Regulation of the PTEN phosphatase

Gene

Volumn 374, Issue 1-2, 2006, Pages 1-9

  Gericke, Arne ^a   Munson, Mary ^b   Ross, Alonzo H ^b  

^a KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Interfacial enzyme; Nuclear transport; Phosphatidylinositol; Phosphorylation; Protein tethering; Tumor suppressor

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR; NEUTRAL PROTEINASE; PDZ PROTEIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; PROTEIN INTERACTING WITH CARBOXY TERMINUS 1; PROTEIN KINASE LKB1; PROTEIN P53; RHOA ASSOCIATED KINASE ENZYME; SMAD3 PROTEIN; SPHINGOSINE 1 PHOSPHATE; SPHINGOSINE 1 PHOSPHATE 2; THIOREDOXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CELL NUCLEUS; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; ENZYME BINDING; ENZYME INACTIVATION; ENZYME REGULATION; MEMBRANE BINDING; MSP58 ONCOGENE; ONCOGENE; OXIDATION; PHOSPHOLIPID MEMBRANE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL PHOSPHATES; PHOSPHORIC MONOESTER HYDROLASES; PHOSPHORYLATION; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; PTEN PHOSPHOHYDROLASE; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS;

EID: 33646705667     PISSN: 03781119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.02.024     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Adey N.B., et al. Threonine phosphorylation of the MMAC1/PTEN PDZ binding domain both inhibits and stimulates PDZ binding. Cancer Res. 60 (2000) 35-37
2. Ahn J.Y., Rong R., Liu X., and Ye K. PIKE/nuclear PI 3-kinase signaling mediates the antiapoptotic actions of NGF in the nucleus. EMBO J. 23 (2004) 3995-4006
3. 3 receptor, mediates the antiapoptotic actions of NGF by inhibiting CAD. Mol. Cell 18 (2005) 435-445
4. Al-Khouri A.M., Ma Y., Togo S.H., Williams S., and Mustelin T. Cooperative phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase (PTEN) by casein kinases and glycogen synthase kinase 3?. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 35195-35202
5. Bahnson B.J. Structure, function and interfacial allosterism in phospholipase A2: insight from the anion-assisted dimer. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 433 (2005) 96-106
6. Balla T., Bondeva T., and Varnai P. How accurately can we image inositol lipids in living cells?. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 21 (2000) 238-241
7. Bayascas J.R., Leslie N.R., Parsons R., Fleming S., and Alessi D.R. Hypomorphic mutation of PDK1 suppresses tumorigenesis in PTEN(+/-) mice. Curr. Biol. 15 (2005) 1839-1846
8. Berg O.G., Gelb M.H., Tsai M.D., and Jain M.K. Interfacial enzymology: the secreted phospholipase A(2)-paradigm. Chem. Rev. 101 (2001) 2613-2654
9. Birle D., et al. Negative feedback regulation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by phosphoinositide-induced serine phosphorylation. J. Immunol. 169 (2002) 286-291
10. 2. Biochemistry 43 (2004) 3907-3916
11. Boronenkov I.V., Loijens J.C., Umeda M., and Anderson R.A. Phosphoinositide signaling pathways in nuclei are associated with nuclear speckles containing pre-mRNA processing factors. Mol. Biol. Cell 9 (1998) 3547-3560
12. Butler M.G., et al. Subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorders and extreme macrocephaly associated with germline PTEN tumour suppressor gene mutations. J. Med. Genet. 42 (2005) 318-321
13. Campbell R.B., Liu F., and Ross A.H. Allosteric activation of PTEN phosphatase by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 33617-33620
14. Canton D.A., and Litchfield D.W. The shape of things to come: an emerging role for protein kinase CK2 in the regulation of cell morphology and the cytoskeleton. Cell. Signal. 18 (2006) 267-275
15. Caramelli E., et al. Nuclear phosphoinositide-specific phopholipase C, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and protein kinase C during rat spermatogenesis. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 71 (1996) 154-164
16. 3 in cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 50 (2002) 697-708
17. Cho S.H., et al. Redox regulation of PTEN and protein tyrosine phosphatases in H(2)O(2) mediated cell signaling. FEBS Lett. 560 (2004) 7-13
18. Chung J.H., and Eng C. Nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) differentially regulates the cell cycle and apoptosis. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 8096-8100
19. Chung J.H., Ginn-Pease M.E., and Eng C. Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) has nuclear localization signal-like sequences for nuclear import mediated by major vault protein. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 4108-4116
20. Crockett D.K., Fillmore G.C., Elenitoba-Johnson K.S., and Lim M.S. Analysis of phosphatase and tensin homolog tumor suppressor interacting proteins by in vitro and in silico proteomics. Proteomics 5 (2005) 1250-1262
21. Czech M.P. PIP2 and PIP3: complex roles at the cell surface. Cell 100 (2000) 603-606
22. Das S., Dixon J.E., and Cho W. Membrane-binding and activation mechanism of PTEN. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 (2003) 7491-7496
23. Datta S.R., Brunet A., and Greenberg M.E. Cellular survival: a play in three Akts. Genes Dev. 13 (1999) 2905-2927
24. Faux M.C., and Scott J.D. More on target with protein phosphorylation: conferring specificity by location. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21 (1996) 312-315
25. Freeman D.J., et al. PTEN tumor suppressor regulates p53 protein levels and activity through phosphatase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Cancer Cells 3 (2003) 117-130
26. Funamoto S., Meili R., Lee S., Parry L., and Firtel R.A. Spatial and temporal regulation of 3-phosphoinositides by PI 3-kinase and PTEN mediates chemotaxis. Cell 109 (2002) 611-623
27. Furnari F.B., Lin H., Huang H.-J.S., and Cavenee W.K. Growth suppression of glioma cells by PTEN requires a functional phosphatase catalytic domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94 (1997) 12479-12484
28. Gimm O., et al. Differential nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of PTEN in normal thyroid tissue, and benign and malignant epithelial thyroid tumors. Am. J. Pathol. 156 (2000) 1693-1700
29. Ginn-Pease M.E., and Eng C. Increased nuclear phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 is associated with G0-G1 in mcf-7 cells. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 282-286
30. Gozani O., et al. The PHD finger of the chromatin-associated protein ING2 functions as a nuclear phosphoinositide receptor. Cell 114 (2003) 99-111
31. Gu J., Tamura M., and Yamada K.M. Tumor suppressor PTEN inhibits integrin- and growth factor-mediated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. J. Cell Biol. 143 (1998) 1375-1383
32. Hjelmeland A.B., et al. Loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue increases transforming growth factor β-mediated invasion with enhanced SMAD3 transcriptional activity. Cancer Res. 65 (2005) 11276-11281
33. Iijima M., and Devreotes P. Tumor suppressor PTEN mediates sensing of chemoattractant gradients. Cell 109 (2002) 599-610
34. Iijima M., Huang Y.E., Luo H.R., Vazquez F., and Devreotes P.N. Novel mechanism of PTEN regulation by its phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate binding motif is critical for chemotaxis. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 16606-16613
35. Janetopoulos C., Borleis J., Vazquez F., Iijima M., and Devreotes P. Temporal and spatial regulation of phosphoinositide signaling mediates cytokinesis. Dev. Cell 8 (2005) 467-477
36. Kotelevets L., van Hengel J., Bruyneel E., Mareel M., van Roy F., and Chastre E. Implication of the MAGI-1b/PTEN signalosome in stabilization of adherens junctions and suppression of invasiveness. FASEB J. 19 (2005) 115-117
37. Koul D., et al. Motif analysis of the tumor suppressor gene MMAC/PTEN identifies tyrosines critical for tumor suppression and lipid phosphatase activity. Oncogene 21 (2002) 2357-2364
38. Krylova I.N., et al. Structural analyses reveal phosphatidyl inositols as ligands for the NR5 orphan receptors SF-1 and LRH-1. Cell 120 (2005) 343-355
39. Lachyankar M.B., et al. A role for nuclear PTEN in neuronal differentiation. J. Neurosci. 20 (2000) 1404-1413
40. Lee J.-O., et al. Crystal structure of the PTEN tumor suppressor: implications for its phosphoinositide phosphatase activity and membrane association. Cell 99 (1999) 323-334
41. 2. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 20336-20342
42. Leslie N.R., and Downes C.P. PTEN function: how normal cells control it and tumour cells lose it. Biochem. J. 382 (2004) 1-11
43. Leslie N.R., Bennett D., Lindsay Y.E., Stewart H., Gray A., and Downes C.P. Redox regulation of PI 3-kinase signalling via inactivation of PTEN. EMBO J. 22 (2003) 5501-5510
44. Li D.-M., and Sun H. TEP1, encoded by a candidate tumor suppressor locus, is a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase regulated by transforming growth factor β. Cancer Res. 57 (1997) 2124-2129
45. Li J., et al. PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science 275 (1997) 1943-1947
46. Li Z., et al. Directional sensing requires Gβγ-mediated PAK1 and PIXα-dependent activation of Cdc42. Cell 114 (2003) 215-227
47. Li Z., et al. Regulation of PTEN by Rho small GTPases. Nat. Cell Biol. 7 (2005) 399-404
48. Lin H.K., Hu Y.C., Lee D.K., and Chang C. Regulation of androgen receptor signaling by PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) tumor suppressor through distinct mechanisms in prostate cancer cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 18 (2004) 2409-2423
49. Liu F., Wagner S., Campbell R.B., Nickerson J.A., Schiffer C.A., and Ross A.H. PTEN enters the nucleus by diffusion. J. Cell. Biochem. 96 (2005) 221-234
50. Liu J.L., Sheng X., Hortobagyi Z.K., Mao Z., Gallick G.E., and Yung W.K. Nuclear PTEN-mediated growth suppression is independent of Akt down-regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25 (2005) 6211-6224
51. Lu P.-J., Hsu A.-L., Wang D.-S., Yan H.Y., Yin H.L., and Chen C.-S. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase in rat liver nuclei. Biochemistry 37 (1998) 5738-5745
52. Lu Y., et al. Src family protein-tyrosine kinases alter the function of PTEN to regulate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT cascades. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 40057-40066
53. Maehama T., and Dixon J.E. The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 13375-13378
54. Mahimainathan L., and Choudhury G.G. Inactivation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor by the tumor suppressor PTEN provides a novel mechanism of action of the phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 15258-15268
55. Marshall J.G., et al. Restricted accumulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase products in a plasmalemmal subdomain during Fcg receptor-mediated phagocytosis. J. Cell Biol. 153 (2001) 1369-1380
56. Mazzotti G., et al. Immunocytochemical detection of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate localization sites within the nucleus. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 43 (1995) 181-191
57. McConnachie G., Pass I., Walker S.M., and Downes C.P. Interfacial kinetic analysis of the tumour suppressor phosphatase, PTEN: evidence for activation by anionic phospholipids. Biochem. J. 371 (2003) 947-955
58. Mehenni H., et al. LKB1 interacts with and phosphorylates PTEN: a functional link between two proteins involved in cancer predisposing syndromes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14 (2005) 2209-2219
59. Meuillet E.J., Mahadevan D., Berggren M., Coon A., and Powis G. Thioredoxin-1 binds to the C2 domain of PTEN inhibiting PTEN's lipid phosphatase activity and membrane binding: a mechanism for the functional loss of PTEN's tumor suppressor activity. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 429 (2004) 123-133
60. Miller S., Lou D., Seldin D., Lane W., and Neel B. Direct identification of PTEN phosphorylation sites. FEBS Lett. 528 (2002) 145
61. Mohamed A.J., Vargas L., Nore B.F., Backesjo C.M., Christensson B., and Smith C.I. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 40614-40619
62. Mossink M.H., et al. Disruption of the murine major vault protein (MVP/LRP) gene does not induce hypersensitivity to cytostatics. Cancer Res. 62 (2002) 7298-7304
63. Mossink M.H., van Zon A., Scheper R.J., Sonneveld P., and Wiemer E.A. Vaults: a ribonucleoprotein particle involved in drug resistance?. Oncogene 22 (2003) 7458-7467
64. Murray D., and Honig B. Electrostatic control of the membrane targeting of C2 domains. Mol. Cell 9 (2002) 145-154
65. Mustelin T., et al. The next wave: protein tyrosine phosphatases enter T cell antigen receptor signalling. Cell. Signal. 11 (1999) 637-650
66. Myers M.P., et al. The lipid phosphatase activity of PTEN is critical for its tumor suppressor function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 (1998) 13513-13518
67. Ning K., et al. Dual neuroprotective signaling mediated by downregulating two distinct phosphatase activities of PTEN. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 4052-4060
68. Okahara F., Ikawa H., Kanaho Y., and Maehama T. Regulation of PTEN phosphorylation and stability by a tumor suppressor candidate protein. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 45300-45303
69. Okumura K., Zhao M., Depinho R.A., Furnari F.B., and Cavenee W.K. Cellular transformation by the MSP58 oncogene is inhibited by its physical interaction with the PTEN tumor suppressor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 2703-2706
70. Ortlund E.A., et al. Modulation of human nuclear receptor LRH-1 activity by phospholipids and SHP. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 12 (2005) 357-363
71. Oudit G.Y., Sun H., Kerfant B.G., Crackower M.A., Penninger J.M., and Backx P.H. The role of phosphoinositide-3 kinase and PTEN in cardiovascular physiology and disease. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 37 (2004) 449-471
72. Perren A., et al. Mutation and expression analyses reveal differential subcellular compartmentalization of PTEN in endocrine pancreatic tumors compared to normal islet cells. Am. J. Pathol. 157 (2000) 1097-1103
73. Peters A.R., et al. Conformational changes in phospholipase A2 upon binding to micellar interfaces in the absence and presence of competitive inhibitors. A 1H and 15N NMR study. Biochemistry 31 (1992) 10024-10030
74. Pilarski R., and Eng C. Will the real Cowden syndrome please stand up (again)? Expanding mutational and clinical spectra of the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 41 (2004) 323-326
75. Raftopoulou M., Etienne-Manneville S., Self A., Nicholls S., and Hall A. Regulation of cell migration by the C2 domain of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Science 303 (2004) 1179-1181
76. Ron D., and Kazanietz M.G. New insights into the regulation of protein kinase C and novel phorbol receptors. FASEB J. 13 (1999) 1658-1676
77. Sanchez T., et al. PTEN as an effector in the signaling of antimigratory G protein-coupled receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102 (2005) 4312-4317
78. Sano T., et al. Differential expression of MMAC/PTEN in glioblastoma multiforme: relationship to localization and prognosis. Cancer Res. 59 (1999) 1820-1824
79. Sato M., Ueda Y., Takagi T., and Umezawa Y. Production of PtdInsP(3) at endomembranes is triggered by receptor endocytosis. Nat. Cell Biol. 5 (2003) 1016-1022
80. Schaletzky J., Dove S.K., Short B., Lorenzo O., Clague M.J., and Barr F.A. Phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate activation and conserved substrate specificity of the myotubularin phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphatases. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) 504-509
81. Shoman N., Klassen S., McFadden A., Bickis M.G., Torlakovic E., and Chibbar R. Reduced PTEN expression predicts relapse in patients with breast carcinoma treated by tamoxifen. Mod. Path. 18 (2005) 250-259
82. Simpson L., and Parsons R. PTEN: life as a tumor suppressor. Exp. Cell Res. 264 (2001) 29-41
83. Siomi H., and Dreyfuss G. A nuclear localization domain in the hnRNP A1 protein. J. Cell Biol. 129 (1995) 551-560
84. Steck P.A., et al. Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, MMAC1, at chromosome 10q23.3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers. Nat. Genet. 15 (1997) 356-362
85. Stocker H., et al. Living with lethal PIP3 levels: viability of flies lacking PTEN restored by a PH domain mutation in Akt/PKB. Science 295 (2002) 2088-2091
86. Su J.D., Mayo L.D., Donner D.B., and Durden D.L. PTEN and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase inhibitors up-regulate p53 and block tumor-induced angiogenesis: evidence for an effect on the tumor and endothelial compartment. Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 3585-3592
87. Subauste M.C., Nalbant P., Adamson E.D., and Hahn K.M. Vinculin controls PTEN protein level by maintaining the interaction of the adherens junction protein beta-catenin with the scaffolding protein MAGI-2. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 5676-5681
88. Sumitomo M., et al. Synergy in tumor suppression by direct interaction of Neutral Endopeptidase with PTEN. Cancer Cell 5 (2004) 67-78
89. Sumitomo M., Shen R., and Nanus D.M. Involvement of neutral endopeptidase in neoplastic progression. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1751 (2005) 52-59
90. Tachibana M., et al. Expression and prognostic significance of PTEN product protein in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 94 (2002) 1955-1960
91. Tamura M., Gu J., Matsumoto K., Aota S.-I., Parsons R., and Yamada K.M. Inhibition of cell migration, spreading, and focal adhesions by tumor suppressor PTEN. Science 280 (1998) 1614-1617
92. Tanaka K., et al. Evidence that a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate-binding protein can function in nucleus. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 3919-3922
93. Tolkacheva T., Boddapati M., Sanfiz A., Tsuchida K., Kimmelman A.C., and Chan A.M. Regulation of PTEN binding to MAGI-2 by two putative phosphorylation sites at threonine 382 and 383. Cancer Res. 61 (2001) 4985-4989
94. Torres J., and Pulido R. The tumor suppressor PTEN Is phosphorylated by the protein kinase CK2 at its C terminus. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 993-998
95. Torres J., et al. Phosphorylation-regulated cleavage of the tumor suppressor PTEN by caspase-3. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 30652-30660
96. Tsao H., Mihm Jr. M.C., and Sheehan C. PTEN expression in normal skin, acquired melanocytic nevi, and cutaneous melanoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 49 (2003) 865-872
97. Valiente M., et al. Binding of PTEN to specific PDZ domains contributes to PTEN protein stability and phosphorylation by microtubule-associated serine/threonine kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 28936-28943
98. van den Berg B., et al. NMR structures of phospholipase A2 reveal conformational changes during interfacial activation. Nat. Struct. Biol. 2 (1995) 402-406
99. van den Berg B., Tessari M., de Haas G.H., Verheij H.M., Boelens R., and Kaptein R. Solution structure of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 4123-4131
100. Vazquez F., Ramaswamy S., Nakamura N., and Sellers W.R. Phosphorylation of the PTEN tail regulates protein stability and function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (2000) 5010-5018
101. Vazquez F., Grossman S.R., Takahashi Y., Rokas M.V., Nakamura N., and Sellers W.R. Phosphorylation of the PTEN tail acts as an inhibitory switch by preventing its recruitment into a protein complex. J. Biol. Chem. 13 (2001) 13
102. von Stein W., Ramrath A., Grimm A., Muller-Borg M., and Wodarz A. Direct association of Bazooka/PAR-3 with the lipid phosphatase PTEN reveals a link between the PAR/aPKC complex and phosphoinositide signaling. Development 132 (2005) 1675-1686
103. Walker S.M., Leslie N.R., Perera N.M., Batty I.H., and Downes C.P. The tumour-suppressor function of PTEN requires an N-terminal lipid-binding motif. Biochem. J. 379 (2004) 301-307
104. Whiteman D.C., Zhou X.P., Cummings M.C., Pavey S., Hayward N.K., and Eng C. Nuclear PTEN expression and clinicopathologic features in a population-based series of primary cutaneous melanoma. Int. J. Cancer 99 (2002) 63-67
105. Wishart M.J., and Dixon J.E. PTEN and myotubularin phosphatases: from 3-phosphoinositide dephosphorylation to disease. Trends Cell Biol. 12 (2002) 579-585
106. Wu X., et al. Evidence for regulation of the PTEN tumor suppressor by a membrane-localized multi-PDZ domain containing scaffold protein MAGI-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97 (2000) 4233-4238
107. Wu Y., et al. Interaction of the tumor suppressor PTEN/MMAC with a PDZ domain of MAGI3, a novel membrane-associated guanylate kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 21477-21485
108. Xu J., et al. Divergent signals and cytoskeletal assemblies regulate self-organizing polarity in neutrophils. Cell 114 (2003) 201-214
109. Yu Z., et al. PTEN associates with the vault particles in HeLa cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 40247-40252
110. Zhang P., and Steinberg B.M. Overexpression of PTEN/MMAC1 and decreased activation of Akt in human papillomavirus-infected laryngeal papillomas. Cancer Res. 60 (2000) 1457-1462
111. Zhang X., Wehbi H., and Roberts M.F. Cross-linking phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C traps two activating phosphatidylcholine molecules on the enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 20490-20500
112. Zhou X.P., et al. PTEN mutational spectra, expression levels, and subcellular localization in microsatellite stable and unstable colorectal cancers. Am. J. Pathol. 161 (2002) 439-447