Pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 717-745

  Bubman, Dory ^a   Cesarman, Ethel ^b  

^a Weill Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences   (United States)

^b WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANIMAL MODEL; CANCER RISK; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 8; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNIZATION; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION RISK; KAPOSI SARCOMA; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SAFE SEX; SEROPREVALENCE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; VIRUS TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0037710751     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0889-8588(03)00044-3     Document Type: Review

References (222)

1. Kaposi M. Idiopatisches multiples Pigmentsarkom der Haut. Arch Dermatol Syphillis 1872;4:265-73.
2. Hutt MS, Burkitt D. Geographical distribution of cancer in East Africa: a new clinicopathological approach. BMJ 1965;5464:719-22.
3. Slavin G, Cameron HM, Forbes C, Mitchell RM. Kaposi's sarcoma in East African children: a report of 51 cases. J Pathol 1970;100(3):187-99.
4. Harwood AR, Osoba D, Hofstader SL, Goldstein MB, Cardella CJ, Holecek MJ, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma in recipients of renal transplants. Am J Med 1979;67(5):759-65.
5. Friedman-Kien AE. Disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma syndrome in young homosexual men. J Am Acad Dermatol 1981;5(4):468-71.
6. Jaffe HW, Choi K, Thomas PA, Haverkos HW, Auerbach DM, Guinan ME, et al. National case-control study of Kaposi's sarcoma and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men: part I. Epidemiologic results. Ann Intern Med 1983;99:145-51.
7. Lisitsyn N, Lisitsyn N, Wigler M. Cloning the differences between two complex genomes. Science 1993;259:946-51.
8. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994;266: 1865-9.
9. Cesarman E, Chang Y, Moore PS, Said JW, Knowles DM. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body cavity-based lymphomas. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1186-91.
10. Dupin N, Gorin I, Deleuze J, Agut H, Huraux J-M, Escande J-P. Herpes-like DNA sequences, AIDS-related tumors, and Castleman's disease [letter to the editor]. N Engl J Med 1995;333:798.
11. Dupin N, Diss TL, Kellam P, Tulliez M, Du MQ, Sicard D, et al. HHV-8 is associated with a plasmablastic variant of Castleman disease that is linked to HHV-8-positive plasmablastic lymphoma. Blood 2000;95(4):1406-12.
12. Noel JC, Hermans P, Andre J, Fayt I, Simonart T, Verhest A, et al. Herpesvirus-like DNA sequences and Kaposi's sarcoma. Relationship with epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and histologic findings. Cancer 1996;77:2132-6.
13. Luppi M, Barozzi P, Maiorana A, Collina G, Ferrari MG, Marasca R, et al. Frequency and distribution of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences (KSHV) in different stages of classic Kaposi's sarcoma and in normal tissues from an italian population. Int J Cancer 1996;66:427-31.
14. Corbellino M, Poirel L, Besetti G, Pizzuto M, Aubin JT, Capra M, et al. Restricted tissue distribution of extralesional Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS patients with Kapsi's sarcoma. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996;12:651-7.
15. Dictor M, Rambech E, Way D, Witte M, Bendsöe N. Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) DNA in Kaposi's sarcooma lesions, AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma cell lines, endothelial Kaposi's sarcoma simulators, and the skin of immunosuppressed patients. Am J Pathol 1996;148:2009-16.
16. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1994;266: 1865-9.
17. Dupin N, Grandadam M, Calvez V, Gorin I, Aubin JT, Havard S, et al. Herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in patients with Mediterranean Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet 1995;345:761-2.
18. Boshoff C, Schulz TF, Kennedy MM, Graham AK, Fisher C, Thomas A, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infects endothelial and spindle cells. Nat Med 1995; 1: 1274-8.
19. Li JJ, Huang YQ, Cockerell CJ, Friedman-Kien AE. Localization of human herpes-like virus type 8 in vascular endothelial cells and perivascular spindle-shaped cells oof Kapposi's sarcoma lesions by in situ hybridization. Am J Pathol 1996;148:1741-8.
20. Zhong W, Ganem D. Characterization of ribonucleoprotein complexes containing an abundant polyadenylated nuclear RNA encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8). J Virol 1997;71(2):1207-12.
21. Reed JA, Nador RG, Spaulding D, Tani Y, Cesarman E, Knowles DM. Demonstration of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cyclin D homolog in cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma by colorimetric in situ hybridization using a catalyzed signal amplification system. Blood 1988;91:3825-32.
22. Dupin N, Fisher C, Kellam P, Ariad S, Tulliez M, Franck N, et al. Distribution of human herpesvirus-8 latently infected cells in Kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric Castleman's disease, and primary effusion lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96(8):4546-51.
23. Parravicini C, Chandran B, Corbellino M, Berti E, Paulli M, Moore PS, et al. Differential viral protein expression in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected diseases: Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Am J Pathol 2000; 156(3):743-9.
24. Katano H, Sato Y, Kurata T, Mori S, Sata T. Expression and localization of human herpesvirus 8-encoded proteins in primary effusion lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. Virology 2000;269(2):335-44.
25. Whitby D, Howard MR, Tenant-Flowers M, Brink NS, Copas A, Boshoff C, et al. Detection of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus in peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals and progression to Kaposi's sarcoma. Lancet 1995;346:799-802.
26. Ambroziak JA, Blackboum DJ, Hemdier BG, Glogau RG, Gullett JH, McDonald AR, et al. Herpes-like sequences in HIV-infected and uninfected Kaposi's sarcoma patients. Science 1995;268:582-3.
27. Moore PS, Kingsley A, Holmberg SD, Spira T, Gupta P, Hoover DR, et al. Kaposi's sar-coma-associated herpesvirus infection prior to onset of Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS 1996;10: 175-80.
28. Bigoni B, Dolcetti R, de Lellis L, Carbone A, Boiocchi M, Cassai E, et al. Human herpesvirus 8 is present in the lymphoid system of healthy persons and can reactivate in the course of AIDS. J Infect Dis 1996;173:542-9.
29. De Milito A, Catucci M, Venturi G, Romano L, Valensin PE, Zazzi M, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection, homoosexuality, and Kaposi-associated herpes-like DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells [letter to the editor]. Blood 1996;87:3521-2.
30. Heredia A, Vallejo A, Hewlett IK. Detection of herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) sequences in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma in Spain [letter]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1996; 11(3): 310-1.
31. Humphrey RW, O'Brien TR, Newcomb FM, Nishihara H, Wyvill KM, Ramos GA, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: association with KS and persistence in patients receiving anti-herpesvirus drugs. Blood 1996;88:297-301.
32. Gao S-J, Kingsley L, Li M, Zheng W, Parravicini C, Ziegler J, et al. KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi's sarcoma. Nat Med 1996;2: 925-8.
33. Kedes DH, Oferskalski E, Busch M, Konn R, Flood J, Ganem D. The seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus): distribution of infection in KS risk groups and evidence for sexual transmission. Nat Med 1996;2:918-24.
34. Lennette ET, Blackboum DJ, Levy JA. Antibodies to human herpesvirus type 8 in the general population and in Kaposi's sarcoma patients. Lancet 1996;348:858-61.
35. Simpson GR, Schulz TF, Whitby D, Cook PM, Boschoff C, Rainbow L, et al. Prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus infection measured by antibodies to recombinant capsid protein and latent immunofluorescence antigen. Lancet 1996;348:1133-8.
36. Engels EA, Whitby D, Goebel PB, Stossel A, Waters D, Pintus A, et al. Identifying human herpesvirus 8 infection: performance characteristics of serologic assays. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23(4):346-54.
37. Spira TJ, Lam L, Dollard SC, Meng YX, Pau CP, Black JB, et al. Comparison of serologic assays and PCR for diagnosis of human herpesvirus 8 infection. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(6): 2174-80.
38. Edelman DC, Ketema F, Saville RD, Herman J, Sill AM, Gill PS, et al. Specifics on the refinement and application of two serological assays for the detection of antibodies to HHV-8. J Clin Virol 2000;16(3):225-37.
39. Serraino D, Toma L, Andreoni M, Butto S, Tchangmena O, Sarmati L, et al. A seroprevalence study of human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV8) in eastern and Central Africa and in the Mediterranean area. Eur J Epidemiol 2001;17(9):871-6.
40. Iscovich J, Boffetta P, Franceschi S, Azizi E, Sarid R. Classic Kaposi sarcoma: epidemiology and risk factors. Cancer 2000;88(3):500-17.
41. Gao S-J, Kingsley L, Hoover DR, Spira TJ, Rinaldo CR, Saah A, et al. Seroconversion to antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related nuclear antigens before the development of Kaposi's sarcoma. N Engl J Med 1996;335:233-41.
42. Martin JN, Ganem DE, Osmond DH, Page-Shafer KA, Macrae D, Kedes DH. Sexual transmission and the natural history of human herpesvirus 8 infection. N Engl J Med 1998;338: 948-54.
43. Blackboum DJ, Osmond D, Levy JA, Lennette ET. Increased human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence in young homosexual men who have multiple sex contacts with different partners. J Infect Dis 1999;179(1):237-9.
44. Dukers NH, Renwick N, Prins M, Geskus RB, Schulz TF, Weverling GJ, et al. Risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 seropositivity and seroconversion in a cohort of homosexual men. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151(3):213-24.
45. O'Brien TR, Kedes D, Ganem D, Macrae DR, Rosenberg PS, Molden J, et al. Evidence for concurrent epidemics of human herpesvirus 8 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in US homosexual men: rates, risk factors, and relationship to Kaposi's sarcoma. J Infect Dis 1999; 180(4):1010-7.
46. Smith NA, Sabin CA, Gopal R, Bourboulia D, Labbet W, Boshoff C, et al. Serologic evidence of human herpesvirus 8 transmission by homosexual but not heterosexual sex. J Infect Dis 1999;180(3):600-6.
47. Masquelier B, Boralevi F, Mercie P, Dupon M, Fleury HJ. Heterosexual transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus between two patients developing AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS 2000;14(4):471-2.
48. Blackboum DJ, Lennette ET, Ambroziak J, Mourich DV, Levy JA. Human herpesvirus 8 detection in nasal secretions and saliva. J Infect Dis 1998; 177(1):213-6.
49. Vieira J, Huang ML, Koelle DM, Corey L. Transmissible Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in saliva of men with history of Kaposi's sarcoma. J Virol 1997; 71(9):7083-7.
50. Koelle DM, Huang ML, Chandran B, Vieira J, Piepkom M, Corey L. Frequent detection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) DNA in saliva of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: clinical and immunologic correlates. J Infect Dis 1997; 176(l):94-102.
51. Bourboulia D, Whitby D, Boshoff C, Newton R, Beral V, Carrara H, et al. Serologic evidence for mother-to-child transmission of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection. JAMA 1998;280:31-2.
52. He J, Bhat G, Kankasa C, Chintu C, Mitchell C, Duan W, et al. Seroprevalence of human herpesvirus 8 among Zambian women of childbearing age without Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and mother-child pairs with KS. J Infect Dis 1998;178(6):1787-90.
53. Mayama S, Cuevas LE, Sheldon J, Omar OH, Smith DH, Okong P, et al. Prevalence and transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in Ugandan children and adolescents. Int J Cancer 1998;77(6):817-20.
54. Gessain A, Mauclere P, van Beveren M, Plancoulaine S, Ayouba A, Essame-Oyono JL, et al. Human herpesvirus 8 primary infection occurs during childhood in Cameroon, Central Africa. Int J Cancer 1999;81(2):189-92.
55. Plancoulaine S, Abel L, van Beveren M, Tregouet DA, Joubert M, Tortevoye P, et al. Human herpesvirus 8 transmission from mother to child and between siblings in an endemic population. Lancet 2000;356(9235):1062-5.
56. Rettig MB, Ma HJ, Vescio RA, Põld M, Schiller G, Belson D, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection of bone marrow dendritic cells from multiple myeloma patients. Science 1997;276:1851-4.
57. Memar OM, Rady PL, Goldblum RM, Yen A, Tyring SK. Human herpesvirus 8 DNA sequences in blistering skin from patients with pernphigus. Arch Dermatol 1997;133(10): 1247-51.
58. Gaspari AA, Marchese S, Powell D, Rady PL, Tyring SK. Identification of HHV-8 DNA in the skin lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma in an immunosuppressed patient with bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37(5 Pt 2. Suppl):843-7.
59. McDonagh DP, Liu J, Gaffey MJ, Layfield LJ, Azumi N, Traweek ST. Detection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in angiosarcoma. Am J Pathol 1996; 149(4):1363-8.
60. Dessoukey MW, Dayem HA, Omer MF. Kaposi's sarcoma and sarcoidosis coexisting in lesions of HIV-seronegative patient. Int J Dermatol 1996;35(11):824-6.
61. Boshoff C, Talbot S, Kennedy M, O'Leary J, Schulz T, Chang Y. HHV8 and skin cancers in immunosuppressed patients. Lancet 1996;347(8997):338-9.
62. Bouscary D, Dupin N, Fichelson S, Grandadam M, Fontenay-Roupie M, Marcelin AG, et al. Lack of evidence of an association between HHV-8 and multiple myeloma. Leukemia 1998;12: 1840-1.
63. Cathomas G, Tamm M, McGandy CE, Itin PH, Gudat F, Thiel G, et al. Absence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpes virus 8 in transplantation-related tumors other than Kaposi's sarcoma. Transplant Proc 1997;29(1-2 Pt 3):836-7.
64. Cathomas G, Stalder A, Kurrer MO, Regamey N, Erb P, Joller-Jemelka HI. Multiple myeloma and HHV8 infection. Blood 1998;91:4391-3.
65. Masood R, Zheng T, Tulpule A, Arora N, Chatlynne L, Handy M, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and multiple myeloma. Science 1997;278(5345):1970-1.
66. Mitterer M, Mair W, Gatti D, Sheldon J, Vachula M, Coser P, et al. Dendritic cells derived from bone marrow and CD34+ selected blood progenitor cells of myeloma patients, cultured in serum-free media, do not contain the Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus genome. Br J Haematol 1998;102:1338-40.
67. Parravicini C, Lauri E, Baldini L, Neri A, Poli F, Sirchia G, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection and multiple myeloma. Science 1997;278(5345):1969-70.
68. Perna AM, Viviano E, Iannitto E, Marceno R, Romano N. No association between human herpesvirus type 8 infection and multiple myeloma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:1013-4.
69. Tarte K, Olsen SJ, Rossi JF, Legouffe E, Lu ZY, Jourdan M, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is not detected with immunosuppression in multiple myeloma. Blood 1998;92: 2186-8.
70. Yi Q, Ekman M, Anton D, Bergenbrant S, Osterborg A, Georgii-Hemming P, et al. Blood dendritic cells from myeloma patients are not infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8). Blood 1998;92(2):402-4.
71. Gallo RC. The enigmas of Kaposi's sarcoma. Science 1998;282(5395):1837-9.
72. Gallo RC. Some aspects of the pathogenesis of HIV-1-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1998;23:55-7.
73. Frances C, Mouquet C, Marcelin AG, Barete S, Agher R, Charron D, et al. Outcome of kidney transplant recipients with previous human herpesvirus-8 infection. Transplantation 2000; 69(9):1776-9.
74. Regamey N, Tamm M, Wernli M, Witschi A, Thiel G, Cathomas G, et al. Transmission of human herpesvirus 8 infection from renal-transplant donors to recipients. N Engl J Med 1998; 339(19):1358-63.
75. Mendez JC, Paya CV. Kaposi's sarcoma and transplantation. Herpes 2000;7(1):18-23.
76. Dal Maso L, Serraino D, Franceschi S. Epidemiology of AIDS-related tumours in developed and developing countries. Eur J Cancer 2001;37(10):1188-201.
77. Ariyoshi K, Schim van der Loeff M, Cook P, Whitby D, Corrah T, Jaffar S, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma in the Gambia, West Africa is less frequent in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 than in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection despite a high prevalence of human herpesvirus 8. J Hum Virol 1998;1(3):193-9.
78. Vogel J, Hinrichs SH, Reynolds RK, Luciw PA, Jay G. The HIV tat gene induces dermal lesions resembling Kaposi's sarcoma in transgenic mice. Nature 1988;335(6191):606-11.
79. Barillari G, Sgadari C, Fiorelli V, Samaniego F, Colombini S, Manzari V, et al. The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 promotes vascular cell growth and locomotion by engaging the alpha5beta1 and alphavbeta3 integrins and by mobilizing sequestered basic fibroblast growth factor. Blood 1999;94(2):663-72.
80. Sturzl M, Brandstetter H, Roth WK. Kaposi's sarcoma: a review of gene expression and ultrastructure of KS spindle cells in vivo. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992;8(10):1753-63.
81. Kahn HJ, Bailey D, Marks A. Monoclonal antibody D2-40, a new marker of lymphatic endothelium, reacts with Kaposi's sarcoma and a subset of angiosarcomas. Mod Pathol 2002;15(4):434-40.
82. Salahuddin SZ, Nakamura S, Biberfeld P, Kaplan MH, Markham PD, Larsson L, et al. Angiogenic properties of Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells after long-term culture in vitro. Science 1988;242(4877):430-3.
83. Rabkin CS, Janz S, Lash A, Coleman AE, Musaba E, Liotta L, et al. Monoclonal origin of multicentric Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. N Engl J Med 1997;336(14):988-93.
84. Gill PS, Tsai YC, Rao AP, Spruck 3rd CH, Zheng T, Harrington Jr WA, et al., Evidence for multiclonality in multicentric Kaposi's sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95(14): 8257-61.
85. Lunardi-Iskandar Y, Gill P, Lam VH, Zeman RA, Michaels F, Mann DL, et al. Isolation and characterization of an immortal neoplastic cell line (KS Y-1) from AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:974-81.
86. Benelli R, Albini A, Parravicini C, Carlone S, Repetto L, Tambussi G, et al. Isolation of spindle-shaped cell populations from primary cultures of Kaposi's sarcoma of different stage. Cancer Lett 1996;100(1-2):125-32.
87. Knowles DM, Cesarman E, Chadbum A, Frizzera G, Chen J, Rose EA, et al. Correlative morphologic and molecular genetic analysis demonstrates three distinct categories of posttrans-plantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 1995;85:552-65.
88. Cockerell CJ. Histopathological features of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-infected individuals. Cancer Surv 1991;10:73-90.
89. Lever WF, Shaumburg-Lever G. Histopathology of the skin. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1990.
90. Pan L, Milligan L, Michaeli J, Cesarman E, Knowles DM. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-optimized protocols and their application to myeloma. J Mol Diagn 2001;3(1):32-8.
91. Bezold G, Messer G, Peter R, Flaig M, Sander C. Quantitation of human herpes virus 8 DNA in paraffin-embedded biopsies of HIV-associated and classical Kaposi's sarcoma by PCR. J Cutan Pathol 2001;28(3):127-30.
92. Stamey FR, Patel MM, Holloway BP, Pellett PE. Quantitative, fluorogenic probe PCR assay for detection of human herpesvirus 8 DNA in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39(10): 3537-40.
93. Campbell TB, Borok M, Gwanzura L, MaWhinney S, White IE, Ndemera B, et al. Relationship of human herpesvirus 8 peripheral blood virus load and Kaposi's sarcoma clinical stage. AIDS 2000;14(14):2109-16.
94. Quinlivan EB, Zhang C, Stewart PW, Komoltri C, Davis MG, Wehbie RS. Elevated virus loads of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus 8 predict Kaposi's sarcoma disease progression, but elevated levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 do not. J Infect Dis 2002; 185(12):1736-44.
95. Malnati M, Broccolo F, Nozza S, Sarmati L, Ghezzi S, Locatelli G, et al. Retrospective analysis of HHV-8 viremia and cellular viral load in HIV-seropositive patients receiving interleukin 2 in combination with antiretroviral therapy. Blood 2002;100(5):1575-8.
96. Lallemand F, Desire N, Rozenbaum W, Nicolas JC, Marechal V. Quantitative analysis of human herpesvirus 8 viral load using a real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38(4):1404-8.
97. Staskus KA, Zhong W, Gebhard K, Herndier B, Wang H, Renne R, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression in endothelial (spindle) tumor cells. J Virol 1997;71: 715-9.
98. Davis MA, Stürzl M, Blasig C, Schreier A, Guo HG, Reitz M, et al. Expression of human herpesvirus 8-encoded cyclin D in Kaposi's sarcoma spindle cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89(24):1868-74.
99. Russo JJ, Bohenzky RA, Chien M-C, Chen J, Yan M, Maddalena D, et al. Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:14862-7.
100. Akula SM, Pramod NP, Wang FZ, Chandran B. Integrin alpha3betal (CD 49c/29) is a cellular receptor for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) entry into the target cells. Cell 2002;108(3):407-19.
101. Renne R, Lagunoff M, Zhong WD, Ganem D. The size and conformation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) DNA in infected cells and virions. J Virol 1996; 70(11):8151-4.
102. Sarid R, Flore O, Bohenzky RA, Chang Y, Moore PS. Transcription mapping of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genome in a body cavity-based lymphoma cell line (BC-1). J Virol 1998;72:1005-12.
103. Sun R, Lin SF, Staskus K, Gradoville L, Grogan E, Haase A, et al. Kinetics of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus gene expression. J Virol 1999;73(3):2232-42.
104. Katano H, Sato Y, Kurata T, Mori S, Sata T. High expression of HHV-8-encoded ORF73 protein in spindle-shaped cells of Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Pathol 1999;155(1): 47-52.
105. Rainbow L, Platt GM, Simpson GR, Sarid R, Gao SJ, Stoiber H, et al. The 222- to 234-kilo-dalton latent nuclear protein (LNA) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpes-virus 8) is encoded by orf73 and is a component of the latency-associated nuclear antigen. J Virol 1997;71(8):5915-21.
106. Sturzl M, Hohenadl C, Zietz C, Castanos-Velez E, Wunderlich A, Ascherl G, et al. Expression of K13/v-FLIP gene of human herpesvirus 8 and apoptosis in Kaposi's sarcoma spindle cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91(20):1725-33.
107. Ballestas ME, Chatis PA, Kaye KM. Efficient persistence of extrachromosomal KSHV DNA mediated by latency-associated nuclear antigen. Science 1999;284(5414):641-4.
108. Rawlins DR, Milman G, Hayward SD, Hayward GS. Sequence-specific DNA binding of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA-1) to clustered sites in the plasmid maintenance region. Cell 1985;42(3):859-68.
109. Friborg Jr J, Kong W, Hottiger MO, Nabel GJ. p53 inhibition by the LANA-1 protein of KSHV protects against cell death. Nature 1999;402(6764):889-94.
110. Radkov SA, Kellam P, Boshoff C. The latent nuclear antigen of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus targets the retinoblastoma-E2F pathway and with the oncogene hras transforms primary rat cells. Nat Med 2000;6(10):1121-7.
111. Renne R, Barry C, Dittmer D, Compitello N, Brown PO, Ganem D. Modulation of cellular and viral gene expression by the latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2001;75(1):458-68.
112. Krithivas A, Young DB, Liao G, Greene D, Hayward SD. Human herpesvirus 8 LANA-1 interacts with proteins of the mSin3 corepressor complex and negatively regulates Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in dually infected PEL cells. J Virol 2000;74(20):9637-45.
113. Schwam DR, Luciano RL, Mahajan SS, Wong L, Wilson AC. Carboxy terminus of human herpesvirus 8 latency-associated nuclear antigen mediates dimerization, transcriptional repression, and targeting to nuclear bodies. J Virol 2000;74(18):8532-40.
114. Knight JS, Cotter MA, Robertson ES. The latency-associated nuclear antigen of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transactivates the telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter. J Biol Chem 2001;276:22971-8.
115. Cannell E, Mittnacht S. Viral encoded cyclins. Sem Cancer Biol 1999;9(3):221-9.
116. Swanton C, Mann DJ, Fleckenstein B, Neipel F, Peters G, Jones N. Herpes viral cyclin/Cdk6 complexes evade inhibition by CDK inhibitor proteins. Nature 1997;390:184-7.
117. Mann DJ, Child ES, Swanton C, Laman H, Jones N. Modulation of p27Kip1 levels by the cyclin encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. EMBO J 1999;18:654-63.
118. Djerbi M, Screpanti V, Catrina AI, Bogen B, Biberfeld P, Grandien A. The inhibitor of death receptor signaling, FLICE-inhibitory protein defines a new class of tumor progression factors [see comments]. J Exp Med 1999;190(7):1025-32.
119. Chaudhary PM, Jasmin A, Eby MT, Hood L. Modulation of the NF-kappa B pathway by vitally encoded death effector domains-containing proteins. Oncogene 1999;14:5738-46.
120. Chaudhary PM, Eby MT, Jasmin A, Hood L. Activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase pathway by overexpression of caspase-8 and its homologs. J Biol Chem 1999;274(27):19211-9.
121. Cesarman E, Mesri EA, Gershengorn MC. Viral G protein-coupled receptor and Kaposi's sarcoma: a model of paracrine neoplasia? J Exp Med 2000;191(3):417-22.
122. Martin DF, Kuppermann BD, Wolitz RA, Palestine AG, Li H, Robinson CA. Oral ganciclovir for patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with a ganciclovir implant. Roche Ganciclovir Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999;340(14):1063-70.
123. Lee H, Veazey R, Williams K, Li M, Guo J, Neipel F, et al. Deregulation of cell growth by the K1 gene of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nat Med 1998;4:435-40.
124. Lee H, Guo J, Li M, Choi JK, DeMaria M, Rosenzweig M, et al. Identification of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif of K1 transforming protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Mol Cell Biol 1998;18(9):5219-28.
125. Cesarman E, Nador RG, Bai F, Bohenzky RA, Russo JJ, Moore PS, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus contains G protein-coupled receptor and cyclin D homologs which are expressed in Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant lymphoma. J Virol 1996;70(11):8218-23.
126. Arvanitakis L, Geras-Raaka E, Gershengorn MC, Cesarman E. Human herpesvirus KSHV encodes a constitutively active G protein-coupled receptor linked to cell proliferation. Nature 1997;385:347-50.
127. Gershengorn MC, Geras-Raaka E, Varma A, Clark-Lewis I. Chemokines activate Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor in mammalian cells in culture. J Clin Invest 1998;102(8):1469-72.
128. Geras-Raaka E, Varma A, Ho H, Clark-Lewis I, Gershengorn MC. Human interferon-gamma-inducible protin 10 (IP-10) inhibits constitutive signaling of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor. J Exp Med 1998;188:405-8.
129. Geras-Raaka E, Varma A, Clark-Lewis I, Gershengorn MC. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) chemokine vMIP-II and human SDF-1alpha inhibit signaling by KSHV G protein-coupled receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;253(3):725-7.
130. Bais C, Santomasso B, Coso O, Arvanitakis L, Geras Raaka E, Gutkind JS, et al. G-protein-coupled receptor of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is a viral oncogene and angiogenesis activator. Nature 1998;391:86-9.
131. Yang T-Y, Chen S-C, Leach MW, Manfra D, Momey B, Wiekowski M, et al. Transgenic expression of the chemokine receptor encoded by human herpesvirus 8 induces an angioproliferative disease resembling Kaposi's sarcoma. J Exp Med 2000;191:445-54.
132. Boshoff C, Endo Y, Collins PD, Takeuchi Y, Reeves JD, Schweickart VL, et al. Angiogenic and HIV-inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines. Science 1997;278:290-4.
133. Moore PS, Boschoff C, Weiss RA, Chang Y. Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV. Science 1996;274:1739-44.
134. Kledal TN, Rosenkilde MM, Coulin F, Simmons G, Johnsen AH, Alouani S, et al. A broadspectrum chemokine antagonist encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Science 1997;277(5332):1656-9.
135. Chen S, Bacon KB, Li L, Garcia GE, Xia Y, Lo D, et al. In vivo inhibition of CC and CX3C chemokine-induced leukocyte infiltration and attenuation of glomerulonephritis in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats by vMIP-II. J Exp Med 1998;188(1):193-8.
136. Cheng EHY, Nicholas J, Bellows DS, Hayward GS, Guo HG, Reitz MS, et al. A Bcl-2 homolog encoded by Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus, human herpesvirus 8, inhibits apoptosis but does not heterodimerize with Bax or Bak. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94(2):690-4.
137. Widmer I, Wernli M, Bachmann F, Gudat F, Cathomas G, Erb P. Differential expression of viral Bcl-2 encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and human Bcl-2 in primary effusion lymphoma cells and Kaposi's sarcoma lesions. J Virol 2002;76(5):2551-6.
138. Cannon JS, Nicholas J, Orenstein JM, Mann RB, Murray PG, Browning PJ, et al. Heterogeneity of viral IL-6 expression in HHV-8-associated diseases. J Infect Dis 1999;180:824-8.
139. Staskus KA, Sun R, Miller G, Racz P, Jaslowski A, Metroka C, et al. Cellular tropism and viral interleukin-6 expression distinguish human herpesvirus 8 involvement in Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. J Virol 1999;73(5):4181-7.
140. Coscoy L, Ganem D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encodes two proteins that block cell surface display of MHC class I chains by enhancing their endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97(14):8051-6.
141. Ishido S, Wang C, Lee BS, Cohen GB, Jung JU. Downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5 proteins. J Virol 2000;74(11):5300-9.
142. Coscoy L, Ganem D. A viral protein that selectively downregulates ICAM-1 and B7-2 and modulates T cell costimulation. J Clin Invest 2001;107(12):1599-606.
143. Ishido S, Choi JK, Lee BS, Wang C, DeMaria M, Johnson RP, et al. Inhibition of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K5 protein. Immunity 2000;13(3):365-74.
144. Gao SJ, Boschoff C, Jayachandra S, Weiss RA, Chang Y, Moore PS. KSHV ORF K9 (vIRF) is an oncogene which inhibits the interferon signaling pathway. Oncogene 1997;15:1979-85.
145. Li M, Lee H, Guo J, Neipel F, Fleckenstein B, Ozato K, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral interferon regulatory factor. J Virol 1998;998:5433-40.
146. Zimring JC, Goodbourn S, Offermann MK. Human herpesvirus 8 encodes an interferon regulatory factor (IRF) homolog that represses IRF-1-mediated transcription. J Virol 1998;72(1): 701-7.
147. Burysek L, Yeow WS, Lubyova B, Kellum M, Schafer SL, Huang YQ, et al. Functional analysis of human herpesvirus 8-encoded viral interferon regulatory factor 1 and its association with cellular interferon regulatory factors and p300. J Virol 1999;73(9):7334-42.
148. Burysek L, Yeow WS, Pitha PM. Unique properties of a second human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor (vIRF-2). J Hum Virol 1999;2(1):19-32.
149. Zhong W, Wang H, Herndier B, Ganem D. Restricted expression of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) genes in Kaposi sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93: 6641-6.
150. Stürzl M, Blasig C, Schreier A, Neipel F, Hohenadl C, Cornali E, et al. Expression of HHV-8 latency-associated T0.7 RNA in spindle cells and endothelial cells of AIDS-associated, classical and African Kaposi's sarcoma. Int J Cancer 1997;72(1):68-71.
151. Muralidhar S, Pumfery AM, Hassani M, Sadaie MR, Azumi N, Kishishita M, et al. Identification of kaposin (open reading frame K12) as a human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) transforming gene. J Virol 1998;72(6):4980-8.
152. Tomkowicz B, Singh SP, Cartas M, Srinivasan A. Human herpesvirus-8 encoded kaposin: subcellular localization using immunofluorescence and biochemical approaches. DNA Cell Biol 2002;21(3):151-62.
153. Poole LJ, Zong JC, Ciufo DM, Alcendor DJ, Cannon JS, Ambinder R, et al. Comparison of genetic variability at multiple loci across the genomes of the major subtypes of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus reveals evidence for recombination and for two distinct types of open reading frame K15 alleles at the right-hand end. J Virol 1999;73(8):6646-60.
154. Glenn M, Rainbow L, Aurad F, Davison A, Schulz TF. Identification of a spliced gene from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus encoding a protein with similarities to latent membrane proteins 1 and 2A of Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol 1999;73(8):6953-63.
155. Sharp TV, Wang HW, Koumi A, Hollyman D, Endo Y, Ye H, et al. K15 protein of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is latently expressed and binds to HAX-1, a protein with antiapoptotic function. J Virol 2002;76(2):802-16.
156. Choi JK, Lee BS, Shim SN, Li M, Jung JU. Identification of the novel K15 gene at the rightmost end of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
157. Jenner RG, Boshoff C. The molecular pathology of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002;1602(1):1-22.
158. Burysek L, Pitha PM. Latently expressed human herpesvirus 8-encoded interferon regulatory factor 2 inhibits double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. J Virol 2001;75(5):2345-52.
159. Rivas C, Thlick AE, Parravicini C, Moore PS, Chang Y. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus LANA2 is a B-cell-specific latent viral protein that inhibits p53. J Virol 2001;75(1): 429-38.
160. Jenner RG, Alba MM, Boshoff C, Kellam P. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent and lytic gene expression as revealed by DNA arrays. J Virol 2001;75(2):891-902.
161. Paulose-Murphy M, Ha NK, Xiang C, Chen Y, Gillim L, Yarchoan R, et al. Transcription program of human herpesvirus 8 (kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). J Virol 2001; 75(10):4843-53.
162. Lubyova B, Pitha PM. Characterization of a novel human herpesvirus 8-encoded protein, vIRF-3, that shows homology to viral and cellular interferon regulatory factors. J Virol 2000; 74(17):8194-201.
163. Ensoli B, Sturzl M, Monini P. Cytokine-mediated growth promotion of Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2000;10(5):367-81.
164. Ensoli B, Sturzl M. Kaposi's sarcoma: a result of the interplay among inflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors and viral agents. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1998;9(1):63-83.
165. Fiorelli V, Gendelman R, Sirianni MC, Chang HK, Colombini S, Markham PD, et al. Gamma-interferon produced by CD8+ T cells infiltrating Kaposi's sarcoma induces spindle cells with angiogenic phenotype and synergy with human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein: an immune response to human herpesvirus-8 infection? Blood 1998;91(3):956-67.
166. Oxholm A, Oxholm P, Permin H, Bendtzen K. Epidermal tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6-like activities in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma. An immunohistological study. APMIS 1989;97(6):533-8.
167. Miles SA, Rezai AR, Salazar-Gonzalez JF, Vander Meyden M, Stevens RH, Logan DM, et al. AIDS Kaposi sarcoma-derived cells produce and respond to interleukin 6. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:4068-72.
168. Sturzl M, Brandstetter H, Zietz C, Eisenburg B, Raivich G, Gearing DP, et al. Identification of interleukin-1 and platelet-derived growth factor-B as major mitogens for the spindle cells of Kaposi's sarcoma: a combined in vitro and in vivo analysis. Oncogene 1995;10(10):2007-16.
169. Sirianni MC, Vincenzi L, Fiorelli V, Topino S, Scala E, Uccini S, et al. Gamma-interferon production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from Kaposi's sarcoma patients: correlation with the presence of human herpesvirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lesional macrophages. Blood 1998;91(3):968-76.
170. Ensoli B, Gendelman R, Markham P, Fiorelli V, Colombini S, Raffeld M, et al. Synergy between basic fibroblast growth factor and HIV-1 Tat protein in induction of Kaposi's sarcoma. Nature 1994;371:674-80.
171. Samaniego F, Markham PD, Gallo RC, Ensoli B. Inflammatory cytokines induce AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma-derived spindle cells to produce and release basic fibroblast growth factor and enhance Kaposi's sarcoma-like lesion formation in nude mice. J Immunol 1995;154(7):3582-92.
172. Samaniego F, Markham PD, Gendelman R, Gallo RC, Ensoli B. Inflammatory cytokines induce endothelial cells to produce and release basic fibroblast growth factor and to promote Kaposi's sarcoma-like lesions in nude mice. J Immunol 1997;158(4):1887-94.
173. Faris M, Ensoli B, Kokot N, Nel AE. Inflammatory cytokines induce the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) isoforms required for the growth of Kaposi's sarcoma and endothelial cells through the activation of AP-1 response elements in the bFGF promoter. AIDS 1998;12(1):19-27.
174. Ensoli B, Markham P, Kao V, Barillari G, Fiorelli V, Gendelman R, et al. Block of AIDS-Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cell growth, angiogenesis, and lesion formation in nude mice by antisense oligonucleotide targeting basic fibroblast growth factor. A novel strategy for the therapy of KS. J Clin Invest 1994;94(5):1736-46.
175. Samaniego F, Markham PD, Gendelman R, Wantanabe Y, Kao V, Kowalski K, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor present in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) are induced by inflammatory cytokines and synergize to promote vascular permeability and KS lesion development. Am J Pathol 1998;152:1433-43.
176. Cornali E, Zietz C, Benelli R, Weninger W, Maiello L, Breier G, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates andiogenesis and vascular permeability in Kaposi's sarcoma. Am J Pathol 1996;149:1851-69.
177. Flore O, Rafii S, Ely S, O'Leary JJ, Hyjek EM, Cesarman E. Transformation of primary human endothelial cells by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Nature 1998;394:588-92.
178. Simonart T, Hermans P, Schandene L, Van Vooren JP. Phenotypic characteristics of Kaposi's sarcoma tumour cells derived from patch-, plaque- and nodular-stage lesions: analysis of cell cultures isolated from AIDS and non-AIDS patients and review of the literature. Br J Dermatol 2000;143(3):557-63.
179. Lebbe C, de Cremoux P, Millot G, Podgorniak MP, Verola O, Berger R, et al. Characterization of in vitro culture of HIV-negative Kaposi's sarcoma-derived cells. In vitro responses to alfa interferon. Arch Dermatol Res 1997;289(7):421-8.
180. Herndier BG, Werner A, Arnstein P, Abbey NW, Demartis F, Cohen RL, et al. Characterization of a human Kaposi's sarcoma cell line that induces angiogenic tumors in animals. AIDS 1994;8: 575-81.
181. Lunardi-Iskandar Y, Bryant JL, Zeman RA, Lam VH, Samaniego F, Besnier JM, et al. Tumorigenesis and metastasis of neoplastic Kaposi's sarcoma cell line in immunodeficient mice blocked by a human pregnancy hormone. Nature 1995;375:64-8.
182. Popescu NC, Zimonjic DB, Leventon-Kriss S, Bryant JL, Lunardi-Iskandar Y, Gallo RC. Deletion and translocation involving chromosome 3 (p14) in two tumorigenic Kaposi's sarcoma cell lines. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88(7):450-5.
183. Cannon JS, Ciufo D, Hawkins AL, Griffin CA, Borowitz MJ, Hayward GS, et al. A new primary effusion lymphoma-derived cell line yields a highly infectious Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-containing supernatant. J Virol 2000;74(21):10187-93.
184. Ciufo DM, Cannon JS, Poole LJ, Wu FY, Murray P, Ambinder RF, et al. Spindle cell conversion by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus: formation of colonies and plaques with mixed lytic and latent gene expression in infected primary dermal microvascular endothelial cell cultures. J Virol 2001;75(12):5614-26.
185. Panyutich EA, Said JW, Miles SA. Infection of primary dermal microvascular endothelial cells by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. AIDS 1998;12:467-72.
186. Sakurada S, Katano H, Sata T, Ohkuni H, Watanabe T, Mori S. Effective human herpesvirus 8 infection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by cell-mediated transmission. J Virol 2001;75(16):7717-22.
187. Moses AV, Fish KN, Ruhl R, Smith PP, Strussenberg JG, Zhu L, et al. Long-term infection and transformation of dermal microvascular endothelial cells by human herpesvirus 8. J Virol 1999; 73(8):6892-902.
188. Moses AV, Jarvis MA, Raggo C, Bell YC, Ruhl R, Luukkonen BG, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-induced upregulation of the c-kit proto-oncogene, as identified by gene expression profiling, is essential for the transformation of endothelial cells. J Virol 2002;76(16): 8383-99.
189. Yang J, Chang E, Cherry AM, Bangs CD, Oei Y, Bodnar A, et al. Human endothelial cell life extension by telomerase expression. J Biol Chem 1999;274(37):26141-8.
190. Lagunoff M, Bechtel J, Venetsanakos E, Roy AM, Abbey N, Herndier B, et al. De novo infection and serial transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in cultured endothelial cells. J Virol 2002;76(5):2440-8.
191. Sun R, Lin SF, Gradoville L, Yuan Y, Zhu F, Miller G. A viral gene that activates lytic cycle expression of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95(18): 10866-71.
192. Deng H, Young A, Sun R. Auto-activation of the RTA gene of human herpesvirus-8/Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Gen Virol 2000;81(Pt 12):3043-8.
193. Prakash O, Tang ZY, He YE, Ali MS, Coleman R, Gill J, et al. Human Kaposi's sarcoma cell-mediated tumorigenesis in human immunodeficiency type 1 tat-expressing transgenic mice. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:721-8.
194. Rojiani AM, Li L, Rise L, Siemann DW. Activity of the vascular targeting agent combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate in a xenograft model of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Acta Oncol 2002;41(I):98-105.
195. Indraccolo S, Morini M, Gola E, Carrozzino F, Habeler W, Minghelli S, et al. Effects of angiostatin gene transfer on functional properties and in vivo growth of Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Cancer Res 2001;61(14):5441-6.
196. Masood R, McGarvey ME, Zheng T, Cai J, Arora N, Smith DL, et al. Antineoplastic urinary protein inhibits Kaposi's sarcoma and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Blood 1999;93(3): 1038-44.
197. Mallery SR, Pei P, Kang J, Zhu G, Ness GM, Schwendeman SP. Sustained angiogenesis enables in vivo transplantation of mucocutaneous derived AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma cells in murine hosts. Carcinogenesis 2000;21(9):1647-53.
198. Lo SC, Liotta LA. Vascular tumors produced by NIH/3T3 cells transfected with human AIDS Kaposi's sarcoma DNA. Am J Pathol 1985;118(1):7-13.
199. Aoki Y, Jaffe ES, Chang Y, Jones K, Teruya-Feldstein J, Moore PS, et al. Angiogenesis and hematopoiesis induced by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded interleukin-6. Blood 1999;93(12):4034-43.
200. Dittmer D, Stoddart C, Renne R, Linquist-Stepps V, Moreno ME, Bare C, et al. Experimental transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) to SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. J Exp Med 1999;190(12):1857-68.
201. Foreman KE, Friborg J, Chandran B, Katano H, Sata T, Mercader M, et al. Injection of human herpesvirus-8 in human skin engrafted on SCID mice induces Kaposi's sarcoma-like lesions. J Dermatol Sci 2001;26(3):182-93.
202. Greensill J, Sheldon JA, Renwick NM, Beer BE, Norley S, Goudsmit J, et al. Two distinct gamma-2 herpesviruses in African green monkeys: a second gamma-2 herpesvirus lineage among old world primates? J Virol 2000;74(3):1572-7.
203. Lacoste V, Mauclere P, Dubreuil G, Lewis J, Georges-Courbot MC, Gessain A. KSHV-like herpesviruses in chimps and gorillas. Nature 2000;407(6801):151-2.
204. Wong SW, Bergquam EP, Swanson RM, Lee FW, Shiigi SM, Avery NA, et al. Induction of B cell hyperplasia in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques with the simian homologue of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Exp Med 1999;190(6):827-40.
205. Rose TM, Strand KB, Schultz ER, Schaefer G, Rankin Jr GW, Thouless ME, et al. Identification of two homologs of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) in retroperitoneal fibromatosis of different macaque species. J Virol 1997;71(5): 4138-44.
206. Bosch ML, Harper E, Schmidt A, Strand KB, Thormahlen S, Thouless ME, et al. Activation in vivo of retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus, a simian homologue of human herpesvirus-8. J Gen Virol 1999;80(Pt 2):467-75.
207. Morfeldt L, Torssander J. Long-term remission of Kaposi's sarcoma following foscamet treatment in HIV-infected patients. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26(6):749-52.
208. Glesby MJ, Hoover DR, Weng SG, Graham NMH, Phair JP, Detels R, et al. Use of antiherpes drugs and the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma: data from the multicenter AIDS cohort study. J Infect Dis 1996;173(6):1477-80.
209. Mocroft A, Youle M, Gazzard B, Morcinek J, Halai R, Phillips AN. Anti-herpesvirus treatment and risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV infection. Royal Free/Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals Collaborative Group. AIDS 1996;10(10):1101-5.
210. Larkin M. Some antivirals may lower Kaposi's sarcoma risk. Lancet 1996;348(9030):812.
211. Cordero E, Lopez-Cortes LF, Viciana P, Alarcon A, Pachon J. Foscarnet and AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. AIDS 1997;11(14):1787-8.
212. Mazzi R, Parisi SG, Sarmati L, Uccella I, Nicastri E, Carolo G, et al. Efficacy of cidofovir on human herpesvirus 8 viraemia and Kaposi's sarcoma progression in two patients with AIDS. AIDS 2001;15(15):2061-2.
213. Robles R, Lugo D, Gee L, Jacobson MA. Effect of antiviral drugs used to treat cytomegalovirus end-organ disease on subsequent course of previously diagnosed Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999;20(1):34-8.
214. Low P, Neipel F, Rascu A, Steininger H, Manger B, Fleckenstein B, et al. Suppression of HHV-8 viremia by foscarnet in an HIV-infected patient with Kaposi's sarcoma and HHV-8 associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Eur J Med Res 1998;3(10):461-4.
215. Humphrey RW, O'Brien TR, Newcomb FM, Nishihara H, Wyvill KM, Ramos GA, et al. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: association with KS and persistence in patients receiving anti-herpesvirus drugs. Blood 1996;88(1):297-301.
216. Medveczky MM, Horvath E, Lund T, Medveczky PG. In vitro antiviral drug sensitivity of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. AIDS 1997;11(11):1327-32.
217. Flore O, Gao S-J. Effect of DNA synthesis inhibitors on Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cyclin and major capsid protein gene expression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997;13: 1229-33.
218. Kedes DH, Ganem D. Sensitivity of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication to antiviral drugs. J Clin Invest 1997;99:2082-6.
219. Zoeteweij JP, Eyes ST, Orenstein JM, Kawamura T, Wu L, Chandran B, et al. Identification and rapid quantification of early- and late-lytic human herpesvirus 8 infection in single cells by flow cytometric analysis: characterization of antiherpesvirus agents. J Virol 1999;73(7):5894-902.
220. Aboulatia DM. Regression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma after highly active retroviral therapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:439-43.
221. Fujimoto M, Wu FX, Aprhys C, Kajumbula H, Young DB, Haywars GS, et al. A novel viral mechanism for dysregulation of beta-catenin in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus latency. Nature Medicine 2003;9:300-6.
222. Montaner S, Sodhi A, Molinolo A, Bugge TH, Sawai ET, He Y, et al. Endothelial infection with KSHV genes in vivo reveals that vGPCR initiates Kaosi's sarcomagenesis and can promote the tumorigenic potential of viral latent genes. Cancer Cell 2003;3:23-36.