The structural determinants of checkpoint activation

Genes and Development

Volumn 21, Issue 8, 2007, Pages 898-903

  MacDougall, Christina A ^a   Byun, Tony S ^a   Van, Christopher ^a   Yee, Muh Ching ^a   Cimprich, Karlene A ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

ATR; Checkpoint; Primed ssDNA; Replication; ssDNA; Xenopus

Indexed keywords

ATR PROTEIN; CHECKPOINT KINASE 1; SINGLE STRANDED DNA;

ARTICLE; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPLICATION; DNA STRUCTURE; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEPLETION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; XENOPUS;

ANIMALS; CELL CYCLE; CELL CYCLE PROTEINS; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPLICATION; DNA, SINGLE-STRANDED; OVUM; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN KINASES; PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES; S PHASE; XENOPUS LAEVIS; XENOPUS PROTEINS;

EID: 34247257202     PISSN: 08909369     EISSN: 15495477     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/gad.1522607     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Ahn, J., Urist, M., and Prives, C. 2004. The Chk2 protein kinase. DNA Repair (Amst.) 3: 1039-1047.
2. Blow, J.J. and Dutta, A. 2005. Preventing re-replication of chromosomal DNA. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 476-486.
3. Byun, T.S., Pacek, M., Yee, M.C., Walter, J.C., and Cimprich, K.A. 2005. Functional uncoupling of MCM helicase and DNA polymerase activities activates the ATR-dependent checkpoint. Genes & Dev. 19: 1040-1052.
4. Cortez, D. 2005. Unwind and slow down: Checkpoint activation by helicase and polymerase uncoupling. Genes & Dev. 19: 1007-1012.
5. Ellison, V. and Stillman, B. 2003. Biochemical characterization of DNA damage checkpoint complexes: Clamp loader and clamp complexes with specificity for 5′ recessed DNA. PLoS Biol. 1: 231-243.
6. Garcia, V., Furuya, K., and Carr, A.M. 2005. Identification and functional analysis of TopBP1 and its homologs. DNA Repair (Amst.) 4: 1127-1139.
7. Hickson, I., Zhao, Y., Richardson, C.J., Green, S.J., Martin, N.M., Orr, A.I., Reaper, P.M., Jackson, S.P., Curtin, N.J., and Smith, G.C. 2004. Identification and characterization of a novel and specific inhibitor of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase ATM. Cancer Res. 64: 9152-9159.
8. Huang, J.-C., Svoboda, D.L., Reardon, J.T., and Sancar, A. 1992. Human nucleotide excision nuclease removes thymine dimers from DNA by incising the 22nd phosphodiester bond 5′ and the 6th phosphodiester bond 3′ to the photodimer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89: 3664-3668.
9. Kumagai, A. and Dunphy, W.G. 2000. Claspin, a novel protein required for the activation of Chk1 during a DNA replication checkpoint response in Xenopus egg extracts. Mol. Cell 6: 836-849.
10. Kumagai, A., Lee, J., Yoo, H.Y., and Dunphy, W.G. 2006. TopBP1 activates the ATR-ATRIP complex. Cell 124: 943-955.
11. Lee, J., Gold, D.A., Shevchenko, A., Shevchenko, A., and Dunphy, W.G. 2005. Roles of replication fork-interacting and Chk1-activating domains from Claspin in a DNA replication checkpoint response. Mol. Biol. Cell 16: 5269-5282.
12. Liu, Q., Guntuku, S., Cui, X.S., Matsuoka, S., Cortez, D., Tamai, K., Luo, G., Carattini-Rivera, S., DeMayo, F., Bradley, A., et al. 2000. Chk1 is an essential kinase that is regulated by ATR and required for the G(2)/M DNA damage checkpoint. Genes & Dev. 14: 1448-1459.
13. Lopes, M., Fiorani, M., and Sogo, J.M. 2006. Multiple mechanisms control chromosome integrity after replication fork uncoupling and restart at irreparable UV lesions. Mol. Cell 21: 15-27.
14. Lupardus, P.J. and Cimprich, K.A. 2006. Phosphorylation of Xenopus Rad1 and Hus1 defines a readout for ATR activation that is independent of Claspin and the Rad9 carboxy terminus. Mol. Biol. Cell 17: 1559-1569.
15. Lupardus, P.J., Byun, T., Yee, M.C., Hekmat-Nejad, M., and Cimprich, K.A. 2002. A requirement for replication in activation of the ATR-dependent DNA damage checkpoint. Genes & Dev. 16: 2327-2332.
16. Machida, Y.J., Hamlin, J.L., and Dutta, A. 2005. Right place, right time, and only once: Replication initiation in metazoans. Cell 123: 13-24.
17. Majka, J., Binz, S.K., Wold, M.S., and Burgers, P.M. 2006a. Replication protein A directs loading of the DNA damage checkpoint clamp to 5′-DNA junctions. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 27855-27861.
18. Majka, J., Niedziela-Majka, A., and Burgers, P.M. 2006b. The checkpoint clamp activates Mec1 kinase during initiation of the DNA damage checkpoint. Mol. Cell 24: 891-901.
19. Marini, F., Nardo, T., Giannattasio, M., Minuzzo, M., Stefanini, M., Plevani, P., and Falconi, M.M. 2006. DNA nucleotide excision repair-dependent signaling to checkpoint activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103: 17325-17330.
20. McGarry, T.J. and Kirschner, M.W. 1998. Geminin, an inhibitor of DNA replication, is degraded during mitosis. Cell 93: 1043-1053.
21. Mechali, M. and Harland, R.M. 1982. DNA synthesis in a cell-free system from Xenopus eggs: Priming and elongation on single-stranded DNA in vitro. Cell 30: 93-101.
22. Melo, J. and Toczyski, D. 2002. A unified view of the DNA-damage checkpoint. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14: 237-245.
23. Michael, W.M., Ott, R., Fanning, E., and Newport, J. 2000. Activation of the DNA replication checkpoint through RNA synthesis by primase. Science 289: 2133-2137.
24. Pacek, M. and Walter, J.C. 2004. A requirement for MCM7 and Cdc45 in chromosome unwinding during eukaryotic DNA replication. EMBO J. 23: 3667-3676.
25. Parrilla-Castellar, E.R., Arlander, S.J., and Karnitz, L. 2004. Dial 9-1-1 for DNA damage: The Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 (9-1-1) clamp complex. DNA Repair (Amst.) 3: 1009-1014.
26. Shechter, D., Costanzo, V., and Gautier, J. 2004a. ATR and ATM regulate the timing of DNA replication origin firing. Nat. Cell Biol. 6: 648-655.
27. Shechter, D., Costanzo, V., and Gautier, J. 2004b. Regulation of DNA replication by ATR: Signaling in response to DNA intermediates. DNA Repair (Amst.) 3: 901-908.
28. Stadlbauer, F., Brueckner, A., Rehfuess, C., Eckerskorn, C., Lottspeich, F., Forster, V., Tseng, B.Y., and Nasheuer, H.P. 1994. DNA replication in vitro by recombinant DNA-polymerase-́-primase. Eur. J. Biochem. 222: 781-793.
29. Stokes, M.P., Van Hatten, R., Lindsay, H.D., and Michael, W.M. 2002. DNA replication is required for the checkpoint response to damaged DNA in Xenopus egg extracts. J. Cell Biol. 158: 863-872.
30. Tercero, J.A., Longhese, M.P., and Diffley, J.F. 2003. A central role for DNA replication forks in checkpoint activation and response. Mol. Cell 11: 1323-1336.
31. Walter, J. and Newport, J. 2000. Initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication: Origin unwinding and sequential chromatin association of Cdc45; RPA; and DNA polymerase ́. Mol. Cell 3: 617-627.
32. Walter, J., Sun, L., and Newport, J. 1998. Regulated chromosomal DNA replication in the absence of a nucleus. Mol. Cell 1: 519-529.
33. Ward, I.M., Minn, K., and Chen, J. 2004. UV-induced ataxia- telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) activation requires replication stress. J. Biol. Chem. 279: 9677-9680.
34. You, Z., Kong, L., and Newport, J. 2002. The role of single-stranded DNA and polymerase ́ in establishing the ATR, Hus1 DNA replication checkpoint. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 27088-27093.
35. Zhou, B.B. and Elledge, S.J. 2000. The DNA damage response: Putting checkpoints in perspective. Nature 408: 433-439.
36. Zou, L. and Elledge, S.J. 2003. Sensing DNA damage through ATRIP recognition of RPA-ssDNA complexes. Science 300: 1542-1548.
37. Zou, L., Liu, D., and Elledge, S.J. 2003. Replication protein A-mediated recruitment and activation of Rad17 complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 100: 13827-13832.