The isoform-specific functions of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs): Differences revealed by gene targeting

BioEssays

Volumn 28, Issue 9, 2006, Pages 923-934

  Bogoyevitch, Marie A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

6 ANILINOINDAZOLE; INDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; ISOPROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 12; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANEURYSM; ARTHROPATHY; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BONE REMODELING; CARCINOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MECHANISM; GENE DELETION; GENE TARGETING; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; LIVER DISEASE; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN VARIANT; REPERFUSION INJURY; REVIEW; STROKE;

ANIMALS; BONE REMODELING; HUMANS; JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; MUTAGENESIS, SITE-DIRECTED; NEOPLASMS; NERVOUS SYSTEM; PROTEIN ISOFORMS;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 33748942862     PISSN: 02659247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bies.20458     Document Type: Review

References (110)

1. Davis RJ. 2000. Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kinases. Cell 103:239-252.
2. Pulverer BJ, Kyriakis JM, Avruch J, Nikolakaki E, Woodgett JR. 1991. Phosphorylation of c-jun mediated by MAP kinases. Nature 353:670-673.
3. Dérijard B, Hibi M, Wu I-H, Barrett T, Su B et al. 1994. JNK1: a protein kinase stimulated by UV light and Ha-Ras that binds and phosphorylates the c-Jun activation domain. Cell 76:1025-1037.
4. Bogoyevitch MA, Ketterman AJ, Sugden PH. 1995. Cellular stresses differentially activate the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases and the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases in cultured ventricular myocytes. J Biol Chem 270:29710-29717.
5. Adler V, Schaffer A, Kim J, Dolan L, Ronai Z. 1995. UV irradiation and heat shock mediate JNK activation via alternate pathways. J Biol Chem 270:26071-26077.
6. Wajant H, Pfizenmaier K, Scheurich P. 2003. Tumor necrosis factor signaling. Cell Death Differ 10:45-65.
7. Ng DCH, Long CS, Bogoyevitch MA. 2001. A role for the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein Kinases in Interleukin-1?-stimulated delayed signal tranducer and activator of transcription 3 activation, atrial natriuretic factor expression, and cardiac myocyte morphology. J Biol Chem 276:29490-29498.
8. Kendrick TS, Lipscombe RJ, Rausch O, Nicholson SE, Layton JE et al. 2004. Contribution of the membrane-distal tyrosine in intracellular signaling by the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. J Biol Chem 279:326-340.
9. Bost F, McKay R, Bost M, Potapova O, Dean NM et al. 1999. The Jun kinase 2 isoform is preferentially required for epidermal growth factor-induced transformation of human A549 lung carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 19:1938-1949.
10. Assefa Z, Valius M, Vantus T, Agostinis P, Merlevede W et al. 1999. JNK/SAPK activation by platelet-derived growth factor in A431 cells requires both the phospholipase C-gamma and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways of the receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 261:641-645.
11. Marinissen MJ, Gutkind JS. 2001. G-protein-coupled receptors and signaling networks: emerging paradigms. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:368-376.
12. Pandur P, Maurus D, Kuhl M. 2002. Increasingly complex: new players enter the Wnt signaling network. Bioessays 24:881-884.
13. Rosette C, Karin M. 1996. Ultraviolet light and osmotic stress: activation of JNK cascade through multiple growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science 274:1194-1197.
14. El-Abaseri TB, Fuhrman J, Trempus C, Shendrik I, Tennant RW et al. 2005. Chemoprevention of UV light-induced skin tumorigenesis by inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 65:3958-3965.
15. Chen K, Vita JA, Berk BC, Keaney JF. 2001. c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by hydrogen peroxide in endothelial cells involves SRC-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. J Biol Chem 276:16045-16050.
16. Fischer OM, Hart S, Gschwind A, Prenzel N, Ullrich A. 2004. Oxidative and osmotic stress signaling in tumor cells is mediated by ADAM proteases and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor. Mol Cell Biol 24:5172-5183.
17. Zhao H, Tian W, Tai C, Cohen DM. 2003. Hypertonic induction of COX-2 expression in renal medullary epithelial cells requires transactivation of the EGFR. Am J Physiol 285:F281-288.
18. Zhang Y, Dong Z, Bode AM, Ma WY, Chen N et al. 2001. Induction of EGFR-dependent and EGFR-independent signaling pathways by ultraviolet A irradiation. DNA Cell Biol 20:769-779.
19. Urano F, Wang X, Bertolotti A, Zhang Y, Chung P et al. 2000. Coupling of stress in the ER to activation of JNK protein kinases by transmembrane protein kinase IRE1. Science 287:664-666.
20. Rutkowski DT, Kaufman RJ. 2004. A trip to the ER: coping with stress. Trends Cell Biol. 14:20-28.
21. Xu C, Bailly-Maitre B, Reed JC. 2005. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: cell life and death decisions. J Clin Invest 115:2656-2664.
22. Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, Lee AH, Iwakoshi NN et al. 2004. Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science 306:457-461.
23. Weiss C, Schneider S, Wagner EF, Zhang X, Seto E et al. 2003. JNK phosphorylation relieves HDACS-dependent suppression of the transcriptional activity of c-Jun. EMBO J 22:3686-3695.
24. Ip YT, Davis RJ. 1998. Signal transduction by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-from inflammation to development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 10:205-219.
25. Essers MA, Weijzen S, de Vries-Smits AM, Saarloos I, de Ruiter ND et al. 2004. FOXO transcription factor activation by oxidative stress mediated by the small GTPase Ral and JNK. EMBO J 23:4802-4812.
26. Camp HS, Tafuri SR, Leff T. 1999. c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma1 and negatively regulates its transcriptional activity. Endocrinology 140:392-397.
27. Rogatsky I, Logan SK, Garabedian MJ. 1998. Antagonism of glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activation by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:2050-2055.
28. Srinivas H, Juroske DM, Kalyankrishna S, Cody DD, Price RE et al. 2005. c-Jun N-terminal kinase contributes to aberrant retinoid signaling in lung cancer cells by phosphorylating and inducing proteasomal degradation of retinoic acid receptor alpha. Mol Cell Biol 25:1054-1069.
29. Yoshida H, Hastie CJ, McLauchlan H, Cohen P, Goedert M. 2004. Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau by isoforms of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). J Neurochem 90:352-358.
30. Gao M, Labuda T, Xia Y, Gallagher E, Fang D et al. 2004. Jun turnover is controlled through JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the E3 ligase Itch. Science 306:271-275.
31. Aguirre V, Uchida T, Yenush L, Davis R, White MF. 2000. The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase promotes insulin resistance during association with insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylation of Ser307. J Biol Chem 275:9047-9054.
32. Yu C, Minemoto Y, Zhang J, Liu J, Tang F et al. 2004. JNK suppresses apoptosis via phosphorylation of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BAD. Mol Cell 13:329-340.
33. Putcha GV, Le S, Frank S, Besirli CG, Clark K et al. 2003. JNK-mediated BIM phosphorylation potentiates BAX-dependent apoptosis. Neuron 38:899-914.
34. Yoshida K, Yamaguchi T, Natsume T, Kufe D, Miki Y. 2005. JNK phosphorylation of 14-3-3 proteins regulates nuclear targeting of c-Abl in the apoptotic response to DNA damage. Nature Cell Biol 7:278-285.
35. Tsuruta F, Sunayama J, Mori Y, Hattori S, Shimizu S et al. 2004. JNK promotes Bax translocation to mitochondria through phosphorylation of 14-3-3 proteins. EMBO J 23:1889-1899.
36. Sunayama J, Tsuruta F, Masuyama N, Gotoh Y. 2005. JNK antagonizes Akt-mediated survival signals by phosphorylating 14-3-3. J Cell Biol 170:295-304.
37. Manning AM, Davis RJ. 2003. Targeting JNK for therapeutic benefit: from JUNK to gold. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov 2:554-565.
38. Bogoyevitch MA, Boehm I, Oakley A, Ketterman AJ, Barr RK. 2004. Targeting the JNK MAPK cascade for inhibition-basic science and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta 1697:89-101.
39. Bogoyevitch MA. 2005. Therapeutic promise of JNK ATP-noncompetitive inhibitors. Trends Mol Med 11:232-239.
40. Gupta S, Barrett T, Whitmarsh AJ, Cavanagh J, Sluss HK et al. 1996. Selective interaction of JNK protein kinase isoforms with transcription factors. EMBO J 15:2760-2770.
41. Sabapathy K, Jochum W, Hochedlinger K, Chang L, Karin M et al. 1999. Defective neural tube morphogenesis and altered apoptosis in the absence of both JNK1 and JNK2. Mech Dev 89:115-124.
42. Tournier C, Hess P, Yang DD, Xu J, Turner TK et al. 2000. Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science 288:870-874.
43. Dreskin SC, Thomas GW, Dale SN, Heasley LE. 2001. Isoforms of Jun kinase are differentially expressed and activated in human monocyte/macrophage (THP-1) cells. J Immunol 166:5646-5653.
44. She Q-B, Chen N, Bode AM, Flavell RA, Dong Z. 2002. Deficiency of c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase-1 in mice enhances skin tumor development by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Cancer Res 62:1343-1348.
45. Kuan CY, Whitmarsh AJ, Yang DD, Liao G, Schloemer AJ et al. 2003. A critical role of neural-specific JNK3 for ischemic apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:15184-15189.
46. Schattenberg JM, Singh R, Wang Y, Lefkowitch JH, Rigoli RM et al. 2006. Jnk1 but not jnk2 promotes the development of steatohepatitis in mice. Hepatology 43:163-172.
47. Barr RK, Bogoyevitch MA. 2001. The c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (JNK MAPKs). Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol 33:1047-1063.
48. Kuan CY, Yang DD, Samanta Roy DR, Davis RJ, Rakic P et al. 1999. The Jnk1 and Jnk2 protein kinases are required for regional specific apoptosis during early brain development. Neuron 22:667-676.
49. Dong C, Davis RJ, Flavell RA. 2002. MAP kinases in the immune response. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 20:55-72.
50. Yang DD, Kuan C-Y, Whitmarsh AJ, Rincon M, Zheng TS et al. 1997. Absence of excitotoxicity induced apoptosis in the hippocampus of mice lacking the Jnk3 gene. Nature 389:865-870.
51. Hunot S, Vila M, Teismann P, Davis RJ, Hirsch EC et al. 2004. JNK-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase 2 is required for neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:665-670.
52. Chang L, Jones Y, Ellisman MH, Goldstein LSB, Karin M. 2003. JNK1 is required for maintenance of neuronal microtubules and controls phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins. Dev Cell 4:521-533.
53. Bjorkblom B, Ostman N, Hongisto V, Komarovski V, Filen JJ et al. 2005. Constitutively active cytoplasmic c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 is a dominant regulator of dendritic architecture: role of microtubule-associated protein 2 as an effector. J Neurosci 25:6350-6361.
54. Tararuk T, Ostman N, Li W, Bjorkblom B, Padzik A et al. 2006. JNK1 phosphorylation of SCG10 determines microtubule dynamics and axodendritic length. J Cell Biol 173:265-277.
55. Morishima Y, Gotoh Y, Zieg J, Barrett T, Takano H et al. 2001. Beta-amyloid induces neuronal apoptosis via a mechanism that involves the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and the induction of Fas ligand. J Neurosci 21:7551-7560.
56. Fogarty MP, Downer EJ, Campbell V. 2003. A role for c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), but not JNK2, in the beta-amyloid-mediated stabilization of protein p53 and induction of the apoptotic cascade in cultured cortical neurons. Biochem J 371:789-798.
57. Kimberly WT, Zheng JB, Town T, Flavell RA, Selkoe DJ. 2005. Physiological regulation of the beta-amyloid precursor protein signaling domain by c-Jun N-terminal kinase JNK3 during neuronal differentiation. J Neurosci 25:5533-5543.
58. Keramaris E, Vanderluit JL, Bahadori M, Mousavi K, Davis RJ et al. 2005. c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 deficiency protects neurons from axotomy induced death in vivo, through mechanisms independent of c-Jun phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 280:1132-1141.
59. Brecht S, Kirchhof R, Chromik A, Willesen M, Nicolaus T et al. 2005. Specific pathophysiological functions of JNK isoforms in the brain. Eur J Neurosci 21:363-377.
60. Amura CR, Marek L, Winn RA, Heasley LE. 2005. Inhibited neurogenesis in JNK1-deficient embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Biol 25:10791-10802.
61. Weston CR, Wong A, Hall JP, Goad MEP, Ravell RA et al. 2003. JNK initiates a cytokine cascade that causes Pax2 expression and closure of the optic fissure. Genes Dev 17:1271-1280.
62. Chen JT, Lu DH, Chia CP, Ruan DY, Sabapathy K et al. 2005. Impaired long-term potentiation in c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2-deficient mice. J Neurochem 93:463-473.
63. Edwards SN, Tolkovsky AM. 1994. Characterization of apoptosis in cultured rat sympathetic neurons after nerve growth factor withdrawal. J Cell Biol 124:537-546.
64. Bruckner SR, Tammariello SP, Kuan CY, Flavell RA, Rakic P et al. 2001. JNK3 contributes to c-Jun activation and apoptosis but not oxidative stress in nerve growth factor-deprived sympathetic neurons. J Neurochem 78:298-303.
65. Ham J, Babij C, Whitfield J, Pfarr CM, Lallemand D et al. 1995. A c-Jun dominant negative mutant protects sympathetic neurons against programmed cell death. Neuron 14:927-939.
66. Bruckner SR, Estus S. 2002. JNK3 contributes to c-jun induction and apoptosis in 4-hydroxynonenal-treated sympathetic neurons. J Neurosci Res 70:665-670.
67. Ghahremani MH, Keramaris E, Shree T, Xia Z, Davis RJ et al. 2002. Interaction of the c-Jun/JNK pathway and cyclin-dependent kinases in death of embryonic cortical neurons evoked by DNA damage. J. Biol. Chem. 277:35586-35596.
68. David JP, Sabapathy K, Hoffmann O, Idarraga MH, Wagner EF. 2002. JNK1 modulates osteoclastogenesis through both c-Jun phosphorylation dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Cell Sci 115:4317-4325.
69. Koller M, Hayer S, Redlich K, Ricci R, David JP et al. 2005. JNK1 is not essential for TNF-mediated joint disease. Arthritis Res Ther 7:R166-173.
70. Han Z, Chang L, Yamanishi Y, Karin M, Firestein GS. 2002. Joint damage and inflammation in c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 2 knockout mice with passive murine collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 46:818-823.
71. Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, Gorgun CZ, Uysal KT et al. 2002. A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 420:333-336.
72. Jaeschke A, Rincon M, Doran B, Reilly J, Neuberg D et al. 2005. Disruption of the Jnk2 (Mapk9) gene reduces destructive insulitis and diabetes in a mouse model of type I diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:6931-6935.
73. Ricci R, Sumara G, Sumara I, Rozenberg I, Kurrer M et al. 2004. Requirement of JNK2 for scavenger receptor A-mediated foam cell formation in atherogenesis. Science 306:1558-1561.
74. Li Y, Schwabe RF, DeVries-Seimon T, Yao PM, Gerbod-Giannone MC et al. 2005. Free cholesterol-loaded macrophages are an abundant source of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6: model of NF-kappaB- and map kinase-dependent inflammation in advanced atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 280:21763-21772.
75. Devries-Seimon T, Li Y, Yao PM, Stone E, Wang Y et al. 2005. Cholesterol-induced macrophage apoptosis requires ER stress pathways and engagement of the type A scavenger receptor. J Cell Biol 171:61-73.
76. Yoshimura K, Aoki H, Ikeda Y, Fujii K, Akiyama N et al. 2005. Regression of abdominal aortic aneurysm by inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Nature Med. 11:1330-1338.
77. Thompson RW. 2005. Aneurysm treatments expand. Nature Med 11:1279-1281.
78. Liang Q, Bueno OF, Wilkins BJ, Kuan CY, Xia Y et al. 2003. c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) antagonize cardiac growth through cross-talk with calcineurin-NFAT signaling. EMBO J 22:5079-5089.
79. Tachibana H, Perrino C, Takaoka H, Davis RJ, Naga Prasad SV et al. 2006. JNK1 is required to preserve cardiac function in the early response to pressure overload. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 343:1060-1066.
80. Kaiser RA, Liang Q, Bueno OF, Huang Y, Lackey T et al. 2005. Genetic inhibition or activation of JNK1/2 each protect the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion-induced cell death in vivo. J Biol Chem 280:32602-32608.
81. Ferrandi C, Ballerio R, Gaillard P, Giachetti C, Carboni S et al. 2004. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase decreases cardiomyocyte apoptosis and infarct size after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in anaesthetized rats. Br J Pharmacol 142:953-960.
82. Qiao L, Han SI, Fang Y, Park JS, Gupta S et al. 2003. Bile acid regulation of C/EBPbeta, CREB, and c-Jun function, via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathways, modulates the apoptotic response of hepatocytes. Mol Cell Biol 23:3052-3066.
83. Maeda S, Chang L, Li ZW, Luo JL, Leffert H et al. 2003. IKKbeta is required for prevention of apoptosis mediated by cell-bound but not by circulating TNFalpha. Immunity. 19:725-737.
84. Wang Y, Singh R, Lefkowitch JH, Rigoli RM, Czaja MJ. 2006. Tumor necrosis factor-induced toxic liver injury results from JNK2-dependent activation of caspase-8 and the mitochondrial death pathway. J Biol Chem 281:15258-15267.
85. Tsuiki H, Tnani M, Okamoto I, Kenyon LC, Emlet DR et al. 2003. Constitutively active forms of c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase are expressed in primary gial tumors. Cancer Res 63:250-255.
86. Chen N, Nomura M, She Q-B, Ma W-Y, Bode AM et al. 2001. Suppression of skin tumorigenesis in c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-2-deficient mice. Cancer Res 61:3908-3912,
87. Su GH, Hilgers W, Shekher MC, Tang DJ, Yeo CJ et al. 1998. Alterations in pancreatic, biliary, and breast carcinomas support MKK4 as a genetically targeted tumor suppressor gene. Cancer Res 58:2339-2342.
88. Cazillis M, Bringuier AF, Delautier D, Buisine M, Bernuau D et al. 2004. Disruption of MKK4 signaling reveals its tumor-suppressor role in embryonic stem cells. Oncogene 23:4735-4744.
89. Sabapathy K, Hochedlinger K, Nam SY, Bauer A, Kann M et al. 2004. Distinct roles for JNK1 and JNK2 in regulating JNK activity and c-Jun-dependent cell proliferation. Mol Cell 15:713-25.
90. Sabapathy K, Wagner EF. 2004. JNK2: A Negative Regulator of Cellular Proliferation. Cell Cycle 3:1520-1523,
91. Ronai Z. 2004. JNKing Revealed. Mol Cell 15:843-844.
92. Kadoya T, Khurana A, Tcherpakov M, Bromberg KD, Didier C et al. 2005. JAMP, a Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1)-associated membrane protein, regulates duration of JNK activity. Mol Cell Biol 25:8619-8630.
93. McDonald PH, Chow CW, Miler WE, Laporte SA, Field ME et al. 2000. ?-Arrestin 2: a receptor-regulated MAPK scaffold for the activation of JNK3. Science 290:1574-1577.
94. Chang L, Kamata H, Solinas G, Luo J-L, Maeda S et al. 2006. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch couples JNK activation to TNF?-induced cell death by inducing c-FLIPL turnover. Cell 124:601-613.
95. Venuprasad K, Elly C, Gao M, Salek-Ardakani S, Harada Y et al. 2006. Convergence of Itch-induced ubiquitination with MEKK1-JNK signaling in Th2 tolerance and airway inflammation. J Clin Invest 116:1117-1126.
96. Gdalyahu A, Ghosh I, Levy T, Sapir T, Sapoznik S et al. 2004. DCX, a new mediator of the JNK pathway. EMBO J 23:823-832.
97. Mayer C, Bierhoff H, Grummt I. 2005. The nucleolus as a stress sensor: JNK2 inactivates the transcription factor TIF-IA and down-regulates rRNA synthesis. Genes Dev 19:933-941.
98. Park HS, Huh SH, Kim MS, Kim DY, Gwag BJ et al. 2006. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) modulates the JNK1 activity through redox mechanism: A cGMP independent pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. in press.
99. Eminel S, Klettner A, Roemer L, Herdegen T, Waetzig V. 2004. JNK2 translocates to the mitochondria and mediates cytochrome c release in PC12 cells in response to 6-hydroxydopamine. J. Biol Chem 279:55385-55392.
100. Hreniuk D, Garay M, Gaarde W, Monia BP. McKay RA et al. 2001. Inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2, suppresses apoptosis induced by ischemia/reoxygenation in rat cardiac myocytes. Mol. Pharmacol 59:867-874.
101. Potapova O, Anisimov SV, Gorospe M, Dougherty RH, Gaarde WA et al. 2002. Targets of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase 2-mediated tumor growth regulation revealed by serial analysis of gene expression. Cancer Res 62:3257-3263.
102. Yang YM, Bost F, Charbono W, Dean N, McKay R et al. 2003. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase mediates proliferation and tumor growth of human prostate carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res 9:391-401.
103. Du L, Lyle CS, Obey TB, Gaarde WA, Muir JA et al. 2004. Inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by specific inhibition of basal JNK activity: evidence that mitotic Bcl-2 phosphorylation is JNK-independent. J Biol Chem 279:11957-11966.
104. Tafolla E, Wang S, Wong B, Leong J, Kapila YL. 2005. JNK1 and JNK2 oppositely regulate p53 in signaling linked to apoptosis triggered by an altered fibronectin matrix: JNK links FAK and p53. J Biol Chem 280:19992-19999.
105. MacCorkle RA, Tan TH. 2004. Inhibition of JNK2 disrupts anaphase and produces aneuploidy in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 279:40112-40121.
106. Han B, Mura M, Andrade CF, Okutani D, Lodyga M et al. 2005. TNF?-induced long pentraxin PTX3 expression in human lung epithelial cells via JNK. J Immunol 175:8303-8311.
107. Pawate S, Bhat NR. 2006. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Regulation of iNOS Expression in Glial Cells: Predominant Role of JNK1 Isoform. Antioxid Redox Signal 8:903-909.
108. Nguyen MT, Satoh H, Favelyukis S, Babendure JL, Imamura T et al. 2005. JNK and tumor necrosis factor-? mediate free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 280:35361-35371.
109. Swahn BM, Huerta F, Kallin E, Malmstrom J, Weigelt T et al. 2005. Design and synthesis of 6-anilinoindazoles as selective inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 15:5095-5099.
110. Han SY, Kim SH, Heasley LE. 2002. Differential gene regulation by specific gain-of-function JNK1 proteins expressed in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 277:47167-47174.