2007 8 : 913 19.
113. Molet S, Hamid Q, Davoine F et al. IL-17 is increased in asthmatic airways and induces human bronchial fibroblasts to produce cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 108 : 430 8.
114. Barczyk A, Pierzchala W, Sozanska E. Interleukin-17 in sputum correlates with airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. Respir Med 2003 97 : 726 33.
115. Molet SM, Hamid QA, Hamilos DL. IL-11 and IL-17 expression in nasal polyps: relationship to collagen deposition and suppression by intranasal fluticasone propionate. Laryngoscope 2003 113 : 1803 12.
116. Wuyts WA, Vanaudenaerde BM, Dupont LJ, Van Raemdonck DE, Demedts MG, Verleden GM. Interleukin-17-induced interleukin-8 release in human airway smooth muscle cells: role for mitogen-activated kinases and nuclear factor-kappaB. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005 24 : 875 81.
117. Yu KO, Porcelli SA. The diverse functions of CD1d-restricted NKT cells and their potential for immunotherapy. Immunol Lett 2005 100 : 42 55.
118. Akbari O, Faul JL, Hoyte EG et al. CD4+ invariant T-cell-receptor+ natural killer T cells in bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med 2006 354 : 1117 29.
119. Pham-Thi N, de Blic J, Le Bourgeois M et al. Enhanced frequency of immunoregulatory invariant natural killer T cells in the airways of children with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006 117 : 217 18.
120. Thomas SY, Lilly CM, Luster AD. Invariant natural killer T cells in bronchial asthma. N Engl J Med 2006 354 : 2613 16 author reply -6.
121. Vijayanand P, Seumois G, Pickard C et al. Invariant natural killer T cells in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007 356 : 1410 22.
122. Linsen L, Thewissen M, Baeten K et al. Peripheral blood but not synovial fluid natural killer T cells are biased towards a Th1-like phenotype in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2005 7 : R493 502.
123. Mangge H, Gindl S, Kenzian H, Schauenstein K. Atopic dermatitis as a side effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha therapy. J Rheumatol 2003 30 : 2506 7.
124. Chan JL, Davis-Reed L, Kimball AB. Counter-regulatory balance: atopic dermatitis in patients undergoing infliximab infusion therapy. J Drugs Dermatol 2004 3 : 315 18.
125. Shelburne CP, Ryan JJ. The role of Th2 cytokines in mast cell homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2001 179 : 82 93.
126. Bonder CS, Dickensheets HL, Finlay-Jones JJ, Donnelly RP, Hart PH. Involvement of the IL-2 receptor gamma-chain (gammac) in the control by IL-4 of human monocyte and macrophage proinflammatory mediator production. J Immunol 1998 160 : 4048 56.
127. Oskeritzian CA, Wang Z, Kochan JP et al. Recombinant human (rh)IL-4-mediated apoptosis and recombinant human IL-6-mediated protection of recombinant human stem cell factor-dependent human mast cells derived from cord blood mononuclear cell progenitors. J Immunol 1999 163 : 5105 15.
128. Bacchetta R, Gambineri E, Roncarolo MG. Role of regulatory T cells and FOXP3 in human diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 120 : 227 35 quiz 36 7.