New insights into the regulation of protein kinase C and novel phorbol ester receptors

FASEB Journal

Volumn 13, Issue 13, 1999, Pages 1658-1676

  Ron, Dorit ^a,c   Kazanietz, Marcelo G ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c SAN FRANCISCO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Anchoring proteins; Chimaerin; Phorbol ester; PKC; Signal transduction

Indexed keywords

DIACYLGLYCEROL; PHORBOL ESTER; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITIDE; PHOSPHOLIPID; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; TUMOR PROMOTER;

ANIMAL CELL; AUTOPHOSPHORYLATION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; ENZYME REGULATION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0032849088     PISSN: 08926638     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.13.13.1658     Document Type: Review

References (181)

1. Takai, Y., Kishimoto, A., Inoue, M., and Nishizuka, Y. (1977) Studies on a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase and its proenzyme in mammalian tissues. I. Purification and characterization of an active enzyme from bovine cerebellum. J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7603-7609
2. Blumberg, P. M. (1988) Protein kinase C as the receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters: sixth Rhodes memorial award lecture. Cancer Res. 48, 1-8
3. Mellor, H., and Parker, P. J. (1998) The extended protein kinase C superfamily. Biochem. J. 332, 281-292
4. Newton, A. C. (1995) Protein kinase C: structure, function, and regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 28495-28498
5. Newton, A. C. (1997) Regulation of protein kinase C. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9, 161-167
6. Johannes, F. J., Prestle, J., Eis, S., Oberhagemann, P., and Pfizenmaier, K. (1994) PKCu is a novel, atypical member of the protein kinase C family. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 6140-6148
7. Valverde, A. M., Sinnett-Smith, J., Van Lint, J., and Rozengurt, E. (1994) Molecular cloning and characterization of protein kinase D: a target for diacylglycerol and phorbol esters with a distinctive catalytic domain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8572-8576
8. Orr, J. W., Keranen, L. M., and Newton, A. C. (1992) Reversible exposure of the pseudosubstrate domain of protein kinase C by phosphatidylserine and diacylglycerol. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 15263-15266
9. House, C., and Kemp, B. E. (1987) Protein kinase C contains a pseudosubstrate prototope in its regulatory domain. Science 238, 1726-1728
10. Burns, D. J., and Bell, R. M. (1991) Protein kinase C contains two phorbol ester binding domains. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 18330-18338
11. Kazanietz, M. G., Barchi, J. J., Jr., Omichinski, J. G., and Blumberg, P. M. (1995) Low affinity binding of phorbol esters to protein kinase C and its recombinant cysteine-rich region in the absence of phospholipids. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 14679-14684
12. Kazanietz, M. G., Wang, S., Milne, G. W., Lewin, N. E., Liu, H. L., and Blumberg, P. M. (1995) Residues in the second cysteine-rich region of protein kinase C delta relevant to phorbol ester binding as revealed by site-directed mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 21852-21859
13. Ono, Y., Fujii, T., Igarashi, K., Kuno, T., Tanaka, C., Kikkawa, U., and Nishizuka, Y. (1989) Phorbol ester binding to protein kinase C requires a cysteine-rich zinc-finger-like sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 4868-4871
14. Caloca, M. J., Fernandez, N., Lewin, N. E., Ching, D., Modali, R., Blumberg, P. M., and Kazanietz, M. G. (1997) Beta2-chimaerin is a high affinity receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 26488-26496
15. Ebinu, J. O., Bottorff, D. A., Chan, E. Y., Stang, S. L., Dunn, R. J., and Stone, J. C. (1998) RasGRP, a Ras guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein with calcium-and diacylglycerol-binding motifs. Science 280, 1082-1086
16. Hall, C., Monfries, C., Smith, P., Lim, H. H., Kozma, R., Ahmed, S., Vanniasingham, V., Leung, T., and Lim, L. (1990) Novel human brain cDNA encoding a 34,000 Mr protein n-chimaerin, related to both the regulatory domain of protein kinase C and BCR, the product of the breakpoint cluster region gene. J. Mol. Biol. 211, 11-16
17. Kazanietz, M. G., Bustelo, X. R., Barbacid, M., Kolch, W., Mischak, H., Wong, G., Pettit, G. R., Bruns, J. D., and Blumberg, P. M. (1994) Zinc finger domains and phorbol ester pharmacophore. Analysis of binding to mutated form of protein kinase C zeta and the vav and c-raf proto-oncogene products. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 11590-11594
18. Leung, T., How, B. E., Manser, B., and Lim, L. (1994) Cerebellar beta 2-chimaerin, a GTPase activating protein for p21 ras-related rac is specifically expressed in granule cells and has a unique N-terminal SH2 domain. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 12888-12892
19. Maruyama, I. N., and Brenner, S. (1991) A phorbol ester/ diacylglycerol-binding protein encoded by the unc-13 gene of Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5729-5733
20. 2+)-independent protein kinase Cs contain an amino-terminal domain similar to the C2 consensus sequence. Trends Biochem. Sci. 18, 207-208
21. Van Lint, J. V., Sinnett-Smith, J., and Rozengurt, E. (1995) Expression and characterization of PKD, a phorbol ester and diacylglycerol-stimulated serine protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1455-1461
22. Iglesias, T., and Rozengurt, E. (1998) Protein kinase D activation by mutations within its Pleckstrin homology domain. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 410-416
23. Prestle, J., Pfizenmaier, K., Brenner, J., and Johannes, F. J. (1996) Protein kinase C mu is located at the Golgi compartment. J. Cell Biol. 134, 1401-1410
24. Zugaza, J. L., Sinnett-Smith, J., Van Lint, J., and Rozengurt, E. (1996) Protein kinase D (PKD) activation in intact cells through a protein kinase C-dependent signal transduction pathway. EMBO J. 15, 6220-6230
25. Nishikawa, K., Toker, A., Wong, K., Marignani, P. A., Johannes, J. J., and Cantley, L. C. (1998) Association of protein kinase Cμ with type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase and type I phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23126-23133
26. Mukai, H., and Ono, Y. (1994) A novel protein kinase with leucine zipper-like sequences: its catalytic domain is highly homologous to that of protein kinase C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199, 897-904
27. Palmer, R. H., Ridden, J., and Parker, P. J. (1995) Cloning and expression patterns of two members of a novel protein-kinase-C-related kinase family. Eur. J. Biochem. 227, 344-351
28. Flynn, P., Mellor, H., Palmer, R., Panayotou, G., and Parker, P. J. (1998) Multiple interactions of PRK1 with RhoA. Functional assignment of the Hr1 repeat motif. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 2698-2705
29. Shibata, H., Mukai, H., Inagaki, Y., Homma, Y., Kimura, K., Kaibuchi, K., Narumiya, S., and Ono, Y. (1996) Characterization of the interaction between RhoA and the amino-terminal region of PKN. FEBS Lett. 385, 221-224
30. Ashendel, C. L., Staller, J. M., and Boutwell, R. K. (1983) Protein kinase activity associated with a phorbol ester receptor purified from mouse brain. Cancer Res. 43, 4333-4337
31. Castagna, M., Takai, Y., Kaibuchi, K., Sano, K., Kikkawa, U., and Nishizuka, Y. (1982) Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 7847-7851
32. Leach, K. L., James, M. L., and Blumberg, P. M. (1983) Characterization of a specific phorbol ester aporeceptor in mouse brain cytosol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 4208-4212
33. Niedel, J. E., Kuhn, L J., and Vandenbark, G. R. (1983) Phorbol diester receptor copurifies with protein kinase C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 36-40
34. Sando, J. J., and Young, M. C. (1983) Identification of high-affinity phorbol ester receptor in cytosol of EL4 thymoma cells: requirement for calcium, magnesium, and phospholipids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 2642-2646
35. ++ dependency of phorbol ester receptors. J. Cell. Biochem. 27, 255-265
36. Sharkey, N. A., Leach, K. L., and Blumberg, P. M. (1984) Competitive inhibition by diacylglycerol of specific phorbol ester binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 607-610
37. Kazanietz, M. G., Areces, L. B., Bahador, A., Mischak, H., Goodnight, J., Mushinski, J. F., and Blumberg, P. M. (1993) Characterization of ligand and substrate specificity for the calcium-dependent and calcium-independent protein kinase C isozymes. Mol. Pharmacol. 44, 298-307
38. Quest, A. F., Bardes, E. S., and Bell, R. M. (1994) A phorbol ester binding domain of protein kinase C gamma. Deletion analysis of the Cys2 domain defines a minimal 43-amino acid peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 2961-2970
39. Quest, A. F., Bloomenthal, J., Bardes, E. S., and Bell, R. M. (1992) The regulatory domain of protein kinase C coordinates four atoms of zinc. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10193-10197
40. Hommel, U., Zurini, M., and Luyten, M. (1994) Solution structure of a cysteine rich domain of rat protein kinase C. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1, 383-387
41. Ichikawa, S., Hatanaka, H., Takeuchi, Y., Ohno, S., and Inagaki, F. (1995) Solution structure of cysteine-rich domain of protein kinase C alpha. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 117, 566-574
42. Zhang, G., Kazanietz, M. G., Blumberg, P. M., and Hurley, J. H. (1995) Crystal structure of the cys2 activator-binding domain of protein kinase C delta in complex with phorbol ester. Cell 81, 917-924
43. Hurley, J. H., Newton, A. C., Parker, P. J., Blumberg, P. M., and Nishizuka, Y. (1997) Taxonomy and function of C1 protein kinase C homology domains. Protein Sci. 6, 477-480
44. Gulbins, E., Coggeshall, K. M., Baier, G., Telford, D., Langlet, C., Baier-Bitterlich, G., Bonnefoy-Berard, N., Burn, P., Wittinghofer, A., and Altman, A. (1994) Direct stimulation of Vav guanine nucleotide exchange activity for Ras by phorbol esters and diglycerides. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 4749-4758
45. Hannun, Y. A., Loomis, C. R., and Bell, R. M. (1985) Activation of protein kinase C by Triton X-100 mixed micelles containing diacylglycerol and phosphatidylserine. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 10039-10043
46. Slater, S. J., Ho, C., Kelly, M. B., Larkin, J. D., Taddeo, F. J., Yeager, M. D., and Stubbs, C. D. (1996) Protein kinase Calpha contains two activator binding sites that bind phorbol esters and diacylglycerols with opposite affinities. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 4627-4631
47. Slater, S. J., Kelly, M. B., Taddeo, F. J., Rubin, E., and Stubbs, C. D. (1994) Evidence for discrete diacylglycerol and phorbol ester activator sites on protein kinase C. Differences in effects of 1-alkanol inhibition, activation by phosphatidylethanolamine and calcium chelation. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 17160-17165
48. Slater, S. J., Taddeo, F. J., Mazurek, A., Stagliano, B. A., Milano, S. K., Kelly, M. B., Ho, C., and Stubbs, C. D. (1998) Inhibition of membrane lipid-independent protein kinase Calpha activity by phorbol esters, diacylglycerols, and bryostatin-1. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23160-23168
49. Shieh, H. L., Hansen, H., Zhu, J., and Riedel, H. (1995) Differential protein kinase C ligand regulation detected in vivo by a phenotypic yeast assay.Mol. Carcinog. 12, 166-176
50. Szallasi, Z., Bogi, K., Gohari, S., Biro, T., Acs, P., and Blumberg, P. M. (1996) Non-equivalent roles for the first and second zinc fingers of protein kinase Cdelta. Effect of their mutation on phorbol ester-induced translocation in NIH 3T3 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 18299-18301
51. Bogi, K., Lorenzo, P. S., Szallasi, A., Acs, P., Wagner, G. S., and Blumberg, P. M. (1998) Differential selectivity of ligands for the Cla and Clb phorbol ester binding domains of protein kinase Cdelta: possible correlation with tumor-promoting activity. Cancer Res. 58, 1423-1428
52. Hurley, J. H., and Grobler, J. A. (1997) Protein kinase C and phospholipase C: bilayer interactions and regulation. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 7, 557-565
53. 2+-binding motif in C2 domains of synaptotagmin and protein kinase C. Science 273, 248-251
54. 2+/phospholipid-binding fold. Cell 80, 929-938
55. Orr, J. W., and Newton, A. C. (1994) Intrapeptide regulation of protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 8383-8387
56. Nishikawa, K., Toker, A., Johannes, F. J., Songyang, Z., and Cantley, L. C. (1997) Determination of the specific substrate sequence motifs of protein kinase C isozymes. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 952-960
57. Newton, A. C. (1993) Interaction of proteins with lipid head-groups: lessons from protein kinase C. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 22, 1-25
58. Newton, A. C. (1995) Protein kinase C. Seeing two domains. Curr. Biol. 5, 973-976
59. Nishizuka, Y. (1992) Intracellular signaling by hydrolysis of phospholipids and activation of protein kinase C. Science 258, 607-614
60. Newton, A. C., and Keranen, L. M. (1994) Phosphatidyl-L-serine is necessary for protein kinase C's high-affinity interaction with diacylglycerol-containing membranes. Biochemistry 33, 6651-6658
61. Orr, J. W., and Newton, A. C. (1992) Interaction of protein kinase C with phosphatidylserine. 1. Cooperativity in lipid binding. Biochemistry 31, 4661-4667
62. Orr, J. W., and Newton, A. C. (1992) Interaction of protein kinase C with phosphatidylserine. 2. Specificity and regulation. Biochemistry 31, 4667-4673
63. Shinomura, T., Asaoka, Y., Oka, M., Yoshida, K., and Nishizuka, Y. (1991) Synergistic action of diacylglycerol and unsaturated fatty acid for protein kinase C activation: its possible implications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5149-5153
64. Murray, N. R., and Fields, A. P. (1998) Phosphatidylglycerol is a physiologic activator of nuclear protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 11514-11520
65. Bazzi, M. D., and Nelsestuen, G. L. (1990) Protein kinase C interaction with calcium: a phospholipid-dependent process. Biochemistry 29, 7624-7630
66. 2+ differentially regulates conventional protein kinase Cs' membrane interaction and activation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 25959-25967
67. 2+ ligands and membrane binding residues. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 17544-17552
68. Le Good, J. A., Ziegler, W. H., Parekh, D. B., Alessi, D. R., Cohen, P., and Parker, P. J. (1998) Protein kinase C isotypes controlled by phosphoinositide 3-kinase through the protein kinase PDK1. Science 281, 2042-2045
69. Chou, M. M., Hou, W., Johnson, J., Graham, L. K., Lee, M. H., Chen, C. S., Newton, A. C., Schaffhausen, B. S., and Toker, A. (1998) Regulation of protein kinase C zeta by PI 3-kinase and PDK-1. Curr. Biol. 8, 1069-1077
70. Dutil, E. M., Toker, A., and Newton, A. C. (1998) Regulation of conventional protein kinase C isozymes by phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK-1). Curr. Biol. 8, 1366-1375
71. Garcia-Paramio, P., Cabrerizo, Y., Bornancin, F., and Parker, P. J. (1998) The broad specificity of dominant inhibitory protein kinase C mutants infers a common step in phosphorylation. Biochem. J. 333, 631-636
72. Bornancin, F., and Parker, P. J. (1997) Phosphorylation of protein kinase C-alpha on serine 657 controls the accumulation of active enzyme and contributes to ils phosphatase-resistant state. [Erratum published in J. Biol. Chem. (1997) Vol. 272, p. 13458.] J. Biol. Chem. 272, 3544-3549
73. Bornancin, F., and Parker, P. J. (1996) Phosphorylation of threonine 638 critically controls the dephosphorylation and inactivation of protein kinase Calpha. Curr. Biol. 6, 1114-1123
74. Edwards, A. S., and Newton, A. C. (1997) Phosphorylation at conserved carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic motif regulates the catalytic and regulatory domains of protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18382-18390
75. Keranen, L. M., Dutil, E. M., and Newton, A. C. (1995) Protein kinase C is regulated in vivo by three functionally distinct phosphorylations. Curr. Biol. 5, 1394-1403
76. Zhang, J., Wang, L., Schwartz, J., Bond, R. W., and Bishop, W. R. (1994) Phosphorylation of Thr642 is an early event in the processing of newly synthesized protein kinase C beta 1 and is essential for its activation. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 19578-19584
77. Li, W., Zhang, J., Bottaro, D. P., and Pierce, J. H. (1997) Identification of serine 643 of protein kinase C-delta as an important autophosphorylation site for its enzymatic activity. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24550-24555
78. Edwards, A. S., Faux, M. C., Scott, J. D., and Newton, A. C. (1999) Carboxyl-terminal phosphorylation regulates the function and subcellular localization of protein kinase C bII. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 6461-6468
79. Feng, X., and Hannun, Y. A. (1998) An essential role for autophosphorylation in the dissociation of activated protein kinase C from the plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 26870-26874
80. Haleem-Smith, H., Chang, E. Y., Szallasi, Z., Blumberg, P. M., and Rivera, J. (1995) Tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase C-delta in response to the activation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E modifies its substrate recognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9112-9116
81. Li, W., Chen, X. H., Kelley, C. A., Alimandi, M., Zhang, J., Chen, A., Bottaro, D. P., and Fierce, J. H. (1996) Identification of tyrosine 187 as a protein kinase C-delta phosphorylation site. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 26404-26409
82. Song, J. S., Swann, P. G., Szallasi, Z., Blank, U., Blumberg, P. M., and Rivera, J. (1998) Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent and -independent associations of protein kinase C-delta with Src family kinases in the RBL-2H3 mast cell line: regulation of Src family kinase activity by protein kinase C-delta. Oncogene 16, 3357-3368
83. Zang, Q., Lu, Z., Curto, M., Barile, N., Shalloway, D., and Foster, D. A. (1997) Association between v-Src and protein kinase C delta in v-Src-transformed fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13275-13280
84. Li, W., Mischak, H., Yu, J. C., Wang, L. M., Mushinski, J. F., Heidaran, M. A., and Pierce, J. H. (1994) Tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase C-delta in response to its activation. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 2349-2352
85. Denning, M. F., Dlugosz, A. A., Threadgill, D. W., Magnuson, T., and Yuspa, S. H. (1996) Activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor signal transduction pathway stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of protein kinase C delta. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 5325-5331
86. Konishi, H., Tanaka, M., Takemura, Y., Matsuzaki, H., Ono, Y., Kikkawa, U., and Nishizuka, Y. (1997) Activation of protein kinase C by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to H2O2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 11233-11237
87. Csukai, M., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (1998) Molecular genetic approaches. II. Expression-interaction cloning. Methods Mol. Biol. 88, 133-139
88. Mochly-Rosen, D., Khaner, H., and Lopez, J. (1991) Identification of intracellular receptor proteins for activated protein kinase C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 3997-4000
89. Mochly-Rosen, D., Khaner, H., Lopez, J., and Smith, B. L. (1991) Intracellular receptors for activated protein kinase C. Identification of a binding site for the enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14866-14868
90. Csukai, M., Chen, C. H., De Matteis, M. A., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (1997) The coatomer protein beta-COP, a selective binding protein (RACK) for protein kinase Cepsilon. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 29200-29206
91. Johnson, J., Grey, M., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (1996) A protein kinase C translocation inhibitor as an isozyme selective antagonist of cardiac function. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 24962-24966
92. Mochly-Rosen, D., Miller, K. G., Scheller, R. H., Khaner, H., Lopez, J., and Smith, B. L. (1992) p65 fragments, homologous to the C2 region of protein kinase C, bind to the intracellular receptors for protein kinase C. Biochemistry 31, 8120-8124
93. Ron D., Jiang, Z., Yao, L., Vagts, A. J., Diamond, I., and Gordon, A. S. (1999) Coordinated movement of RACK1 with activated bIIPKC. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 27039-27046
94. Yedovitzky, M., Mochly-Rosen, D., Ron, D., Gray, M. O. Johnson, J. A., Abramovitch, E., Cerasi, E., and Nesher, R. (1997) Translocation inhibitors define specificity of protein kinase C isozymes in pancreatic beta cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 1417-1420
95. Hundle, B., McMahon, T., Dadgar, J., Chen, C. H., Mochly-Rosen, D., and Messing, R. O. (1997) An inhibitory fragment derived from protein kinase Cepsilon prevents enhancement of nerve growth factor responses by ethanol and phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 15028-15035
96. 2+ channels. Circ. Res. 80, 720-729
97. Ron, D., Chen, C. H., Caldwell, J., Jamieson, L., Orr, E., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (1994) Cloning of an intracellular receptor for protein kinase C: a homolog of the beta subunit of G proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 839-843
98. Ron, D., Luo, J., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (1995) C2 region-derived peptides inhibit translocation and function of beta protein kinase C in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24180-24187
99. Fowler, L., Dong, L., Bowes, R. C., 3rd, van de Water, B., Stevens, J. L., Jaken, S. L., and Dong, R. C. (1998) Transformation-sensitive changes in expression, localization, and phosphorylation of adducins in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Cell Growth Differ. 9, 177-184
100. Fowler, L., J., Everitt, J., Stevens, J. L., and Jaken, S. (1998) Redistribution and enhanced protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of alpha-and gamma-adducin during renal tumor progression. Cell Growth Differ. 9, 405-413
101. Chapline, C., Cottom, J., Tobin, J., Hulmes, H., Crabb, J., and Jaken, S. (1998) A major, transformation-sensitive PKC-binding protein is also a PKC substrate involved in cytoskeletal remodeling. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 19482-19489
102. Chapline, C., Mousseau, B., Ramsay, K., Duddy, S., Li, Y., Kiley, S. C., and Jaken, S. (1996) Identification of a major protein kinase C-binding protein and substrate in rat embryo fibroblasts. Decreased expression in transformed cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 6417-6422
103. Mineo, C., Ying, Y. S., Chapline, C., Jaken, S., and Anderson, R. G. (1998) Targeting of protein kinase Calpha to caveolae. J. Cell Biol. 141, 601-610
104. Smart, E. J., Ying, Y. S., and Anderson, R. G. (1995) Hormonal regulation of caveolae internalization. J. Cell Biol. 131, 929-938
105. Parton, R. G. (1996) Caveolae and caveolins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 8, 542-548
106. Oka, N., Yamamoto, M., Schwencke, C., Kawabe, J., Ebina, T., Ohno, S., Couet, J., Lisanti, M. P., and Ishikawa, Y. (1997) Caveolin interaction with protein kinase C. Isoenzyme dependent regulation of kinase activity by the caveolin scaffolding domain peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 33416-33421
107. Coghlan, V. M., Perrino, B. A., Howard, M., Langeberg, L. K., Hicks, J. B., Gallatin, W. M., and Scott, J. D. (1995) Association of protein kinase A and protein phosphatase 2B with a common anchoring protein. Science 267: 108-111
108. Klauck, T. M., Faux, M. C., Labudda, K., Langeberg, L. K., Jaken, S., and Scott, J. D. (1996) Coordination of three signaling enzymes by AKAP79, a mammalian scaffold protein. Science 271: 1589-1592
109. 2+/calmodulin. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 17038-17044
110. Dell'Acqua, M. L., Faux, M. C., Thorburn, J., Thorburn, A., and Scott, J. D. (1998) Membrane targeting sequences on AKAP79 bind phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate. EMBO J. 17, 2246-2260
111. Nauert, J. B., Klauck, T. M., Langeberg, L. K., and Scott, J. D. (1997) Gravin, an autoantigen recognized by serum from myasthenia gravis patients, is a kinase scaffold protein. Curr. Biol. 7, 752-762
112. Puls, A., Schmidt, S., Grawe, F., and Stabel, S. (1997) Interaction of protein kinase C zeta with ZIP, a novel protein kinase C-binding protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6191-6196
113. Sanchez, P., De Carcer, G., Sandoval, I. V., Moscat, J., and Diaz-Meco, T. (1998) Localization of atypical protein kinase C isoforms into lysosome-targeted endosomes through interaction with p62. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 3069-3080
114. Tsunoda, S., Sierralta, J., Sun, Y., Bodner, R., Suzuki, E., Becker, A., Socolich, M., and Zuker, C. S. (1997) A multivalent PDZ-domain protein assembles signalling complexes in a G-protein-coupled cascade. Nature (London) 388, 243-249
115. Xu, X. Z., Choudhury, A., Li, X., and Montell, C. (1998) Coordination of an array of signaling proteins through homoand heteromeric interactions between PDZ domains and target proteins. J. Cell Biol. 142, 545-555
116. Robinson, K., Jones, D., Patel, Y., Martin, H., Madrazo, J., Martin, S., Howell, S., Elmore, M., Finnen, M. J., and Aitken, A. (1994) Mechanism of inhibition of protein kinase C by 14-3-3 isoforms. 14-3-3 isoforms do not have phospholipase A2 activity. Biochem. J. 299, 853-861
117. Toker, A., Sellers, L. A., Amess, B., Patel, Y., Harris, A., and Aitken, A. (1992) Multiple isoforms of a protein kinase C inhibitor (KCIP/14-3-3) from sheep brain: amino acid sequence of phosphorylated forms. Eur. J. Biochem. 206, 453-461
118. Acs, P., Szallasi, Z., Kazanietz, M. G., and Blumberg, P. M. (1995) Differential activation of PKC isozymes by 14-3-3 zeta protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 216, 103-109
119. Tanji, M., Horwitz, R., Rosenfeld, G., and Waymire, J. C. (1994) Activation of protein kinase C by purified bovine brain 14-3-3: comparison with tyrosine hydroxylase activation. J. Neuochem. 63, 1908-1916
120. Xiao, B., Smerdon, S. J., Jones, D. H., Dodson, G. G., Soneji, Y., Aitken, A., and Gamblin, S. J. (1995) Structure of a 14-3-3 protein and implications for coordination of multiple signalling pathways. Nature (London) 376, 188-191
121. Meller, N., Liu, Y. C., Collins, T. L., Bonnefoy-Berard, N., Baier, G., Isakov, N., and Altman, A. (1996) Direct interaction between protein kinase C theta (PKC theta) and 14-3-3 tau in T cells: 14-3-3 overexpression results in inhibition of PKC theta translocation and function. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 5782-5791
122. Keenan, C., and Kelleher, D. (1998) Protein kinase C and the cytoskeleton. Cell Signal 10, 225-232
123. Garcia-Rocha, M., Avila, J., and Lozano, J. (1997) The zeta isozyme of protein kinase C binds to tubulin through the pseudosubstrate domain. Exp. Cell Res. 230, 1-8
124. Prekeris, R., Hernandez, R. M., Mayhew, M. W., White, M. K., and Terrian, D. M. (1998) Molecular analysis of the interactions between protein kinase C-epsilon and filamentous actin. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 26790-26798
125. Prekeris, R., Mayhew, M. W., Cooper, J. B., and Terrian, D. M. (1996) Identification and localization of an actin-binding motif that is unique to the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C and participates in the regulation of synaptic function. J. Cell Biol. 132, 77-90
126. Blobe, G. C., Stribling, D. S., Fabbro, D., Stabel, S., and Hannun, Y. A. (1996) Protein kinase C beta II specifically binds to and is activated by F-actin. [Erratum published in J. Biol. Chem. (1996) Vol. 271, p. 30297.] J. Biol. Chem. 271, 15823-15830
127. Nakhost, A., Forscher, P., and Sossin, W. S. (1998) Binding of protein kinase C isoforms to actin in Aplysia. J. Neuochem. 71, 1221-1231
128. Diaz-Meco, M. T., Municio, M. M., Sanchez, P., Lozano, J., and Moscat, J. (1996) Lambda interacting protein, a novel protein that specifically interacts with the zinc finger domain of the atypical protein kinase C isotype lambda/iota and stimulates its kinase activity in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 105-114
129. Diaz-Meco, M. T., Municio, M. M., Frutos, S., Sanchez, P., Lozano, J., Sanz, L., and Moscat, J. (1996) The product of par-4, a gene induced during apoptosis, interacts selectively with the atypical isoforms of protein kinase C. Cell 86, 777-786
130. Dekker, L. V., and Parker, P. J. (1997) Regulated binding of the protein kinase C substrate GAP-43 to the V0/C2 region of protein kinase C-delta. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 12747-12753
131. Smith, B. L., Krushelnycky, B. W., Mochly-Rosen, D., and Berg, P. (1996) The HIV nef protein associates with protein kinase C theta. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16753-16757
132. Ron, D., Napolitano, E. W., Voronova, A., Vasquez, N. J., Roberts, D. N., Calio, B. L., Caothien, R. H., Pettiford, S. M., Wellik, S., Mandac, J. B., and Kauvar, L. (1999) Direct interaction in T-cells between PKC and the tyrosine kinase p59fyn. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 19003-19010
133. Monks, C. R. F., Kupfer, H., Tamir, I., Barlow, A. and Kupfer, A. (1997) Selective modulation of protein kinase C-theta during T-cell activation. Nature (London) 385, 83-86
134. Oh, E. S., Woods, A., and Couchman, J. R. (1997) Multimerization of the cytoplasmic domain of syndecan-4 is required for its ability to activate protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 11805-11811
135. Oh, E. S., Woods, A., and Couchman, J. R. (1997) Syndecan-4 proteoglycan regulates the distribution and activity of protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 8133-8136
136. Horowitz, A., and Simons, M. (1998) Regulation of syndecan-4 phosphorylation in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 10914-10918
137. Horowitz, A., and Simons, M. (1998) Phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic tail of syndecan-4 regulates activation of protein kinase Calpha. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 25548-25551
138. Oh, E., Woods, A., Lim, S., Theibert, A. W., and Couchman, J. R. (1998) Syndecan-4 proteoglycan cytoplasmic domain and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate coordinately regulate protein kinase C activity. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 10624-10629
139. Neer, E. J., Schmidt, J. C., Nambudripad, R., and Smith, T. F. (1994) The ancient regulatory-protein family of WD-repeat proteins. [Erratum published in Nature (London) (1994) Vol. 371, p. 812.] Nature (London) 371, 297-300
140. Sondek, J., Bohm, A., Lambright, D. G., Hamm, H. E., and Sigler, P. B. (1996) Crystal structure of a GA protein beta gamma dimer at 2.1A resolution. Nature (London) 379, 369-374
141. Li, H., Zhao, L., Yang, Z., Funder, J. W., and Liu, J. P. (1998) Telomerase is controlled by protein kinase Calpha in human breast cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 33436-33442
142. Rebecchi, M. J., and Scarlata, S. (1998) Pleckstrin homology domains: a common fold with diverse functions. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 27, 503-528
143. Konishi, H., Kuroda, S., and Kikkawa, U. (1994) The Pleckstrin homology domain of RAC protein kinase associates with the regulatory domain of protein kinase C zeta. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205, 1770-1775
144. Konishi, H., Shinomura, T., Kuroda, S., Ono, Y., and Kikkawa, U. (1994) Molecular cloning of rat RAC protein kinase alpha and beta and their association with protein kinase C zeta. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205, 817-825
145. Rodriguez M., Ron, D., Kazushige, T., Chen, C.-H., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (1999) RACK1, a protein kinase C anchoring protein coordinates the binding of activated protein kinase C and select Pleckstrin homology domains in vitro. Biochemistry In press
146. Yao, L., Kawakami, Y., and Kawakami, T. (1994) The Pleckstrin homology domain of Bruton tyrosine kinase interacts with protein kinase C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9175-9179
147. Ponting, C. P., Phillips, C., Davies, K. E., and D. J. Blake. (1997) PDZ domains: targeting signalling molecules to sub-membranous sites. Bioessays 19, 469-479
148. Staudinger, J., Zhou, J., Burgess, R., Elledge, S. J., and Olson, E. N. (1995) PICK1. a perinuclear binding protein and substrate for protein kinase C isolated by the yeast two-hybrid system. J. Cell Biol. 128, 263-271
149. Staudinger, J., Lu, J., and Olson, E. N. (1997) Specific interaction of the PDZ domain protein PICK1 with the COOH terminus of protein kinase C-alpha. J Biol. Chem. 272, 32019-32024
150. Izumi, Y., Hirose, T., Tamai, Y., Hirai, S., Nagashima, Y., Fujimoto, T., Tabuse, Y., Kemphues, K. J., and Ohno, S. (1998) An atypical PKC directly associates and colocalizes at the epithelial tight junction with ASIP, a mammalian homologue of Caenorhabditis elegant polarity protein PAR-3. J. Cell Biol. 143, 95-106
151. Dawid, I. B., Breen, J. J., and Toyama, R. (1998) LIM domains: multiple roles as adapters and functional modifiers in protein interactions. Trends Genet. 14, 156-162
152. Kuroda, S., Tokunaga, C., Kiyohara, Y., Higuchi, O., Konishi, H., Mizuno, K., Gill, G. N., and Kikkawa, U. (1996) Protein-protein interaction of zinc finger LIM domains with protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 31029-31032
153. Tokunaga, C., Kuroda, S., Tatematsu, K., Nakagawa, N., Ono, Y., and Kikkawa. U. (1998) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel protein kinase C-interacting protein with structural motifs related to RBCC family proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 244, 353-359
154. Tatematsu, K., Tokunaga, C., Nakagawa, N., Tanizawa, K., Kuroda, S., and Kikkawa, U. (1998) Transcriptional activity of RBCK1 protein (RBCC protein interacting with PKC 1): requirement of RING-finger and B-Box motifs and regulation by protein kinases. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 247, 392-396
155. Cong, Y. S., Yao, Y. L., Yang, W. M., Kuzhandaivelu, N., and Seto, E. (1997) The hepatitis B virus X-associated protein, XAP3, is a protein kinase C-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 16482-16489
156. Ács, P., Bögi, K., Lorenzo, P. S., Marquez, A .M., Biró, T., Szállási, Z., and Blumberg, P. M. (1997) The catalytic domain of protein kinase C chimeras modulates the affinity and targeting of phorbol ester-induced translocation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 22148-22153
157. Walker, S. D., Murray, N. R., Burns, D. J., and Fields, A. P. (1995) Protein kinase C chimeras: catalytic domains of alpha and beta II protein kinase C contain determinants for isotype-specific function. Prof. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 9156-9160
158. Liao, L., Hyatt, S. L., Chapline, C., and Jaken, S. (1994) Protein kinase C domains involved in interactions with other proteins. Biochemistry 33, 1229-1233
159. Ron, D., and Mochly-Rosen, D. (1995) An amoregulatory region in protein kinase C: the pseudo anchoring site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 492-496
160. Parissenti, A. M., Kirwan, A. F., Kim, S. A., Colantonio, C. M., and Schimmer, B. P. (1998) Inhibitory properties of the regulatory domains of human protein kinase Calpha and mouse protein kinase Cepsilon. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 8940-8945
161. Kazanietz, M. G., Lewin, N. E., Bruns, J. D., and Blumberg, P. M. (1995) Characterization of the cysteine-rich region of the Caenorhabditis elegans protein Unc-13 as a high affinity phorbol ester receptor. Analysis of ligand-binding interactions, lipid cofactor requirements, and inhibitor sensitivity. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 10777-10783
162. Caloca, M. J., García-Bermejo, M. L., Blumberg, P. M., Lewin, N. E., Kremmer, E., Mischak, H., Wang, S., Nacro, K., Bienfait, B., Marquez, V. E., and Kazanietz, M. G. (1999) Beta2-chimaerin is a novel target for diacylglycerol: binding properties and changes in subcellular localization
163. Ahmed, S., Kozma, R., Monfries, Hall, C., Lim, H. H., Smith, P., and Lim, L. (1990) Human brain n-chimaerin cDNA encodes a novel phorbol ester receptor. Biochem. J. 272, 767-773
164. Areces, L. B., Kazanietz, M. G., and Blumberg, P. M. (1994) Close similarity of baculovirus-expressed n-chimaerin and protein kinase C alpha as phorbol ester receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 19553-19558
165. Hall, C., Sin, W. C., Teo, M., Michael, G. J., Smith, P., Dong, J. M., Lim, H. H., Manser, E., Spurr, N. K., Jones, T. A., et al. (1993) Alpha 2-chimerin, an SH2-containing GTPase-activating protein for the ras-related protein p21rac derived by alternate splicing of the human n-chimerin gene, is selectively expressed in brain regions and testes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 4986-4998
166. Leung, T., How, B. E., Manser, E., and Lim, L. (1993) Germ cell beta-chimaerin, a new GTPase-activating protein for p21rac, is specifically expressed during the acrosomal assembly stage in rat testis. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 3813-3816
167. Ahmed, S., Lee, J., Kozma, R., Best, A., Monfries, C., and Lim, L. (1993) A novel functional target for tumor-promoting phorbol esters and lysophosphatidic acid. The p21rac-GTPase activating protein n-chimaerin. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10709-10712
168. Diekmann, D., Brill, S., Garrett, M. D., Totty, N., Hsuan, J., Monfries, C., Hall, C., Lim, L., and Hall, A. (1991) Bcr encodes a GTPase-activating protein for p21rac. Nature (London) 351, 400-402
169. Bokoch, G. M. (1994) Regulation of the human neutrophil NADPH oxidase by the Rac GTP-binding proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6, 212-218
170. Coso, O. A., Chiariello, M., Yu, J. C., Teramoto, H., Crespo, P., Xu, N., Miki, T., and Gutkind, J. S. (1995) The small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 regulate the activity of the JNK/SAPK signaling pathway. Cell 81, 1137-1146
171. Khosravi-Far, R., Solski, P. A., Clark, G. J., Kinch, M. S., and Der, C. J. (1995) Activation of Rac1, RhoA, and mitogen-activated protein kinases is required for Ras transformation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 6443-6453
172. Mackay, D. J., and Hall, A. Rho GTPases. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 20685-20688
173. Oancea, E., and Meyer, T. (1998) Protein kinase C as a molecular machine for decoding calcium and diacylglycerol signals. Cell 95, 307-318
174. Ahmed, S., Maruyama, I. N., Kozma, R., Lee, J., Brenner, S., and Lim, L. The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-13 gene product
175. Brose, N., Hofmann, K., Hata, Y., and Sudhof, T. C. (1995) Mammalian homologues of Caenorhabditis elegans unc-13 gene define novel family of C2-domain proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 25273-25280
176. Betz, A., Okamoto, M., Benseler, F., and Brose, N. (1997) Direct interaction of the rat unc-13 homologue Munc13-1 with the N terminus of syntaxin. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2520-2526
177. 2+-dependent exocytotic machinery. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 16081-16084
178. Feig, L. A. (1994) Guanine-nucleotide exchange factors: a family of positive regulators of Ras and related GTPases. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 6, 204-121
179. Tognon, C. E., Kirk, H. E., Passmore, L. A., Whitehead, I. P., Der, C. J., and Kay, R. J. (1998) Regulation of RasGRP via a phorbol ester-responsive Cl domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 6995-7008
180. Yao, L., Suzuki, H., Ozawa, K, Deng, J., Lehel, C., Fukamachi, H., Anderson, W. B., Kawakami, Y., and Kawakami, T. (1997) Interactions between protein kinase C and Pleckstrin homology domains. Inhibition by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13033-13039
181. Izumi, Y., Hirai, S., Tamai, Y., Fujise-Matsuoka, A., Nishimura, Y., and Ohno, S. (1997) A protein kinase Cdelta-binding protein SRBC whose expression is induced by serum starvation. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 7381-7389