-
1
-
-
0023778652
-
-
M.S. Saag et al., Nature 334, 440 (1988); A. Meyerhans et al., Cell 58, 901 (1989).
-
(1988)
Nature
, vol.334
, pp. 440
-
-
Saag, M.S.1
-
2
-
-
0024469503
-
-
M.S. Saag et al., Nature 334, 440 (1988); A. Meyerhans et al., Cell 58, 901 (1989).
-
(1989)
Cell
, vol.58
, pp. 901
-
-
Meyerhans, A.1
-
3
-
-
0024310253
-
-
B. A. Larder and S. D. Kemp, Science 246, 1155 (1989); M. H. St Clair et al., ibid. 253, 1557 (1991); D. Pillay, Rev. Med. Virol. 5, 23 (1995); D. Zhang et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemotner 38, 282 (1994); D. D Richman et al., J. Virol. 68, 1660 (1994); J. H. Condra et al., Nature 374, 569 (1995).
-
(1989)
Science
, vol.246
, pp. 1155
-
-
Larder, B.A.1
Kemp, S.D.2
-
4
-
-
0025950055
-
-
B. A. Larder and S. D. Kemp, Science 246, 1155 (1989); M. H. St Clair et al., ibid. 253, 1557 (1991); D. Pillay, Rev. Med. Virol. 5, 23 (1995); D. Zhang et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemotner 38, 282 (1994); D. D Richman et al., J. Virol. 68, 1660 (1994); J. H. Condra et al., Nature 374, 569 (1995).
-
(1991)
Science
, vol.253
, pp. 1557
-
-
St Clair, M.H.1
-
5
-
-
0029552583
-
-
B. A. Larder and S. D. Kemp, Science 246, 1155 (1989); M. H. St Clair et al., ibid. 253, 1557 (1991); D. Pillay, Rev. Med. Virol. 5, 23 (1995); D. Zhang et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemotner 38, 282 (1994); D. D Richman et al., J. Virol. 68, 1660 (1994); J. H. Condra et al., Nature 374, 569 (1995).
-
(1995)
Rev. Med. Virol.
, vol.5
, pp. 23
-
-
Pillay, D.1
-
6
-
-
0028031833
-
-
B. A. Larder and S. D. Kemp, Science 246, 1155 (1989); M. H. St Clair et al., ibid. 253, 1557 (1991); D. Pillay, Rev. Med. Virol. 5, 23 (1995); D. Zhang et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemotner 38, 282 (1994); D. D Richman et al., J. Virol. 68, 1660 (1994); J. H. Condra et al., Nature 374, 569 (1995).
-
(1994)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemotner
, vol.38
, pp. 282
-
-
Zhang, D.1
-
7
-
-
0027957791
-
-
B. A. Larder and S. D. Kemp, Science 246, 1155 (1989); M. H. St Clair et al., ibid. 253, 1557 (1991); D. Pillay, Rev. Med. Virol. 5, 23 (1995); D. Zhang et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemotner 38, 282 (1994); D. D Richman et al., J. Virol. 68, 1660 (1994); J. H. Condra et al., Nature 374, 569 (1995).
-
(1994)
J. Virol.
, vol.68
, pp. 1660
-
-
Richman, D.D.1
-
8
-
-
0028943992
-
-
B. A. Larder and S. D. Kemp, Science 246, 1155 (1989); M. H. St Clair et al., ibid. 253, 1557 (1991); D. Pillay, Rev. Med. Virol. 5, 23 (1995); D. Zhang et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemotner 38, 282 (1994); D. D Richman et al., J. Virol. 68, 1660 (1994); J. H. Condra et al., Nature 374, 569 (1995).
-
(1995)
Nature
, vol.374
, pp. 569
-
-
Condra, J.H.1
-
9
-
-
0024273119
-
-
J. D. Roberts, K. Bebenek, T. A. Kunkel, Science 242, 1171 (1988); B. D. Preston, B. J. Poiesz, L. A. Loeb, ibid., p. 1168; A. Hubner, M. Kruhnoffer, F. Grosse, G. Krauss, J. Mol. Biol. 223, 595 (1992); H. Yu and M. F. Goodman, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10888 (1992).
-
(1988)
Science
, vol.242
, pp. 1171
-
-
Roberts, J.D.1
Bebenek, K.2
Kunkel, T.A.3
-
10
-
-
0024267430
-
-
J. D. Roberts, K. Bebenek, T. A. Kunkel, Science 242, 1171 (1988); B. D. Preston, B. J. Poiesz, L. A. Loeb, ibid., p. 1168; A. Hubner, M. Kruhnoffer, F. Grosse, G. Krauss, J. Mol. Biol. 223, 595 (1992); H. Yu and M. F. Goodman, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10888 (1992).
-
Science
, pp. 1168
-
-
Preston, B.D.1
Poiesz, B.J.2
Loeb, L.A.3
-
11
-
-
0026547672
-
-
J. D. Roberts, K. Bebenek, T. A. Kunkel, Science 242, 1171 (1988); B. D. Preston, B. J. Poiesz, L. A. Loeb, ibid., p. 1168; A. Hubner, M. Kruhnoffer, F. Grosse, G. Krauss, J. Mol. Biol. 223, 595 (1992); H. Yu and M. F. Goodman, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10888 (1992).
-
(1992)
J. Mol. Biol.
, vol.223
, pp. 595
-
-
Hubner, A.1
Kruhnoffer, M.2
Grosse, F.3
Krauss, G.4
-
12
-
-
0026760911
-
-
J. D. Roberts, K. Bebenek, T. A. Kunkel, Science 242, 1171 (1988); B. D. Preston, B. J. Poiesz, L. A. Loeb, ibid., p. 1168; A. Hubner, M. Kruhnoffer, F. Grosse, G. Krauss, J. Mol. Biol. 223, 595 (1992); H. Yu and M. F. Goodman, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10888 (1992).
-
(1992)
J. Biol. Chem.
, vol.267
, pp. 10888
-
-
Yu, H.1
Goodman, M.F.2
-
14
-
-
0027285372
-
-
M. Tisdale, S. D. Kemp, M. R. Parry, B. A. Larder, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 90, 5653 (1993).
-
(1993)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
, vol.90
, pp. 5653
-
-
Tisdale, M.1
Kemp, S.D.2
Parry, M.R.3
Larder, B.A.4
-
17
-
-
0026465275
-
-
Z. Gu et al., J. Virol. 66, 7128 (1992).
-
(1992)
J. Virol.
, vol.66
, pp. 7128
-
-
Gu, Z.1
-
18
-
-
0028997078
-
-
J. M. Pluda et al., J. Infect. Dis. 171, 1438 (1995); D. Ingrand et al., AIDS 9, 1323 (1995).
-
(1995)
J. Infect. Dis.
, vol.171
, pp. 1438
-
-
Pluda, J.M.1
-
19
-
-
0028827352
-
-
J. M. Pluda et al., J. Infect. Dis. 171, 1438 (1995); D. Ingrand et al., AIDS 9, 1323 (1995).
-
(1995)
AIDS
, vol.9
, pp. 1323
-
-
Ingrand, D.1
-
20
-
-
0025813440
-
-
M. A Wainberg et al., data not shown. Antibody neutralization studies were as described [M. P. D'Souza et al , AIDS 5, 1061 (1991); ibid, 8, 169 (1994)]
-
(1991)
AIDS
, vol.5
, pp. 1061
-
-
D'Souza, M.P.1
-
21
-
-
0028326593
-
-
M. A Wainberg et al., data not shown. Antibody neutralization studies were as described [M. P. D'Souza et al , AIDS 5, 1061 (1991); ibid, 8, 169 (1994)]
-
(1994)
AIDS
, vol.8
, pp. 169
-
-
-
23
-
-
13344256829
-
-
note
-
IIIB and other laboratory strains that served as controls.
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
0023225854
-
-
A M. Prince et al., J Infect. Dis. 156, 268 (1987); M. Tremblay and M A. Wainberg, ibid. 162, 735 (1990).
-
(1987)
J Infect. Dis.
, vol.156
, pp. 268
-
-
Prince, A.M.1
-
26
-
-
0028846194
-
-
U.-C Meier et al., Science 270, 1360 (1995).
-
(1995)
Science
, vol.270
, pp. 1360
-
-
Meier, U.-C.1
-
27
-
-
0026042638
-
-
B. A. Larder, K. E. Coates, S. D. Kemp, J. Virol. 65, 5232 (1991); Q Gao, Z. Gu, M. A Pamiak, X. Li, M. A Wainberg, ibid. 66, 12 (1992); Z. Gu et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 275 (1994); J. H. Nunberg et al., J. Virol. 65, 4887 (1991), D Richman et al , Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 88, 11241 (1991); M. J. Otto et al., ibid. 90, 7543 (1993).
-
(1991)
J. Virol.
, vol.65
, pp. 5232
-
-
Larder, B.A.1
Coates, K.E.2
Kemp, S.D.3
-
28
-
-
0026542755
-
-
B. A. Larder, K. E. Coates, S. D. Kemp, J. Virol. 65, 5232 (1991); Q Gao, Z. Gu, M. A Pamiak, X. Li, M. A Wainberg, ibid. 66, 12 (1992); Z. Gu et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 275 (1994); J. H. Nunberg et al., J. Virol. 65, 4887 (1991), D Richman et al , Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 88, 11241 (1991); M. J. Otto et al., ibid. 90, 7543 (1993).
-
(1992)
J. Virol.
, vol.66
, pp. 12
-
-
Gao, Q.1
Gu, Z.2
Pamiak, M.A.3
Li, X.4
Wainberg, M.A.5
-
29
-
-
0028057581
-
-
B. A. Larder, K. E. Coates, S. D. Kemp, J. Virol. 65, 5232 (1991); Q Gao, Z. Gu, M. A Pamiak, X. Li, M. A Wainberg, ibid. 66, 12 (1992); Z. Gu et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 275 (1994); J. H. Nunberg et al., J. Virol. 65, 4887 (1991), D Richman et al , Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 88, 11241 (1991); M. J. Otto et al., ibid. 90, 7543 (1993).
-
(1994)
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
, vol.38
, pp. 275
-
-
Gu, Z.1
-
30
-
-
0026077832
-
-
B. A. Larder, K. E. Coates, S. D. Kemp, J. Virol. 65, 5232 (1991); Q Gao, Z. Gu, M. A Pamiak, X. Li, M. A Wainberg, ibid. 66, 12 (1992); Z. Gu et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 275 (1994); J. H. Nunberg et al., J. Virol. 65, 4887 (1991), D Richman et al , Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 88, 11241 (1991); M. J. Otto et al., ibid. 90, 7543 (1993).
-
(1991)
J. Virol.
, vol.65
, pp. 4887
-
-
Nunberg, J.H.1
-
31
-
-
0026318387
-
-
B. A. Larder, K. E. Coates, S. D. Kemp, J. Virol. 65, 5232 (1991); Q Gao, Z. Gu, M. A Pamiak, X. Li, M. A Wainberg, ibid. 66, 12 (1992); Z. Gu et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 275 (1994); J. H. Nunberg et al., J. Virol. 65, 4887 (1991), D Richman et al , Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 88, 11241 (1991); M. J. Otto et al., ibid. 90, 7543 (1993).
-
(1991)
Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.88
, pp. 11241
-
-
Richman, D.1
-
32
-
-
0027219220
-
-
B. A. Larder, K. E. Coates, S. D. Kemp, J. Virol. 65, 5232 (1991); Q Gao, Z. Gu, M. A Pamiak, X. Li, M. A Wainberg, ibid. 66, 12 (1992); Z. Gu et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 275 (1994); J. H. Nunberg et al., J. Virol. 65, 4887 (1991), D Richman et al , Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 88, 11241 (1991); M. J. Otto et al., ibid. 90, 7543 (1993).
-
(1993)
Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.90
, pp. 7543
-
-
Otto, M.J.1
-
33
-
-
13344263735
-
-
note
-
The M184V substitution does not adversely affect viral replication (33). In fact, M184V-containing viruses replicate and kill T cells as rapidly as do wild-type viruses (33) Furthermore, clinically derived viruses with M184V were pathogenic for both primary lymphocytes and established cell lines and possessed the syncytium-inducing phenotype (34).
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
13344256828
-
-
note
-
No RT mutations associated with AZT resistance at positions 41 and 215 were detected in these samples, whereas these mutations were present in wild-type viruses after selection for resistance.
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
13344292662
-
-
note
-
ddC-resistant viruses that contained the K6SR substitution alone could be selected for resistance to the other drugs, suggesting that the inability to outgrow into a drug-resistant virus population is not a common property of all nucteoside analog-resistant viruses.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
0023665197
-
-
M S Boosalis et al , J. Biol Chem. 262, 14689 (1987); L. V. Mendelman et al., ibid. 264, 14415 (1989); L V. Mendelman et al., ibid. 265, 2338 (1990); J. Petruska et al , Proc Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 85, 6252 (1988).
-
(1987)
J. Biol Chem.
, vol.262
, pp. 14689
-
-
Boosalis, M.S.1
-
37
-
-
0024341745
-
-
M S Boosalis et al , J. Biol Chem. 262, 14689 (1987); L. V. Mendelman et al., ibid. 264, 14415 (1989); L V. Mendelman et al., ibid. 265, 2338 (1990); J. Petruska et al , Proc Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 85, 6252 (1988).
-
(1989)
J. Biol Chem.
, vol.264
, pp. 14415
-
-
Mendelman, L.V.1
-
38
-
-
0025163907
-
-
M S Boosalis et al , J. Biol Chem. 262, 14689 (1987); L. V. Mendelman et al., ibid. 264, 14415 (1989); L V. Mendelman et al., ibid. 265, 2338 (1990); J. Petruska et al , Proc Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 85, 6252 (1988).
-
(1990)
J. Biol Chem.
, vol.265
, pp. 2338
-
-
Mendelman, L.V.1
-
39
-
-
0000124775
-
-
M S Boosalis et al , J. Biol Chem. 262, 14689 (1987); L. V. Mendelman et al., ibid. 264, 14415 (1989); L V. Mendelman et al., ibid. 265, 2338 (1990); J. Petruska et al , Proc Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 85, 6252 (1988).
-
(1988)
Proc Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.85
, pp. 6252
-
-
Petruska, J.1
-
40
-
-
13344256063
-
-
note
-
The sequence of the template oligonuoleotide was as follows. 5′ -GTGGAAAATCTCTAGCAGTGGCGC-CCGAACAGGGACCTGAAAGCG-3′ The four primers that were used to study nucleotide insertion opposite A, C, G, and T, respectively, were as follows; 5′-CGCTTTCAGGTCCCTGTTCGGGCGCCAC-3′ (PBS-A), 5′-CGCTTTCAGGTCCCTGTTCGGGCG-CCACT-3′ (PBS-C), 5′-CGCTTTCAGGTCCCTGT-TCGGGCGCCA-3′ (PBS-G). and 5′-CGCTTTCAG-GTCCCTGTTCGGGCGCCACTGCT-3′ (PBS-T).
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
13344295774
-
-
note
-
32P-labeled primer (74 pmol) was mixed with 94 pmol of template in 50 mM tns-Cl, pH 8 0, acetylated bovine serum albumin (5μg/ml); and 2 mM β-mercaptoethanol in a total volume of 1 ml, placed in boiling water for 3 min, and allowed to cool slowly to room temperature over 1 hour
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
13344290563
-
-
note
-
Insertion events can be measured in the two distinct phases of DNA polymerization: the initial extension (standing start) and the subsequent synthesis (running start) In standing starts, the reactions are performed in the presence of only one dNTP at a time to measure the insertion opposite the first unpaired template base. Running-start reactions, on the other hand, are intended to measure the insertion at a target base at least two bases beyond the primer 3′-terminus
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
13344264508
-
-
note
-
The preparation of purified heterodimer RT from HxB2 (wild type) (35) was as described previously and that of HxB2 containing the M184V alteration was by means of high-performance liquid chromatography after separate expression of p66 and p51 subunits. The preparations were nuclease-free and had a specific activity of 800 and 100 units per milligram of protein, respectively [one unit is defined as 1 nmol of dTTP incorporated into poly(rA)oligo(dT) in 10 min at 37°C].
-
-
-
-
44
-
-
13344256827
-
-
note
-
2. A series of reactions was carried out at 37°C with increasing concentrations of dNTP for an empirically determined reaction time to allow the conversion of about 25% of primer to extension product Reactions were terminated by the addition of 30 μl of stop solution (95% formamide and 20 mM EDTA). The boiled terminated reaction (2 to 8 μl) was loaded onto a 12 to 18% polyacrylamide-urea gel and electrophoresed for 1 75 to 2 5 hours at 30 W. Gels were then autoradiographed within the linear-response range of the film. The products included not only primers extended by one nucleotide (n+1), but in some instances those that were the result of a mispair extension. An important concern in this type of experiment is whether the primer extensions were due to contaminating correct dNTP This problem is particularly common while studying the insertion of dCTP opposite template base A, because dCTP preparations accumulate dUTP generated by spontaneous deamination. Efforts were made to ensure the absence of such contaminating correct dNTPs in our experiments. First, all the dNTPs were commercial preparations that were HPLC-analyzed. No traces of correct dNTPs were present as reported by the supplier. If any contaminating correct dNTPs were present, they would be at subnanomolar concentrations that would poorly catalyze the insertion reaction. Second, at high resolution, misinsertion products often display altered mobilities when compared to products resulting from correct insertion. We find that nearly all types of misinsertions displayed altered mobilities. Most importantly, with regard to AC mispair formation, a definite difference was seen between the mobility of dCTP-extended PBS-A primer and dTTP-extended PBS-A primer, strongly suggesting that the dCTP-misinsertion and not dUTP (possibly derived from deamination) insertion was examined.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
13344290565
-
-
note
-
ins, was then derived as described by Goodman and colleagues (18).
-
-
-
-
47
-
-
13344296549
-
-
F. W. Pemno et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 8343 (1989); M. Bakhanashvili and A. Hizi, Biochemistry 31, 9393 (1992), M. F Goodman et al., Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 83 (1993); S. Creighton and M. F. Goodman, J. Biol. Chem 270, 4759 (1995).
-
(1989)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
, vol.86
, pp. 8343
-
-
Pemno, F.W.1
-
48
-
-
0026801258
-
-
F. W. Pemno et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 8343 (1989); M. Bakhanashvili and A. Hizi, Biochemistry 31, 9393 (1992), M. F Goodman et al., Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 83 (1993); S. Creighton and M. F. Goodman, J. Biol. Chem 270, 4759 (1995).
-
(1992)
Biochemistry
, vol.31
, pp. 9393
-
-
Bakhanashvili, M.1
Hizi, A.2
-
49
-
-
0027267249
-
-
F. W. Pemno et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 8343 (1989); M. Bakhanashvili and A. Hizi, Biochemistry 31, 9393 (1992), M. F Goodman et al., Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 83 (1993); S. Creighton and M. F. Goodman, J. Biol. Chem 270, 4759 (1995).
-
(1993)
Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol.
, vol.28
, pp. 83
-
-
Goodman, M.F.1
-
50
-
-
0028926933
-
-
F. W. Pemno et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 8343 (1989); M. Bakhanashvili and A. Hizi, Biochemistry 31, 9393 (1992), M. F Goodman et al., Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 83 (1993); S. Creighton and M. F. Goodman, J. Biol. Chem 270, 4759 (1995).
-
(1995)
J. Biol. Chem
, vol.270
, pp. 4759
-
-
Creighton, S.1
Goodman, M.F.2
-
51
-
-
0002076195
-
-
A. M. Skalka and S. P. Goff, Eds. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY
-
K. Bebenek and T. A. Kunkel, in Reverse Transcriptase, A. M. Skalka and S. P. Goff, Eds. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, NY, 1993), pp. 85-102.
-
(1993)
Reverse Transcriptase
, pp. 85-102
-
-
Bebenek, K.1
Kunkel, T.A.2
-
54
-
-
0028811974
-
-
X. Wei et al., Nature 373, 117 (1995); D. Ho et al., ibid., p. 123.
-
(1995)
Nature
, vol.373
, pp. 117
-
-
Wei, X.1
-
55
-
-
0028811974
-
-
X. Wei et al., Nature 373, 117 (1995); D. Ho et al., ibid., p. 123.
-
Nature
, pp. 123
-
-
Ho, D.1
-
57
-
-
13344273545
-
-
note
-
IIIB isolate.
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
0029028067
-
-
B. A. Larder et al., Science 269, 696 (1995); H. Salomon et al., Antiviral Chem. Chemother. 6, 222 (1995).
-
(1995)
Science
, vol.269
, pp. 696
-
-
Larder, B.A.1
-
60
-
-
0029024089
-
-
R. Schuurman et al., J Infect. Dis. 171, 1411 (1995); M. A. Wainberg et al., AIDS 9, 351 (1995); M. Kavlick et al., Antiviral Res. 28, 133 (1995).
-
(1995)
J Infect. Dis.
, vol.171
, pp. 1411
-
-
Schuurman, R.1
-
61
-
-
0028918674
-
-
R. Schuurman et al., J Infect. Dis. 171, 1411 (1995); M. A. Wainberg et al., AIDS 9, 351 (1995); M. Kavlick et al., Antiviral Res. 28, 133 (1995).
-
(1995)
AIDS
, vol.9
, pp. 351
-
-
Wainberg, M.A.1
-
62
-
-
0028841320
-
-
R. Schuurman et al., J Infect. Dis. 171, 1411 (1995); M. A. Wainberg et al., AIDS 9, 351 (1995); M. Kavlick et al., Antiviral Res. 28, 133 (1995).
-
(1995)
Antiviral Res.
, vol.28
, pp. 133
-
-
Kavlick, M.1
-
63
-
-
0028339127
-
-
Y. Kew et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269, 15331 (1994).
-
(1994)
J. Biol. Chem.
, vol.269
, pp. 15331
-
-
Kew, Y.1
-
66
-
-
13344254380
-
-
note
-
Supported by the U.S. Public Health Service (research grants RO1 Al-30861 and UO1 Al-24845 to V.R.P.) and by the Medical Research Council of Canada and Health Canada (to M.A.W.). W C.D. was supported by a developmental postdoctoral fellowship from the Centers for AIDS Research (P30-Al-27741) at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and by an institutional training grant (1T32-Al-07501). We are grateful to individuals who played leading roles in each of the 3TC monotherapy studies in which we participated: J. Pluda, R. Yarchoan, P. PIZZO, L. Lewis, J. Goldsmith, J. Church, S. Wheeler, J. Montaner, T. Cooley, A. Keller, and M. Rubin.
-
-
-
|