Nuclear proteins: Promising targets for cancer drugs

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Volumn 5, Issue 8, 2005, Pages 595-610

  Yao, Y L ^a   Yang, W M ^b  

^a ASIA UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

^b NATIONAL CHUNG HSING UNIVERSITY   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

FKBP25; HIF 1 ; Histone acetylation deacetylation; Histone methylation demethylation; PARP; PML and NBs; The nucleolus; The nucleus

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CAMPTOTHECIN; CHETOMIN; CISPLATIN; DIPHENYLIODONIUM SALT; FLUOROURACIL; GYRASE INHIBITOR; HISTONE; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; HYBRID PROTEIN; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1ALPHA; METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE 1; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITOR; NUCLEAR PROTEIN; PIPERAZINE DERIVATIVE; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; POLY(ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE); PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA PROTEIN; PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PROTEIN P34SRJ; RAPAMYCIN; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR ALPHA; RETROVIRUS VECTOR; TACROLIMUS; TIRAPAZAMINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACETYLATION; CANCER THERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL NUCLEUS INCLUSION BODY; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHROMATIN STRUCTURE; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; DEACETYLATION; DEMETHYLATION; DRUG TARGETING; EUKARYOTIC CELL; HUMAN; INTRANUCLEAR SPACE; LEUKEMIA CELL; LUNG NON SMALL CELL CANCER; METHYLATION; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOLUS; PHENOTYPE; PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

EID: 29044443616     PISSN: 15680096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156800905774932815     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Borden, K. L. B. Pondering the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) puzzle: possible functions for PML nuclear bodies. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22, 5259-5269.
2. Melnick, A. Licht, J. D. Deconstructing a disease: RARalpha, its fusion partners, and their roles in the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1999, 93, 3167-3215.
3. Grimwade, D.; Solomon, E. Characterisation of the PML/RAR alpha rearrangement associated with t(15;17) acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1997, 220, 81-112.
4. Ferbeyre, G.; de Stanchina, E.; Querido, E.; Baptiste, N.; Prives, C.; Lowe, S. W. PML is induced by oncogenic ras and promotes premature senescence. Genes Dev. 2000, 14, 2015-2027.
5. LaMorte, V. J.; Dyck, J. A.; Ochs, R. L.; Evans, R. M. Localization of nascent RNA and CREB binding protein with the PML-containing nuclear body. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 4991-4996.
6. Guo, A.; Salomoni, P.; Luo, J.; Shih, A.; Zhong, S.; Gu, W.; Paolo Pandolfi, P. The function of PML in p53-dependent apoptosis. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000, 2, 730-736.
7. Cohen, N.; Sharma, M.; Kentsis, A.; Perez, J. M.; Strudwick, S.; Borden, K. L. PML RING suppresses oncogenic transformation by reducing the affinity of elF4E for mRNA. EMBO J. 2001, 20, 4547-4559.
8. Lai, H. K.; Borden, K. L. The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) protein suppresses cyclin D1 protein production by altering the nuclear cytoplasmic distribution of cyclin D1 mRNA. Oncogene 2000, 19, 1623-1634.
9. Topisirovic, I.; Capili, A. D.; Borden, K. L. B. Gamma interferon and cadmium treatments modulate eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-dependent mRNA transport of cyclin D1 in a PML-dependent manner. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22, 6183-6198.
10. McMahon, C.; Suthiphongchai, T.; DiRenzo, J.; Ewen, M. E. P/CAF associates with cyclin D1 and potentiates its activation of the estrogen receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 5382-5387.
11. Khan, M. M.; Nomura, T.; Kim, H.; Kaul, S. C.; Wadhwa, R.; Shinagawa, T.; Ichikawa-Iwata, E.; Zhong, S.; Pandolfi, P. P.; Ishii, S. Role of PML and PML-RARalpha in Mad-mediated transcriptional repression. Mol. Cell 2001, 7, 1233-1243.
12. Jepsen, K.; Hermanson, O.; Onami, T. M.; Gleiberman, A. S.; Lunyak, V.; McEvilly, R. J.; Kurokawa, R.; Kumar, V.; Liu, F.; Seto, E.; Hedrick, S. M.; Mandel, G.; Glass, C. K.; Rose, D. W.; Rosenfeld, M. G. Combinatorial roles of the nuclear receptor corepressor in transcription and development Cell 2000, 102, 753-763.
13. Wang, Z. G.; Delva, L.; Gaboli, M.; Rivi, R.; Giorgio, M.; Cordon-Cardo, C; Grosveld, F.; Pandolfi, P. P. Role of PML in cell growth and the retinoic acid pathway. Science 1998, 279, 1547-1551.
14. Takahashi, Y.; Lallemand-Breitenbach, V.; Zhu, J.; de Thé, H. PML nuclear bodies and apoptosis. Oncogene 2004, 23, 2819-2824.
15. Fogal, V.; Gostissa, M.; Sandy, P.; Zacchi, P.; Sternsdorf, T.; Jensen, K.; Pandolfi, P. P.; Will, H.; Schneider, C.; Del Sal, G. Regulation of p53 activity in nuclear bodies by a specific PML isoform. EMBO J. 2000, 19, 6185-6195.
16. Bernardi, R.; Pandolfi, P. P. Role of PML and the PML-nuclear body in the control of programmed cell death. Oncogene 2003, 22, 9048-9057.
17. Hofmann, T. G.; Will, H. Body language: the function of PML nuclear bodies in apoptosis regulation. Cell Death Differ. 2003, 10, 1290-1299.
18. Olson, M. O. J. In The Nucleolus; Olson, M. O. J., Ed.; Landes Bioscience: Georgetown, TX, 2004, pp. 334-348.
19. Colombo, E.; Marine, J. -C.; Danovi, D.; Falini, B.; Pelicci, P. G. Nucleophosmin regulates the stability and transcriptional activity of p53. Nat. Cell Biol. 2002, 4, 529-533.
20. Kurki, S.; Peltonen, K.; Latonen, L.; Kiviharju, T. M.; Ojala, P. M.; Meek, D.; Laiho, M. Nucleolar protein NPM interacts with HDM2 and protects tumor suppressor protein p53 from HDM2-mediated degradation. Cancer Cell 2004, 5, 465-475.
21. Daniely, Y.; Dimitrova, D. D.; Borowiec, J. A. Stress-dependent nucleolin mobilization mediated by p53-nucleolin complex formation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22, 6014-6022.
22. Chatterjee, T. K.; Fisher, R. A. Mild heat and proteotoxic stress promote unique subcellular trafficking and nucleolar accumulation of RGS6 and other RGS proteins. Role of the RGS domain in stress-induced trafficking of RGS proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 30272-30282.
23. Zhang, Y.; Wolf, G. W.; Bhat, K.; Jin, A.; Allio, T.; Burkhart, W. A.; Xiong, Y. Ribosomal protein L11 negatively regulates oncoprotein MDM2 and mediates a p53-dependent ribosomalstress checkpoint pathway. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003, 23, 8902-8912.
24. Jin, A.; Itahana, K.; O'Keefe, K.; Zhang, Y. Inhibition of HDM2 and activation of p53 by ribosomal protein L23. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24, 7669-7680.
25. Olson, M. O. J. Sensing cellular stress: another new function for the nucleolus? Sci. STKE 2004, 2004, pe10.
26. Rubbi, C. P.; Milner, J. Disruption of the nucleolus mediates stabilization of p53 in response to DNA damage and other stresses. EMBO J. 2003, 22, 6068-6077.
27. Berg, T.; Cohen, S. B.; Desharnais, J.; Sonderegger, C.; Maslyar, D. J.; Goldberg, J.; Boger, D. L. Vogt, P. K. Small-molecule antagonists of Myc/Max dimerization inhibit Myc-induced transformation of chicken embryo fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 3830-3835.
28. Lepourcelet, M.; Chen, Y. -N. P.; France, D. S.; Wang, H.; Crews, P.; Petersen, F.; Bruseo, C.; Wood, A. W.; Shivdasani, R. A. Small-molecule antagonists of the oncogenic Tcf/beta-catenin protein complex. Cancer Cell 2004, 5, 91-102.
29. Hockel, M.; Vaupel, P. Biological consequences of tumor hypoxia. Semin. Oncol. 2001, 28, 36-41.
30. Littlewood, T. J. The impact of hemoglobin levels on treatment outcomes in patients with cancer. Semin. Oncol. 2001, 28, 49-53.
31. Littlewood, T. J.; Bajetta, E.; Nortier, J. W.; Vercammen, E.; Rapoport, B. Epoetin Alfa Study Group Effects of epoetin alfa on hematologic parameters and quality of life in cancer patients receiving nonplatinum chemotherapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2001, 19, 2865-2874.
32. Huang, L. E.; Bunn, H. F. Hypoxia-inducible factor and its biomedical relevance. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 19575-19578.
33. Pugh, C. W.; Ratcliffe, P. J. Regulation of angiogenesis by hypoxia: role of the HIF system. Nat. Med. 2003, 9, 677-684.
34. Huang, L. E.; Gu, J.; Schau, M.; Bunn, H. F. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is mediated by an O2-dependent degradation domain via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95, 7987-7992.
35. Kallio, P. J.; Wilson, W. J.; O'Brien, S.; Makino, Y.; Poellinger, L. Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1alpha by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 6519-6525.
36. Ivan, M.; Kondo, K.; Yang, H.; Kim, W.; Valiando, J.; Ohh, M.; Salic, A.; Asara, J. M.; Lane, W. S.; Kaelin, W. G. HIFalpha targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for O2 sensing. Science 2001, 292, 464-468.
37. Jaakkola, P.; Mole, D. R.; Tian, Y. M.; Wilson, M. I.; Gielbert, J.; Gaskell, S. J.; Kriegsheim Av; Hebestreit, H. F.; Mukherji, M.; Schofield, C. J.; Maxwell, P. H.; Pugh, C. W.; Ratcliffe, P. J. Targeting of HIF-alpha to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation. Science 2001, 292, 468-472.
38. Masson, N.; Willam, C.; Maxwell, P. H.; Pugh, C. W.; Ratcliffe, P. J. Independent function of two destruction domains in hypoxia-inducible factor-alpha chains activated by prolyl hydroxylation. EMBO J. 2001, 20, 5197-5206.
39. Lando, D.; Peet, D. J.; Gorman, J. J.; Whelan, D. A.; Whitelaw, M. L.; Bruick, R. K. FIH-1 is an asparaginyl hydroxylase enzyme that regulates the transcriptional activity of hypoxia-inducible factor. Genes Dev. 2002, 16, 1466-1471.
40. Semenza, G. Signal transduction to hypoxia-inducible factor I. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002, 64, 993-998.
41. Harris, A. L. Hypoxia-a key regulatory factor in tumour growth. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002, 2, 38-47.
42. Wardman, P. Electron transfer and oxidative stress as key factors in the design of drugs selectively active in hypoxia. Curr. Med. Chem. 2001, 5, 739-761.
43. von Pawel, J.; von Roemeling, R.; Gatzemeier, U.; Boyer, M.; Elisson, L. O.; Clark, P.; Talbot, D.; Rey, A.; Butler, T. W.; Hirsh, V.; Olver, I.; Bergman, B.; Ayoub, J.; Richardson, G.; Dunlop, D.; Arcenas, A.; Vescio, R.; Viallet, J.; Treat, J. Tirapazamine plus cisplatin versus cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A report of the international CATAPULT 1 study group. Cisplatin and Tirapazamine in Subjects with Advanced Previously Untreated Non-Small-Cell Lung Tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18, 1351-1359.
44. Dachs, G. U.; Patterson, A. V.; Firth, S. D.; Ratcliffe, P. J.; Townsend, K. M.; Stratford, I. J.; Harris, A. L. Targeting gene expression to hypoxic tumor cells. Nat. Med. 1997, 3, 515-520.
45. Lemmon, M. J.; van Zijl, P.; Fox, M. E.; Mauchline, M. L.; Giaccia, A. J.; Minton, N. P.; Brown, J. M. Anaerobic bacteria as a gene delivery system that is controlled by the tumor microenvironment. Gene Ther. 1997, 4, 791-796.
46. Sun, X.; Kanwar, J. R.; Leung, E.; Lehnert, K.; Wang, D.; Krissansen, G. W. Gene transfer of antisense hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha enhances the therapeutic efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Gene Ther. 2001, 8, 638-645.
47. Kung, A. L.; Wang, S.; Klco, J. M.; Kaelin, W. G.; Livingston, D. M. Suppression of tumor growth through disruption of hypoxia-inducible transcription. Nat. Med. 2000, 6, 1335-1340.
48. Bhattacharya, S.; Michels, C. L.; Leung, M. K.; Arany, Z. P.; Kung, A. L.; Livingston, D. M. Functional role of p35srj, a novel p300/CBP binding protein, during transactivation by HIF-1. Genes Dev. 1999, 13, 64-75.
49. Kung, A. L.; Zabludoff, S. D.; France, D. S.; Freedman, S. J.; Tanner, E. A.; Vieira, A.; Cornell-Kennon, S.; Lee, J.; Wang, B.; Wang, J.; Memmert, K.; Naegeli, H.-U.; Petersen, F.; Eck, M. J.; Bair, K. W.; Wood, A. W.; Livingston, D. M. Small molecule blockade of transcriptional coactivation of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway. Cancer Cell 2004, 6, 33-43.
50. Gleadle, J. M.; Ebert, B. L.; Ratcliffe, P. J. Diphenylene iodonium inhibits the induction of erythropoietin and other mammalian genes by hypoxia. Implications for the mechanism of oxygen sensing. Eur. J. Biochem. 1995, 234, 92-99.
51. Zhong, H.; Chiles, K.; Feldser, D.; Laughner, E.; Hanrahan, C.; Georgescu, M. M.; Simons, J. W.; Semenza, G. L. Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha expression by the epidermal growth factor/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/PTEN/AKT/FRAP pathway in human prostate cancer cells: implications for tumor angiogenesis and therapeutics. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 1541-1545.
52. Galat, A.; Lane, W. S.; Standaert, R. F.; Schreiber, S. L. A rapamycin-selective 25-kDa immunophilin. Biochemistry 1992, 31, 2427-2434.
53. Jin, Y. J.; Burakoff, S. J.; Bierer, B. E. Molecular cloning of a 25-kDa high affinity rapamycin binding protein, FKBP25. J. Biol. Chem. 1992, 267, 10942-10945.
54. Hung, D. T.; Schreiber, S. L. cDNA cloning of a human 25 kDa FK506 and rapamycin binding protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1992, 184, 733-738.
55. Perry, I.; Neuberger, J. Immunosuppression: towards a logical approach in liver transplantation. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2005, 139, 2-10.
56. Vézina, C.; Kudelski, A.; Sehgal, S. N. Rapamycin (AY-22,989), a new antifungal antibiotic. I. Taxonomy of the producing streptomycete and isolation of the active principle. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 1975, 28, 721-726.
57. Morris, P. J. Cyclosporine, FK-506 and other drugs in organ transplantation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1991, 3, 748-751.
58. Guba, M.; von Breitenbuch, P.; Steinbauer, M.; Koehl, G.; Flegel, S.; Hornung, M.; Bruns, C. J.; Zuelke, C.; Farkas, S.; Anthuber, M.; Jauch, K. -W.; Geissler, E. K. Rapamycin inhibits primary and metastatic tumor growth by antiangiogenesis: involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor. Nat. Med. 2002, 8, 128-135.
59. Harding, M. W.; Galat, A.; Uehling, D. E.; Schreiber, S. L. A receptor for the immunosuppressant FK506 is a cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Nature 1989, 341, 758-760.
60. Siekierka, J. J.; Hung, S H.; Poe, M.; Lin, C. S.; Sigal, N. H. A cytosolic binding protein for the immunosuppressant FK506 has peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity but is distinct from cyclophilin. Nature 1989, 341, 755-757.
61. Lane, W. S.; Galat, A.; Harding, M. W.; Schreiber, S. L. Complete amino acid sequence of the FK506 and rapamycin binding protein, FKBP, isolated from calf thymus. J. Protein Chem. 1991, 10, 151-160.
62. Rao, R. D.; Buckner, J. C.; Sarkaria, J. N. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 2004, 4, 621-635.
63. Huang, S.; Bjornsti, M. -A.; Houghton, P. J. Rapamycins: mechanism of action and cellular resistance. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2003, 2, 222-232.
64. Hidalgo, M.; Rowinsky, E. K. The rapamycin-sensitive signal transduction pathway as a target for cancer therapy. Oncogene 2000, 19, 6680-6686.
65. Jacinto, E.; Hall, M. N. Tor signalling in bugs, brain and brawn. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003, 4, 117-126.
66. Raught, B.; Gingras, A. C.; Sonenberg, N. The target of rapamycin (TOR) proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2001, 98, 7037-7044.
67. Thomas, G.; Hall, M. N. TOR signalling and control of cell growth. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1997, 9, 782-787.
68. Mita, M. M.; Mita, A.; Rowinsky, E. K. The molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR) as a therapeutic target against cancer. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2003, 2, S169-S177.
69. Albers, M. W.; Williams, R. T.; Brown, E. J.; Tanaka, A.; Hall, F. L.; Schreiber, S. L. FKBP-rapamycin inhibits a cyclin-dependent kinase activity and a cyclin D1-Cdk association in early G1 of an osteosarcoma cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268, 22825-22829.
70. Nourse, J.; Firpo, E.; Flanagan, W. M.; Coats, S.; Polyak, K.; Lee, M. H.; Massague, J.; Crabtree, G. R.; Roberts, J. M. Interleukin-2-mediated elimination of the p27Kip1 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor prevented by rapamycin. Nature 1994, 372, 570-573.
71. Hashemolhosseini, S.; Nagamine, Y.; Morley, S. J.; Desrivières, S.; Mercep, L.; Ferrari, S. Rapamycin inhibition of the G1 to S transition is mediated by effects on cyclin D1 mRNA and protein stability. J. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 14424-14429.
72. Usui, I.; Haruta, T.; Iwata, M.; Takano, A.; Uno, T.; Kawahara, J.; Ueno, H.; Sasaoka, T.; Kobayashi, M. Retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation via PI 3-kinase and mTOR pathway regulates adipocyte differentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 275, 115-120.
73. Rivière, S.; Ménez, A.; Galat, A. On the localization of FKBP25 in T-lymphocytes. FEBS Lett. 1993, 315, 247-251.
74. Jin, Y. J.; Burakoff, S. J. The 25-kDa FK506-binding protein is localized in the nucleus and associates with casein kinase II and nucleolin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993, 90, 7769-7773.
75. Kim, J. E.; Chen, J. Cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling of FKBP12-rapamycin-associated protein is involved in rapamycin-sensitive signaling and translation initiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 14340-14345.
76. Yang, W. M.; Yao, Y. L.; Seto, E. The FK506-binding protein 25 functionally associates with histone deacetylases and with transcription factor YY1. EMBO J. 2001, 20, 4814-4825.
77. Grönroos, E.; Terentiev, A. A.; Punga, T.; Ericsson, J. YY1 inhibits the activation of the p53 tumor suppressor in response to genotoxic stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 12165-12170.
78. Sui, G.; Affar, E. B.; Shi, Y.; Brignone, C.; Wall, N. R.; Yin, P.; Donohoe, M.; Luke, M. P.; Calvo, D.; Grossman, S. R.; Shi, Y. Yin Yang 1 is a negative regulator of p53. Cell 2004, 117, 859-872.
79. Lusser, A.; Brosch, G.; Loidl, A.; Haas, H.; Loidl, P. Identification of maize histone deacetylase HD2 as an acidic nucleolar phosphoprotein. Science 1997, 277, 88-91.
80. Narlikar, G. J.; Fan, H. -Y.; Kingston, R. E. Cooperation between complexes that regulate chromatin structure and transcription. Cell 2002, 108, 475-487.
81. Marmorstein, R.; Roth, S. Y. Histone acetyltransferases: function, structure, and catalysis. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2001, 11, 155-161.
82. Balasubramanyam, K.; Altaf, M.; Varier, R. A.; Swaminathan, V.; Ravindran, A.; Sadhale, P. P.; Kundu, T. K. Polyisoprenylated benzophenone, garcinol, a natural histone acetyltransferase inhibitor, represses chromatin transcription and alters global gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279, 33716-33726.
83. Sagar, V.; Zheng, W.; Thompson, P. R.; Cole, P. A. Bisubstrate analogue structure-activity relationships for p300 histone acetyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2004, 12, 3383-3390.
84. Cebrat, M.; Kim, C. M.; Thompson, P. R.; Daugherty, M.; Cole, P. A. Synthesis and analysis of potential prodrugs of coenzyme A analogues for the inhibition of the histone acetyltransferase p300. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2003, 11, 3307-3313.
85. Balasubramanyam, K.; Swaminathan, V.; Ranganathan, A.; Kundu, T. K. Small molecule modulators of histone acetyltransferase p300. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 275, 19134-19140.
86. Turlais, F.; Hardcastle, A.; Rowlands, M.; Newbalt, Y.; Bannister, A.; Kouzarides, T.; Workman, P.; Aherne, G. W. High-throughput screening for identification of small molecule inhibitors of histone acetyltransferases using scintillating microplates (FlashPlate). Anal. Biochem. 2001, 295, 62-68.
87. Lau, O. D.; Kundu, T. K.; Soccio, R. E.; Ait-Si-Ali, S.; Khalil, E. M.; Vassilev, A.; Wolffe, A. P.; Nakatani, Y.; Roeder, R. G.; Cole, P. A. HATs off: selective synthetic inhibitors of the histone acetyltransferases p300 and PCAF. Mol. Cell 2000, 5, 589-595.
88. Taunton, J.; Hassig, C. A.; Schreiber, S. L. A mammalian histone deacetylase related to the yeast transcriptional regulator Rpd3p [see comments]. Science 1996, 272, 408-411.
89. Yang, W. M.; Inouye, C.; Zeng, Y.; Bearss, D.; Seto, E. Transcriptional repression by YY1 is mediated by interaction with a mammalian homolog of the yeast global regulator RPD3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 12845-12850.
90. Marks, P. A.; Miller, T. Richon, V. M. Histone deacetylases. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2003, 3, 344-351.
91. Wang, S.; Yan-Neale, Y.; Zeremski, M.; Cohen, D. Transcription regulation by histone deacetylases. Novartis Found. Symp. 2004, 259, 238-245.
92. Blander, G.; Guarente, L. The Sir2 family of protein deacetylases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2004, 73, 417-435.
93. Kijima, M.; Yoshida, M.; Sugita, K.; Horinouchi, S.; Beppu, T. Trapoxin, an antitumor cyclic tetrapeptide, is an irreversible inhibitor of mammalian histone deacetylase. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 265, 22429-22435.
94. Miyashita, T.; Yamamoto, H.; Nishimune, Y.; Nozaki, M.; Morita, T.; Matsushiro, A. Activation of the mouse cytokeratin A (endo A) gene in teratocarcinoma F9 cells by the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A. FEBS Lett. 1994, 353, 225-229.
95. Drummond, D.; Noble, C.; Kirpotin, D.; Guo, Z.; Scott, G.; Benz, C. Clinical Development of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors As Anticancer Agents. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2005, 45, 495-528.
96. Finnin, M. S.; Donigian, J. R.; Cohen, A.; Richon, V. M.; Rifkind, R. A.; Marks, P. A.; Breslow, R.; Pavletich, N. P. Structures of a histone deacetylase homologue bound to the TSA and SAHA inhibitors. Nature 1999, 401, 188-193.
97. Burton, G. R.; Nagarajan, R.; Peterson, C. A.; McGehee, R. E. Microarray analysis of differentiation-specific gene expression during 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. Gene 2004, 329, 167-185.
98. Chiba, T.; Yokosuka, O.; Arai, M.; Tada, M.; Fukai, K.; Imazeki, F.; Kato, M.; Seki, N.; Saisho, H. Identification of genes up-regulated by histone deacetylase inhibition with cDNA microarray and exploration of epigenetic alterations on hepatoma cells. J. Hepatol. 2004, 41, 436-445.
99. Gui, C. -Y.; Ngo, L.; Xu, W. S.; Richon, V. M.; Marks, P. A. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor activation of p21WAF1 involves changes in promoter-associated proteins, including HDAC1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2004, 101, 1241-1246.
100. Kelly, W. K.; O'Connor, O. A.; Marks, P. A. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: from target to clinical trials. Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 2002, 11, 1695-1713.
101. Burke, T. W.; Cook, J. G.; Asano, M.; Nevins, J. R. Replication factors MCM2 and ORC1 interact with the histone acetyltransferase HBO1. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 15397-15408.
102. Kusch, T.; Florens, L.; Macdonald, W. H.; Swanson, S. K.; Glaser, R. L.; Yates, J. R.; Abmayr, S. M.; Washburn, M. P.; Workman, J. L. Acetylation by Tip60 is required for selective histone variant exchange at DNA lesions. Science 2004, 306, 2084-2087.
103. Bird, A. W.; Yu, D. Y.; Pray-Grant, M. G.; Qiu, Q.; Harmon, K. E.; Megee, P. C.; Grant, P. A.; Smith, M. M.; Christman, M. F. Acetylation of histone H4 by Esa1 is required for DNA double-strand break repair. Nature 2002, 419, 411-415.
104. Anderson, L. A.; Perkins, N. D. The large subunit of replication factor C interacts with the histone deacetylase, HDAC1. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 29550-29554.
105. Milutinovic, S.; Zhuang, Q.; Szyf, M. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen associates with histone deacetylase activity, integrating DNA replication and chromatin modification. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 20974-20978.
106. Wada, M.; Miyazawa, H.; Wang, R. -S.; Mizuno, T.; Sato, A.; Asashima, M.; Hanaoka, F. The second largest subunit of mouse DNA polymerase epsilon, DPE2, interacts with SAP18 and recruits the Sin3 co-repressor protein to DNA. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 2002, 131, 307-311.
107. Kim, G. D.; Choi, Y. H.; Dimtchev, A.; Jeong, S. J.; Dritschilo, A.; Jung, M. Sensing of ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage by ATM through interaction with histone deacetylase. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274, 31127-31130.
108. Yarden, R. I.; Brody, L. C. BRCA1 interacts with components of the histone deacetylase complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96, 4983-4988.
109. de la Cruz, X.; Lois, S.; Sánchez-Molina, S.; Martínez- Balbás, M. A. Do protein motifs read the histone code? Bioessays 2005, 27, 164-175.
110. Taverna, S. D.; Coyne, R. S.; Allis, C. D. Methylation of histone h3 at lysine 9 targets programmed DNA elimination in tetrahymena. Cell 2002, 110, 701-711.
111. Schultz, D. C.; Ayyanathan, K.; Negorev, D.; Maul, G. G.; Rauscher, F. J. SETDB1: a novel KAP-1-associated histone H3, lysine 9-specific methyltransferase that contributes to HP1-mediated silencing of euchromatic genes by KRAB zinc-finger proteins. Genes Dev. 2002, 16, 919-932.
112. Min, J.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, R. -M. Structural basis for specific binding of Polycomb chromodomain to histone H3 methylated at Lys 27. Genes Dev. 2003, 17, 1823-1828.
113. Fischle, W.; Wang, Y.; Jacobs, S. A.; Kim, Y.; Allis, C. D.; Khorasanizadeh, S. Molecular basis for the discrimination of repressive methyl-lysine marks in histone H3 by Polycomb and HP1 chromodomains. Genes Dev. 2003, 17, 1870-1881.
114. Hamamoto, R.; Furukawa, Y.; Morita, M.; Iimura, Y.; Silva, F. P.; Li, M.; Yagyu, R.; Nakamura, Y. SMYD3 encodes a histone methyltransferase involved in the proliferation of cancer cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 2004, 6, 731-740.
115. Ng, H. H.; Robert, F.; Young, R. A.; Struhl, K. Targeted recruitment of Set1 histone methylase by elongating Pol II provides a localized mark and memory of recent transcriptional activity. Mol. Cell 2003, 11, 709-719.
116. Pray-Grant, M. G.; Daniel, J. A.; Schieltz, D.; Yates, J. R.; Grant, P. A. Chd1 chromodomain links histone H3 methylation with SAGA- and SLIK-dependent acetylation. Nature 2005, 433, 434-438.
117. Schneider, R.; Bannister, A. J.; Kouzarides, T. Unsafe SETs: histone lysine methyltransferases and cancer. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2002, 27, 396-402.
118. Bracken, A. P.; Pasini, D.; Capra, M.; Prosperini, E.; Colli, E.; Helin, K. EZH2 is downstream of the pRB-E2F pathway, essential for proliferation and amplified in cancer. EMBO J. 2003, 22, 5323-5335.
119. Kleer, C. G.; Cao, Q.; Varambally, S.; Shen, R.; Ota, I.; Tomlins, S. A.; Ghosh, D.; Sewalt, R. G. A. B.; Otte, A. P.; Hayes, D. F.; Sabel, M. S.; Livant, D.; Weiss, S. J.; Rubin, M. A.; Chinnaiyan, A. M. EZH2 is a marker of aggressive breast cancer and promotes neoplastic transformation of breast epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100, 11606-11611.
120. Varambally, S.; Dhanasekaran, S. M.; Zhou, M.; Barrette, T. R.; Kumar-Sinha, C.; Sanda, M. G.; Ghosh, D.; Pienta, K. J.; Sewalt, R. G. A. B.; Otte, A. P.; Rubin, M. A.; Chinnaiyan, A. M. The polycomb group protein EZH2 is involved in progression of prostate cancer. Nature 2002, 419, 624-629.
121. Abbondanza, C.; Medici, N.; Nigro, V.; Rossi, V.; Gallo, L.; Piluso, G.; Belsito, A.; Roscigno, A.; Bontempo, P.; Puca, A. A.; Molinari, A. M.; Moncharmont, B.; Puca, G. A. The retinoblastoma-interacting zinc-finger protein RIZ is a downstream effector of estrogen action. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 3130-3135.
122. Steele-Perkins, G.; Fang, W.; Yang, X. H.; Van Gele, M.; Carling, T.; Gu, J.; Buyse, I. M.; Fletcher, J. A.; Liu, J.; Bronson, R.; Chadwick, R. B.; de la Chapelle, A.; Zhang, X.; Speleman, F.; Huang, S. Tumor formation and inactivation of RIZ1, an Rb-binding member of a nuclear protein- methyltransferase superfamily. Genes Dev. 2001, 15, 2250-2262.
123. Ayton, P. M.; Cleary, M. L. Molecular mechanisms of leukemogenesis mediated by MLL fusion proteins. Oncogene 2001, 20, 5695-5707.
124. Okada, Y.; Feng, Q.; Lin, Y.; Jiang, Q.; Li, Y.; Coffield, V. M.; Su, L.; Xu, G.; Zhang, Y. hDOT1L links histone methylation to leukemogenesis. Cell 2005, 121, 167-178.
125. Shi, Y.; Lan, F.; Matson, C.; Mulligan, P.; Whetstine, J. R.; Cole, P. A.; Casero, R. A.; Shi, Y. Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD1. Cell 2004, 119, 941-953.
126. Hakimi, M. -A.; Bochar, D. A.; Chenoweth, J.; Lane, W. S.; Mandel, G.; Shiekhattar, R. A core-BRAF35 complex containing histone deacetylase mediates repression of neuronal-specific genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 7420-7425.
127. Hakimi, M. -A.; Dong, Y.; Lane, W. S.; Speicher, D. W.; Shiekhattar, R. A candidate X-linked mental retardation gene is a component of a new family of histone deacetylase-containing complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 7234-7239.
128. Shi, Y.; Sawada, J. -i.; Sui, G.; Affar, E. B.; Whetstine, J. R.; Lan, F.; Ogawa, H.; Luke, M. P. -S.; Nakatani, Y.; Shi, Y. Coordinated histone modifications mediated by a CtBP co-repressor complex. Nature 2003, 422, 735-738.
129. Tong, J. K.; Hassig, C. A.; Schnitzler, G. R.; Kingston, R. E.; Schreiber, S. L. Chromatin deacetylation by an ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelling complex. Nature 1998, 395, 917-921.
130. Kanoh, J.; Francesconi, S.; Collura, A.; Schramke, V.; Ishikawa, F.; Baldacci, G.; Géli, V. The fission yeast spSet1p is a histone H3-K4 methyltransferase that functions in telomere maintenance and DNA repair in an ATM kinase Rad3-dependent pathway. J. Mol. Biol. 2003, 326, 1081-1094.
131. Sollier, J.; Lin, W.; Soustelle, C.; Suhre, K.; Nicolas, A.; Géli, V.; De La Roche Saint-André, C. Set1 is required for meiotic S-phase onset, double-strand break formation and middle gene expression. EMBO J. 2004, 23, 1957-1967.
132. Giannattasio, M.; Lazzaro, F.; Plevani, P.; Muzi-Falconi, M. The DNA damage checkpoint response requires histone H2B ubiquitination by Rad6-Brc1 and H3 methylation by Dot1. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 250, 9879-9886.
133. Sarraf, S. A.; Stancheva, I. Methyl-CpG binding protein MBD1 couples histone H3 methylation at lysine 9 by SETDB1 to DNA replication and chromatin assembly. Mol. Cell 2004, 15, 595-605.
134. Yao, Y. -L.; Yang, W. -M.; Seto, E. Regulation of transcription factor YY1 by acetylation and deacetylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21, 5979-5991.
135. Chen, L. -F.; Greene, W. C. Shaping the nuclear action of NF-kappaB. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2004, 5, 392-401.
136. Kouskouti, A.; Scheer, E.; Staub, A.; Tora, L.; Talianidis, I. Gene-specific modulation of TAF10 function by SET9-mediated methylation. Mol. Cell 2004, 14, 175-182.
137. Chuikov, S.; Kurash, J. K.; Wilson, J. R.; Xiao, B.; Justin, N.; Ivanov, G. S.; McKinney, K.; Tempst, P.; Prives, C.; Gamblin, S. J.; Barlev, N. A.; Reinberg, D. Regulation of p53 activity through lysine methylation. Nature 2004, 432, 353-360.
138. Amé, J. -C.; Spenlehauer, C.; de Murcia, G. The PARP superfamily. Bioessays 2004, 26, 882-893.
139. Soldatenkov, V. A.; Potaman, V. N. DNA-binding properties of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: a target for anticancer therapy. Curr. Drug Targets 2004, 5, 357-365.
140. Huber, A., Bai, P.; de Murcia, J. M.; de Murcia, G. PARP-1, PARP-2 and ATM in the DNA damage response: functional synergy in mouse development. DNA Repair (Amst) 2004, 3, 1103-1108.
141. Rouleau, M.; Aubin, R. A.; Poirier, G. G. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated chromatin domains: access granted. J. Cell Sci. 2004, 117, 815-825.
142. Tulin, A.; Spradling, A. Chromatin loosening by poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) at Drosophila puff loci. Science 2003, 299, 560-562.
143. Kim, M. Y.; Mauro, S.; Gévry, N.; Lis, J. T.; Kraus, W. L. NAD(+)-Dependent Modulation of Chromatin Structure and Transcription by Nucleosome Binding Properties of PARP-1. Cell 2004, 119, 803-814.
144. Ju, B. -G.; Solum, D.; Song, E. J.; Lee, K. -J.; Rose, D. W.; Glass, C. K.; Rosenfeld, M. G. Activating the PARP-1 Sensor Component of the Groucho/TLE1 Corepressor Complex Mediates a CaMKinase IIdelta-Dependent Neurogenic Gene Activation Pathway. Cell 2004, 119, 815-829.
145. Yusufzai, T. M.; Tagami, H.; Nakatani, Y.; Felscnfeld, G. CTCF tethers an insulator to subnuclear sites, suggesting shared insulator mechanisms across species. Mol. Cell 2004, 13, 291-298.
146. Bonicalzi, M. -E.; Vodenicharov, M.; Coulombe, M.; Gagné, J. -P.; Poirier, G. G. Alteration of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase nucleocytoplasmic shuttling characteristics upon cleavage by apoptotic proteases. Biol. Cell 2003, 95, 635-644.
147. Mekhail, K.; Gunaratnam, L.; Bonicalzi, M. -E.; Lee, S. HIF activation by pH-dependent nucleolar sequestration of VHL. Nat. Cell Biol. 2004, 6, 642-647.
148. Yao, Y. -L.; Yang, W. -M. The metastasis-associated proteins 1 and 2 form distinct protein complexes with histone deacetylase activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 42560-42568.