The genetic basis of HIV-1 resistance to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors

AIDS Reviews

Volumn 2, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 211-228

  Shafer, R W ^a   Kantor, R ^a   Gonzales, M J ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antiretroviral therapy; Drug resistance; HIV 1; Protease; Reverse transcriptase

Indexed keywords

A 77003; ABACAVIR; AMPRENAVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; DELAVIRDINE; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; INDINAVIR; LAMIVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; NELFINAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; PROTEINASE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RITONAVIR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

BINDING AFFINITY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CODON; CROSS RESISTANCE; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG SENSITIVITY; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME SUBSTRATE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; RESIDUE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; VIRUS DETECTION; VIRUS MUTATION; VIRUS RESISTANCE;

EID: 0034446565     PISSN: 11396121     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

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183. Structural and kinetic analysis of drug resistant mutants of HIV-1 protease
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187. Protease inhibitors: Resistance, cross-resistance, fitness and the choice of initial and salvage therapies
188. Second locus involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to protease inhibitors
189. Drug resistance during indinavir therapy is caused by mutations in the protease gene and in its gag substrate cleavage sites
190. Resistance-associated loss of viral fitness in human immunodeficiency virus type 1: Phenotypic analysis of protease and gag co-evolution in protease inhibitor-treated patients
191. Identification of biased amino acid substitution patterns in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients treated with protease inhibitors
192. Genetic correlates of in vivo viral resistance to indinavir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor
193. Ordered accumulation of mutations in HIV protease confers resistance to ritonavir
194. The effect of high-dose saquinavir on viral load and CD4+ T-cell counts in HIV-infected patients
195. HIV protease genotype and viral sensitivity to HIV protease inhibitors following saquinavir therapy
196. Genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants isolated from patients treated with the protease inhibitor nelfinavir
197. Correlation between human immunodeficiency virus genotypic resistance and virologic response in patients receiving nelfinavir monotherapy or nelfinavir with lamivudine and zidovudine
198. Development of amprenavir resistance in NRTI-experienced patients: Alternative mechanisms and correlation with baseline resistance to concomitant NRTIs
199. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of clinical HIV-1 isolates reveals extensive protease inhibitor cross-resistance: A survey of over 6000 samples
200. A comparison of phenotypic, genotypic, and clinical/treatment history predictors of virologic response to saquinavir/ritonavir salvage therapy in a clinic-based cohort
201. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease genotypes and in vitro protease inhibitor susceptibilities of isolates from individuals who were switched to other protease inhibitors after long-term saquinavir treatment
202. Methods for investigation of the relationship between drug-susceptibility phenotype and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genotype with applications to AIDS clinical trials group 333
203. ABT-378, a highly potent inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus protease
204. Identification of clinically relevant phenotypic and genotypic breakpoints for ABT-378/r in multiple PI-experienced, NNRTI-naïve patients
205. Genotypic correlates of reduced in vitro susceptibility to ABT-378 in HIV isolates from patients failing protease inhibitor therapy
206. Identification of a clinical isolate of HIV-1 with an isoleucine at position 82 of the protease, which retains susceptibility to protease inhibitors
207. Antiviral and resistance studies of AG1343, an orally bio-available inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus protease
208. In vitro selection and characterisation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydroxyethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease
209. Cross-resistance analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants individually selected for resistance to five different protease inhibitors
210. The HIV type 1 protease inhibitor saquinavir can select for multiple mutations that confer increasing resistance
211. In vitro selection and characterisation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased resistance to ABT-378, a novel protease inhibitor
212. Characterisation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mutants with decreased sensitivity to proteinase inhibitor Ro 31-8959
213. A preliminary evaluation of nelfinavir mesylate, an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease, to treat HIV infection
214. BMS-232632 sensitivity of a panel of HIV-1 clinical isolates resistant to one or more approved protease inhibitors
215. Characterisation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants with increased resistance to a C2-symmetric protease inhibitor
216. Sequence requirements of the HIV-1 protease flap region determined by saturation mutagenesis and kinetic analysis of flap mutants
217. Drug resistance and predicted virologic responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor therapy
218. A mutation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease, N88S, that causes in vitro hypersensitivity to amprenavir
219. In vivo emergence of HIV-1 variants resistant to multiple protease inhibitors
220. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral background plays a major role in development of resistance to protease inhibitors
221. Increased fitness of drug resistant HIV-1 protease as a result of acquisition of compensatory mutations during sub-optimal therapy
222. Replicative fitness of protease inhibitor-resistant mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1
223. Retracing the evolutionary pathways of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to protease inhibitors: Virus fitness in the absence and in the presence of drug
224. Mutation patterns of the reverse transcriptase and protease genes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients undergoing combination therapy: Survey of 787 sequences
225. Pol gene diversity of five human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes: Evidence for naturally occurring mutations that contribute to drug resistance, limited recombination patterns, and common ancestry for subtypes B and D
226. Sequence and drug susceptibility of subtype C protease from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconverters in Zimbabwe
227. Protease sequences from HIV-1 group M subtypes A-H reveal distinct amino acid mutation patterns associated with protease resistance in protease inhibitor-naïve individuals worldwide. HIV Variant Working Group
228. Prevalence of resistance-associated mutations in patients starting antivirals: Virologic response after approximately one year of therapy
229. Polymorphism of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease gene and response of HIV-1-infected patients to a protease inhibitor
230. Selected secondary mutations in the protease region can be independent predictors of virologic failure in antiretroviral-naïve patients treated with protease inhibitor-containing HAART regimens