Nuclear prostaglandin receptors: Role in pregnancy and parturition?

Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

Volumn 70, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 149-165

  Helliwell, Rachel J A ^a   Berry, Elicia B E ^b   O'Carroll, Simon J ^b   Mitchell, Murray D ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Eicosanoid; Nuclear receptor; Parturition; PPAR; Pregnancy; Prostaglandin

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; 3 CHLORO 4 [3 (7 PROPYL 3 TRIFLUOROMETHYLBENZISOXAZOL 6 YLOXY)PROPYLTHIO]PHENYLACETIC ACID; 4 [4 [3 (4 ACETYL 3 HYDROXY 2 PROPYLPHENOXY)PROPOXY]PHENOXY]ACETIC ACID; 5 (2,4 DIOXO 5 THIAZOLIDINYLMETHYL) 2 METHOXY N [4 (TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZYL]BENZAMIDE; 5,8,11,14 ICOSATETRAYNOIC ACID; AD 5075; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; CICAPROST; CIGLITAZONE; CIPROFIBRATE; CLOFIBRATE; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; ILOPROST; L 165461; L 796449; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA; PHENYLACETIC ACID DERIVATIVE; PHOSPHOLIPASE; PIOGLITAZONE; PIRINIXIC ACID; PROSTAGLANDIN D2; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PROSTAGLANDIN RECEPTOR; PROSTAGLANDIN RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ROSIGLITAZONE; TROGLITAZONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AMNION FLUID; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BRAIN; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL MIGRATION; CHILDBIRTH; DNA BINDING; GENE EXPRESSION; HEART; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INTESTINE; KIDNEY; LIGAND BINDING; LIVER; NONHUMAN; PLACENTA; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE LABOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RETINA; REVIEW; RODENT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TOCOLYSIS; TROPHOBLAST; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE;

EID: 0942268798     PISSN: 09523278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.04.005     Document Type: Article

References (229)

1. S. Lundin-Schiller, M.D. Mitchell, The role of prostaglandins in human parturition, Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 39 (1990) 1-10.
2. M.D. Mitchell, M.S. Trautman, Molecular mechanisms regulating prostaglandin action, Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 93 (1993) C7-C10.
3. J.A. Keelan, M. Coleman, M.D. Mitchell, The molecular mechanisms of term and preterm labor: recent progress and clinical implications, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 40 (1997) 460-478.
4. V.L. Schuster, Prostaglandin transport, Prostagl. Other Lipid Mediat. 68-69 (2002) 633-647.
5. M.L. Pucci, Y. Bao, B. Chan, et al., Cloning of mouse prostaglandin transporter PGT cDNA: species-specific substrate affinities, Am. J. Physiol. 277 (1999) R734-R741.
6. N. Kanai, R. Lu, J.A. Satriano, Y. Bao, A.W. Wolkoff, V.L. Schuster, Identification and characterization of a prostaglandin transporter, Science 268 (1995) 866-869.
7. R. Lu, N. Kanai, Y. Bao, V.L. Schuster, Cloning, in vitro expression, and tissue distribution of a human prostaglandin transporter cDNA(hPGT), J. Clin. Invest. 98 (1996) 1142-1149.
8. M.D. Mitchell, Biochemistry of the prostaglandins, Baillieres Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 6 (1992) 687-706.
9. W.R. Hansen, J.A. Keelan, S.J. Skinner, M.D. Mitchell, Key enzymes of prostaglandin biosynthesis and metabolism. Coordinate regulation of expression by cytokines in gestational tissues: a review, Prostagl. Other Lipid Mediat. 57 (1999) 243-257.
10. B.S. Chan, J.A. Satriano, M. Pucci, V.L. Schuster, Mechanism of prostaglandin E2 transport across the plasma membrane of HeLa cells and Xenopus oocytes expressing the prostaglandin transporter "PGT", J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 6689-6697.
11. S. Narumiya, G.A. FitzGerald, Genetic and pharmacological analysis of prostanoid receptor function, J. Clin. Invest. 108 (2001) 25-30.
12. K. Tsuboi, Y. Sugimoto, A. Ichikawa, Prostanoid receptor subtypes, Prostagl. Other Lipid Mediat. 68-69 (2002) 535-556.
13. T. Kobayashi, S. Narumiya, Function of prostanoid receptors: studies on knockout mice, Prostagl. Other Lipid Mediat. 68-69 (2002) 557-573.
14. D.M. Slater, S. Zervou, S. Thornton, Prostaglandins and prostanoid receptors in human pregnancy and parturition, J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. 9 (2002) 118-124.
15. V.L. Schuster, Molecular mechanisms of prostaglandin transport, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60 (1998) 221-242.
16. S. Endo, T. Nomura, B.S. Chan, et al., Expression of PGT in MDCK cell monolayers: polarized apical localization and induction of active PG transport, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282 (2002) F618-F622.
17. Y. Bao, M.L. Pucci, B.S. Chan, R. Lu, S. Ito, V.L. Schuster, Prostaglandin transporter PGT is expressed in cell types that synthesize and release prostanoids, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 282 (2002) F1103-F1110.
18. R.S. Gilmour, M.D. Mitchell, Nuclear lipid signaling: novel role of eicosanoids, Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 226 (2001) 1-4.
19. 2 and sphingomyelinase activities in rat liver nuclear membrane and matrix, Nit. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 27 (1995) 995-1001.
20. 2+ dependency by polyphosphoinositides, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1002 (1989) 182-188.
21. 2 is in the nucleus of subconfluent endothelial cells but confined to the cytoplasm of confluent endothelial cells and redistributes to the nuclear envelope and cell junctions upon histamine stimulation, Lab. Invest. 74 (1996) 684-695.
22. J.M. Fayard, C. Tessier, J.F. Pageaux, M. Lagarde, C. Laugier, Nuclear location of PLA2-I in proliferative cells, J. Cell Sci. 111 (Pt. 7) (1998) 985-994.
23. E.J. Freeman, M.L. Ruehr, R.V. Dorman, ANG II-induced translocation of cytosolic PLA2 to the nucleus in vascular smooth muscle cells, Am. J. Physiol. 274 (1998) C282-C288.
24. L.L. Lin, M. Wartmann, A.Y. Lin, J.L. Knopf, A. Seth, R.J. Davis, cPLA2 is phosphorylated and activated by MAP kinase, Cell 72 (1993) 269-278.
25. H. Kan, Y. Ruan, K.U. Malik, Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase and translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 to the nuclear envelope in acetylcholine-induced prostacyclin synthesis in rabbit coronary endothelial cells, Mol. Pharmacol. 50 (1996) 1139-1147.
26. A.M. Sheridan, A. Sapirstein, N. Lemieux, B.D. Martin, D.K. Kim, J.V. Bonventre, Nuclear translocation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 is induced by ATP depletion, J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 29899-29905.
27. E.J. Neufeld, P.W. Majerus, C.M. Krueger, J.E. Saffitz, Uptake and subcellular distribution of arachidonic acid in murine fibrosarcoma cells measured by electron microscope autoradiography, J. Cell. Biol. 101 (1985) 573-581.
28. A.M. Capriotti, E.E. Furth, M.E. Arrasmith, M. Laposata, Arachidonate released upon agonist stimulation preferentially originates from arachidonate most recently incorporated into nuclear membrane phospholipids, J. Biol. Chem. 263 (1988) 10029-10034.
29. M.K. Regier, J.C. Otto, D.L. DeWitt, W.L. Smith, Localization of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-1 to the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope is independent of its C-terminal tetrapeptide-PTEL, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 317 (1995) 457-463.
30. I. Morita, M. Schindler, M.K. Regier, et al., Different intracellular locations for prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1 and -2, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 10902-10908.
31. R.J. Coffey, C.J. Hawkey, L. Damstrup, et al., Epidermal growth factor receptor activation induces nuclear targeting of cyclooxygenase-2, basolateral release of prostaglandins, and mitogenesis in polarizing colon cancer cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 657-662.
32. A.G. Spencer, J.W. Woods, T. Arakawa, I.I. Singer, W.L. Smith, Subcellular localization of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases-1 and -2 by immunoelectron microscopy, J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 9886-9893.
33. H. Parfenova, T.H. Eidson, C.W. Leffler, Upregulation of COX-2 in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells by smooth muscle cell signals, Am. J. Physiol. 273 (1997) C277-C288.
34. K.W. Marvin, R.L. Eykholt, M.D. Mitchell, Subcellular localization of prostaglandin H synthase-2 in a human amnion cell line: implications for nuclear localized prostaglandin signaling pathways, Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 62 (2000) 7-11.
35. H. Parfenova, V.N. Parfenov, B.V. Shlopov, et al., Dynamics of nuclear localization sites for COX-2 in vascular endothelial cells, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 281 (2001) C166-C178.
36. N. Ueno, M. Murakami, T. Tanioka, et al., Coupling between cyclooxygenase, terminal prostanoid synthase, and phospholipase A2, J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 34918-34927.
37. X.S. Chen, T.A. Naumann, U. Kurre, N.A. Jenkins, N.G. Copeland, C.D. Funk, cDNA cloning, expression, mutagenesis, intracellular localization, and gene chromosomal assignment of mouse 5-lipoxygenase, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 17993-17999.
38. X.S. Chen, Y.Y. Zhang, C.D. Funk, Determinants of 5-lipoxygenase nuclear localization using green fluorescent protein/5-lipoxygenase fusion proteins, J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 31237-31244.
39. P. Christmas, J.W. Fox, S.R. Ursino, R.J. Soberman, Differential localization of 5- and 15-lipoxygenases to the nuclear envelope in RAW macrophages, J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 25594-25598.
40. A.M. Healy, M. Peters-Golden, J.P. Yao, T.G. Brock, Identification of a bipartite nuclear localization sequence necessary for nuclear import of 5-lipoxygenase, J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 29812-29818.
41. S.M. Jones, M. Luo, A.M. Healy, M. Peters-Golden, T.G. Brock, Structural and functional criteria reveal a new nuclear import sequence on the 5-lipoxygenase protein, J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 38550-38556.
42. R.A. Dixon, R.E. Diehl, E. Opas, et al., Requirement of a 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein for leukotriene synthesis, Nature 343 (1990) 282-284.
43. F.R. Homaidan, I. Chakroun, H.A. Haidar, M.E. El-Sabban, Protein regulators of eicosanoid synthesis: role in inflammation, Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 3 (2002) 467-484.
44. T.G. Brock, E. Maydanski, R.W. McNish, M. Peters-Golden, Co-localization of leukotriene A4 hydrolase with 5-lipoxygenase in nuclei of alveolar macrophages and rat basophilic leukemia cells but not neutrophils, J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 35071-35077.
45. M. Mendez, M.C. LaPointe, Trophic effects of the cyclooxygenase-2 product prostaglandin E(2) in cardiac myocytes, Hypertension 39 (2002) 382-388.
46. F. Kojima, H. Naraba, Y. Sasaki, R. Okamoto, T. Koshino, S. Kawai, Co-expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase with cyclooxygenase-2 in human rheumatoid synovial cells, J. Rheumatol. 29 (2002) 1836-1842.
47. K. Yamagata, K. Matsumura, W. Inoue, et al., Co-expression of microsomal-type prostaglandin E synthase with cyclooxygenase-2 in brain endothelial cells of rats during endotoxin-induced fever, J. Neurosci. 21 (2001) 2669-2677.
48. T. Tanioka, Y. Nakatani, N. Semmyo, M. Murakami, I. Kudo, Molecular identification of cytosolic prostaglandin E2 synthase that is functionally coupled with cyclooxygenase-1 in immediate prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis, J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 32775-32782.
49. M. Murakami, H. Naraba, T. Tanioka, et al., Regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by inducible membrane-associated prostaglandin E2 synthase that acts in concert with cyclooxygenase-2, J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 32783-32792.
50. M. Murakami, Y. Nakatani, T. Tanioka, I. Kudo, Prostaglandin E synthase, Prostagl. Other Lipid Mediat. 68-69 (2002) 383-399.
51. Y. Urade, O. Hayaishi, Biochemical, structural, genetic, physiological, and pathophysiological features of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1482 (2000) 259-271.
52. C.T. Beuckmann, M. Lazarus, D. Gerashchenko, et al., Cellular localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in the central nervous system of the adult rat, J. Comp. Neurol. 428 (2000) 62-78.
53. 2 induced apoptosis in amnion-like WISH cells: A possible intracrine mechanism of action, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on the Cell Biology of Reproduction, Cambridge, UK, 2002.
54. S. Narumiya, M. Fukushima, Site and mechanism of growth inhibition by prostaglandins. I. Active transport and intracellular accumulation of cyclopentenone prostaglandins, a reaction leading to growth inhibition, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 239 (1986) 500-505.
55. S. Narumiya, K. Ohno, M. Fujiwara, M. Fukushima, Site and mechanism of growth inhibition by prostaglandins. II. Temperature-dependent transfer of a cyclopentenone prostaglandin to nuclei, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 239 (1986) 506-511.
56. 2 in nuclei, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 242 (1987) 306-311.
57. S. Narumiya, M. Fukushima, Active transport and cellular accumulation of cyclopentenone prostaglandins: a mechanism of prostaglandin-induced growth inhibition, Adv. Prostagl. Thromboxane Leukot. Res. 17B (1987) 972-975.
58. 2-induced protein syntheses in porcine aortic endothelial cells, Biochem. Pharmacol. 44 (1992) 1597-1602.
59. K. Ohno, M. Hirata, Characterization of the transport system of prostaglandin A2 in L-1210 murine leukemia cells, Biochem. Pharmacol. 46 (1993) 661-670.
60. S. Takahashi, N. Odani, K. Tomokiyo, et al., Localization of a cyclopentenone prostaglandin to the endoplasmic reticulum and induction of BiP mRNA, Biochem. J. 335 (Pt. 1) (1998) 35-42.
61. K. Matsumoto, I. Morita, S. Murota, Arachidonic acid metabolism by nuclei of a retinoic acid - or vitamin D3 - differentiated human leukemia cell line HL-60, Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 51 (1994) 51-55.
62. M. Bhattacharya, K.G. Peri, G. Almazan, et al., Nuclear localization of prostaglandin E2 receptors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 15792-15797.
63. M. Bhattacharya, K. Peri, A. Ribeiro-da-Silva, et al., Localization of functional prostaglandin E2 receptors EP3 and EP4 in the nuclear envelope, J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 15719-15724.
64. F. Gobeil Jr., I. Dumont, A.M. Marrache, et al., Regulation of eNOS expression in brain endothelial cells by perinuclear EP(3) receptors, Circ. Res. 90 (2002) 682-689.
65. M. Bhattacharya, D.R. Varma, S. Chemtob, Nuclear prostaglandin receptors, Gene Ther. Mol. Biol. 4 (1999) 323-338.
66. R. Re, The nature of intracrine peptide hormone action, Hypertension 34 (1999) 534-538.
67. J.L. Cook, Z. Zhang, R.N. Re, In vitro evidence for an intracellular site of angiotensin action, Circ. Res. 89 (2001) 1138-1146.
68. W.C. De Mello, A.H. Danser, Angiotensin II and the heart: on the intracrine renin-angiotensin system, Hypertension 35 (2000) 1183-1188.
69. R.N. Re, On the biological actions of intracellular angiotensin, Hypertension 35 (2000) 1189-1190.
70. T. Massfelder, P. Dann, T.L. Wu, R. Vasavada, J.J. Helwig, A.F. Stewart, Opposing mitogenic and anti-mitogenic actions of parathyroid hormone-related protein in vascular smooth muscle cells: a critical role for nuclear targeting, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 13630-13635.
71. M.T. Nguyen, A.C. Karaplis, The nucleus: a target site for parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) action, J. Cell Biochem. 70 (1998) 193-199.
72. M.M. Aarts, A. Rix, J. Guo, R. Bringhurst, J.E. Henderson, The nucleolar targeting signal (NTS) of parathyroid hormone related protein mediates endocytosis and nucleolar translocation, J. Bone Miner. Res. 14 (1999) 1493-1503.
73. P.H. Watson, L.J. Fraher, G.N. Hendy, et al., Nuclear localization of the type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor in rat tissues, J. Bone Miner. Res. 15 (2000) 1033-1044.
74. P.H. Watson, L.J. Fraher, B.V. Natale, M. Kisiel, G.N. Hendy, A.B. Hodsman, Nuclear localization of the type 1 parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor in MC3T3-E1 cells: association with serum-induced cell proliferation, Bone 26 (2000) 221-225.
75. L. Hunyady, K.J. Catt, A.J. Clark, Z. Gaborik, Mechanisms and functions of AT(1) angiotensin receptor internalization, Regul. Pept. 91 (2000) 29-44.
76. L. Hunyady, A.J. Baukal, Z. Gaborik, et al., Differential PI 3-kinase dependence of early and late phases of recycling of the internalized AT1 angiotensin receptor, J. Cell. Biol. 157 (2002) 1211-1222.
77. K. Seta, M. Nanamori, J.G. Modrall, R.R. Neubig, J. Sadoshima, AT1 receptor mutant lacking heterotrimeric G protein coupling activates the Src-Ras-ERK pathway without nuclear translocation of ERKs, J. Biol. Chem 277 (2002) 9268-9277.
78. T.L. Clemens, S. Cormier, A. Eichinger, et al., Parathyroid hormone-related protein and its receptors: nuclear functions and roles in the renal and cardiovascular systems, the placental trophoblasts and the pancreatic islets, Br. J. Pharmacol. 134 (2001) 1113-1136.
79. M.H. Lam, R.J. Thomas, T.J. Martin, M.T. Gillespie, D.A. Jans, Nuclear and nucleolar localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein, Immunol. Cell. Biol. 78 (2000) 395-402.
80. N. Amizuka, J.E. Henderson, J.H. White, et al., Recent studies on the biological action of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) and PTH/PTHrP receptor in cartilage and bone, Histol. Histopathol. 15 (2000) 957-970.
81. G. Innamorati, C. Le Gouill, M. Balamotis, M. Birnbaumer, The long and the short cycle. Alternative intracellular routes for trafficking of G-protein-coupled receptors, J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 13096-13103.
82. L.A. Volpicelli, J.J. Lah, G. Fang, J.R. Goldenring, A.I. Levey, Rab11a and myosin Vb regulate recycling of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, J. Neurosci. 22 (2002) 9776-9784.
83. B. Pollok-Kopp, K. Schwarze, V.K. Baradari, M. Oppermann, Analysis of ligand-stimulated CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) phosphorylation in intact cells using phosphosite-specific antibodies, J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 2190-2198.
84. A.K. Hihi, L. Michalik, W. Wahli, PPARs: transcriptional effectors of fatty acids and their derivatives, Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59 (2002) 790-798.
85. L. Michalik, B. Desvergne, C. Dreyer, M. Gavillet, R.N. Laurini, W. Wahli, PPAR expression and function during vertebrate development, Int. J. Dev. Biol. 46 (2002) 105-114.
86. J. Berger, D.E. Moller, The mechanisms of action of PPARs, Annu. Rev. Med. 53 (2002) 409-435.
87. R.A. Daynes, D.C. Jones, Emerging roles of PPARs in inflammation and immunity, Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2 (2002) 748-759.
88. X. Zhang, H.A. Young, PPAR and immune system - what do we know? Int. Immunopharmacol. 2 (2002) 1029-1044.
89. D. Bishop-Bailey, S. Calatayud, T.D. Warner, T. Hla, J.A. Mitchell, Prostaglandins and the regulation of tumor growth, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 21 (2002) 93-101.
90. T. Lemberger, B. Desvergne, W. Wahli, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: a nuclear receptor signaling pathway in lipid physiology, Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 12 (1996) 335-363.
91. J. Vamecq, N. Latruffe, Medical significance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, Lancet 354 (1999) 141-148.
92. O. Braissant, F. Foufelle, C. Scotto, M. Dauca, W. Wahli, Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs): tissue distribution of PPAR-alpha, -beta, and -gamma in the adult rat, Endocrinology 137 (1996) 354-366.
93. S.A. Kliewer, B.M. Forman, B. Blumberg, et al., Differential expression and activation of a family of murine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 7355-7359.
94. T.E. Cullingford, K. Bhakoo, S. Peuchen, C.T. Dolphin, R. Patel, J.B. Clark, Distribution of mRNAs encoding the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, beta, and gamma and the retinoid X receptor alpha, beta, and gamma in rat central nervous system, J. Neurochem. 70 (1998) 1366-1375.
95. A.V. Ershov, N.G. Bazan, Photoreceptor phagocytosis selectively activates PPARgamma expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells, J. Neurosci. Res. 60 (2000) 328-337.
96. D. Auboeuf, J. Rieusset, L. Fajas, et al., Tissue distribution and quantification of the expression of mRNAs of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver X receptor-alpha in humans: no alteration in adipose tissue of obese and NIDDM patients, Diabetes 46 (1997) 1319-1327.
97. R. Mukherjee, L. Jow, G.E. Croston, J.R. Paterniti Jr., Identification, characterization, and tissue distribution of human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms PPARgamma2 versus PPARgamma1 and activation with retinoid X receptor agonists and antagonists, J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 8071-8076.
98. G. Xing, L. Zhang, T. Heynen, et al., Rat PPAR delta contains a CGG triplet repeat and is prominently expressed in the thalamic nuclei, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 217 (1995) 1015-1025.
99. E.Z. Amri, F. Bonino, G. Ailhaud, N.A. Abumrad, P.A. Grimaldi, Cloning of a protein that mediates transcriptional effects of fatty acids in preadipocytes. Homology to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 2367-2371.
100. R.F. Morrison, S.R. Farmer, Hormonal signaling and transcriptional control of adipocyte differentiation, J. Nutr. 130 (2000) 3116S-3121S.
101. P. Tontonoz, E. Hu, R.A. Graves, A.I. Budavari, B.M. Spiegelman, mPPAR gamma 2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer, Genes Dev. 8 (1994) 1224-1234.
102. A. Mansen, H. Guardiola-Diaz, J. Rafter, C. Branting, J.A. Gustafsson, Expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) in the mouse colonic mucosa, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 222 (1996) 844-851.
103. A.J. Vidal-Puig, R.V. Considine, M. Jimenez-Linan, et al., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene expression in human tissues. Effects of obesity, weight loss, and regulation by insulin and glucocorticoids, J. Clin. Invest. 99 (1997) 2416-2422.
104. K.W. Marvin, R.L. Eykholt, J.A. Keelan, T.A. Sato, M.D. Mitchell, The 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2)receptor, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is expressed in human gestational tissues and is functionally active in JEG3 choriocarcinoma cells, Placenta 21 (2000) 436-440.
105. P. Escher, W. Wahli, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: insight into multiple cellular functions, Mutat. Res. 448 (2000) 121-138.
106. L. Fajas, D. Auboeuf, E. Raspe, et al., The organization, promoter analysis, and expression of the human PPARgamma gene, J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 18779-18789.
107. L. Fajas, J.C. Fruchart, J. Auwerx, PPARgamma3 mRNA: a distinct PPARgamma mRNA subtype transcribed from an independent promoter, FEBS Lett. 438 (1998) 55-60.
108. I. Issemann, S. Green, Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators, Nature 347 (1990) 645-650.
109. H. Lim, S.K. Dey, PPAR delta functions as a prostacyclin receptor in blastocyst implantation, Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 11 (2000) 137-142.
110. K. Ohta, T. Endo, K. Haraguchi, J.M. Hershman, T. Onaya, Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human papillary thyroid carcinoma cells, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (2001) 2170-2177.
111. B.H. Rovin, W.A. Wilmer, L. Lu, et al., 15-Deoxy-delta12, 14-prostaglandin J2 regulates mesangial cell proliferation and death, Kidney Int. 61 (2002) 1293-1302.
112. H. Lim, S.K. Dey, A novel pathway of prostacyclin signaling-hanging out with nuclear receptors, Endocrinology 143 (2002) 3207-3210.
113. S.G. Harris, R.P. Phipps, Prostaglandin D(2), its metabolite 15-d-PGJ(2), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma agonists induce apoptosis in transformed, but not normal, human T lineage cells, Immunology 105 (2002) 23-34.
114. H. Fahmi, J.P. Pelletier, J.A. Di Battista, H.S. Cheung, J.C. Fernandes, J. Martel-Pelletier, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activators inhibit MMP-1 production in human synovial fibroblasts likely by reducing the binding of the activator protein 1, Osteoarthritis Cartilage 10 (2002) 100-108.
115. T. Shibata, M. Kondo, T. Osawa, N. Shibata, M. Kobayashi, K. Uchida, 15-deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2. A prostaglandin D2 metabolite generated during inflammatory processes, J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 10459-10466.
116. C. Qin, R. Burghardt, R. Smith, M. Wormke, J. Stewart, S. Safe, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists induce proteasome-dependent degradation of cyclin D1 and estrogen receptor alpha in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, Cancer Res. 63 (2003) 958-964.
117. D.S. Calnek, L. Mazzella, S. Roser, J. Roman, C.M. Hart, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands increase release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells, Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 23 (2003) 52-57.
118. K. Yu, W. Bayona, C.B. Kallen, et al., Differential activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by eicosanoids, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 23975-23983.
119. B.M. Forman, P. Tontonoz, J. Chen, R.P. Brun, B.M. Spiegelman, R.M. Evans, 15-Deoxy-delta 12, 14-prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPAR gamma, Cell 83 (1995) 803-812.
120. S.A. Kliewer, J.M. Lenhard, T.M. Willson, I. Patel, D.C. Morris, J.M. Lehmann, A prostaglandin J2 metabolite binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and promotes adipocyte differentiation, Cell 83 (1995) 813-819.
121. J.A. Keelan, T.A. Sato, K.W. Marvin, J. Lander, R.S. Gilmour, M.D. Mitchell, 15-Deoxy-delta(1214)-prostaglandin J(2) a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma induces apoptosis in JEG3 choriocarcinoma cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 262 (1999) 579-585.
122. J. Keelan, R. Helliwell, B. Nijmeijer, et al., 15-Deoxy-delta12,14- prostaglandin J2-induced apoptosis in amnion-like WISH cells, Prostagl. Other Lipid Mediat. 66 (2001) 265-282.
123. T.T. Rohn, S.M. Wong, C.W. Cotman, D.H. Cribbs, 15-Deoxy-delta12,14- prostaglandin J2, a specific ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, induces neuronal apoptosis, Neuroreport 12 (2001) 839-843.
124. D.A. Kniss, Cyclooxygenases in reproductive medicine and biology, J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. 6 (1999) 285-292.
125. S.G. Harris, J. Padilla, L. Koumas, D. Ray, R.P. Phipps, Prostaglandins as modulators of immunity, Trends Immunol. 23 (2002) 144-150.
126. M.D. Mitchell, D.L. Kraemer, D.M. Strickland, The human placenta: a major source of prostaglandin D2, Prostagl. Leukot. Med. 8 (1982) 383-387.
127. E.R. Norwitz, P.M. Starkey, A. Lopez Bernal, Prostaglandin D2 production by term human decidua: cellular origins defined using flow cytometry, Obstet. Gynecol. 80 (1992) 440-445.
128. Y. Taba, T. Sasaguri, M. Miyagi, et al., Fluid shear stress induces lipocalin-type prostaglandin D(2) synthase expression in vascular endothelial cells, Circ. Res. 86 (2000) 967-973.
129. K.W. Marvin, J.A. Keelan, S. O'Carroll, R.J. Romero, T. Chaiworapongsa, M.D. Mitchell, Distribution and relationship to labor at term or preterm of prostaglandin(PG) D synthases and amniotic fluid concentrations of PGD2 and 15-deoxy-delta-1214 PGJ2, in: The Society for Gynecologic Investigation 49th Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, 2002, p. 121A.
130. D.W. Gilroy, P.R. Colville-Nash, D. Willis, J. Chivers, M.J. Paul-Clark, D.A. Willoughby, Inducible cyclooxygenase may have anti-inflammatory properties [see comments], Nat. Med. 5 (1999) 698-701.
131. L.B. Maggi Jr., H. Sadeghi, C. Weigand, A.L. Scarim, M.R. Heitmeier, J.A. Corbett, Anti-inflammatory actions of 15-deoxy-delta 1214-prostaglandin J2 and troglitazone: evidence for heat shock-dependent and independent inhibition of cytokine-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, Diabetes 49 (2000) 346-355.
132. H. Sawano, M. Haneda, T. Sugimoto, K. Inoki, D. Koya, R. Kikkawa, 15-Deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits IL-1beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in mesangial cells, Kidney Int. 61 (2002) 1957-1967.
133. E.J. Park, S.Y. Park, E.H. Joe, I. Jou, 15d-PGJ2 and rosiglitazone suppress Janus kinase-STAT inflammatory signaling through induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3 in glia, J. Biol. Chem. 278 (17) (2003) 14747-14752.
134. S. Cuzzocrea, A. Ianaro, N.S. Wayman, et al., The cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ2 attenuates the development of colon injury caused by dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid in the rat, Br. J. Pharmacol. 138 (2003) 678-688.
135. M. Lappas, M. Permezel, H.M. Georgiou, G.E. Rice, Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human gestational tissues by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma: effect of 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) and troglitazone, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 (2002) 4667-4672.
136. J.A. Keelan, M. Blumenstein, R.J.A. Helliwell, T.A. Sato, K.W. Marvin, M.D. Mitchell, Cytokines, prostaglandins and parturition-a review, Placenta 24 (Suppl A) 533-546.
137. 2) exhibits anti-inflammatory activites in amnion-derived WISH cells, J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. 10 (2003) 144A.
138. J.R.G. Challis, S.G. Matthews, W. Gibb, S.J. Lye, Endocrine and paracrine regulation of birth at term and preterm, Endocr. Rev. 21 (2000) 514-550.
139. L.F. Goncalves, T. Chaiworapongsa, R. Romero, Intrauterine infection and prematurity, Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil Res. Rev. 8 (2002) 3-13.
140. G. Ferry, V. Bruneau, P. Beauverger, et al., Binding of prostaglandins to human PPARgamma: tool assessment and new natural ligands, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 417 (2001) 77-89.
141. R. Vezza, A.M. Mezzasoma, G. Venditti, P. Gresele, Prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane A2 activate the same receptor isoforms in human platelets, Thromb. Haemost. 87 (2002) 114-121.
142. T. Ito, T. Kato, Y. Iwama, et al., Prostaglandin H2 as an endothelium-derived contracting factor and its interaction with endothelium-derived nitric oxide, J. Hypertens. 9 (1991) 729-736.
143. H. Asano, K. Shimizu, M. Muramatsu, et al., Prostaglandin H2 as an endothelium-derived contracting factor modulates endothelin-1-induced contraction, J. Hypertens. 12 (1994) 383-390.
144. M. Camacho, J. Lopez-Belmonte, L. Vila, Rate of vasoconstrictor prostanoids released by endothelial cells depends on cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin I synthase activity, Circ. Res. 83 (1998) 353-365.
145. A. Huang, D. Sun, A. Koller, Shear stress-induced release of prostaglandin H(2) in arterioles of hypertensive rats, Hypertension 35 (2000) 925-930.
146. O. Boutaud, J.J. Ou, P. Chaurand, R.M. Caprioli, T.J. Montine, J.A. Oates, Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) accelerates formation of amyloid beta1-42 oligomers, J. Neurochem. 82 (2002) 1003-1006.
147. B.M. Forman, J. Chen, R.M. Evans, Hypolipidemic drugs polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 4312-4317.
148. R.A. Gupta, R.N. DuBois, Translational studies on COX-2 inhibitors in the prevention and treatment of colon cancer, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 910 (2000) 196-204 (discussion 204-196).
149. T. Hatae, M. Wada, C. Yokoyama, M. Shimonishi, T. Tanabe, Prostacyclin-dependent apoptosis mediated by PPAR delta, J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 46260-46267.
150. I.M. Bird, L. Zhang, R.R. Magness, Possible mechanisms underlying pregnancy-induced changes in uterine artery endothelial function, Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 284 (2003) R245-258.
151. D.J. Dudley, S. LaMarche, M.D. Mitchell, An endothelial cell model for the investigation of the molecular regulation of fetal vascular tone, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 165 (1991) 1723-1726.
152. E. Spisni, C. Griffoni, S. Santi, et al., Colocalization prostacyclin (PGI2) synthase-caveolin-1 in endothelial cells and new roles for PGI2 in angiogenesis, Exp. Cell. Res. 266 (2001) 31-43.
153. M. Blumenstein, J.A. Keelan, M.D. Mitchell, Hypoxia attenuates PGE(2) but increases prostacyclin and thromboxane production in human term villous trophoblast, Placenta 22 (2001) 519-525.
154. J.K. Pollard, M.D. Mitchell, Effects of gestational age on prostaglandin production and its regulation in human myometrial cells, J. Matern. Fetal Med. 5 (1996) 93-98.
155. C. Thiemermann, Biosynthesis and interaction of endothelium-derived vasoactive mediators, Eicosanoids 4 (1991) 187-202.
156. S.J. Lye, J.R. Challis, Inhibition by PGI-2 of myometrial activity in vivo in non-pregnant ovariectomized sheep, J. Reprod. Fertil. 66 (1982) 311-315.
157. P. Pradono, R. Tazawa, M. Maemondo, et al., Gene transfer of thromboxane A(2) synthase and prostaglandin I(2) synthase antithetically altered tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth, Cancer Res. 62 (2002) 63-66.
158. H. Lim, R.A. Gupta, W.G. Ma, et al., Cyclo-oxygenase-2-derived prostacyclin mediates embryo implantation in the mouse via PPARdelta, Genes Dev. 13 (1999) 1561-1574.
159. R. Romero, Y.K. Wu, M. Mazor, E. Oyarzun, J.C. Hobbins, M.D. Mitchell, Amniotic fluid arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolites in preterm labor, Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 36 (1989) 69-75.
160. S.S. Edwin, R.J. Romero, H. Munoz, D.W. Branch, M.D. Mitchell, 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and human parturition, Prostaglandins 51 (1996) 403-412.
161. S.S. Edwin, M.D. Mitchell, D.J. Dudley, Action of immunoregulatory agents on 5-HETE production by cultured human amnion cells, J. Reprod. Immunol. 36 (1997) 111-121.
162. C.E. Myers, J. Ghosh, Lipoxygenase inhibition in prostate cancer, Eur. Urol. 35 (1999) 395-398.
163. D. Nie, K. Tang, K. Szekeres, L. Li, K.V. Honn, Eicosanoid regulation of angiogenesis in human prostate carcinoma and its therapeutic implications, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 905 (2000) 165-176.
164. V.A. Ziboh, C.C. Miller, Y. Cho, Significance of lipoxygenase-derived monohydroxy fatty acids in cutaneous biology, Prostagl. Other Lipid Mediat. 63 (2000) 3-13.
165. M. Yamada, A.D. Proia, 8(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is the lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid that regulates epithelial cell migration in the rat cornea, Cornea 19 (2000) S13-20.
166. S.J. Muga, P. Thuillier, A. Pavone, et al., 8S-lipoxygenase products activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and induce differentiation in murine keratinocytes, Cell Growth Differ. 11 (2000) 447-454.
167. L. Nagy, P. Tontonoz, J.G. Alvarez, H. Chen, R.M. Evans, Oxidized LDL regulates macrophage gene expression through ligand activation of PPARgamma, Cell 93 (1998) 229-240.
168. P. Tontonoz, L. Nagy, J.G. Alvarez, V.A. Thomazy, R.M. Evans, PPARgamma promotes monocyte/macrophage differentiation and uptake of oxidized LDL, Cell 93 (1998) 241-252.
169. K.H. Han, M.K. Chang, A. Boullier, et al., Oxidized LDL reduces monocyte CCR2 expression through pathways involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, J. Clin. Invest. 106 (2000) 793-802.
170. B. Fischer, A. von Knethen, B. Brune, Dualism of oxidized lipoproteins in provoking and attenuating the oxidative burst in macrophages: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, J. Immunol. 168 (2002) 2828-2834.
171. R.L. Schild, W.T. Schaiff, M.G. Carlson, E.J. Cronbach, D.M. Nelson, Y. Sadovsky, The activity of PPAR gamma in primary human trophoblasts is enhanced by oxidized lipids, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 (2002) 1105-1110.
172. P.R. Devchand, A.K. Hihi, M. Perroud, W.D. Schleuning, B.M. Spiegelman, W. Wahli, Chemical probes that differentially modulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and BLTR, nuclear and cell surface receptors for leukotriene B(4), J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 23341-23348.
173. P.R. Devchand, H. Keller, J.M. Peters, M. Vazquez, F.J. Gonzalez, W. Wahli, The PPARalpha-leukotriene B4 pathway to inflammation control [see comments], Nature 384 (1996) 39-43.
174. M.D. Mitchell, C.F. Grzyboski, Arachidonic acid metabolism by lipoxygenase pathways in intrauterine tissues of women at term of pregnancy, Prostagl. Leukot Med. 28 (1987) 303-312.
175. S.S. Edwin, S.L. LaMarche, D. Thai, D.W. Branch, M.D. Mitchell, 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid biosynthesis by gestational tissues: effects of inflammatory cytokines, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 169 (1993) 1467-1471.
176. S.S. Edwin, M.D. Mitchell, Arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolite formation in gestational tissues, J. Lipid Mediat. Cell. Signal. 9 (1994) 291-300.
177. S.S. Edwin, D. Thai, S. LaMarche, D.W. Branch, M.D. Mitchell, The regulation of arachidonate lipoxygenase metabolite formation in cells derived from intrauterine tissues, Prostagl. Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids 52 (1995) 229-233.
178. Y. Barak, M.C. Nelson, E.S. Ong, et al., PPAR gamma is required for placental cardiac and adipose tissue development, Mol. Cell. 4 (1999) 585-595.
179. N. Kubota, Y. Terauchi, H. Miki, et al., PPAR gamma mediates high-fat diet-induced adipocyte hypertrophy and insulin resistance, Mol. Cell. 4 (1999) 597-609.
180. S.E. Crawford, C. Qi, P. Misra, et al., Defects of the heart, eye, and megakaryocytes in peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-binding protein (PBP) null embryos implicate GATA family of transcription factors, J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 3585-3592.
181. Y.J. Zhu, S.E. Crawford, V. Stellmach, et al., Coactivator PRIP, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-interacting protein, is a modulator of placental, cardiac, hepatic, and embryonic development, J. Biol. Chem 278 (2003) 1986-1990.
182. Y. Cui, K. Miyoshi, E. Claudio, et al., Loss of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) does not affect mammary development and propensity for tumor formation but leads to reduced fertility, J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 17830-17835.
183. M. Mohan, J.R. Malayer, R.D. Geisert, G.L. Morgan, Expression patterns of retinoid X receptors, retinaldehyde dehydrogenase, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma in bovine preattachment embryos, Biol. Reprod. 66 (2002) 692-700.
184. L.L. Waite, E.C. Person, Y. Zhou, K.H. Lim, T.S. Scanlan, R.N. Taylor, Placental peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is up-regulated by pregnancy serum, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (2000) 3808-3814.
185. W.T. Schaiff, M.G. Carlson, S.D. Smith, R. Levy, D.M. Nelson, Y. Sadovsky, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma modulates differentiation of human trophoblast in a ligand-specific manner, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 (2000) 3874-3881.
186. A. Tarrade, K. Schoonjans, L. Pavan, et al., PPARgamma/ RXRalpha heterodimers control human trophoblast invasion, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 (2001) 5017-5024.
187. A. Tarrade, K. Schoonjans, J. Guibourdenche, et al., PPAR gamma/RXR alpha heterodimers are involved in human CG beta synthesis and human trophoblast differentiation, Endocrinology 142 (2001) 4504-4514.
188. L. Capparuccia, D. Marzioni, A. Giordano, et al., PPARgamma expression in normal human placenta, hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma, Mol. Hum. Reprod. 8 (2002) 574-579.
189. Q. Wang, H. Fujii, G.T. Knipp, Expression of PPAR and RXR isoforms in the developing rat and human term placentas, Placenta 23 (2002) 661-671.
190. T. Fournier, L. Pavan, A. Tarrade, et al., The role of PPAR-gamma/RXR-alpha heterodimers in the regulation of human trophoblast invasion, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 973 (2002) 26-30.
191. D. Evain-Brion, T. Fournier, P. Therond, A. Tarrade, L. Pavan, Pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia: role of PPAR gamma in trophoblast invasion, Bull. Acad. Natl. Med. 186 (2002) 409-418 discussion 418-420.
192. R.V. Considine, Regulation of leptin production, Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord. 2 (2001) 357-363.
193. H. Masuzaki, Y. Ogawa, N. Sagawa, et al., Non-adipose tissue production of leptin: leptin as a novel placenta-derived hormone in humans, Nat. Med. 3 (1997) 1029-1033.
194. R. Senaris, T. Garcia-Caballero, X. Casabiell, et al., Synthesis of leptin in human placenta, Endocrinology 138 (1997) 4501-4504.
195. E.B. Soh, M.D. Mitchell, J.A. Keelan, Does leptin exhibit cytokine-like properties in tissues of pregnancy? Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 43 (2000) 292-298.
196. F. Akerman, Z.M. Lei, C.V. Rao, Human umbilical cord and fetal membranes co-express leptin and its receptor genes, Gynecol. Endocrinol. 16 (2002) 299-306.
197. S. Goetze, A. Bungenstock, C. Czupalla, et al., Leptin induces endothelial cell migration through Akt, which is inhibited by PPARgamma-ligands, Hypertension 40 (2002) 748-754.
198. J.C. Yoon, T.W. Chickering, E.D. Rosen, et al., Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma target gene encoding a novel angiopoietin-related protein associated with adipose differentiation, Mol. Cell. Biol. 20 (2000) 5343-5349.
199. R.M. Moore, R.J. Silver, J.J. Moore, Physiological apoptotic agents have different effects upon human amnion epithelial and mesenchymal cells, Placenta 24 (2003) 173-180.
200. D.S. Straus, G. Pascual, M. Li, et al., 15-Deoxy-delta 12,14-prostaglandin J2 inhibits multiple steps in the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 4844-4849.
201. A. Rossi, P. Kapahi, G. Natoli, et al., Anti-inflammatory cyclopentenone prostaglandins are direct inhibitors of IkappaB kinase, Nature 403 (2000) 103-108.
202. A. Jozkowicz, J. Dulak, M. Prager, et al., Prostaglandin-J2 induces synthesis of interleukin-8 by endothelial cells in a PPAR-gamma-independent manner, Prostagl. Other Lipid Mediat. 66 (2001) 165-177.
203. D.S. Straus, C.K. Glass, Cyclopentenone prostaglandins: new insights on biological activities and cellular targets, Med. Res. Rev. 21 (2001) 185-210.
204. C. Ward, I. Dransfield, J. Murray, S.N. Farrow, C. Haslett, A.G. Rossi, Prostaglandin D2 and its metabolites induce caspase-dependent granulocyte apoptosis that is mediated via inhibition of I kappa B alpha degradation using a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-independent mechanism, J. Immunol. 168 (2002) 6232-6243.
205. G. Winnett, D. van Hagen, M. Schrey, Prostaglandin J2 metabolites inhibit aromatase activity by redox-sensitive mechanisms: potential implications for breast cancer therapy, Int. J. Cancer 103 (2003) 600-605.
206. B. Hinz, K. Brune, A. Pahl, 15-Deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) inhibits the expression of proinflammatory genes in human blood monocytes via a PPAR-gamma-independent mechanism, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 302 (2003) 415-420.
207. Y. Barak, D. Liao, W. He, et al., Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta on placentation adiposity and colorectal cancer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 303-308.
208. E.B.E. Eykholt, R. Helliwell, R.S. Gilmour, M.D. Mitchell, K.W. Marvin, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoform expression changes in human gestational tissues with labour at term, Molecular Pharmacology, in press.
209. H. Lim, B.C. Paria, S.K. Das, et al., Multiple female reproductive failures in cyclooxygenase 2-deficient mice, Cell 91 (1997) 197-208.
210. H. Matsumoto, W. Ma, W. Smalley, J. Trzaskos, R.M. Breyer, S.K. Dey, Diversification of cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandins in ovulation and implantation, Biol. Reprod. 64 (2001) 1557-1565.
211. T. Murata, F. Ushikubi, T. Matsuoka, et al., Altered pain perception and inflammatory response in mice lacking prostacyclin receptor, Nature 388 (1997) 678-682.
212. P.A. Scherle, W. Ma, H. Lim, S.K. Dey, J.M. Trzaskos, Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 induction in the mouse uterus during decidualization. An event of early pregnancy, J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 37086-37092.
213. T.C. He, T.A. Chan, B. Vogelstein, K.W. Kinzler, PPARdelta is an APC-regulated target of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Cell 99 (1999) 335-345.
214. B.J. Tong, J. Tan, L. Tajeda, et al., Heightened expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta in human endometrial adenocarcinoma, Neoplasia 2 (2000) 483-490.
215. S.S. Lee, T. Pineau, J. Drago, et al., Targeted disruption of the alpha isoform of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene in mice results in abolishment of the pleiotropic effects of peroxisome proliferators, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15 (1995) 3012-3022.
216. R.A. Roberts, N.H. James, N.J. Woodyatt, N. Macdonald, J.D. Tugwood, Evidence for the suppression of apoptosis by the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha), Carcinogenesis 19 (1998) 43-48.
217. S.J. Fortunato, R. Menon, S.J. Lombardi, Support for an infection-induced apoptotic pathway in human fetal membranes, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 184 (2001) 1392-1397 discussion 1397-1398.
218. R. Menon, S.J. Lombardi, S.J. Fortunato, TNF-alpha promotes caspase activation and apoptosis in human fetal membranes, J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 19 (2002) 201-204.
219. K. Hanley, Y. Jiang, D. Crumrine, et al., Activators of the nuclear hormone receptors PPARalpha and FXR accelerate the development of the fetal epidermal permeability barrier, J. Clin. Invest. 100 (1997) 705-712.
220. K. Hanley, L.G. Komuves, N.M. Bass, et al., Fetal epidermal differentiation and barrier development in vivo is accelerated by nuclear hormone receptor activators, J. Invest. Dermatol. 113 (1999) 788-795.
221. M. Schmuth, K. Schoonjans, Q.C. Yu, et al., Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in epidermal development in utero, J. Invest. Dermatol. 119 (2002) 1298-1303.
222. P.H.T. Cartlidge, N. Rutter, Skin barrier function, in: R.A. Polin, W.W. Fox (Eds.), Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, W. B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1992, pp. 569-585.
223. S.E. McGowan, S.K. Jackson, M.M. Doro, P.J. Olson, Peroxisome proliferators alter lipid acquisition and elastin gene expression in neonatal rat lung flbroblasts, Am. J. Physiol. 273 (1997) L1249-1257.
224. J.C. Schellenberg, G.C. Liggins, New approaches to hormonal acceleration of fetal lung maturation, J. Perinat. Med. 15 (1987) 447-452.
225. W.A. Hodson, Normal and abnormal structural development of the lung, in: R.A. Polin, W.W. Fox (Eds.), Fetal and neonatal physiology, W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1992, pp. 771-782.
226. G.C. Liggins, Fetal lung maturation, Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 34 (1994) 247-250.
227. P.D. Gluckman, S.V. Sizonenko, N.S. Bassett, The transition from fetus to neonate - an endocrine perspective, Acta Paediatr. Suppl. 88 (1999) 7-11.
228. S.A. Kliewer, S.S. Sundseth, S.A. Jones, et al., Fatty acids and eicosanoids regulate gene expression through direct interactions with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 4318-4323.
229. J. Berger, M.D. Leibowitz, T.W. Doebber, et al., Novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma and PPARdelta ligands produce distinct biological effects, J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 6718-6725.