Antimicrobial films for food applications: A quantitative analysis of their effectiveness

Packaging Technology and Science

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 231-273

  Joerger, Rolf D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial film; Antimicrobials; Edible film; Effectiveness; Review

Indexed keywords

ACIDS; CHITIN; ENZYMES; FOOD PRESERVATION; SALTS;

ANTIMICROBIALS; COLONY-FORMING UNIT (CFU); EDIBLE FILM;

BIOFILMS;

EID: 35648987248     PISSN: 08943214     EISSN: 10991522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pts.774     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Alvarez MF. Review: active food packaging. Food Sci. Technol. Intern. 2000; 6: 97-108.
2. Cutter CN. Microbial control by packaging: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2002; 42: 151-161.
3. Appendini P, Hotchkiss JH. Review of antimicrobial food packaging. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2002; 3: 113-126.
4. Quintavalla S, Vicini L. Antimicrobial food packaging in meat industry. Meat Sci. 2002; 62: 373-380.
5. Suppakul P, Miltz J, Sonneveld K, Bigger SW. Active packaging technologies with an emphasis on antimicrobial packaging and its applications. J. Food Sci. 2003; 68: 408-120.
6. Ozdemir M, Floros JD. Active food packaging technologies. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2004; 44: 185-193.
7. Cha DS, Chinnan MS. Biopolymer-based antimicrobial packaging: a review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2004; 44: 223-237.
8. Cooksey K. Effectiveness of antimicrobial food Packaging materials. Food Add. Contamin. 2005; 22: 80-987.
9. Cutter CN. Opportunities for bio-based packaging technologies to improve the quality and safety of fresh and further processed muscle foods. Meat Sei. 2006; 74: 131-142.
10. Cha DS, Chen J, Park HJ, Chinnan MS. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in tofu by use of a polyethylene film with a cellulosic solution containing nisin. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2003; 38: 449-503.
11. Lee CH, An DS, Park HJ, Lee DS. Wide-spectrum antimicrobial packaging materials incorporating nisin and chitosan in the coating. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2003; 16: 99-106.
12. Lee CH, An DS, Lee SC, Park HJ, Lee DS. A coating for use as an antimicrobial and antioxidative packaging material incorporating nisin and α-tocopherol. J. Food Eng. 2004; 62: 323-329.
13. Lee CH, Park HJ, Lee DS. Influence of antimicrobial packaging on kinetics of spoilage microbial growth in milk and orange juice. J. Food Eng. 2004; 65: 527-531.
14. Kim Y-M. An D-S, Park H-J, Park J-M, Lee DS. Properties of nisin-incorporated polymer coatings as antimicrobial packaging materials. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2002; 15: 247-254.
15. Conte A, Buonocore GG, Bevilacqua A, Sinigaglia M, Del Nobile MA. Immobilization of lysozyme on polyvinylalcohol films for active packaging applications. J. Food Prot. 2006a; 69: 866-870.
16. Vartianen J, Rättö M, Paulussen S. Antimicrobial activity of glucose oxidase-immobilized plasma-activated polypropylene films. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2005; 18: 243-251.
17. Vartianen J, Rättö M, Tapper U, Paulussen S, Hurme E. Surface modification of atmospheric plasma activated BOPP by immobilizing chitosan. Polym. Bull. 2005; 54: 343-352.
18. Conte A, Buonocore GG, Sinigagli M, Del Nobile MA. Development of immobilized lysozyme based active film. J. Food Eng. 2007; 78: 741-745.
19. Appendini P, Hotchkiss JH. Immobilization of lysozyme on food contact polymers as potential antimicrobial films. Packag. Technol. Sci. 1997; 10: 271-279.
20. Paik JS, Dhanasekharan M, Kelly MJ. Antimicrobial activity of UV-irradiated nylon film for packaging applications. Packag. Technol. Sci. 1998; 11: 179-187.
21. Shearer AEH, Paik JS, Hoover DG, Haynie SL, Kelley MJ. Potential of an antibacterial ultraviolet-irradiated nylon film. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2000; 67: 141-146.
22. Hong SI, Park JD, Kim DM. Antimicrobial and physical properties of food packaging films incorporated with some natural compounds. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2000; 9: 38-42.
23. Ha JU, Kim YM, Lee DS. Multilayered antimicrobial polyethylene films applied to the packaging of ground beef. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2001; 15: 55-62.
24. Lee SD, Hwang YI, Cho SH. Developing antimicrobial packaging film for curled lettuce and soybean sprouts. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 1998; 7: 117-121.
25. Don TM, Chen CC, Lee CK, Cheng WY, Cheng LP. Preparation and antibacterial test of chitosan/PAA/PEGDA bi-layer composite membranes. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2005; 16: 1503-1519.
26. Sarasam AR, Krishnaswamy RK, Madihally SV. Blending chitosan with polycaprolactone: effects on physical and antibacterial properties. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7: 1131-1138.
27. Hong SI, Lee JW, Son SM. Properties of polysaccharide-coated polypropylene films as affected by biopolymer and plasticizer types. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2005; 18: 1-9.
28. Park SI, Daeschel MA, Zhao Y. Functional properties of antimicrobial lysozyme-chitosan composite films. J. Food Sci. 2004; 69: M215-M221.
29. Sanjurjo K, Flores S, Gerschson L, Jagus R. Study of the performance of nisin supported in edible films. Food Res. Intern. 2006; 39: 749-754.
30. Lungu B, Johnson MG. Fate of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated onto the surface of model turkey frankfurter pieces treated with zein coatings containing nisin, sodium diacetate, and sodium lactate at 4°C. J. Food Prot. 2005; 68: 855-859.
31. Lungu B, Johnson MG. Potassium sorbate does not increase control of Listeria monocytogenes when added to zein coatings with nisin on the surface of full fat turkey frankfurter pieces in a model system at 4°C. J. Food Sci. 2005; 70: M95-M99.
32. Janes ME, Kooshesh S, Johnson MG. Control of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of refrigerated, ready-to-eat chicken coated with edible zein film coatings containing nisin and/or calcium propionate. J. Food Sci. 2002; 67: 2754-2757.
33. Möller H, Grelier S, Pardon P, Coma V. Antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of chitosanHPMC-based films. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2004; 52: 6585-6591.
34. Mauriello G, De Luca E, La Storia A, Villani F, Ercolini D. Antimicrobial activity of a nisin-activated plastic film for food packaging. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2005; 41: 464-469.
35. Li B, Peng J, Yie X, Xie B. Enhancing physical properties and antimicrobial activity of Konjac glucomannan edible films by incorporating chitosan and nisin. J. Food Sci. 2006; 71: C174-C178. doi:10.111/j.1365-2621.2006.tb15613.x.
36. Li B, Kennedy JF, Peng JL, Xie X, Xie BJ. Preparation and performance evaluation of glucomannanchitosan-nisin ternary antimicrobial blend film. Carbohydr. Polym. 2006; 65: 488-494.
37. Call J, Nicholson M, Luchansky J. Evaluation of nisin-coated cellulose casings for control of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of frankfurters formulated with lactates and stored at 4 deg C. International Association for Food Protection: Des Moines; IA, 2003; 83. Abstract #p069.
38. Dawson PL, Carl GD, Acton JC, Han IY. Effect of lauric acid and nisin-impregnated soy-based films on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on turkey bologna. Poult. Sci. 2002; 81: 721-726.
39. Eswaranandam S, Hettiarachchy NS, Johnson MG. Antimicrobial activity of citric, lactic, malic, or tartaric acids and nisin-incorporated soy protein film against Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella gaminara. J. Food Technol. 2004; 69: FMS79-FMS84.
40. Hoffman KL, Han LY, Dawson PL. Antimicrobial effects of corn zein films impregnated with nisin, lauric acid, and EDTA. J. Food Prot. 2001; 64: 885-889.
41. Ko S, Janes ME, Hettiarachchy NS, Johnson MG. Physical and chemical properties of edible films containing nisin and their action against Listeria monocytogenes. J. Food Sci. 2001; 66: 1006-1011.
42. McCormick KE, Han IY, Sheldon BW, Dawson PL. In-package pasteurization combined with biocide-impregnated films to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in turkey bologna. J. Food Sci. 2005; 70: M53-M57.
43. Padgett T, Han IY, Dawson PL. Incorporation of food-grade antimicrobial compounds into biodegradable packaging films. J. Food Prot. 1998; 61: 1330-1335.
44. Theivendaran S, Hettiarachchy NS, Johnson MG. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by nisin combined with grape seed extract or green tea extract in soy protein film coated on turkey frankfurters. J. Food SCi. 2006; 71: M39-M44.
45. An D-S, Kim Y-M, Lee S-B, Paik H-D, Lee D-S. Antimicrobial low density polyethylene film coated with bacteriocins in binder medium. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2000; 9: 14-20.
46. Cha DS, Choi JH, Chinnan MS, Park HJ. Antimicrobial films based on Na-alginate and κ-carrageenan. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 2002; 35: 715-719.
47. Mauriello G, De Luca E, LaStoria A, Villani F, Ercolini D. Antimicrobial activity of a nisin-activated plastic film for food packaging. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2005; 41: 464-469.
48. Cutter CN, Willett JL, Siragusa GR. Improved antimicrobial activity of nisin-incorporated polymer films by formulation change and addition of food grade chelator. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2001; 33: 325-328.
49. Franklin NB, Cooksey KD, Getty KJK. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of individually packed hot dogs with a packaging film coating containing nisin. J. Food Sci. 2004; 67: 480-485.
50. Guerra NP, Macias CL, Agrasar AT, Castr LP. Development of a bioactive cellophane using Nisaplin® as biopreservative agent. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2005; 40: 106-110.
51. Kim YM, Paik HD, Lee DS. Shelf-life characteristics of fresh oysters and ground beef as affected by bacteriocin-coated plastic packaging film. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2002; 82: 998-1002.
52. Nicholson MD. The role of natural antimicrobials in food/packaging biopreservation. J. Plast. Film Sheet 1998; 14: 234-242.
53. Scannell AGM, Hill C, Ross RP et al. Development of bioactive food packaging materials using immobilized bacteriocins Lacticin 3147 and Nisaplin®. Intern. J. Food Microbiol. 2000; 60: 241-249.
54. Siragusa GR, Cutter CN, Willett JL. Incorporation of bacteriocin in plastic retains activity and inhibits surface growth of bacteria on meat. Food Microbiol. 1999; 16: 229-235.
55. Cha DS, Cooksey K, Chinnan MS, Park HJ. Release of nisin from various heat-pressed and cast films. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 2003a; 36: 209-213.
56. Grower JL, Cooksey K, Getty KJK. Development and characterization of an antimicrobial packaging film coating containing nisin for inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Food Prot. 2004; 67: 475-479.
57. Leung PL, Yousef AE, Shellhammer TS. Antimicrobial properties of nisin-coated polymeric films as influenced by film type and coating conditions. J. Food Safety 2003; 23: 1-12.
58. Limjaroen P, Ryser E, Lockhart H, Harte B. Development of a food packaging coating material with antimicrobial properties. J. Plast. Film Sheet 2003; 19: 95-109.
59. Padgett T, Han IY, Dawson PL. Effect of lauric acid addition on the antimicrobial efficacy and water permeability of corn zein films containing nisin. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2000; 24: 423-432.
60. Sebti I, Ham-Pichavant F, Coma V. Edible bioactive acid-cellulosic derivative composites used in food-packaging applications. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002; 50: 4290-4294.
61. Sebti I, Delves-Broughton J, Coma V. Physicochemical properties and bioactivity of nisin-containing cross-linked hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose films. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003; 51: 6468-6474.
62. Coma V, Sebti I, Pardon P, Deschamps A, Pichacant FH. Antimicrobial edible packaging based on cellulosic ethers, fatty acids, and nisin incorporatin to inhibit Listeria innocua and Staphylococcus aureus. J. Food Prot. 2001; 64: 470-475.
63. Gill AO, Holley RA. Surface application of lysozyme, nisin, and EDTA to inhibit spoilage and pathogenic bacteria on ham and bologna. J. Food Prot. 2000; 63: 1338-1346.
64. Natrajan N, Sheldon BW. Efficacy of nisin-coated polymer films to inactivate Salmonella Typhimurium on fresh broiler skin. J. Food Prot. 2000; 63: 1189-1196.
65. Pranoto Y, Rakshit SK, Salokhe VM. Enhancing antimicrobial activity of chitosan films by incorporating garlilc oil, potassium sorbate and nisin. Lebensm. Wissensch. Technol. 2005; 38: 859-865.
66. Ercolini D, La Storia A, Villani F, Mauriello G. Effect of a bacteriocin-activated polythene film on Listeria monocytogenes as evaluated by viable staining and epifluorescence microscopy. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2006; 100: 765-772.
67. Ghalfi H, Allaoui A, Destain J, Benkerroum N, Thonart P. Bacteriocin activity by Lactobacillus curvatus CWBI-B28 To inactivate Listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked salmon during 4°C storage. J. Food Prot. 2006; 69: 1066-1071.
68. Mauriello G, Ercolini D, La Storia A, Casaburi A, Villani F. Development of polythene films for food packaging activated with an antilisterial bacteriocin from Lactobacillus curvatus 32Y. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2004; 97: 314-322.
69. Ming X, Weger GH, Ayres JW, Sandine WE. Bacteriocins applied to food packaging materials to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes on meats. J. Food Sci. 1997; 62: 413-415.
70. Quintero-Salazar B, Vernon-Carter EJ, Guerrero-Legarreta I, Ponce-Alquicira E. Incorporation of the antilistirial bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance from Pediococcus parvulus VKMX133 into film-forming protein matrices with different hydrophobicity. J. Food Sci. 2005; 70: M399-M403.
71. Cagri A, Ustunol Z, Ryser ET. Inhibition of three pathogens on bologna and summer sausage using antimicrobial edible films. J. Food Technol. 2002; 67: 2317-2324.
72. Cagri A, Ustunol Z, Ryser ET. Antimicrobial, mechanical, and moisture barrier properties of low pH whey protein-based edible films containing paminobenzoic or sorbic acids. J. Food Sci. 2001; 66: 865-870.
73. Devlieghiere F, Vermeiren L, Bockstal A, Debevere J. Study on antimicrobial activity of a food packaging material containing potassium sorbate. Acta Aliment. 2000b; 29: 137-146.
74. Garcia MA, Martino MN, Zaritzky NE. Plasticized starch-based coatings to improve strawberry (Fragaria × Annanassa) quality and stability. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998; 46: 3758-3767.
75. Garcia MA, Martino MN, Zaritzky NE. Composite strach-based coatings applied to strawberies (Fragaria ananassa). Nahrung/Food 2001; 45: 267-272.
76. Ouattara B, Simard RE, Piette G, Begin A, Holley RA. Inhibition of surface spoilage bacteria in processed meats by application of antimicrobial films prepared with chitosan. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2000; 62: 139-148.
77. Chen M-C, Yeh GH-C, Chiang B-H. Antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of methylcellulose and chitosan films containing a preservative. J. Food Process. Preserv. 1996; 20: 379-390.
78. Han JH, Floros JD. Casting antimicrobial packaging films and measuring their physical properties and antimicrobial activity. J. Plast. Film Sheet 1997; 13: 287-298.
79. Weng YM, Chen MJ. Sorbic anhydride as antimicotic addititve in polyethylene food packaging films. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 1997; 30: 485-487.
80. Weng YM, Chen MJ, Chen W. Antimicrobial food packaging materials from poly(ethylene-comethacrylic acid). Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. 1999; 32: 191-195.
81. Coma V, Martial-Gros A, Garreau S et al. Edible antimicrobial films based on chitosan matrix. J. Food Sci. 2002; 67: 1163-1169.
82. Coma V, Deschamps A, Martial-Gros A. Bioactive packaging materials from edible chitosan polymer-antimicrobial activity assessment on dairy-related contaminants. J. Food Sci. 2003; 68: 2788-2792.
83. Devlieghere F, Vermeulen A, Debevere J. Chitosan: antimicrobial activity, interactions with food components and applicability as a coating on fruits and vegetables. Food Microbiol. 2004; 21: 703-714.
84. Durango AM, Soares NFF, Andrade NJ. Microbiological evaluation of an edible antimicrobial coating on minimally processed carrots. Food Control 2006; 17: 336-341.
85. Durango AM, Soares NFF, Benevides S et al. Development and evaluation of an edible antimicrobial film based on yam starch and chitosan. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2006; 19: 55-49.
86. Fernandez-Saiz P, Ocio MJ, Lagaron JM. Film-forming process and biocide assessment of high-molecular-weight chitosan as determined by combined ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and antimicrobial assays. Biopolymers 2006; 83: 577-583.
87. Mi FL, Huang CT, Liang HF et al. Physicochemical, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic characteristics of a chitosan fim cross-linked by a naturally occurring cross-linking agent, aglycone geniposidic acid. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006; 54: 3290-3296.
88. Park SK, Bae DH. Antimicrobial properties of wheat gluten-chitosan composite film in intermediate-moisture food systems. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2006; 15: 133-137.
89. Rhim J-W Hong S-I, Park H-W, Ng PKW. Preparation and characterization of chitosan-based nanocomposite films with antimicrobial properties. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006; 54: 5814-5822.
90. Cho W-Y, Han SS, Ko S-W. PVA containing chitooligosaccharide side chain. Polymer 2000; 41: 2033-2039. doi:10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00351-1
91. Zivanovic S, Chi S, Draughton AE. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan films enriched with essential oils. J. Food Sci. 2005; 70: M45-M51.
92. Sebti I, Martial-Gros A, Carnet-Pantiez A, Grelier S, Coma V. Chitosan as bioactive coating and film against Aspergillus niger contamination. J. Food Sci. 2005; 70: M100-M104.
93. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~rdb/opa-gl70.html, 20 Dec 2006.
94. Rabea EI, Badaway ET, Stevens CV, Smagghe G, Steurbaut W. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4: 1457-1465.
95. Caillet S, Milette M, Salmiéri S, Lacroix M. Combined effect of antimicrobial coating, modified atmosphere packaging, and gamma irradiation on Listeria innocua present in ready-to-use carrots (Daucus carota). J. Food Prot. 2006; 69: 80-85.
96. Jagganath JH, Radhika M, Nanjappa C, Murali HS, Bawa AS. Antimicrobial, mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of starch-based, Neem (Melia azardirachta) extract containing film. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006; 101: 3948-3954.
97. Oussalah M, Caillet S, Salmiéri S, Saucier L, Lacroix M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of milk protein-based film containing essential oils for the preservation of whole beef muscle. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2004; 52: 5598-5605.
98. Jagannath JH, Nanjappa C, Gupta DD, Bawa AS. Studies on the stability of an edible film and its use for the preservation of carrot (Daucus carota). Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2006; 41: 498-506.
99. Kim KM, Lee B-Y, Kim YT et al. Development of antimicrobial edible film incorporated with green tea extract. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2006; 15: 478-481.
100. Rojas-Graü MA, Avena-Bustillos RJ, Friedman M et al. Mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of apple puree edible films containing plant essential oils. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006; 54: 9262-9267.
101. Seydim AC, Sarikus G. Antimicrobial activity of whey protein based edible films incorporated with oregano, rosemary and garlic essential oils. Food Res. Int. 2006; 39: 639-644.
102. Pranoto Y, Salokhe VM, Rakshit SK. Physical and antibacterial properties of alginate-based edible film incorporated with garlic oil. Food Res. Int. 2005b; 38: 267-272.
103. Ouattara B, Giroux M, Yefsah R et al. Microbiological and biochemical characteristics of ground beef as affected by gamma irradiation, food additives and edible coating film. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2002; 63: 299-304. doi:10.1016/S0969-806X(01)00516-3.
104. Kim YW, Ko EJ, Ha SD et al. Physical, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of edible film produced from defatted soybean meal fermented by Bacillus subtilis. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2005; 15: 815-822.
105. Conte A, Sinigaglia M, Del Nobile MA. Antimicrobial effectiveness of lysozyme immobilized on polyvinylalcohol-bases film against Alicyclobacter acidoterrestris. J. Food Prot. 2006; 69: 861-669.
106. Buonocore GG, Conte A, Corbo MR, Sinigaglia M, Del Mobile MA. Mono- and multilayer active films containing lysozyme as antimicrobial agent. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2005; 6: 459-464.
107. Kandemir N, Yemenicioglu A, Meciatoǧlu Ç et al. Production of antimicrobial films by incorporation of partially purified lysozyme into biodegradable films of crude exopolysaccharides obtained from Aureobasidium pullulons fermentation. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2005; 43: 343-350.
108. Mecitoǧlu Ç, Yemenicioǧlu A, Arslanoǧlu A et al. Incorporation of partially purified hen egg white lysozyme into zein films for antimicrobialpackaging. Food Res. Int. 2006; 39: 12-21.
109. Min S, Krochta JM. Inhibition of Penicillium commune by edible whey protein films incorporating lactoferrin, lactoferrin hydrolysate, and lactoperoxidase systems. J. Food Sci. 2005; 70: M87-M94.
110. Min S, Harris LJ, Krochta JM. Listeria monocytogenes inhibition by whey protein films and coatings incorporating the Lactoperoxidase system. J. Food Sci. 2005; 70: M317-M324.
111. Min S, Harris LJ, Krochta JM. Antimicrobial effects of lactoferrin, lysozyme, and the lactoperoxidase system and edible whey protein films incorporating the lactoperoxidase system against Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7. J. Food Sci. 2005b; 70: M333-M338.
112. Min S, Harris L, Krochta JM. Inhibition of Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on roasted turkey by edible whey protein coatings incorporating the lactoperoxidase system. J. Food Prot. 2006; 69: 784-793.
113. Cen L, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Surface functionalization technique for conferring antibacterial properties to polymeric and cellulosic surfaces. Langmuir. 2003; 19: 10295-10303.
114. Chung D, Chikindas ML, Yam KL. Inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by slow release of propyl paraben from a polymer coating. J. Food Prot. 2001; 64: 1420-1424.
115. Hyun SH, Kim MW, Oh DH, Kang IK, Kim WS. Surface characterization of 8-quinolinyl acrylate-grafted poly(ethylene terephtalate) prepared by plasma glow discharge and its antibacterial activity. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006; 101: 863-868.
116. Appendini P, Hotchkiss JH. Surface modification of poly(styrene) by the attachment of an antimicrobial peptid. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 2001; 81: 609-616.
117. Cutter CN. The effectiveness of triclosan-incorporated plastic against bacteria on beef surfaces. J. Food Prot. 1999; 62: 474-479.
118. Vermeiren L, Devlighiere F, Debevere J. Effectiveness of some recent antimicrobial packaging concepts. Food Addit. Contam. 2002; 19(Suppl.): 163-171.
119. Vartiainen J, Skytta E, Enqvist J, Ahvenainen-Rantala R. Antimicrobial and barrier properties of LDPE films containing imazalil and EDTA. J. Plast. Sheet 2003; 19: 249-261.
120. Matche RS, Kulkarni G, Raj B. Modification of ethylene acrylic acid film for antimicrobial activity. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2006; 100: 3063-3068.
121. Weng YM, Chen MJ, Chen W Benzoyl chloride modified ionomer films as antimicrobial food packaging materials. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 1997; 32: 229-234.
122. Devlieghere F, Vermeiren L, Jacobs M, Debevere J. The effect of hexamethylenetetramine-incorporated plastic for the active packaging of foods. Packag. Technol. Sci. 2000a; 13:117-121.
123. Del Nobile MA, Cannarsi M, Altieri C et al. Effect of Ag-containing nano-composit active packaging system on survival of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. J. Food Sci. 2004; 69: E379-E383.
124. ASTM E2149-01. Standard test method for determining the antimicrobial activity of immobilized antimicrobials under dynamic contact conditions. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2001.
125. ASTM E2180-01. Standard test method of determining the activity of incorporated agent(s) in polymeric or hydrophobic materials. ASTM International: West Consnohocken, PA, 2001.