Global regulation of genome duplication in eukaryotes: An overview from the epifluorescence microscope

Chromosoma

Volumn 117, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 243-260

  Herrick, John ^a   Bensimon, Aaron ^a  

^a Genomic Vision   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATM PROTEIN; ATR PROTEIN;

CELL CYCLE G1 PHASE; CELL CYCLE M PHASE; CELL CYCLE PHASE; CELL CYCLE S PHASE; CHROMOSOME; DNA REPLICATION; DNA REPLICATION ORIGIN; DNA SYNTHESIS; EPIFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPE; EUKARYOTE; GENE DUPLICATION; GENOMIC INSTABILITY; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; RNA TRANSLATION;

ANIMALS; DNA REPLICATION; EUKARYOTIC CELLS; GENE DUPLICATION; GENOME; MICROSCOPY; REPLICON;

EUKARYOTA;

EID: 43049168313     PISSN: 00095915     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00412-007-0145-1     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Aleem E, Kiyokawa H, Kaldis P (2005) Cdc2-cyclin E complexes regulate the G1/S phase transition. Nat Cell Biol 7(8):831-836
2. Alexandrow MG, Hamlin JL (2005) Chromatin decondensation in S-phase involves recruitment of Cdk2 by Cdc45 and histone H1 phosphorylation. J Cell Biol 168(6):875-886
3. Anachkova B, Djeliova V, Russev G (2005) Nuclear matrix support of DNA replication. J Cell Biochem 96(5):951-961
4. Anglana M, Apiou F, Bensimon A, Debatisse M (2003) Dynamics of DNA replication in mammalian somatic cells: Nucleotide pool modulates origin choice and interorigin spacing. Cell 114(3):385-394
5. Aparicio OM, Stout AM, Bell SP (1999) Differential assembly of Cdc45p and DNA polymerases at early and late origins of DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96(16):9130-9135
6. Barkley LR, Ohmori H, Vaziri C (2007) Integrating S-phase checkpoint signaling with trans-lesion synthesis of bulky DNA adducts. Cell Biochem Biophys 47(3):392-408
7. Bechhoefer J, Marshall B (2007) How Xenopus laevis replicates DNA reliably even though its origins of replication are located and initiated stochastically. Phys Rev Lett 98(9):098105
8. Berezney R, Coffey DS (1975) Nuclear protein matrix: Association with newly synthesized DNA. Science 189(4199):291-293
9. Berezney R, Dharani D, Dubey DD, Huberman JA (2000) Heterogeneity of eukaryotic replicons, replicon clusters, and replication foci. Chromosoma 108(8):471-484
10. Blow JJ, Gillespie PJ, Francis D, Jackson DA (2001) Replication origins in Xenopus egg extract are 5-15 kilobases apart and are activated in clusters that fire at different times. J Cell Biol 152(1):15-25
11. Blumenthal AB, Kriegstein HJ, Hogness DS (1974) The units of DNA replication in Drosophila melanogaster chromosomes. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 38:205-223
12. Breier AM, Chatterji S, Cozzarelli NR (2004) Prediction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae replication origins. Genome Biol 5(4):R22
13. Breier AM, Weier HU, Cozzarelli NR (2005) Independence of replisomes in Escherichia coli chromosomal replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(11):3942-3947
14. Brewer BJ, Fangman WL (1993) Initiation at closely spaced replication origins in a yeast chromosome. Science 262(5140):1728-1731
15. Byun TS, Pacek M, Yee MC, Walter JC, Cimprich KA (2005) Functional uncoupling of MCM helicase and DNA polymerase activities activates the ATR-dependent checkpoint. Genes Dev 19(9):1040-1052
16. Cairns J (1963) The bacterial chromosome and its manner of replication as seen by autoradiography. J Mol Biol 6:208-213
17. Casper AM, Nghiem P, Arlt MF, Glover TW (2002) ATR regulates fragile site stability. Cell 111(6):779-789
18. Cha RS, Kleckner N (2002) ATR homolog Mec1 promotes fork progression, thus averting breaks in replication slow zones. Science 297(5581):602-606
19. Clark W, Black EJ, MacLaren A, Kruse U, LaThangue N, Vogt PK, Gillespie DA (2000) v-Jun overrides the mitogen dependence of S-phase entry by deregulating retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and E2F-pocket protein interactions as a consequence of enhanced cyclin E-cdk2 catalytic activity. Mol Cell Biol 7:2529-2542
20. Conti C, Sacca B, Herrick J, Lalou C, Pommier Y, Bensimon A (2007) Replication fork velocities at adjacent replication origins are coordinately modified during DNA replication in human cells. Mol Biol Cell 18:3059-3067
21. Czajkowsky DM, Liu J, Hamlin JL, Shao Z (2007) DNA combing reveals intrinsic temporal disorder in the replication of yeast chromosome VI. J Mol Biol 375:12-19
22. Davies SL, North PS, Hickson ID (2007) Role for BLM in replication-fork restart and suppression of origin firing after replicative stress. Nat Struct Mol Biol 14(7):677-679
23. Davidson IF, Li A, Blow JJ (2006) Deregulated replication licensing causes DNA fragmentation consistent with head-to-tail fork collision. Mol Cell 24(3):433-443
24. Debatisse M, El Achkar E, Dutrillaux B (2006) Common fragile sites nested at the interfaces of early and late-replicating chromosome bands: cis acting components of the G2/M checkpoint. Cell Cycle 5(6):578-581
25. Di Micco R, Fumagalli M, Cicalese A, Piccinin S, Gasparini P, Luise C, Schurra C, Garre, M, Nuciforo PG, Bensimon A, Maestro R, Pelicci PG, d'Adda di Fagagna F (2006) Oncogene-induced senescence is a DNA damage response triggered by DNA hyper-replication. Nature 444(7119):638-642
26. Dijkwel PA, Hamlin JL (1995a) The Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase origin consists of multiple potential nascent-strand start sites. Mol Cell Biol 15(6):3023-3031
27. Dijkwel PA, Hamlin JL (1995b) Origins of replication and the nuclear matrix: The DHFR domain as a paradigm. Int Rev Cytol 162A:455-484
28. Dimitrova DS, Gilbert DM (1999) The spatial position and replication timing of chromosomal domains are both established in early G1 phase. Mol Cell 4(6):983-993
29. Dimitrova DS, Gilbert DM (2000) Temporally coordinated assembly and disassembly of replication factories in the absence of DNA synthesis. Nat Cell Biol 2:686-694
30. Dimitrova DS, Prokhorova TA, Blow JJ, Todorov IT, Gilbert DM (2002) Mammalian nuclei become licensed for DNA replication during late telophase. J Cell Sci 115(Pt 1):51-59
31. Djeliova V, Russev G, Anachkova B (2001) Distribution of DNA replication origins between matrix-attached and loop DNA in mammalian cells. J Cell Biochem 80(3):353-359
32. Dominguez-Sola D, Ying CY, Grandori C, Ruggiero L, Chen B, Li M, Galloway DA, Gu W, Gautier J, Dalla-Favera R (2007) Non-transcriptional control of DNA replication by c- Myc. Nature 448:445-451
33. Dubey DD, Raman R (1987) Do sister forks of bidirectionally growing replicons proceed at unequal rates. Exp Cell Res 168(2):555-560
34. Edenberg HJ, Huberman JA (1975) Eukaryotic chromosome replication. Annu Rev Genet 9:245-284
35. Edwards MC, Tutter AV, Cvetic C, Gilbert CH, Prokhorova TA, Walter JC (2002) MCM2-7 complexes bind chromatin in a distributed pattern surrounding the origin recognition complex in Xenopus egg extracts. J Biol Chem 277(36):33049-33057
36. Eilen E, Hand R, Basilico C (1980) Decreased initiation of DNA synthesis in a temperature-sensitive mutant of hamster cells. J Cell Physiol 105(2):259-266
37. Ermakova OV, Nguyen LH, Little RD, Chevillard C, Riblet R, Ashouian N, Birshtein BK, Schildkraut CL (1999) Evidence that a single replication fork proceeds from early to late replicating domains in the IgH locus in a non-B cell line. Mol Cell 3(3):321-330
38. Eshaghi M, Karuturi RK, Li J, Chu Z, Liu ET, Liu J (2007) Global profiling of DNA replication timing and efficiency reveals that efficient replication/firing occurs late during S-phase in S. pombe. PLoS ONE 2(1):e722
39. Feijoo C, Hall-Jackson C, Wu R, Jenkins D, Leitch J, Gilbert DM, Smythe C (2001) Activation of mammalian Chk1 during DNA replication arrest: A role for Chk1 in the intra-S phase checkpoint monitoring replication origin firing. J Cell Biol 154(5):913-923
40. Francis D, Davies ND, Bryant JA, Hughes SG, Sibson DR, Fitchett PN (1985) Effects of psoralen on replicon size and mean rate of DNA synthesis in partially synchronized cells of Pisum sativum L. Exp Cell Res 158(2):500-508
41. Gewurz BE, Harper JW (2006) DNA-damage control: Claspin destruction turns off the checkpoint. Curr Biol 16(21):R932-934
42. Gilbert DM (2007) Replication origin plasticity, Taylor-made: Inhibition vs recruitment of origins under conditions of replication stress. Chromosoma 116:341-347
43. Glover TW (2006) Common fragile sites. Cancer Lett 232(1):4-12
44. Griffiths TD, Ling SY (1987) Activation of alternative sites of replicon initiation in Chinese hamster cells exposed to ultraviolet light. Mutat Res 184(1):39-46
45. Grossi S, Decaillet C, Constantinou C (2007) Role of Fanconi anemia pathway in recovery from a hydroxyurea replication block. DNA Repair (in press)
46. Hand R (1975) Regulation of DNA replication on subchromosomal units of mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 64(1):89-97
47. Hayashi M, Katou Y, Itoh T, Tazumi A, Yamada Y, Takahashi T, Nakagawa T, Shirahige K, Masukata H (2007) Genome-wide localization of pre-RC sites and identification of replication origins in fission yeast. EMBO J 26(5):1327-1339
48. Heffernan TP, Unsal-Kacmaz K, Heinloth AN, Simpson DA, Paules RS, Sancar A, Cordeiro-Stone M, Kaufmann WK (2007) Cdc7-Dbf4 and the human S checkpoint response to UVC. J Biol Chem 282(13):9458-9468
49. Heichinger C, Penkett CJ, Bahler J, Nurse P (2006) Genome-wide characterization of fission yeast DNA replication origins. EMBO J 25(21):5171-5179
50. Herrick J, Bensimon A (1999) Single molecule analysis of DNA replication. Biochimie 81(8-9):859-871
51. Herrick J, Sclavi B (2007) Ribonucleotide reductase and the regulation of DNA replication: An old story and an ancient heritage. Mol Microbiol 63(1):22-34
52. Herrick J, Stanislawski P, Hyrien O, Bensimon A (2000) Replication fork density increases during DNA synthesis in X. laevis egg extracts. J Mol Biol 300(5):1133-1142
53. Herrick J, Jun S, Bechhoefer J, Bensimon A (2002) Kinetic model of DNA replication in eukaryotic organisms. J Mol Biol 320(4):741-750
54. Holmquist G, Gray M, Porter T, Jordan J (1982) Characterization of Giemsa dark- and light-band DNA. Cell 31(1):121-129
55. Housman D, Huberman JA (1975) Changes in the rate of DNA replication fork movement during S phase in mammalian cells. J Mol Biol 94(2):173-181
56. Huang M, Zhou Z, Elledge SJ (1998) The DNA replication and damage checkpoint pathways induce transcription by inhibition of the Crt1 repressor. Cell 94(5):595-605
57. Huberman JA, Riggs AD (1966) Autoradiography of chromosomal DNA fibers from Chinese hamster cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 55(3):599-606
58. Hyrien O, Marheineke K, Goldar A (2003) Paradoxes of eukaryotic DNA replication: MCM proteins and the random completion problem. BioEssays 25(2):116-125
59. Jackson DA, Pombo A (1998) Replicon clusters are stable units of chromosome structure: Evidence that nuclear organization contributes to the efficient activation and propagation of S phase in human cells. J Cell Biol 140(6):1285-1295
60. Jun S, Herrick J, Bensimon A, Bechhoefer J (2004) Persistence length of chromatin determines origin spacing in Xenopus early-embryo DNA replication: Quantitative comparisons between theory and experiment. Cell Cycle 3(2):223-229
61. Kaneko YS, Watanabe N, Morisaki H, Akita H, Fujimoto A, Tominaga K, Terasawa M, Tachibana A, Ikeda K (1999) Cell-cycle-dependent and ATM-independent expression of human Chk1 kinase. Oncogene 18(25):3673-3681
62. Kidd AD, Francis D, Bennett MD (1989) Replicon size and rate of DNA replication fork movement are correlated in grasses. Exp Cell Res 184(1):262-267
63. Kitamura E, Blow JJ, Tanaka TU (2006) Live-cell imaging reveals replication of individual replicons in eukaryotic replication factories. Cell 125:1297-1308
64. Klevecz RR, Keniston BA (1975) The temporal structure of S phase. Cell 5(2):195-203
65. Krämer A, Mailand N, Lukas C, Syljuåsen RG, Wilkinson CJ, Nigg EA, Bartek J, Lukas J (2004) Centrosome-associated Chk1 prevents premature activation of cyclin-B-Cdk1 kinase. Nat Cell Biol 6(9):884-891
66. Kuschak TI, Kuschak BC, Taylor CL, Wright JA, Wiener F, Mai S (2002) c-Myc initiates illegitimate replication of the ribonucleotide reductase R2 gene. Oncogene 21(6):909-920
67. Le Beau MM, Rassool FV, Neilly ME, Espinosa R 3rd, Glover TW, Smith DI, McKeithan TW (1998) Replication of a common fragile site, FRA3B, occurs late in S phase and is delayed further upon induction: Implications for the mechanism of fragile site induction. Hum Mol Genet 7(4):755-761
68. Lebofsky R, Heilig R, Sonnleitner M, Weissenbach J, Bensimon A (2006) DNA replication origin interference increases the spacing between initiation events in human cells. Mol Biol Cell 17(12):5337-5345
69. Lemaitre JM, Danis E, Pasero P, Vassetzky Y, Mechali M (2005) Mitotic remodeling of the replicon and chromosome structure. Cell 123(5):787-801
70. Leone G, DeGregori J, Sears R, Jakoi L, Nevins JR (1997) Myc and Ras collaborate in inducing accumulation of active cyclin E/Cdk2 and E2F. Nature 387(6631):422-426 Erratum in: Nature 1997 Jun 26;387(6636):932
71. Leonhardt H, Rahn HP, Weinzierl P, Sporbert A, Cremer T, Zink D, Cardoso MC (2000) Dynamics of DNA replication factories in living cells. J Cell Biol 149(2):271-280
72. Li F, Chen J, Solessio E, Gilbert DM (2003) Spatial distribution and specification of mammalian replication origins during G1 phase. J Cell Biol 161(2):257-266
73. Li Q, Dang CV (1999) c-Myc overexpression uncouples DNA replication from mitosis. Mol Cell Biol 19(8):5339-5351
74. Liu P, Barkley LR, Day T, Bi X, Slater DM, Alexandrow MG, Nasheuer HP, Vaziri C (2006) The Chk1-mediated S-phase checkpoint targets initiation factor Cdc45 via a Cdc25A/Cdk2-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 281(41):30631-30644
75. Lubelsky Y, Reuven N, Shaul Y (2005) Autorepression of rfx1 gene expression: Functional conservation from yeast to humans in response to DNA replication arrest. Mol Cell Biol 25(23):10665-10673
76. Lupardus PJ, Byun T, Yee MC, Hekmat-Nejad M, Cimprich KA (2002) A requirement for replication in activation of the ATR-dependent DNA damage checkpoint. Genes Dev 16(18):2327-2332
77. Ma H, Samarabandu J, Devdhar RS, Acharya R, Cheng PC, Meng C, Berezney R (1998) Spatial and temporal dynamics of DNA replication sites in mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 143(6):1415-1425
78. Maclaren A, Clark W, Black EJ, Gregory D, Fujii H, Gillespie DA (2003) v-Jun stimulates both cdk2 kinase activity and G1/S progression via transcriptional repression of p21 CIP1. Oncogene 22(16):2383-2395
79. MacDougall CA, Byun TS, Van C, Yee MC, Cimprich KA (2007) The structural determinants of checkpoint activation. Genes Dev 21(8):898-903
80. Mailand N, Falck J, Lukas C, Syljuâsen RG, Welcker M, Bartek J, Lukas J (2000) Rapid destruction of human Cdc25A in response to DNA damage. Science 288(5470):1425-1429
81. Malinsky J, Koberna K, Stanek D, Masata M, Votruba I, Raska I (2001) The supply of exogenous deoxyribonucleotides accelerates the speed of the replication fork in early S-phase. J Cell Sci 114(Pt 4):747-750
82. Mamely I, van Vugt MA, Smits VA, Semple JI, Lemmens B, Perrakis A, Medema RH, Freire R (2006) Polo-like kinase-1 controls proteasome-dependent degradation of claspin during checkpoint recovery. Curr Biol 16(19):1950-1955
83. Manders EM, Stap J, Brakenhoff GJ, van Driel R, Aten JA (1992) Dynamics of three-dimensional replication patterns during the S-phase, analysed by double labelling of DNA and confocal microscopy. J Cell Sci 103(Pt 3):857-862
84. Marheineke K, Hyrien O (2001) Aphidicolin triggers a block to replication origin firing in Xenopus egg extracts. J Biol Chem 276(20):17092-17100
85. Marheineke K, Hyrien O (2004) Control of replication origin density and firing time in Xenopus egg extracts: Role of a caffeine-sensitive, ATR-dependent checkpoint. J Biol Chem 279(27):28071-28081
86. Marheineke K, Hyrien O, Krude T (2005) Visualization of bidirectional initiation of chromosomal DNA replication in a human cell free system. Nucleic Acids Res 33(21):6931-6941
87. Matsumura I, Tanaka H, Kanakura Y (2003) E2F1 and c- Myc in cell growth and death. Cell Cycle 2(4):333-338
88. Maya-Mendoza A, Petermann E, Gillespie DA, Caldecott KW, Jackson DA (2007) Chk1 regulates the density of active replication origins during the vertebrate S phase. EMBO J 26(11):2719-2731
89. Mazzuca S, Bitonti MB, Innocenti AM, Francis D (2000) Inactivation of DNA replication origins by the cell cycle regulator, trigonelline, in root meristems of Lactuca sativa. Planta 211(1):127-132
90. Merrick CJ, Jackson D, Diffley JF (2004) Visualization of altered replication dynamics after DNA damage in human cells. J Biol Chem 279(19):20067-20075
91. Miao H, Seiler JA, Burhans WC (2003) Regulation of cellular and SV40 virus origins of replication by Chk1-dependent intrinsic and UVC radiation-induced checkpoints. J Biol Chem 278(6):4295-4304
92. Mills AD, Blow JJ, White JG, Amos WB, Wilcock D, Laskey RA (1989) Replication occurs at discrete foci spaced throughout nuclei replicating in vitro. J Cell Sci 94(Pt 3):471-477
93. Nakamura H, Morita T, Sato C (1986) Structural organizations of replicon domains during DNA synthetic phase in the mammalian nucleus. Exp Cell Res 165(2):291-297
94. Natale DA, Li CJ, Sun WH, DePamphilis ML (2000) Selective instability of Orc1 protein accounts for the absence of functional origin recognition complexes during the M-G(1) transition in mammals. EMBO J 19(11):2728-2738
95. Niida H, Tsuge S, Katsuno Y, Konishi A, Takeda N, Nakanishi M (2005) Depletion of Chk1 leads to premature activation of Cdc2-cyclin B and mitotic catastrophe. J Biol Chem 280(47):39246-39252
96. Niida H, Katsuno Y, Banerjee B, Hande MP, Nakanishi M (2007) Specific role of Chk1 phosphorylations in cell survival and checkpoint activation. Mol Cell Biol 7:2572-2581
97. Nordlund P, Reichard P (2006) Ribonucleotide reductases. Annu Rev Biochem 75:681-706
98. Norio P, Kosiyatrakul S, Yang Q, Guan Z, Brown NM, Thomas S, Riblet R, Schildkraut CL (2005) Progressive activation of DNA replication initiation in large domains of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus during B cell development. Mol Cell 20(4):575-587
99. Patel PK, Arcangioli B, Baker SP, Bensimon A, Rhind N (2006) DNA replication origins fire stochastically in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 17(1):308-316
100. Petermann E, Maya-Mendoza A, Zachos G, Gillespie DA, Jackson DA, Caldecott KW (2006) Chk1 requirement for high global rates of replication fork progression during normal vertebrate S phase. Mol Cell Biol 26(8):3319-3326
101. Pillaire MJ, Betous R, Conti C, Czaplicki J, Pasero P, Bensimon A, Cazaux C, Hoffmann JS (2007) Upregulation of error-prone DNA polymerases beta and kappa slows down fork progression without activating the replication checkpoint. Cell Cycle 6(4):471-477
102. Rao VA, Conti C, Guirouilh-Barbat J, Nakamura A, Miao ZH, Davies SL, Sacca B, Hickson ID, Bensimon A, Pommier Y (2007) Endogenous {gamma}-H2AX-ATM-Chk2 checkpoint activation in Bloom's syndrome helicase deficient cells is related to DNA replication arrested forks. Mol Cancer Res 5(7):713-724
103. Rodríguez-López AM, Jackson DA, Iborra F, Cox LS (2002) Asymmetry of DNA replication fork progression in Werner's syndrome. Aging Cell 1(1):30-39
104. Sanchez Y, Wong C, Thoma RS, Richman R, Wu Z, Piwnica-Worms H, Elledge SJ (1997) Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25. Science 277(5331):1497-1501
105. Santocanale C, Diffley JF (1998) A Mec1- and Rad53-dependent checkpoint controls late-firing origins of DNA replication. Nature 395:615-618
106. Seiler JA, Conti C, Syed A, Aladjem MI, Pommier Y (2007) The intra-S-phase checkpoint affects both DNA replication initiation and elongation: Single-cell and -DNA fiber analyses. Mol Cell Biol 27:5806-5818
107. Semple JW, Da-Silva LF, Jervis EJ, Ah-Kee J, Al-Attar H, Kummer L, Heikkila JJ, Pasero P, Duncker BP (2006) An essential role for Orc6 in DNA replication through maintenance of pre-replicative complexes. EMBO J 25(21):5150-5158
108. Shechter D, Costanzo V, Gautier J (2004) ATR and ATM regulate the timing of DNA replication origin firing. Nat Cell Biol 6(7):648-655
109. Shimada K, Pasero P, Gasser SM (2002) ORC and the intra-S-phase checkpoint: A threshold regulates Rad53p activation in S phase. Genes Dev 6(24):3236-3252
110. Shirahige K, Hori Y, Shiraishi K, Yamashita M, Takahashi K, Obuse C, Tsurimoto T, Yoshikawa H (1998) Regulation of DNA-replication origins during cell-cycle progression. Nature 395(6702):618-621
111. Sorensen CS, Syljuasen RG, Lukas J, Bartek J (2004) ATR, claspin and the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 complex regulate Chk1 and Cdc25A in the absence of DNA damage. Cell Cycle 3(7):941-945
112. Sporbert A, Gahl A, Ankerhold R, Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC (2002) DNA polymerase clamp shows little turnover at established replication sites but sequential de novo assembly at adjacent origin clusters. Mol Cell 10(6):1355-1365
113. Stano NM, Jeong YJ, Donmez I, Tummalapalli P, Levin MK, Patel SS (2005) DNA synthesis provides the driving force to accelerate DNA unwinding by a helicase. Nature 435(7040):370-373
114. Syljuasen RG, Sorensen CS, Hansen LT, Fugger K, Lundin C, Johansson F, Helleday T, Sehested M, Lukas J, Bartek J (2005) Inhibition of human Chk1 causes increased initiation of DNA replication, phosphorylation of ATR targets, and DNA breakage. Mol Cell Biol 25(9):3553-3562
115. Takebayashi SI, Manders EM, Kimura H, Taguchi H, Okumura K (2001) Mapping sites where replication initiates in mammalian cells using DNA fibers. Exp Cell Res 271(2):263-268
116. Taylor JH (1977) Increase in DNA replication sites in cells held at the beginning of S phase. Chromosoma 62(4):291-300
117. Teer JK, Machida YJ, Labit H, Novac O, Hyrien O, Marheineke K, Zannis-Hadjopoulos M, Dutta A (2006) Proliferating human cells hypomorphic for origin recognition complex 2 and pre-replicative complex formation have a defect in p53 activation and Cdk2 kinase activation. J Biol Chem 281(10):6253-6260
118. Tenca P, Brotherton D, Montagnoli A, Rainoldi S, Albanese C, Santocanale C (2007) Cdc7 is an active kinase in human cancer cells undergoing replication stress. J Biol Chem 282(1):208-215
119. Torres-Rosell J, De Piccoli G, Cordon-Preciado V, Farmer S, Jarmuz A, Machin F, Pasero P, Lisby M, Haber JE, Aragon L (2007) Anaphase onset before complete DNA replication with intact checkpoint responses. Science 315(5817):1411-1415
120. Tourriere H, Versini G, Cordon-Preciado V, Alabert C, Pasero P (2005) Mrc1 and Tof1 promote replication fork progression and recovery independently of Rad53. Mol Cell 19(5):699-706
121. Vaziri C, Saxena S, Jeon Y, Lee C, Murata K, Machida Y, Wagle N, Hwang DS, Dutta AA (2003) p53-dependent checkpoint pathway prevents rereplication. Mol Cell 11(4):997-1008
122. Versini G, Comet I, Wu M, Hoopes L, Schwob E, Pasero P (2003) The yeast Sgs1 helicase is differentially required for genomic and ribosomal DNA replication. EMBO J 22(8):1939-1949
123. Walters RA, Tobey RA, Ratliff RL (1973) Cell-cycle-dependent variations of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools in Chinese hamster cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 319(3):336-347
124. Woodward AM, Gohler T, Luciani MG, Oehlmann M, Ge X, Gartner A, Jackson DA, Blow JJ (2006) Excess Mcm2-7 license dormant origins of replication that can be used under conditions of replicative stress. J Cell Biol 173(5):673-683
125. Wu JR, Gilbert DM (1996) A distinct G1 step required to specify the Chinese hamster DHFR replication origin. Science 271(5253):1270-1272
126. Yurov YB (1979) The rate of fork movement during DNA replication in mammalian cells. Chromosoma 74(3):347-353
127. Zhang YW, Otterness DM, Chiang GG, Xie W, Liu YC, Mercurio F, Abraham RT (2005) Genotoxic stress targets human Chk1 for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Mol Cell 19(5):607-618
128. Zhu Y, Alvarez C, Doll R, Kurata H, Schebye XM, Parry D, Lees E (2005) Human CDK2 inhibition modifies the dynamics of chromatin-bound minichromosome maintenance complex and replication protein A. Cell Cycle 4(9):1254-1263