Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of herbal medicinal products

Phytomedicine

Volumn 9, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2002, Pages 1-33

  Atul Bhattaram, Venkatesh ^a   Graefe, Ulrike ^b   Kohlert, Claudia ^b   Veit, Markus ^b   Derendorf, Hartmut ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^b German Central Institute for Pharmaceutical Research   (Germany)

Author keywords

Aescin; Bioavailability; Botanicals; Essential oils; Ginkgo; Herbal medicinal products; Hypericum; Interactions; Pharmacokinetics; Quercetin; Salix; Silibum

Indexed keywords

AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM EXTRACT; BETA PINENE; BILOBALIDE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CARBAMAZEPINE 10,11 OXIDE; CINEOLE; CYCLOSPORIN; ESCIN; GINKGOLIDE A; GINKGOLIDE B; HEPARIN; HERBACEOUS AGENT; HYPERFORIN; HYPERICIN; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; ISOSILIBININ; MENTHOL; PINENE; PSEUDOHYPERICIN; QUERCETIN 4' O GLUCOSIDE; RUTOSIDE; SALICIN; SALIX EXTRACT; SILIBININ; SILIDIANIN; THYMOL; TICLOPIDINE; TRAZODONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM; ARTICLE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG MARKETING; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; EUCALYPTUS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; GINKGO BILOBA; HERB; HERBAL MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; MILK THRISTLE; NONHUMAN; PEPPER; PHARMACOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; PINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SYNTHESIS; TECHNOLOGY; THYME; TOXICITY; WILLOW; BIOAVAILABILITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; REVIEW;

AESCULUS HIPPOCASTANUM; EUCALYPTUS; GINKGO BILOBA; HYPERICUM; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; SALIX; THYMUS VULGARIS;

BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; CLINICAL TRIALS; MEDICINE, HERBAL;

EID: 0036052835     PISSN: 09447113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1078/1433-187X-00210     Document Type: Article

References (241)

1. P. Ader, M. Block, S. Pietzsch, S. Wolffram Interaction of quercetin glucosides with the intestinal sodium/glucose co-transporter (SGLT-1) Cancer Lett 162 2001 175 180
2. P. Ader, A. Wessmann, S. Wolffram Bioavailability and metabolism of the flavonol quercetin in the pig Free Radic Biol Med 28 2000 1056 1067
3. R. Agarwal Cell signaling and regulators of cell cycle as molecular targets for prostate cancer prevention by dietary agents Biochem Pharmacol 60 2000 1051 1059
4. P. Agostinis, Z. Assefa, A. Vantieghem, J.R. Vandenheede, W. Merlevede, P. De Witte Apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways induced by photodynamic therapy with hypericin Adv Enzyme Regul 40 2000 157 182
5. M. Agrosi, S. Mischiatti, P.C. Harrasser, D. Savio Oral bioavailability of active principles from herbal products in humans. A study on Hypericum perforatumextract using the soft gelatin capsule technology Phytomedicine 7 2000 1 8
6. S.M. Ahmed, N.R. Banner, S.W. Dubrey Low cyclosporin-A level due to Saint-John's-wort in heart transplant patients J Heart Lung Transplant 20 2001 795
7. P. Angulo, T. Patel, R.A. Jorgensen, T.M. Therneau, K.D. Lindor Silymarin in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid Hepatology 32 2000 897 900
8. Y. Arai, S. Watanabe, M. Kimira, K. Shimoi, R. Mochizuki, N. Kinae Dietary intakes of flavonols, flavones and isoflavones by Japanese women and the inverse correlation between quercetin intake and plasma LDL cholesterol concentration J Nutr 130 2000 2243 2250
9. M. Arcari, A. Brambilla, A. Brandt, R. Caponi, G. Corsi, M. Di Rella, F. Solinas, W.P. Wachter [A new inclusion complex of silibinin and beta-cyclodextrins: in vitro dissolution kinetics and in vivo absorption in comparison with traditional formulations] Boll Chim Farm 131 1992 205 209
10. J. Barnes, L.A. Anderson, J.D. Phillipson St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): a review of its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties J Pharm Pharmacol 53 2001 583 600
11. G. Baron-Ruppert, N.P. Luepke Evidence for toxic effects of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba in the hen's egg test Phytomedicine 8 2001 133 138
12. S. Beckmann-Knopp, S. Rietbrock, R. Weyhenmeyer, R.H. Bocker, K.T. Beckurts, W. Lang, M. Hunz, U. Fuhr Inhibitory effects of silibinin on cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human liver microsomes Pharmacol Toxicol 86 2000 250 256
13. A.M. Beer, T. Ostermann [St. John's wort: interaction with cyclosporine increases risk of rejection for the kidney transplant and raises daily cost of medication] Med Klin 96 2001 480 483
14. A. Beesley, J. Hardcastle, P.T. Hardcastle, C.J. Taylor Influence of peppermint oil on absorptive and secretory processes in rat small intestine Gut 39 1996 214 219
15. G. Bell, D. Henry, C. Richmond A specific g.l.c. assay for menthol in urine British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 12 1981 281
16. N. Beuscher, M. Kietzmann, E. Bien, P. Champeroux Interference of myrtol standardized with inflammatory and allergic mediators Arzneimittelforschung 48 1998 985 989
17. A. Biber, H. Fischer, A. Römer, S.S. Chatterjee Oral bioavailability of hyperforin from hypericum extracts in rats and human volunteers Pharmacopsychiatry 31 Suppl1 1998 36 43
18. A. Biber, E. Koch Bioavailability of ginkgolides and bilobalide from extracts of ginkgo biloba using GC/MS [letter] Planta Med 65 1999 192 193
19. A.R. Bilia, M.C. Bergonzi, G. Mazzi, F.F. Vincieri Analysis of plant complex matrices by use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: st. john's wort extract J Agric Food Chem 49 2001 2115 2124
20. A.R. Bilia, M.C. Bergonzi, F. Morgenni, G. Mazzi, F.F. Vincieri Evaluation of chemical stability of St. John's wort commercial extract and some preparations Int J Pharm 213 2001 199 208
21. th Europpean Congress of oto-rhino-laryngology head and neck surgery, Berlin. Reprints edited by Monduzzi Editore 1369-1375
22. R. Bischoff, C. Ismail, R. März, G. Bischoff Exhaltionsmonitoring mit Online-Analyse Geräten - ppb und subppb Analytik mit neuartigen Sensoren Biomedizinische Technik 43 Suppl 1 1998 266
23. V.D. Bokkenheuser, C.H. Shackleton, J. Winter Hydrolysis of dietary flavonoid glycosides by strains of intestinal Bacteroides from humans Biochem J 248 1987 953 956
24. D.W. Boulton, U.K. Walle, T. Walle Extensive binding of the bioflavonoid quercetin to human plasma proteins J Pharm Pharmacol 50 1998 243 249
25. S.P. Boyle, V.L. Dobson, S.J. Duthie, D.C. Hinselwood, J.A. Kyle, A.R. Collins Bioavailability and efficiency of rutin as an antioxidant: a human supplementation study Eur J Clin Nutr 54 2000 774 782
26. V. Breinholt, S.T. Lauridsen, L.O. Dragsted Differential effects of dietary flavonoids on drug metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes in female rat Xenobiotica 29 1999 1227 1240
27. J. Brockmöller, T. Reum, S. Bauer, R. Kerb, W.D. Hubner, I. Roots Hypericin and pseudohypericin: pharmacokinetics and effects on photosensitivity in humans Pharmacopsychiatry 30 Suppl 2 1997 94 101
28. A.H. Burstein, L.R. Horton, T. Dunn, R.M. Alfaro, S.C. Piscitelli, W. Theodore Lack of effect of St. Johns Wort on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 68 2000 605 612
29. M.C. Canivenc-Lavier, M.F. Vernevaut, M. Totis, M.H. Siess, J. Magdalou, M. Suschetet Comparative effects of flavonoids and model inducers on drug-metabolizing enzymes in rat liver Toxicology 114 1996 19 27
30. S. Carpenter, M.J. Fehr, G.A. Kraus, J.W. Petrich Chemiluminescent activation of the antiviral activity of hypericin: a molecular flashlight Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 1994 12273 12277
31. K. Chaiear, R. Limpaiboon, C. Meechai, Y. Poovorawan Fatal mushroom poisoning caused by Amanita virosa in Thailand Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 30 1999 157 160
32. R. Choudhury, S.K. Srai, E. Debnam, C.A. Rice-Evans Urinary excretion of hydroxycinnamates and flavonoids after oral and intravenous administration Free Radic Biol Med 27 1999 278 286
33. S. Chrubasik Treatment of low back pain with a herbal or synthetic antirheumatic: A randomized controlled study 2001 Br J Rheumatol accepted for publication
34. S. Chrubasik, E. Eisenberg, E. Balan, T. Weinberger, R. Luzzati, C. Conradt Treatment of low back pain exacerbations with willow bark extract: a randomized double-blind study American Journal of Medicine 109 2000 9 14
35. S. Chrubasik, O. Künzel, A. Black, C. Conradt, F. Kerschbaumer Potential economic impact of using a proprietary willow bark extract in outpatient treatment of low back pain: an open non-randomised study Phytomedicine 8 2001 241 251
36. V.J. Chungroo, R.K. Reen, K. Singh, J. Singh Effects of silymarin on UDP-glucuronic acid and glucuronidation activity in the rat isolated hepatocytes and in liver in relation to D-galactosamine activity Indian Journal Of Experimental Biology 35 1997 256 263
37. J.A. Conquer, G. Maiani, E. Azzini, A. Raguzzini, B.J. Holub Supplementation with quercetin markedly increases plasma quercetin concentration without effect on selected risk factors for heart disease in healthy subjects J Nutr 128 1998 593 597
38. V. Crespy, C. Morand, C. Besson, C. Manach, C. Demigne, C. Remesy Comparison of the intestinal absorption of quercetin, phloretin and their glucosides in rats J Nutr 131 2001 2109 2114
39. V. Crespy, C. Morand, C. Manach, C. Besson, C. Demigne, C. Remesy Part of quercetin absorbed in the small intestine is conjugated and further secreted in the intestinal lumen Am J Physiol 277 1998 G120 126
40. A.J. Day, Y. Bao, M.R. Morgan, G. Williamson Conjugation position of quercetin glucuronides and effect on biological activity Free Radic Biol Med 29 2000 1234 1243
41. A.J. Day, Y. Bao, G.W. Plumb, P.A. Kroon, K.A. O'Leary, M.R.A. Morgan, G. Williamson Quercetin glucuronidation and effect of conjugation position on biological activity S. Martens D. Treuter G. Forkman Polyphenols Communications 2000 Freising Weihenstephan 403 404 2000
42. A.J. Day, F.J. Canada, J.C. Diaz, P.A. Kroon, R. McLauchlan, C.B. Faulds, G.W. Plumb, M.R. Morgan, G. Williamson Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase FEBS Lett 468 2000 166 170
43. A.J. Day, M.S. DuPont, S. Ridley, M. Rhodes, M.J. Rhodes, M.R. Morgan, G. Williamson Deglycosylation of flavonoid and isoflavonoid glycosides by human small intestine and liver beta-glucosidase activity FEBS Lett 436 1998 71 75
44. A.J. Day, G. Williamson Biomarkers for exposure to dietary flavonoids: a review of the current evidence for identification of quercetin glycosides in plasma Br J Nutr 86 Suppl 1 2001 105 110
45. M.M. de Maat, R.M. Hoetelmans, R.A. Matht, E.C. van Gorp, P.L. Meenhorst, J.W. Mulder, J.H. Beijnen Drug interaction between St John's wort and nevirapine Aids 15 2001 420 421
46. P.A. De Smet, G. Bonsel, A. Van der Kuy, Y.A. Hekster, M.H. Pronk, M.J. Brorens, J.H. Lockefeer, M.J. Nuijten Introduction to the pharmacoeconomics of herbal medicines Pharmacoeconomics 18 2000 1 7
47. P.A. De Smet, J.R. Brouwers Pharmacokinetic evaluation of herbal remedies. Basic introduction, applicability, current status and regulatory needs Clin Pharmacokinet 32 1997 427 436
48. E. Delaey, A. Vandenbogaerde, P. de Witte, W. Merlevede Photocytotoxicity of hypericin in normoxic and hypoxic conditions J Photochem Photobiol B 56 2000 19 24
49. G. Di Carlo, F. Borrelli, A.A. Izzo, E. Ernst St John's wort: Prozac from the plant kingdom Trends Pharmacol Sci 22 2001 292 297
50. G. Di Renzo Ginkgo biloba and the central nervous system Fitoterapia 71 Suppl 1 2000 S43 S47
51. C. Diehm, H.J. Trampisch, S. Lange, C. Schmidt Comparison of leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract therapy in patients with chronic venous insufficiency Lancet 347 1996 292 294
52. E.A. Dierks, K.R. Stams, H.K. Lim, G. Cornelius, H. Zhang, S.E. Ball A method for the simultaneous evaluation of the activities of seven major human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s using an in vitro cocktail of probe substrates and fast gradient liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry Drug Metab Dispos 29 2001 23 29
53. P. Dorow Chronisch-obstruktive Bronchitis Welchen Einfluß hat Cineol auf die mukoziliäre Clearance? 39 1989 Therapiewoche 2652 2654
54. A.H. Draves, S.E. Walker Determination of hypericin and pseudohypericin in pharmaceutical preparations by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 749 2000 57 66
55. J.C. Duche, J. Barre, P. Guinot, J. Duchier, A. Cournot, J.P. Tillement Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on microsomal enzyme induction Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 9 1989 165 168
56. D. Durr, B. Steiger, G. Kullack-Ublick, K.M. Rentsch, H.C. Steinert, P.J. Meier, K. Fattinger St. Johns Wort induces intestinal P-glycoprotein/MDR1 and intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38 2000 598 604
57. M. Elvin-Lewis Should we be concerned about herbal remedies J Ethnopharmacol 75 2001 141 164
58. C.A.J. Erdelmeier, E. Koch, R. Hoerr Hypericum perforatum - St. Johns Wort Chemical, Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects H.E.J. Atta-ur-Rahman Studies in Natural Product Chemistry Vol 22 2000 Elsevier Amsterdam-New York 643 716
59. I. Erlund, G. Alfthan, J. Maenpaa, A. Aro Tea and coronary heart disease: the flavonoid quercetin is more bioavailable from rutin in women than in men Arch Intern Med 161 2001 1919 1920
60. I. Erlund, T. Kosonen, G. Alfthan, J. Maenpaa, K. Perttunen, J. Kenraali, J. Parantainen, A. Aro Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers Eur J Clin Pharmacol 56 2000 545 553
61. E. Ernst Second thoughts about safety of St John's wort Lancet 354 1999 2014 2016
62. E. Ernst, R. März, C. Sieder A controlled multi-centre study of herbal versus synthetic secretolytic drugs for acute bronchitis Phytomedicine 4 1997 287 293
63. J.R. Evans Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2000
64. A. Falk, M. Hagberg Uptake, distribution and elimination of alpha-pinene in man after exposure by inhalation Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 16 1990 372 378
65. L. Favari, C. Soto, M. Mourelle Effect of portal vein ligation and silymarin treatment on aspirin metabolism and disposition in rats Biopharm Drug Dispos 18 1997 53 64
66. P. Federspil, R. Wulkow, T. Zimmermann Wirkung von Myrtol standardisiert bei der Therapie der akuten Sinusitis - Ergebnisse einer doppelblinden, randomisierten Multicenterstudie gegen Placebo Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie 76 1997 23 27
67. J.B. Fourtillan, A.M. Brisson, J. Girault, I. Ingrand, J.P. Decourt, K. Drieu, P. Jouenne, A. Biber [Pharmacokinetic properties of Bilobalide and Ginkgolides A and B in healthy subjects after intravenous and oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)] Therapie 50 1995 137 144
68. E. Fox, R.F. Murphy, C.L. McCully, P.C. Adamson Plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of hypericin in nonhuman primates Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology 47 2001 41 44
69. J. Freise, S. Kohler Peppermint oil-caraway oil fixed combination in non-ulcer dyspepsia - comparison of the effects of enteric preparations Pharmazie 543 1999 210 215
70. A. Galijatovic, U.K. Walle, T. Walle Induction of UDP- glucuronosyltransferase by the flavonoids chrysin and quercetin in Caco-2 cells Pharm Res 17 2000 21 26
71. S. Galluzzi, O. Zanetti, G. Binetti, M. Trabucchi, G.B. Frisoni Coma in a patient with Alzheimer's disease taking low dose trazodone and gingko biloba J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68 2000 679 680
72. G. Gatti, E. Perucca Plasma concentrations of free and conjugated silybin after oral intake of a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (silipide) in healthy volunteers Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 32 1994 614 617
73. J.M. Gee, M.S. DuPont, A.J. Day, G.W. Plumb, G. Williamson, I.T. Johnson Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway J Nutr 130 2000 2765 2771
74. J.M. Gee, M.S. DuPont, M.J. Rhodes, I.T. Johnson Quercetin glucosides interact with the intestinal glucose transport pathway Free Radic Biol Med 25 1998 19 25
75. A. Glinko Pharmacological properties of a standardized extract from Willow Bark (Cortex salicis) Chair of Pharmacology and Toxicology 1998 Pomeranian Academy of Medicine Szczecin
76. H. Göbel, J. Fresenius, A. Heinze, M. Dworschak, D. Soyka Effektivität von Oleum menthae piperitae und von Paracetamol in der Therapie des Kopfschmerzes vom Spannungstyp Nervenarzt 67 1996 672 681
77. E.U. Graefe, H. Derendorf, M. Veit Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in humans Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 37 1999 219 233
78. E.U. Graefe, J. Wittig, S. Mueller, A.K. Riethling, B. Uehleke, B. Drewelow, H. Pforte, G. Jacobasch, H. Derendorf, M. Veit Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans J Clin Pharmacol 41 2001 492 499
79. J. Grassmann, S. Hippeli, K. Dornisch, U. Rohnert, N. Beuscher, E.F. Elstner Antioxidant properties of essential oils. Possible explanations for their anti-inflammatory effects Arzneimittelforschung 50 2000 135 139
80. J.M. Greeson, B. Sanford, D.A. Monti St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the current pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical literature Psychopharmacology (Berl) 153 2001 402 414
81. J.L. Greger Dietary supplement use: consumer characteristics and interests J Nutr 131 2001 1339S 1343S
82. H. Grimm Antiobstruktive Wirksamkeit von Cineol bei Atemwegserkrankungen Therapiewoche 37 1987 4306 4311
83. M. Guillaume, F. Padioleau Veinotonic effect, vascular protection, antiinflammatory and free radical scavenging properties of horse chestnut extract Arzneimittelforschung 44 1994 25 35
84. O.P. Gupta, S. Sing, S. Bani, N. Sharma, S. Malhotra, B.D. Gupta, S.K. Banerjee, S.S. Handa Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of silymarin acting through inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase Phytomedicine 7 2000 21 24
85. S.H. Hansen, A.G. Jensen, C. Cornett, I. Bjornsdottir, S. Taylor, B. Wright, I.D. Wilson High-Performance Liquid Chromatography On-LIne Coupled to High Field NMR and Mass Spectrometry for Structure Elucidation of Consituents of Hypericum perforatum L Analytical Chemistry 71 1999 5235 5241
86. M. Hawthorn, J. Ferrante, E. Luchowski, A. Rutledge, X.Y. Wei, D.J. Triggle The actions of peppermint oil and menthol on calcium channel dependent processes in intestinal, neuronal and cardiac preparations Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2 1998 101 118
87. A.M. Heck, B.A. DeWitt, A.L. Lukes Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin Am J Health Syst Pharm 57 2000 1221 1227 quiz 8-30
88. M.G. Hertog, E.J. Feskens, P.C. Hollman, M.B. Katan, D. Kromhout Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study Lancet 342 1993 1007 1011
89. P.C. Hollman, M.N. Bijsman, Y. van Gameren, E.P. Cnossen, J.H. de Vries, M.B. Katan The sugar moiety is a major determinant of the absorption of dietary flavonoid glycosides in man Free Radic Res 31 1999 569 573
90. P.C.H. Hollman, J.H.M. De Vries, S.D. Van Leeuwen, M.J.B. Mengelers, M.B. Katan Absorption of dietary quercetin glycoside and quercitin in healthy ileostomy volunteers American J Clin Nutr 62 1995 1276 1282
91. P.C.H. Hollman, J.M.P. Van Trijp, MNCP Buysman Fluorescene detection of flavonoids in HPLC by postcolumn chelation with aluminium Anal Chem 68 1996 3511 3515
92. N. Ihme, H. Kiesewetter, F. Jung, K.H. Hoffmann, A. Birk, A. Muller, K.I. Grutzner Leg oedema protection from a buckwheat herb tea in patients with chronic venous insufficiency: a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial Eur J Clin Pharmacol 50 1996 443 447
93. S. Irefin, J. Sprung A possible cause of cardiovascular collapse during anesthesia: Long term use of St.Johns Wort Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 12 2000 198 499
94. J.M. Jacobson, L. Feinman, L. Liebes, N. Ostrow, V. Koslowski, A. Tobia, B.E. Cabana, D. Lee, J. Spritzler, A.M. Prince Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antiviral effects of hypericin, a derivative of St. John's wort plant, in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45 2001 517 524
95. W. Jager, B. Nasel, C. Nasel, R. Binder, T. Stimpfl, W. Vycudilik, G. Buchbauer Pharmacokinetic studies of the fragrance compound 1,8-cineole in humans during inhalation Chemical Senses 21 1998 477 480
96. H. Jaggy, E. Koch Chemistry and biology of alkylphenols from Ginkgo biloba L Pharmazie 52 1997 735 738
97. D. Janssens, J. Remacle, K. Drieu, C. Michiels Protection of mitochondrial respiration activity by bilobalide Biochem Pharmacol 58 1999 109 119
98. C. Jiang, R. Agarwal, J. Lu Anti-angiogenic potential of a cancer chemopreventive flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin: inhibition of key attributes of vascular endothelial cells and angiogenic cytokine secretion by cancer epithelial cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun 276 2000 371 378
99. A. Johne, J. Brockmoller, S. Bauer, A. Maurer, M. Langheinrich, I. Roots Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) Clin Pharmacol Ther 66 1999 338 345
100. R.M. Kaffenberger, M.J. Doyle Determination of menthol and menthol glucuronide in human urine by gas chromatography using an enzyme-sensitive internal standard and flame ionization detection Journal of Chromatography 527 1990 59 66
101. S. Kasper Hypericum perforatum - a review of clinical studies Pharmacopsychiatry 34 Suppl 1 2001 S51 55
102. R. Kerb, J. Brockmöller, B. Staffeldt, M. Ploch, I. Roots Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of hypericin and pseudohypericin Antimicrob Agents Chemother 40 1996 2087 2093
103. H. Kiesewetter, J. Koscielny, U. Kalus, J.M. Vix, H. Peil, O. Petrini, B.S. van Toor, C. de Mey Efficacy of orally administered extract of red vine leaf AS 195 (folia vitis viniferae) in chronic venous insufficiency (stages I - II). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Arzneimittelforschung 50 2000 109 117
104. D.H. Kim, Y.H. Jin, J.B. Park, K. Kobashi Silymarin and its components are inhibitors of beta-glucuronidase Biol Pharm Bull 17 1994 443 445
105. Y.S. Kim, M.H. Pyo, K.M. Park Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic effects of a combination of ticlopidine and ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) Thrombosis Research 91 1998 33 38
106. K.H. Kimbel Ginkgo biloba [letter; comment] Lancet 340 1992 1474
107. J. Kleijnen, P. Knipschild Ginkgo biloba [see comments] Lancet 340 1992 1136 1139
108. R.M. Kline, J.J. Kline, J. Di Palma, G.J. Barbero Enteric-coated, pH-dependent peppermint oil capsules for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in children J Pediatr 138 2001 125 128
109. G. Knols, P.C. Stal, J.W. Van Ree Productive coughing complaints: Sirupus Thymi or Bromhexine? A double blind randomized study Huisarts Vet 37 1994 392 394
110. C. Kohlert, G. Schindler, R. Maerz, G. Abel, B. Brinkhaus, H. Derendorf, U. Graefe, M. Veit Systemic Availability and Pharmacokinetics of Thymol in Humans J Clin. Pharmacol 42 2002 1 7
111. Kressmann, S. (2001) Vergleichbarkeit von Phytopharmaka am Beispiel Ginkgo biloba-haltiger Produkte des US-amerikanischen Marktes (Comparison of herbal medicinal products from Ginkgo biloba from the U.S. market PhD Thesis, University of Frankfurt, Germany
112. D.J. Kroll, A. Nebel, B.J. Schneider Potential metabolic interaction between St. Johns Wort and theopylline Annals of Pharmacotherapy 33 1999 502
113. K. Kunz, G. Lorkowski, G. Petersen, E. Samcova, K. Schaffler, C.H. Wauschkuhn Bioavailability of escin after administration of two oral formulations containing aesculus extract Arzneimittelforschung 48 1998 822 825
114. D.W. Lamson, M.S. Brignall Antioxidants and cancer, part 3: quercetin Altern Med Rev 5 2000 196 208
115. W. Lang [Percutaneous absorption of 3H-aescin in mice and rats] Arzneimittelforschung 24 1974 71 76
116. W. Lang, W.H. Mennicke [Pharmacokinetic studies on triatiated aescin in the mouse and rat] Arzneimittelforschung 22 1972 1928 1932
117. A. Langeneckert Untersuchungen zur Pharmakokinetik und relativen Bioverfügbarkeit von alpha-Pinen, 1,8-Cineol und Menthol nach dermaler, inhalativer und peroraler Applikation ätherischer Öle Dissertation 1998 Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Germany
118. P.L. Le Bars, M. Kieser, K.Z. Itil A 26-week analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in dementia Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 11 2000 230 237
119. J.O. Levin, K. Eriksson, A. Falk, A. Lof Renal elimination of verbenols in man following experimental alphapinene inhalation exposure International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 63 1992 571 573
120. C.L. Li, Y.Y. Wong The bioavailability of ginkgolides in Ginkgo biloba extracts Planta Med 63 1997 563 565
121. K. Linde, G. Ramirez, C.D. Mulrow, A. Pauls, W. Weidenhammer, D. Melchart St. Johns Wort for depression - an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials British Medical Journal 313 1996 253 258
122. F.F. Liu, C.Y. Ang, T.M. Heinze, J.D. Rankin, R.D. Beger, J.P. Freeman, J.O. Lay Evaluation of major active components in St. John's Wort dietary supplements by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray mass spectrometric confirmation J Chromatogr A 888 2000 85 92
123. J.H. Liu, G.H. Chen, H.Z. Yeh, C.K. Huang, S.K. Poon Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial Journal of Gastroenterology 32 1997 765 768
124. D. Loew, A. Schrodter, W. Schwankl, R.W. Marz Measurement of the bioavailability of aescin-containing extracts Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 22 2000 537 542
125. D. Loew, A. Schroedter Pharmakokinetik und Äquivalenz von Zubereitungen aus Hypocastani semen D. Loew H. Blume T. Dingermann Phytopharmaka IV 1999 Steinkopff Verlag Darmstadt 135 143
126. A. Lommen, M. Godejohann, D.P. Venema, P.C. Hollman, M. Spraul Application of directly coupled HPLC-NMR-MS to the identification and confirmation of quercetin glycosides and phloretin glycosides in apple peel Anal Chem 72 2000 1793 1797
127. T. MacLagan The Treatment of Acute Rheumatism By Salicin (Part 1) The Lancet 1876 342 343
128. T. MacLagan The Treatment of Acute Rheumatism By Salicin (Part 2) The Lancet 1876 601 604
129. A. Madisch, C.J. Heydenreich, V. Wieland, R. Hufnagel, T. Hotz JMacLagan Treatment of functional dyspepsia with a fixed peppermint oil and caraway oil combination preparation as compared to cisapride.A multicenter, reference-controlled double-blind equivalence study Arzneimittelforschung 49 1999 925 932
130. G.B. Mahady Global harmonization of herbal health claims J Nutr 131 2001 1120S 1123S
131. D.-H. Mahlo Obstruktive Atemwegserkrankungen. Mit Cineol die Lungenfunktions-Parameter verbessern Therapiewoche 36 1990 3157 3162
132. M. Maitrejean, G. Comte, D. Barron, K. El Kirat, G. Conseil, A. Di Pietro The flavanolignan silybin and its hemisynthetic derivatives, a novel series of potential modulators of P-glycoprotein Bioorg Med Chem Lett 10 2000 157 160
133. C. Manach, C. Morand, V. Crespy, C. Demigne, O. Texier, F. Regerat, C. Remesy Quercetin is recovered in human plasma as conjugated derivatives which retain antioxidant properties FEBS Lett 426 1998 331 336
134. C. Manach, C. Morand, C. Demigne, O. Texier, F. Regerat, C. Remesy Bioavailability of rutin and quercetin in rats FEBS Lett 409 1997 12 16
135. C. Manach, C. Morand, O. Texier, M.L. Favier, G. Agullo, C. Demigne, F. Regerat, C. Remesy Quercetin metabolites in plasma of rats fed diets containing rutin or quercetin J Nutr 125 1995 1911 1922
136. C. Manach, O. Texier, F. Regerat, G. Agullo, C. Demigne, C. Remesy Dietary quercetin is recovered as conjugated derivatives of isorhamnetin and quercetin Nutritional Biochemistry 7 1996 375 380
137. M. Marino, C. Bersani, G. Comi Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris L. measured using a bioimpedometric method Journal of Food Protection 62 1999 1017 1023
138. J.S. Markowitz, C.L. DeVane, D.W. Boulton, S.W. Carson, Z. Nahas, S.C. Risch Effect of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on cytochrome P-450 2D6 and 3A4 activity in healthy volunteers Life Sci 66 2000 L133 139
139. H. Mascher, C. Kikuta, H. Schiel Pharmacokinetics of menthol and carvone after administration of an enteric coated formulation containing peppermint oil and caraway oil Drug Research 51 2001 465 469
140. H. Matsuda, Y. Li, T. Murakami, K. Ninomiya, J. Yamahara, M. Yoshikawa Effects of escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb from horse chestnut, the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L, on acute inflammation in animals Biol Pharm Bull 20 1997 1092 1095
141. H. Matsuda, Y. Li, M. Yoshikawa Gastroprotections of escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb on ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions in rats Eur J Pharmacol 373 1999 63 70
142. K. Matsumoto, M. Fujimoto, K. Ito, H. Tanaka, I. Hirono Comparison of the effects of bilobol and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on skin, and test of tumor promoting potential of bilobol in CD-1 mice J Toxicol Sci 15 1990 39 46
143. H. Matthys, C. de Mey, C. Carls, A. Rys, A. Geib, T. Wittig Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in acute bronchitis. A multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group clinical trial vs. cefuroxime and ambroxol Arzneimittelforschung 50 2000 700 711
144. A. Maurer, A. Johne, S. Bauer Interaction of St. Johns Wort extract with phenprocouman European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 88 1999 1999
145. P. Mauri, P. Simonetti, C. Gardana, M. Minoggio, P. Morazzoni, E. Bombardelli, P. Pietta Liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry of terpene lactones in plasma of volunteers dosed with Ginkgo biloba L. extracts Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15 2001 929 934
146. B. May, H.D. Kuntz, M. Kieser, S. Kohler Efficacy of a fixed peppermint oil/caraway oil combination in non-ulcer dyspepsia Arzneimittel Forschung 46 1996 1149 1153
147. G.T. McAnlis, J. McEneny, J. Pearce, I.S. Young Absorption and antioxidant effects of quercetin from onions, in man European Journal Of Clinical Nutrition 53 1999 92 96
148. R. Meister, T. Wittig, N. Beuscher, C. de Mey Efficacy and tolerability of myrtol standardized in long-term treatment of chronic bronchitis. A. double-blind, placebo-controlled study Arzneimittelforschung 49 1999 351 358
149. J. Meyer-Bertenrath, H. Kaffarnik [Enteral resorption of aescin] Arzneimittelforschung 20 1970 147 148
150. G.H. Micklefield, I. Greving, B. May Effects of peppermint oil and caraway oil on gastroduodenal motility Phytother Res 14 2000 20 23
151. E. Middleton, C. Kandaswami The impact of plant flavonoids on mammalian biology: Implications for immunity, inflammation and cancer 1993 Chapman & Hall 1994 London
152. J.H. Moon, R. Nakata, S. Oshima, T. Inakuma, J. Terao Accumulation of quercetin conjugates in blood plasma after the short-term ingestion of onion by women Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279 2000 R461 467
153. L.B. Moore, B. Goodwin, S.A. Jones, G.B. Wisely, C.J. Serabjit-Singh, T.M. Willson, J.L. Collins, S.A. Kliewer St. John's wort induces hepatic drug metabolism through activation of the pregnane X receptor Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 2000 7500 7502
154. C. Morand, C. Manach, V. Crespy, C. Remesy Respective bioavailability of quercetin aglycone and its glycosides in a rat model Biofactors 12 2000 169 174
155. P. Morazzoni, M.J. Magistretti, C. Giachetti, G. Zanolo Comparative bioavailability of Silipide, a new flavanolignan complex, in rats Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 17 1992 39 44
156. P. Morazzoni, A. Montalbetti, S. Malandrino, G. Pifferi Comparative pharmacokinetics of silipide and silymarin in rats Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 18 1993 289 297
157. E. Morgenstern Die antiphlogistische Wirkung von Bronchipret und seiner Komponenten im Rattenpfoten-Ödem-Modell R. März Bronchitis - Neue Erkenntnisse zu Wirkungen und Wirksamkeit von Arzneipflanzen 1998 Karger Verlag Freiburg 1 8
158. W.E. Müller, M. Rolli, C. Schafer, U. Hafner Effects of hypericum extract (LI 160) in biochemical models of antidepressant activity Pharmacopsychiatry 30 Suppl 2 1997 102 107
159. W.E. Müller, A. Singer, M. Wonnemann [Mechanism of action of St. Johns wort extract] Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 89 2000 2111 2121
160. W.E. Müller, A. Singer, M. Wonnemann, U. Hafner, M. Rolli, C. Schafer Hyperforin represents the neurotransmitter reuptake inhibiting constituent of hypericum extract Pharmacopsychiatry 31 Suppl 1 1998 16 21
161. P. Muriel, M. Mourelle Prevention by silymarin of membrane alterations in acute CC14 liver damage J Appl Toxicol 10 1990 275 279
162. P. Muriel, M. Mourelle The role of membrane composition in ATPase activities of cirrhotic rat liver: effect of silymarin J Appl Toxicol 10 1990 281 284
163. A. Nahrstedt, V. Butterweck Biologically active and other chemical constituents of the herb of Hypericum perforatum L Pharmacopsychiatry 30 Suppl 2 1997 129 134
164. C. Nasel, B. Nasel, P. Samec, E. Schindler, G. Buchbauer Functional imaging of effects of fragrances on the human brain after prolonged inhalation Chem Senses 19 1994 359 364
165. P.J. Nathan Hypericum perforatum (St John's Worth): a non selective reuptake inhibitor? A review of the recent advances in its pharmacology J Psychopharmacol 15 2001 47 54
166. K. Ndjoko, J.L. Wolfender, K. Hostettmann Determination of trace amounts of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts and phytopharmaceuticals by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 744 2000 249 255
167. M. Nieder Pharmakokinetik der Ginkgo-Flavonole im Plasma Munch med Wschr 133 1991 S61 S62
168. NIH NIH to explore St. Johns Wort Science 278 1997 391
169. R.S. Obach Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by constituents of St. John's Wort, an herbal preparation used in the treatment of depression J Pharmacol Exp Ther 294 2000 88 95
170. M.A. O'Hara, D. Kiefer, K. Farrell, K. Kemper A review of 12 commonly used medicinal herbs Archives of Family Medicine 7 1998 523 536
171. K.A. O'Leary, A.J. Day, P.W. Needs, W.S. Sly, N.M. O'Brien, G. Williamson Flavonoid glucuronides are substrates for human liver beta-glucuronidase FEBS Lett 503 2001 103 106
172. M.R. Olthof, P.C. Hollman, T.B. Vree, M.B. Katan Bioavailabilities of quercetin-3-glucoside and quercetin-4′-glucoside do not differ in humans J Nutr 130 2000 1200 1203
173. R. Oschmann, A. Biber, F. Lang, H. Stumpf, K. Kunz [Pharmaokinetics of beta-escin after administration of various Aesculus extract containing formulations] pharmazie 51 1996 577 581
174. L. Panizzi, G. Flamini, P. Cioni, I. Morelli Composition and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of four mediterranean Lamiaceae Journal of Ethnopharmacology 39 1993 167 170
175. S. Pattnaik, V.R. Subramanyam, C. Kole Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro Microbios 86 1996 237 246
176. R. Pentz, H.G. Busse, R. König, C.P. Sioegers Bioverfügbarkeit von Salicylsäure und Coffein aus einem phytoanalgetischen Kombinationspräparat Z Phytother 10 1989 92 96
177. M.D. Perloff, L.L. von Moltke, E. Stormer, R.I. Shader, D.J. Greenblatt Saint John's wort: An in vitro analysis of Pglycoprotein induction due to extended exposure Br J Pharmacol 134 2001 1601 1608
178. P.G. Pietta, C. Gardana, P.L. Mauri Identification of Gingko biloba flavonol metabolites after oral administration to humans J Chromatogr B 693 1997 249 255
179. P.G. Pietta, C. Gardana, P.L. Mauri, R. Maffei-Facino, M. Carini Identification of flavonoid metabolites after oral administration to rats of a Ginkgo biloba extract J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 673 1995 75 80
180. G. Piperopoulos, R. Lotz, A. Wixforth, T. Schmierer, K.P. Zeller Determination of naphthodianthrones in plant extracts from Hypericum perforatum L. by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 695 1997 309 316
181. S.C. Piscitelli, A.H. Burstein, D. Chaitt, R.M. Alfaro, J. Falloon Indinavir concentrations and St John's wort Lancet 355 2000 547 548
182. M.K. Piskula Factors affecting flavonoids absorption Biofactors 12 2000 175 80
183. M.H. Pittler, E. Ernst Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. A criteria-based systematic review Arch Dermatol 134 1998 1356 1360
184. M.H. Pittler, E. Ernst Peppermint oil for irritable bowel syndrome: a critical review and metaanalysis American Journal of Gastroenterology 93 1998 1131 1135
185. W. Poldinger [History of St. Johns wort] Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 89 2000 2102 2109
186. M.G. Quaglia, E. Bossu, E. Donati, G. Mazzanti, A. Brandt Determination of silymarine in the extract from the dried silybum marianum fruits by high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis J Pharm Biomed Anal 19 1999 435 442
187. A.E. Ratz, M. von Moos, J. Drewe [St. John's wort: a pharmaceutical with potentially dangerous interactions] Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 90 2001 843 849
188. D. Rehn, M. Unkauf, P. Klein, V. Jost, P.W. Lucker Comparative clinical efficacy and tolerability of oxerutins and horse chestnut extract in patients with chronic venous insufficiency Arzneimittelforschung 46 1996 483 487
189. H. Römmelt, H. Drexel, K. Dirnagl Wirkstoffaufnahme aus pflanzlichen Badezusätzen Die Heilkunst 91 1978 249 254
190. F. Ruschitzka, P.J. Meier, M. Turina, T.F. Luscher, G. Noll Acute heart transplant rejection due to Saint John's wort [letter] [see comments] Lancet 355 2000 548 549
191. D. Savio, P.C. Harrasser, G. Basso Softgel capsule technology as an enhancer device for the absorption of natural principles in humans. A bioavailability cross-over randomised study on silybin Arzneimittelforschung 48 1998 1104 1106
192. R. Schandalik, G. Gatti, E. Perucca Pharmacokinetics of silybin in bile following administration of silipide and silymarin in cholecystectomy patients Arzneimittelforschung 42 1992 964 968
193. R. Schandalik, E. Perucca Pharmacokinetics of silybin following oral administration of silipide in patients with extrahepatic biliary obstruction Drugs Exp Clin Res 20 1994 37 42
194. C.M. Schempp, K. Pelz, A. Wittmer, E. Schopf, J.C. Simon Antibacterial activity of hyperforin from St. John's wort, against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus and gram-positive bacteria Lancet 353 1999 2129
195. C.M. Schempp, B. Winghofer, M. Langheinrich, E. Schopf, J.C. Simon Hypericin levels in human serum and interstitial skin blister fluid after oral single-dose and steady-state administration of Hypericum perforatum extract (St. John's wort) Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 12 1999 299 304
196. B. Schmid, I. Kötter, L. Heide Pharmacokinetics of salicin after oral administration of a standardised willow bark extract Eur J Clin Pharmacol 57 2001 387 391
197. B. Schmid, R. Lüdtke, H.K. Selbmann, I. Koetter, B. Tschirdewahn, W. Schaffner Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit eines standardisierten Weidenrindenextraktes bei Arthrose-Patienten: Randomisierte, placebo-kontrollierte Doppelblindstudie Z Rheumatologie 59 2000 314 320
198. A. Schrödter, D. Loew, W. Schwankl, N. Rietbrock [The validity of radioimmunologic determination of bioavailability of beta-escin in horse chestnut extracts] Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research 48 1998 905 910
199. H.U. Schulz, M. Schurer, G. Krumbiegel, W. Wachter, R. Weyhenmeyer, G. Seidel [The solubility and bioequivalence of silymarin preparations] Arzneimittelforschung 45 1995 61 64
200. O. Schuster, F. Haag, H. Priester Transdermale Absorption von Terpenen aus den etherischen Ölen der Pinimenthol-S-Salbe Die Medizinische Welt 37 1986 100 102
201. U. Schwenk Antivirale Wirkung von Bronchipret- Tropfen und Thymianextrakt R. März Bronchitis - Neue Erkenntnisse zu Wirkungen und Wirksamkeit von Arzneipflanzen 1998 Karger Verlag Freiburg 20 25
202. U.S. Senate Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 103rd Congress, 2nd session1994 1994 103 410 Report
203. H.C. Sengespeik, T. Zimmermann, C. Peiske, C. de Mey Myrtol standardized in the treatment of acute and chronic respiratory infections in children. A multicenter post-marketing surveillance study Arzneimittelforschung 48 1998 990 994
204. A.L. Sesink, K.A. O'Leary, P.C. Hollman Quercetin glucuronides but not glucosides are present in human plasma after consumption of quercetin-3- glucoside or quercetin-4′-glucoside J Nutr 131 2001 1938 1941
205. S. Shapiro, A. Meier, B. Guggenheim The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria Oral Microbiology and Immunology 9 1994 202 208
206. K. Shimoi, N. Saka, K. Kaji, R. Nnozawa, N. Kinae Deglucuronidation of flavonoids at inflammation site and its effect on vascular endothelial cells S. Martens D. Treuter G. Forkman Polyphenols Communications 2000 2000 Freising Weihenstephan 297 298
207. N. Skottova, V. Krecman Silymarin as a potential hypocholesterolaemic drug Physiol Res 47 1998 1 7
208. P.F. Smith, K. Maclennan, C.L. Darlington The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo biloba leaf: a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF) J Ethnopharmacol 50 1996 131 139
209. K.W. Somerville, C.R. Richmond, G.D. Bell Delayed release peppermint oil capsules (Colpermin) for the spastic colon syndrome: a pharmacokinetic study British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 18 1984 638 640
210. C.P. Soto, B.L. Perez, L.P. Favari, J.L. Reyes Prevention of alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in the rat by silymarin Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 119 1998 125 129
211. R.L. Sousa, M.A. Marletta Inhibition of cytochrome P- 450 activity in rat liver microsomes by the naturally occurring flavonoid, quercetin Arch Biochem Biophys 240 1985 345 357
212. J.P. Spencer, G. Chowrimootoo, R. Choudhury, E.S. Debnam, S.K. Srai, C. Rice-Evans The small intestine can both absorb and glucuronidate luminal flavonoids FEBS Lett 458 1999 224 230
213. B. Staffeldt, R. Kerb, J. Brockmoller, M. Ploch, I. Roots Pharmacokinetics of hypericin and pseudohypericin after oral intake of the hypericum perforatum extract LI 160 in healthy volunteers J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 7 Suppl 1 1994 S47 853
214. E. Steinegger, H. Hövel Analytische und biologische Untersuchungen an Saliceen-Wirkstoffen, insbesondere an Salicin: I. Identifizierungs-, Isolierungs- und Bestimmungsmethoden Pharm Acta Helv 47 1972 133 141
215. T. Stimpfl, B. Nasel, C. Nasel, R. Binder, W. Vycudilik, G. Buchbauer Concentration of 1,8-cineol in human blood during prolonged inhalation Chem Senses 20 1995 349 350
216. E. Stone An Account of the Success of the Bark of the Willow in the Cure of Agues Philos Trans Royal Soc Lond 1763 195 200
217. M. Takada, I. Agata, M. Sakamoto, N. Yagi, N. Hayashi On the metabolic detoxification of thymol in rabbit and man The Journal of Toxocological Sciences 4 1979 341 350
218. J. Terao, M.K. Piskula Flavonoids and membrane lipid peroxidation inhibition Nutrition 15 1999 790 791
219. I. Ueno, N. Nakano, I. Hirono Metabolic fate of [14C] quercetin in the ACI rat Jpn J Exp Med 53 1983 41 50
220. L.G. Valerio, J.K. Kepa, G.V. Pickwell, L.C. Quattrochi Induction of human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) gene expression by the flavonol quercetin Toxicol Lett 119 2001 49 57
221. M.C. van Dongen, E. van Rossum, A.G. Kessels, H.J. Sielhorst, P.G. Knipschild The efficacy of ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: new results of a randomized clinical trial J Am Geriatr Soc 48 2000 1183 1194
222. R. Venkataramanan, V. Ramachandran, B.J. Komoroski, S. Zhang, P.L. Schiff, S.C. Strom Milk thistle, a herbal supplement, decreases the activity of CYP3A4 and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase in human hepatocyte cultures Drug Metab Dispos 28 2000 1270 1273
223. T. Walle, Y. Otake, U.K. Walle, F.A. Wilson Quercetin glucosides are completely hydrolyzed in ileostomy patients before absorption J Nutr 130 2000 2658 2661
224. T. Walle, U.K. Walle, P.V. Halushka Carbon dioxide is the major metabolite of quercetin in humans J Nutr 131 2001 2648 2652
225. Z. Wang, J.C. Gorski, M.A. Hamman, S.M. Huang, L.J. Lesko, S.D. Hall The effects of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) on human cytochrome P450 activity Clin Pharmacol Ther 70 2001 317 326
226. D.G. Watson, E.J. Oliveira Solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of kaempferol and quercetin in human urine after consumption of Ginkgo biloba tablets J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 723 1999 203 210
227. K.A. Wesnes, T. Ward, A. McGinty, O. Petrini The memory enhancing effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy middle-aged volunteers Psychopharmacology (Berl) 152 2000 353 361
228. J. Westendorf, J. Regan Induction of DNA strandbreaks in primary rat hepatocytes by ginkgolic acids Pharmazie 55 2000 11 12
229. R. Weyhenmeyer, H. Mascher, J. Birkmayer Study on dose-linearity of the pharmacokinetics of silibin diastereomers using a new stereospecific assay International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology 30 1992 134 138
230. M. Wintermark, P. Maeder, J.P. Thiran, P. Schnyder, R. Meuli Quantitative assessment of regional cerebral blood flows by perfusion CT studies at low injection rates: a critical review of the underlying theoretical models Eur Radiol 11 2001 1220 1230
231. J. Wittig, M. Herderich, E.U. Graefe, M. Veit Identification of quercetin glucuronides in human plasma by high- performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 753 2001 237 243
232. J. Wittig, A. Smolenski, P. Thalheimer, M. Veit Beta-glucuronidase activity of human endothelial tissues in an in-vitro model using primary monolayer cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) S. Martens D. Treuter G. Forkman Polyphenols Communications 2000 2000 Freising Weihenstephan 459 460
233. N. Xing, Y. Chen, S.H. Mitchell, C.Y. Young Quercetin inhibits the expression and function of the androgen receptor in LNCaP prostate cancer cells Carcinogenesis 22 2001 409 414
234. H. Xu, S. Lee Activity of plant flavonoids against antibiotic-resistant bacteria Phytother Res 15 2001 39 43
235. M. Yoshikawa, T. Murakami, J. Yamahara, H. Matsuda Bioactive saponins and glycosides. XII. Horse chestnut. (2): Structures of escins IIIb, IV, V, and VI and isoescins Ia, Ib, and V, acylated polyhydroxyoleanene triterpene oligoglycosides, from the seeds of horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum L, Hippocastanaceae) Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 46 1998 1764 1769
236. K. Youdim, S. Deans Dietary supplementation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil during the life-time of the rat: its effects on the antioxidant status in liver, kidney and heart tissues Mechanisms of Aging and Development 109 1999 163 175
237. J.F. Young, S.E. Nielsen, J. Haraldsdottir, B. Daneshvar, S.T. Lauridsen, P. Knuthsen, A. Crozier, B. Sandstrom, L.O. Dragsted Effect of fruit juice intake on urinary quercetin excretion and biomarkers of antioxidative status Am J Clin Nutr 69 1999 87 94
238. Q.Y. Yue, C. Bergquist, B. Gerden Safety of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) Lancet 355 2000 576 577
239. J. Zhao, R. Agarwal Tissue distribution of silibinin, the major active constituent of silymarin, in mice and its association with enhancement of phase II enzymes: implications in cancer chemoprevention Carcinogenesis 20 1999 2101 2108
240. X. Zi, J. Zhang, R. Agarwal, M. Pollak Silibinin up-regulates insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 expression and inhibits proliferation of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells Cancer Res 60 2000 5617 5620
241. T. Zimmermann, M. Seiberling, P. Thomann, D. Karabelnik Untersuchungen zur relativen Bioverfügbarkeit und zur Pharmakokinetik von Myrtol standardisiert Arzneimittel Forschung 45 1995 1198 1201