Chemotherapy and immunotherapy of malignant glioma: Molecular mechanisms and clinical perspectives

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Volumn 56, Issue 5-6, 1999, Pages 481-506

  Roth, W ^a   Weller, M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Apo2L (TRAIL); Apoptosis; CD95 (Fas Apo1); Chemotherapy; Immunotherapy; Malignant glioma

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; AZIRIDINYLBENZOQUINONE; CANCER VACCINE; CARBOPLATIN; CARMUSTINE; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; CYTOKINE; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DACARBAZINE; DEXAMETHASONE; ETOPOSIDE; FAS ANTIGEN; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; HYDROXYUREA; IFOSFAMIDE; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; LIGAND; LOMUSTINE; MERCAPTOPURINE; NITROSOUREA; PROCARBAZINE; STEROID; TEMOZOLOMIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCA ALKALOID; VINCRISTINE;

ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; APOPTOSIS; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRAIN EDEMA; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; GLIOBLASTOMA; GLIOMA CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; INTRAARTERIAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRATHECAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRATUMORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; LYMPHOKINE ACTIVATED KILLER CELL; NATURAL KILLER CELL; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; VACCINATION;

ANIMALS; ANTIGEN PRESENTATION; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; APOPTOSIS; APOPTOSIS REGULATORY PROTEINS; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; CLINICAL TRIALS; CYTOKINES; DRUG THERAPY; FAS LIGAND PROTEIN; GLIOMA; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LIGANDS; MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; RADIOTHERAPY; TNF-RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND; TREATMENT FAILURE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA; VACCINATION;

VINCA;

EID: 0032729849     PISSN: 1420682X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s000180050447     Document Type: Review

References (264)

1. 1 Quigley M. R. and Maroon J. C. (1991) The relationship between survival and the extent of the resection in patients with supratentorial malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery 29: 385-388
2. 2 Weller M., Schmidt C., Roth W. and Dichgans J. (1997) Chemotherapy of human malignant glioma: prevention of efficacy by dexamethasone? Neurology 48: 1704-1709
3. 3 Naumann U., Durka S. and Weller M. (1998) Dexamethasone-mediated protection from drug cytotoxicity: association with p21WAF1/CIP1 protein accumulation? Oncogene 17: 1567-1575
4. 4 Kim L., Hochberg F. H., Thornton A. F., Harsh G. R. 4th, Patel H., Finkelstein D. et al. (1996) Procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy for grade III and grade IV oligoastrocytomas. J. Neurosurg. 85: 602-607
5. 5 Cairncross G., Macdonald D., Ludwin S., Lee D., Cascino T., Buckner J, et al. (1994) Chemotherapy for unaplastic oligodendroglioma. J. Clin. Oncol. 12: 2013-2021
6. 6 Jeremic B., Jovanovic D., Djuric L. J., Jevremovic S. and Mijatovic L. J. (1992) Advantage of post-radiotherapy chemotherapy with CCNU, procarbazine, and vincristine (mPCV) over chemotherapy with VM-26 and CCNU for malignant gliomas. J. Chemother. 4: 123-126
7. 7 Levin V. A., Silver P., Hannigan J., Wara W. M., Gutin P. H., Davis R. L. et al. (1990) Superiority of post-radiotherapyadjuvant chemotherapy with CCNU, procarbazine, and vincristine (PCV) over BCNU for anaplastic gliomas: NCOG 6G61 final report. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 18: 321-324
8. 8 Levin V. A., Prados M. R., Wara W. M., Davis R. L., Gutin P. H., Phillips T. L, et al. (1995) Radiation therapy and bromodeoxyuridine chemotherapy followed by procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine for the treatment of anaplastic gliomas. Int. J. Radial. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 32: 75-83
9. 9 Fine H. A., Dear K. B., Loeffler J. S., Black P. M. and Canellos G. P. (1993) Meta-analysis of radiation therapy with and without adjuvant chemotherapy for malignant gliomas in adults. Cancer 71: 2585-2597
10. 10 Stewart D. J. (1989) The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of gliomas in adults. Cancer Treat. Rev. 16: 129-160
11. 11 Walker M. D., Alexander E. Jr, Hunt W. E., MacCarty C. S., Mahaley M. S. Jr, Mealey J. Jr et al. (1978) Evaluation of BCNU and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of anaplastic gliomas. A cooperative clinical trial. J. Neurosurg. 49: 333-343
12. 12 Ameri A., Poisson M., Chen Q. M. and Delattre J. Y. (1993) Treatment of recurrent malignant supratentorial gliomas with the association of procarbazine, thiotepa and vincristine: a phase II study. J. Neurooncol. 17: 43-46
13. 13 Ameri A., Poisson M., Chauveinc L., Chen Q. M. and Delattre J. Y. (1997) Treatment of recurrent malignant supratentorial gliomas with the association of carboplatin and etoposide: a phase II study. J. Neurooncol. 32: 155-160
14. 14 Balmaceda C., Fetell M. R. and Hesdorffer C. (1997) Thiotepa and etoposide treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas: phase I study. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 40: 72-74
15. 15 Boiardi A., Silvani A., Milanesi I., Botturi M. and Broggi G. (1992) Carboplatin combined with carmustine and etoposide in the treatment of glioblastoma. Ital. J. Neurol. Sci. 13: 717-722
16. 16 Boiardi A., Silvani A., Milanesi I., Broggi G. and Fariselli L. (1992) Efficacy of '8-drugs-in-one-day' combination in treatment of recurrent GBM patients. J. Neurooncol. 12: 153-158
17. 17 Brandes A. A., Rigon A., Zampieri P., Ermani M., Carollo C., Altavilla G. et al. (1998) Carboplatin and teniposide concurrent with radiotherapy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme: a phase II study. Cancer 82: 355-361
18. 18 Chamberlain M. C., Barba D., Kormanik P., Berson A. M., Saunders W. M. and Shea M. C. (1995) Concurrent cisplatin therapy and iodine 125 brachytherapy for recurrent malignant brain tumors. Arch. Neurol. 52: 162-167
19. 19 Chamberlain M. C. and Kormanik P. (1995) Salvage chemotherapy with paclitaxel for recurrent primary brain tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. 13: 2066-2071
20. 20 Cvitkovic F. B., Haie-Meder C., Papadimitrakopoulou V., Armand J. P., Cioloca C., Maugis N, et al. (1993) Pilot study of 6 weeks of chemoradiotherapy with 5 FU and hydroxyurea in malignant gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 15: 9-17
21. 21 Dinapoli R. P., Brown L. D., Arusell R. M., Earle J. D., O'Fallon J. R., Buckner J. C. et al. (1993) Phase III comparative evaluation of PCNU and carmustine combined with radiation therapy for high-grade glioma. J. Clin. Oncol. 11: 1316-1321
22. 22 Eyre H. J., Crowley J. J., Townsend J. J., Eltringham J. R., Morantz R. A., Schulman S. F. et al. (1993) A randomized trial of radiotherapy versus radiotherapy plus CCNU for incompletely resected low-grade gliomas: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J. Neurosurg. 78: 909-914
23. 23 Fetell M. R., Grossman S. A., Fisher J. D., Erlanger B., Rowinsky E., Stockel J. et al. (1997) Preirradiation paclitaxel in glioblastoma multiforme: efficacy, pharmacology, and drug interactions. J. Clin. Oncol. 15: 3121-3128
24. 24 Forsyth P., Cairncross G., Stewart D., Goodyear M., Wainman N. and Eisenhauer E. (1996) Phase II trial of docetaxel in patients with recurrent malignant glioma: a study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Invest. New Drugs 14: 203-206
25. 25 Fulton D., Urtasun R. and Forsyth P. (1996) Phase II study of prolonged oral therapy with etoposide (VP16) for patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J. Neurooncol. 27: 149-155
26. 26 Galanis E., Buckner J. C., Burch P. A., Schaefer P. L., Dinapoli R. P., Novotny P. J. et al. (1998) Phase II trial of nitrogen mustard, vincristine, and procarbazine in patients with recurrent glioma: North Central Cancer Treatment Group results. J. Clin. Oncol. 16: 2953-2958
27. 27 Grossman S. A., Wharam M., Sheidler V., Kleinberg L., Zeltzman M., Yue N. et al. (1997) Phase II study of continuous infusion carmustine and cisplatin followed by cranial irradiation in adults with newly diagnosed high-grade astrocytoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 15: 2596-2603
28. 28 Gruber M. L., Glass J., Choudhri H. and Nirenberg A. (1998) Carboplatin chemotherapy before irradiation in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 21: 338-340
29. 29 Halperin E. C., Gaspar L., Imperato J., Salter M., Herndon J. 2nd and Dowling S. (1993) An analysis of radiotherapy data from the CNS cancer consortium's randomized prospective trial comparing AZQ to BCNU in the treatment of patients with primary malignant brain tumors. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 16: 277-283
30. 30 Halperin E. C., Herndon J., Schold S. C., Brown M., Vick N., Cairncross J. G. et al. (1996) A phase III randomized prospective trial of external beam radiotherapy. mitomycin C, carmustine, and 6-mercaptopurine for the treatment of adults with anaplastic glioma of the brain. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 34: 793-802
31. 31 Hellman R., Neuberg D. S., Wagner H., Grunnet M., Robins H. I., Karp D. et al. (1998) A therapeutic trial of radiation therapy with vincristine, etoposide, and procarbazine (VVP) in high grade intracranial gliomas an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study (E2392). J. Neurooncol. 37: 55-62
32. 32 Hildebrand J., De Witte O. and Sahmoud T. (1998) Response of recurrent glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma to dibromodulcitol, BCNU and procarbazine a phase-II study. J. Neurooncol. 37: 155-160
33. 33 Ikeda J., Aida T., Sawamura Y., Abe H., Kaneko S., Kashiwaba T. et al. (1996) Phase II study of DTIC, ACNU, and vincristine combination chemotherapy for supratentorial malignant astrocytomas. Neurol. Med. Chir. Tokyo 36: 555-558
34. 34 Jeremie B., Grujicie D., Jevremovic S., Stanisavljevic B., Milojevic L., Djuric L. et al. (1992) Carboplatin and etoposide chemotherapy regimen for recurrent malignant glioma: a phase II study. J. Clin. Oncol. 10: 1074-1077
35. 35 Jeremie B., Grujicie D., Antunovic V., Djuric L., Stojanovic M. and Shibamoto Y. (1994) Hyperfractionated radiation therapy (HFX RT) followed by multiagent chemotherapy (CHT) in patients with malignant glioma: a phase II study. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 30: 1179-1185
36. 36 Kiu M. C., Chang C. N., Cheng W. C., Lin T. K., Wong C. W., Tang S. G. et al. (1995) Combination chemotherapy with carmustine and cisplatin before, during, and after radiotherapy for adult malignant gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 25: 215-220
37. 37 Kyritsis A. P., Yung W. K., Jaeckle K. A., Bruner J., Gleason M. J., Ictech S. E. et al. (1996) Combination of 6-thioguanine, procarbazine, lomustine, and hydroxyurea for patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery 39: 921-926
38. 38 Lederman G., Arbit E., Odaimi M., Lombardi E., Wrzolek M. and Wronski M. (1998) Fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery and concurrent taxol in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme: a preliminary report. Int. J. Radial. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 40: 661-666
39. 39 Levin V. A. and Prados M. D. (1992) Treatment of recurrent gliomas and metastatic brain tumors with a polydrug protocol designed to combat nitrosourea resistance. J. Clin. Oncol. 10: 766-771
40. 40 Levin V. A., Maor M. H., Thall P. F., Yung W. K., Bruner J., Sawaya R. et al. (1995) Phase II study of accelerated fractionation radiation therapy with carboplatin followed by vincristine chemotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 33: 357-364
41. 41 Lunardi P., Osman Farah J., Mastronardi L., Puzzilli F. and Lo Bianco F. M. (1996) Intravenous administration of high doses of carboplatin in multimodal treatment of high grade gliomas: a phase II study. Acta Neurochir. Wien 138: 215-220
42. 42 Malkin M. G., Green S. B., Byar D. P., Strike T. A., Burger P. C., Vogel F. S. et al. (1994) Superiority of PCNU over AZQ in the treatment of primary brain tumors: results of a prospective randomized trial (81-20) by the Brain Tumor Study Group. J. Neurooncol. 22: 55-65
43. 43 Newton H. B., Bromberg J., Junck L., Page M. A. and Greenberg H. S. (1993) Comparison between BCNU and procarbazine chemotherapy for treatment of gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 15: 257-263
44. 44 Prados M. D., Schold S. C., Spence A. M., Berger M. S., McAllister L. D., Mehta M. P. et al. (1996) Phase II study of paclitaxel in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol. 14: 2316-2321
45. 45 Prados M. D., Larson D. A., Lamborn K., McDermott M. W., Sneed P. K., Wara W. M. et al. (1998) Radiation therapy and hydroxyurea followed by the combination of 6-thioguanine and BCNU for the treatment of primary malignant brain tumors. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 40: 57-63
46. 46 Rostomily R. C., Spence A. M., Duong D., McCormick K., Bland M. and Berger M. S. (1994) Multimodality management of recurrent adult malignant gliomas: results of a phase II multiagent chemotherapy study and analysis of cytoreductive surgery. Neurosurgery 35: 378-388
47. 47 Sanson M., Ameri A., Monjour A., Sahmoud T., Ronchin P., Poisson M. et al. (1996) Treatment of recurrent malignant supratentorial gliomas with ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide: a phase II study. Eur. J. Cancer 32A: 2229-2235
48. 48 Schold S. C. Jr, Herndon J. E., Burger P. C., Halperin E. C., Vick N. A., Cairncross J. G. et al. (1993) Randomized comparison of diaziquone and carmustine in the treatment of adults with anaplastic glioma. J. Clin. Oncol. 11: 77-83
49. 49 Shinoda J., Sakai N., Hara A., Ueda T., Sakai H. and Nakatani K. (1997) Clinical trial of external beam-radiotherapy combined with daily administration of low-dose cisplatin for supratentorial glioblastoma multiforme a pilot study. J. Neurooncol. 35: 73-80
50. 50 Spence A. M., Berger M. S., Livingston R. B., Ali Osman F. and Griffin B. (1992) Phase II evaluation of high-dose intravenous cisplatin for treatment of adult malignant gliomas recurrent after chloroethylnitrosourea failure. J. Neurooncol. 12: 187-191
51. 51 Stewart D. J., Dahrouge S. and Soltys K. (1995) A phase II study of 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid in malignant gliomas in adults. J. Neurooncol. 23: 249-252
52. 52 Stewart D. J., Dahrouge S., Agboola O. and Girard A. (1997) Cranial radiation and concomitant cisplatin and mitomycin-C plus resistance modulators for malignant gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 32: 161-168
53. 53 Yung W. K., Janus T. J., Maor M. and Feun L. G. (1992) Adjuvant chemotherapy with carmustine and cisplatin for patients with malignant gliomas. J. Neurooncol. 12: 131-135
54. 54 Levitt R., Buckner J. C., Cascino T. L., Burch P. A., Morton R. F., Westberg M. W. et al. (1995) Phase II study of amonafide in patients with recurrent glioma. J. Neurooncol. 23: 87-93
55. 55 Prados M. D., Scott C. B., Rotman M., Rubin P., Murray K., Sause W. et al. (1998) Influence of bromodeoxyuridine radiosensitization on malignant glioma patient survival: a retrospective comparison of survival data from the Northern California Oncology Group (NCOG) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials (RTOG) for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Int. J. Radial. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 40: 653-659
56. 56 New P., Vokes E., Rogers L., Bazan C., Hohneker J., Eble M. et al. (1997) Long-term response to crisnatol mesylate in patients with glioma. Invest. New Drugs 15: 343-352
57. 57 Hildebrand J., Sahmoud T., Mignolet F., Brucher J. M. and Afra D. (1994) Adjuvant therapy with dibromodulcitol and BCNU increases survival of adults with malignant gliomas. Neurology 44: 1479-1483
58. 58 Levin V. A., Chamberlain M. C., Prados M. D., Choucair A. K., Berger M. S., Silver P. et al. (1987) Phase I-II study of eflornithine and mitoguazone combined in the treatment of recurrent primary brain tumors. Cancer Treat. Rep. 71: 459-464
59. 59 Kim J. H., Khil M. S., Kim S. H., Ryu S. and Gabel M. (1994) Clinical and biological studies of estramustine phosphate as a novel radiation sensitizer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 29: 555-557
60. 60 Frenay M., Giroux B., Khoury S., Derlon J. M. and Namer M. (1991) Phase II study of fotemustine in recurrent supratentorial malignant gliomas. Eur. J. Cancer 27: 852-856
61. 61 Rieger J., Durka S., Streffer J., Dichgans J. and Weller M. (1999) Gemcitabine cytotoxicity of human malignant glioma cells: modulation by antioxidants, BCL-2 and dexamethasone. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 365: 301-308
62. 62 Kuffel M. J., Reid J. M. and Ames M. M. (1992) Anthracyclines and their C-13 alcohol metabolites: growth inhibition and DNA damage following incubation with human tumor cells in culture. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 30: 51-57
63. 63 Stewart D. J., Hugenholtz H., DaSilva V. F., Benoit B. G., Richard M. T., Verma S. et al. (1992) Phase II study of weekly intravenous menogaril in the treatment of recurrent astrocytomas in adults. J. Neurooncol. 13: 183-188
64. 64 Malik U. R., Dutcher J. P., Caliendo G., Lasala P., Mitnick R. and Wiernik P. H. (1997) Phase II trial of merbarone in patients with malignant brain tumors. Med. Oncol. 14: 159-162
65. 65 Thibault A., Samid D., Cooper M. R., Figg W. D., Tompkins A. C., Patronas N. et al. (1995) Phase 1 study of phenylacetate administered twice daily to patients with cancer. Cancer 75: 2932-2938
66. 66 Salazar A. M., Levy H. B., Ondra S., Kende M., Scherokman B., Brown D, et al. (1996) Long-term treatment of malignant gliomas with intramuscularly administered polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose: an open pilot study. Neurosurgery 38: 1096-1103
67. 67 Phuphanich S., Scott C., Fischbach A. J., Langer C. and Yung W. K. (1997) All-trans-retinoic acid: a phase II Radiation Therapy Oncology Group study (RTOG 91-13) in patients with recurrent malignant astrocytoma. J. Neurooncol. 34: 193-200
68. 68 Vertosick F. T. Jr, Selker R. G., Pollack I. F, and Arena V. (1992) The treatment of intracranial malignant gliomas using orally administered tamoxifen therapy: preliminary results in a series of "failed" patients. Neurosurgery 30: 897-902
69. 69 Couldwell W. T., Hinton D. R., Surnock A. A., DeGiorgio C. M., Weiner L. P., Apuzzo M. L. et al. (1996) Treatment of recurrent malignant gliomas with chronic oral high-dose tamoxifen. Clin. Cancer Res. 2: 619-622
70. 70 Yung A., Levin V., Albright R., Olson J., Fredericks R., Fink K. et al. (1998) Randomized trial of Temodar® (TEM) versus procarbazine (PCB) in glioblastoma multiforme at first relapse. J. Neurooncol. 39: 102
71. 71 Bower M., Newlands E. S., Bleehen N. M., Brada M., Begent R. J., Calvert H. et al. (1997) Multicentre CRC phase II trial of temozolomide in recurrent or progressive high-grade glioma. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 40: 484-488
72. 72 Macdonald D., Cairncross G., Stewart D., Forsyth P., Sawka C., Wainman N. et al. (1996) Phase II study of topotecan in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Ann. Oncol. 7: 205-207
73. 73 Reber U., Wüllner U., Trepel M., Baumgart J., Seyfried J., Klockgether T. et al. (1998) Potentiation of treosulfan toxicity by the glutathione-depleting agent buthionine sulfoximinein human malignant glioma cells: the role of bcl-2. Biochem. Pharmacol. 55: 349-359
74. 74 Hanley M. L., Elion G. B., Colvin O. M., Modrich P. L., Keir S., Adams D. J. et al. (1998) Therapeutic efficacy of vinorelbine against pediatric and adult central nervous system tumors. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 42: 479-482
75. 75 Shapiro W. R., Green S. B., Burger P. C., Selker R. G., VanGilder J. C., Robertson J. T. et al. (1992) A randomized comparison of intra-arterial versus intravenous BCNU, with or without intravenous 5-fluorouracil, for newly diagnosed patients with malignant glioma. J. Neurosurg. 76: 772-781
76. 76 Dropcho E. J., Rosenfeld S. S., Morawetz R. B., Vitek J., Brothers M., Gorum T. et al. (1992) Preradiation intracarotid cisplatin treatment of newly diagnosed anaplastic gliomas. J. Clin. Oncol. 10: 452-458
77. 77 Brem H., Piantadosi S., Burger P. C., Walker M., Selker R., Vick N. A. et al. (1995) Placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable polymers of chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. Lancet 345: 1008-1012
78. 78 Brem H., Ewend M. G., Piantadosi S., Greenhoot J., Burger P. C. and Sisti M. (1995) The safety of interstitial chemotherapy with BCNU-loaded polymer followed by radiation therapy in the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant gliomas: phase I trial. J. Neurooncol. 26: 111-123
79. 79 Boiardi A., Silvani A., Croci D., Perego E. and Solero C. L. (1992) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of recurrent glioblastomas (GBM). Ital. J. Neurol. Sci. 13: 583-588
80. 80 Kirby S., Macdonald D., Fisher B., Gaspar L. and Cairncross G. (1996) Pre-radiation chemotherapy for malignant glioma in adults. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 23: 123-127
81. 81 Hall W. A. and Fodstad O. (1992) Immunotoxins and central nervous system neoplasia. J. Neurosurg. 76: 1-12
82. 82 Laske D. W., Ilercil O., Akbasak A., Youle R. J. and Oldfield E. H. (1994) Efficacy of direct intratumoral therapy with targeted protein toxins for solid human gliomas in nude mice. J. Neurosurg. 80: 520-526
83. 83 Wikstrand C. J., Reist C. J., Archer G. E., Zalutsky M. R. and Bigner D. D. (1998) The class III variant of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII): characterization and utilization as an immunotherapeutic: target. J. Neurovirol. 4: 148-158
84. 84 Beun G. D., Velde C. J. van de and Fleuren G. J. (1994) T-cell based cancer immunotherapy: direct or redirected tumor-cell recognition? Immunol. Today 15: 11-15
85. 85 Nitta T., Sato K., Yagita H., Okumura K. and Ishii S. (1990) Preliminary trial of specific targeting therapy against malignant glioma. Lancet 335: 368-371
86. 86 Yamasaki T., Kikuchi H., Yamashita J., Handa H., Kuwata S., Taguchi M. et al. (1988) Immunoregulatory effects of interleukin 2 and interferon on syngeneie murine malignant glioma-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 48: 2981-2987
87. 87 Hanisch U. K., Neuhaus J., Rowe W., Van Rossum D., Moller T., Kettenmann H. et al. (1997) Neurotoxic consequences of central long-term administration of interleukin-2 in rats. Neuroscience 79: 799-818
88. 88 Hayes R. L., Koslow M., Hiesiger E. M., Hymes K. B., Hochster H. S., Moore E. J. et al. (1995) Improved long term survival after intracavitary interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells for adults with recurrent malignant glioma. Cancer 76: 840-852
89. 89 Roszman T., Elliott L. and Brooks W. (1991) Modulation of T-cell function by gliomas. Immunol. Today 12: 370-374
90. 90 Gansbacher B., Zier K., Daniels B., Cronin K., Bannerji R. and Gilboa E. (1990) Interleukin 2 gene transfer into tumor cells abrogates tumorigenicity and induces protective immunity. J. Exp. Med. 172: 1217-1224
91. 91 Ram Z., Walbridge S., Heiss J. D., Culver K. W., Blaese R. M. and Oldfield E. H. (1994) In vivo transfer of the human interleukin-2 gene: negative tumoricidal results in experimental brain tumors. J. Neurosurg. 80: 535-540
92. 92 Tjuvajev J., Gansbacher B., Desai R., Beattie B., Kaplitt M., Matci C. et al. (1995) RG-2 glioma growth attenuation and severe brain edema caused by local production of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Cancer Res. 55: 1902-1910
93. 93 Fakhrai H., Dorigo O., Shawler D. L., Lin H., Mercola D., Black K. L, et al. (1996) Eradication of established intracranial rat gliomas by transforming growth factor beta anti-sense gene therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 2909-2914
94. 94 Inge T. H., Hoover S. K., Susskind B. M., Barrett S. K. and Bear H. D. (1992) Inhibition of tumor-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by transforming growth factor beta 1. Cancer Res. 52: 1386-1392
95. 95 Grimm E. A., Crump W. L. 3rd, Durett A., Hester J. P., Lugoo Deenadalayan S. and Owen Schaub L. B. (1988) TGF-beta inhibits the in vitro induction of lymphokine-activated killing activity. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 27: 53-58
96. 96 Fabry Z., Raine C. S. and Hart M. N. (1994) Nervous tissue as an immune compartment: the dialect of the immune response in the CNS. Immunol. Today 15: 218-224
97. 97 Devajyothi C., Kalvakolanu I., Babcock G. T., Vasavada H. A., Howe P. H. and Ransohoff R. M. (1993) Inhibition of interferon-γ-induced major histocompatibility complex class II gene transcription by interferon-beta and type beta 1 transforming growth factor in human astrocyloma cells: definition of cis-element. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 18794-18800
98. 98 Zuber P., Kuppner M. C. and Tribolet N. de (1988) Transforming growth factor-beta 2 down-regulates HLA-DR antigen expression on human malignant glioma cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 18: 1623-1626
99. 99 Wen P. Y., Lampson M. A. and Lampson L. A. (1992) Effects of γ-interferon on major histocompatibility complex antigen expression and lymphocytic infiltration in the 9L gliosarcoma brain tumor model: implications for strategies of immunotherapy. J. Neuroimmunol. 36: 57-68
100. 100 Kominsky S., Johnson H. M., Bryan G., Tanabe T., Hobeika A. C., Subramaniam P. S. et al. (1998) IFNγ inhibition of cell growth in glioblastomas correlates with increased levels of the eyelin dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1. Oncogene 17: 2973-2979
101. 101 Färkkila M., Jaaskelainen J., Kallio M., Blomstedt G., Raininko R., Virkkunen P. et al. (1994) Randomised, controlled study of intratumoral recombinant γ-interferon treatment in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Br. J. Cancer 70: 138-141
102. 102 Wild K. R. von and Knocke T. H. (1991) The effects of local and systemic interferon beta (Fiblaferon) on supratentorial malignant cerebral glioma a phase II study. Neurosurg. Rev. 14: 203-213
103. 103 Yung W. K., Prados M., Levin V. A., Fetell M. R., Bennett J., Mahaley M. S. et al. (1991) Intravenous recombinant interferon beta in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas: a phase I/II study. J. Clin. Oncol. 9: 1945-1949
104. 104 Mahaley M. S. Jr, Bertsch L., Cush S. and Gillespie G. Y. (1988) Systemic γ-interferon therapy for recurrent gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 69: 826-829
105. 105 Kondo S., Yin D., Takeuchi J., Morimura T., Miyatake S. I., Nakatsu S. et al. (1994) Tumour necrosis factor-α induces an increase in susceptibility of human glioblastoma U87-MG cells to natural killer cell-mediated lysis. Br. J. Cancer 69: 627-632
106. 106 Mizuno M., Yoshida J., Takaoka T. and Sugita K. (1994) Liposomal transfection of human γ-interferon gene into human glioma cells and adoptive immunotherapy using lymphokine-activated killer cells. J. Neurosurg. 80: 510-514
107. 107 Vaquero J., Martinez R., Oya S., Coca S., Barbolla L., Ramiro J. et al. (1989) Intratumoural injection of autologous lymphocytes plus human lymphoblastoid interferon for the treatment of glioblasltoma. Acta Neurochir. Wien 98: 35-41
108. 108 Weller M., Frei K., Groscurth P., Krammer P. H., Yonekawa Y. and Fontana A. (1994) Anti-Fas/APO-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis of cultured human glioma cells:induction and modulation of sensitivity by cytokines. J. Clin. Invest. 94: 954-964
109. 109 Roth W., Wagenknecht B., Dichgans J. and Weller M. (1998) Interferon-α enhances CD95L-induced apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells. J. Neuroimmunol. 87: 121-129
110. 110 Roth W., Wagenknecht B., Grimmel C., Dichgans J. and Weller M. (1998) Taxol-mediated augmentation of CD95 ligand-induced apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells: association with bcl-2 phosphorylation but neither activation of p53 nor G2/M cell cycle arrest. Br. J. Cancer 77: 404-411
111. 111 Chen T. C., Hinton D. R., Apuzzo M. L. and Hofman F. M. (1993) Differential effects of tumor necrosis factor-α on proliferation, cell surface antigen expression, and cytokine interactions in malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery 32: 85-94
112. 112 Yoshida J., Wakabayashi T., Mizuno M., Sugita K., Yoshida T., Hori S. et al. (1992) Clinical effect of intra-arterial tumor necrosis factor-α for malignant glioma. J. Neurosurg. 77: 78-83
113. 113 Tashiro T., Yoshida J., Mizuno M. and Sugita K. (1993) Reinforced cytotoxicity of lymphokine-activated killer cells toward glioma cells by transfection with the tumor necrosis factor-α gene. J. Neurosurg. 78: 252-256
114. 114 Iwasaki K., Rogers L. R., Estes M. L. and Barna B. P. (1993) Modulation of proliferation and antigen expression of a cloned human glioblastoma by interleukin-4 alone and in combination with tumor necrosis factor-α and/or interferon-γ. Neurosurgery 33: 489-493
115. 115 Tepper R. I., Coffman R. L. and Leder P. (1992) An cosinophil-dependent mechanism for the antitumor effect of interleukin-4. Science 257: 548-551
116. 116 Yu J. S., Wei M. X., Chiocca E. A., Martuza R. L. and Tepper R. I. (1993) Treatment of glioma by engineered interleukin 4-secreting cells. Cancer Res. 53: 3125-3128
117. 117 Myers R. L., Whisler R. L., Stephens R. E., Sponseller C. A., Livingston K., Spring P. M. et al. (1992) Sensitivity of human glioma and brain cells to natural killer cell lysis. Effects of serum concentration, epidermal growth factor, and time in culture. J. Neurosurg. 76: 986-990
118. 118 Kruse C. A., Mitchell D. H., Kleinschmidt DeMasters B. K., Bellgrau D., Eule J. M., Parra J. R. et al. (1993) Systemic chemotherapy combined with local adoptive immunotherapy cures rats bearing 9L gliosarcoma. J. Neurooncol. 15: 97-112
119. 119 Barba D., Saris S. C., Holder C., Rosenberg S. A. and Oldfield E. H. (1989) Intratumoral LAK cell and interleukin-2 therapy of human gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 70: 175-182
120. 120 Boiardi A., Silvani A., Ruffini P. A., Rivoltini L., Parmiani G., Broggi G. et al. (1994) Loco-regional immunotherapy with recombinant interleukin-2 and adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells (A-LAK) in recurrent glioblastoma patients. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 39: 193-197
121. 121 Jacobs S. K., Wilson D. J., Kornblith P. L. and Grimm E. A. (1986) Interleukin-2 or autologous lymphokine-activated killer cell treatment of malignant glioma: phase I trial. Cancer Res. 46: 2101-2104
122. 122 Jeffes E. W. 3rd, Beamer Y. B., Jacques S., Silberman R. S., Vayuvegula B., Gupta S. et al. (1993) Therapy of recurrent high grade gliomas with surgery, and autologous mitogen activated IL-2 stimulated killer (MAK) lymphocytes. I. Enhancement of MAK lytic activity and cytokine production by PHA and clinical use of PHA. J. Neurooncol. 15: 141-155
123. 123 Lillehei K. O., Mitchell D. H., Johnson S. D., McCleary E. L. and Kruse C. A. (1991) Long-term follow-up of patients with recurrent malignant gliomas treated with adjuvant adoptive immunotherapy. Neurosurgery 28: 16-23
124. 124 Merchant R. E., Merchant L. H., Cook S. H., McVicar D. W. and Young H. F. (1988) Intralesional infusion of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) for the treatment of patients with malignant brain tumor. Neurosurgery 23: 725-732
125. 125 Sankhla S. K., Nadkarni J. S. and Bhagwati S. N. (1996) Adoptive immunotherapy using lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and interleukin-2 for recurrent malignant primary brain tumors. J. Neurooncol. 27: 133-140
126. 126 Nakagawa K., Kamezaki T., Shibata Y., Tsunoda T., Meguro K. and Nose T. (1995) Effect of lymphokine-activated killer cells with or without radiation therapy against malignant brain tumors. Neurol. Med. Chir. Tokyo. 35: 22-27
127. 127 Saris S. C., Spiess P., Lieberman D. M., Lin S., Walbridge S. and Oldfield E. H. (1992) Treatment of murine primary brain tumors with systemic interleukin-2 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. J. Neurosurg. 76: 513-519
128. 128 Pardoll D. M. (1993) Cancer vaccines. Immunol. Today 14: 310-316
129. 129 Klein B., Loven D., Lurie H., Rakowsky E., Nyska A., Levin I. et al. (1994) The effect of irradiation on expression of HLA class I antigens in human brain tumors in culture. J. Neurosurg. 80: 1074-1077
130. 130 Yoshida S., Takahashi H. and Tanaka R. (1991) Expression of MHC class II antigens on human glioma cells modulated by transfection with genes encoding these antigens. Neurol. Med. Chir. Tokyo. 31: 623-628
131. 131 Hock H., Dorsch M., Kunzendorf U., Uberla K., Qin Z., Diamantstein T. et al. (1993) Vaccinations with tumor cells genetically engineered to produce different cytokines: effectivity not superior to a classical adjuvant. Cancer Res. 53: 714-716
132. 132 Yu J. S., Burwick J. A., Dranoff G. and Breakefield X. O. (1997) Gene therapy for metastatic brain tumors by vaccination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transduced tumor cells. Hum. Gene Ther. 8: 1065-1072
133. 133 Grabbe S., Beissert S., Schwarz, T. and Granstein R. D. (1995) Dendritic cells as initiators of tumor immune responses: a possible strategy for tumor immunotherapy? Immunol. Today 16: 117-121
134. 134 Plautz G. E., Barnett G. H., Miller D. W., Cohen B. H., Prayson R. A., Krauss J. C. et al. (1998) Systemic T cell adoptive immunotherapy of malignant gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 89: 42-51
135. 135 Holladay F. P., Heitz Turner T., Bayer W. L. and Wood G. W. (1996) Autologous tumor cell vaccination combined with adoptive cellular immunotherapy in patients with grade III/ IV astrocytoma. J. Neurooncol. 27: 179-189
136. 136 Treisman J., Hwu P., Minamoto S., Shafer G. E., Cowherd R., Morgan R. A. et al. (1995) Interleukin-2-transduced lymphocytes grow in an autocrine fashion and remain responsive to antigen. Blood 85: 139-145
137. 137 Ständer M., Naumann U., Wick W. and Weller M. (1999) TGF-β and p21: multiple molecular targets of decorin-mediated suppression of neoplastic growth. Cell Tissue Res. 296: 221-227
138. 138 Krosnick J. A., Mulé J. J., McIntosh J. K. and Rosenberg S. A. (1989) Augmentation of antitumor efficacy by the combination of recombinant tumor necrosis factor and chemotherapeutic agents in vivo. Cancer Res. 49: 3729-3733
139. 139 Stanzione S., Cimoli G., Debernardis D., Michelotti A., Conte P., Parodi S. et al. (1995) Interferon-alpha or beta potentiate platinum analogous in human glioblastoma cell lines. Mutat. Res. 348: 131-135
140. 140 Roth W., Fontana A., Trepel M., Reed J. C., Dichgans J. and Weller M. (1997) Immunochemotherapy of malignant glioma: synergistic activity of CD95 ligand and chemotherapeutics. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 44: 55-63
141. 141 Micheau O., Solary E., Hammann A., Martin F. and Dimanche Boitrel M. T. (1997) Sensitization of cancer cells treated with cytotoxic drugs to fas-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89: 783-789
142. 142 Keane M. M., Ettenberg S. A., Nau M. M., Russell E. K. and Lipkowitz S. (1999) Chemotherapy augments TRAIL-induced apoptosis in breast cell lines. Cancer Res. 59: 734-741
143. 143 Datta R., Banach D., Kojima H., Talanian R. V., Alnemri E. S., Wong W. W. et al. (1996) Activation of the CPP32protease in apoptosis induced by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and other DNA-damaging agents. Blood 88: 1936-1943
144. 144 Hsu H., Xiong J. and Goeddel D. V. (1995) The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-kappa B activation. Cell 81: 495-504
145. 145 Ransohoff R. M. (1998) Cellular responses to interferons and other cytokines: the JAK-STAT paradigm. N. Engl. J. Med. 338: 616-618
146. 146 Boiardi A., Silvani A., Milanesi I., Munari L., Broggi G. and Botturi M. (1991) Local immunotherapy (beta-IFN) and systemic chemotherapy in primary glial tumors. Ital. J. Neurol. Sci. 12: 163-168
147. 147 Brandes A. A., Scelzi E., Zampieri P., Rigon A., Rotilio A., Amista P. et al. (1997) Phase II trial with BCNU plus α-interferon in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 20: 364-367
148. 148 Buckner J. C., Brown L. D., Kugler J. W., Cascino T. L., Krook J. E., Mailliard J. A. et al. (1995) Phase II evaluation of recombinant Interferon α and BCNU in recurrent glioma. J. Neurosurg. 82: 430-435
149. 149 Buckner J. C., Burch P. A., Cascino T. L., O'Fallon J. R. and Scheithauer B. W. (1998) Phase II trial of recombinant interferon-alpha-2a and eflornithine in patients with recurrent glioma. J. Neurooncol. 36: 65-70
150. 150 Chang S. M., Barker F. G., Huhn S. L., Nicholas M. K., Page M., Rabbitt J. et al. (1998) High dose oral tamoxifen and subcutaneous interferon α-2a for recurrent glioma. J. Neurooncol. 37: 169-176
151. 151 Jereb B., Petric J., Lamovec J., Skrbec M. and Soss E. (1989) Intratumor application of human leukocyte interferon-α in patients with malignant brain tumors. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 12: 1-7
152. 152 Jereb B., Petric Grabnar G., Klun B., Lamovec J., Skrbec M. and Soos E. (1994) Addition of IFN-α to treatment of malignant brain tumors. Acta Oncol. 33: 651-654
153. 153 Newton H. B. and Newton C. L. (1995) Attempted dose intensified cyclophosphamide, etoposide, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for treatment of malignant astrocytoma. J. Neurooncol. 24: 285-292
154. 154 Rajkumar S. V., Buckner J. C., Schomberg P. J., Cascino T. L., Burch P. A. and Dinapoli R. P. (1998) Phase I evaluation of radiation combined with recombinant interferon α-2a and BCNU for patients with high-grade glioma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 40: 297-302
155. 155 Silvani A., Milanesi I., Munari L., Broggi G., Botturi M. and Boiardi A. (1990) Intratumoral beta interferon and systemic chemotherapy: preliminary data in GBM patients. J. Neurosurg. Sci. 34: 257-259
156. 156 Yoshida J., Kajita Y., Wakabayashi T. and Sugita K. (1994) Long-term follow-up results of 175 patients with malignant glioma: importance of radical tumour resection and postoperative adjuvant therapy with interferon, ACNU and radiation. Acta Neurochir. Wien 127: 55-59
157. 157 Bigner D. D., Schold C., Bigner S. H., Bullard D. E. and Wikstrand C. (1981) How heterogeneous are gliomas? Cancer Treat. Rep. 65 (Suppl 2): 45-49
158. 158 Wikstrand C. J., Bigner S. H. and Bigner D. D. (1983) Demonstration of complex antigenic heterogeneity in a human glioma cell line and eight derived clones by specific monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res. 43: 3327-3334
159. 159 Elliott P. J., Hayward N. J., Huff M. R., Nagle T. L., Black K. L. and Bartus R. T. (1996) Unlocking the blood-brain barrier: a role for RMP-7 in brain tumor therapy. Exp. Neurol. 141: 214-224
160. 160 Black K. L., Cloughesy T., Huang S. C., Gobin Y. P., Zhou Y., Grous J. et al. (1997) Intracarotid infusion of RMP-7, a bradykinin analog, and transport of gallium-68 ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid into human gliomas. J. Neurosurg. 86: 603-609
161. 161 Ford J., Osborn C., Barton T. and Blechen N. M. (1998) A phase 1 study of intravenous RMP-7 with carboplatin in patients with progression of malignant glioma. Eur. J. Cancer 34: 1807-1811
162. 162 Owens T., Renno T., Taupin V. and Krakowski M. (1994) Inflammatory cytokines in the brain: does the CNS shape immune responses? Immunol. Today 15: 566-571
163. 163 Aoki T., Tashiro K., Miyatake S., Kinashi T., Nakano T., Oda Y. et al. (1992) Expression of murine interleukin 7 in a murine glioma cell line results in reduced tumorigenicity in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 3850-3854
164. 164 Trojan J., Johnson T. R., Rudin S. D., Ilan J. and Tykocinski M. L. (1993) Treatment and prevention of rat glioblastoma by immunogenic C6 cells expressing antisense insulin-like growth factor I RNA. Science 259: 94-97
165. 165 Resnicoff M., Sell C., Rubini M., Coppola D., Ambrose D., Baserga R. et al. (1994) Rat glioblastoma cells expressing an antisense RNA to the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor are nontumorigenic and induce regression of wild-type tumors. Cancer Res. 54: 2218-2222
166. 166 Holladay F. P., Choudhuri R., Heitz T. and Wood G. W. (1994) Generation of cytotoxic immune responses during the progression of a rat glioma. J. Neurosurg. 80: 90-96
167. 167 Rossi M. L., Hughes J. T., Esiri M. M., Coakham H. B. and Brownell D. B. (1987) Immunohistological study of mononuclear cell infiltrate in malignant gliomas. Acta Neuropathol. Berl. 74: 269-277
168. 168 Kuppner M. C., Hamou M. F. and Tribolet N. de (1988) Immunohistological and functional analyses of lymphoid infiltrates in human glioblastomas. Cancer Res. 48: 6926-6932
169. 169 Miescher S., Whiteside T. L., Tribolet N. de and Fliedner V. von (1988) In situ characterization, clonogenic potential, and antitumor cytolytic activity of T lymphocytes infiltrating human brain cancers. J. Neurosurg. 68: 438-448
170. 170 Weller M. and Fontana A. (1995) The failure of current immunotherapy for malignant glioma: tumor-derived TGF-beta, T-cell apoptosis, and the immune privilege of the brain. Brain Res. Rev. 21: 128-151
171. 171 Black K. L., Chen K., Becker D. P. and Merrill J. E. (1992) Inflammatory leukocytes associated with increased immuno-suppression by glioblastoma. J. Neurosurg. 77: 120-126
172. 172 Hong L. L., Johannsen L. and Krueger J. M. (1991) Modulation of human leukocyte antigenDR expression in glioblastoma cells by interferon γ and other cytokines. J. Neuroimmunol. 35: 139-152
173. 173 Weller M., Constam D. B., Malipiero U. and Fontana A. (1994) Transforming growth factor-beta 2 induces apoptosis of murine T cell clones without down-regulating bcl-2 mRNA expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 24: 1293-1300
174. 174 Lomo J., Blomhoff H. K., Beiske K., Stokke T. and Smeland E. B. (1995) TGF-beta 1 and cyclic AMP promote apoptosis in resting human B lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 154: 1634-1643
175. 175 Jennings M. T., Maciunas R. J., Carver R., Bascom C. C., Juneau P., Misulis K. et al. (1991) TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 are potential growth regulators for low-grade and malignant gliomas in vitro: evidence in support of an autocrine hypothesis. Int. J. Cancer 49: 129-139
176. 176 Ucki N., Nakazato M., Ohkawa T., Ikeda T., Amuro Y., Hada T. et al. (1992) Excessive production of transforming growth-factor beta 1 can play an important role in the development of tumorigenesis by its action for angiogenesis: validity of neutralizing antibodies to block tumor growth. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1137: 189-196
177. 177 Liau L. M., Fakhrai H. and Black K. L. (1998) Prolonged survival of rats with intracranial C6 gliomas by treatment with TGF-beta antisense gene. Neurol. Res. 20: 742-747
178. 178 Jachimczak P., Bogdahn U., Schneider J., Behl C., Meixensberger J., Apfel R. et al. (1993) The effect of transforming growth factor-beta 2-specific phosphorothioate-anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides in reversing cellular immunosuppression in malignant glioma. J. Neurosurg. 78: 944-951
179. 179 Ständer M., Naumann U., Dumitrescu L., Heneka M., Löschmann P., Gulbins E. et al. (1998) Decorin gene transfer-mediated suppression of TGF-β synthesis abrogates experimental malignant glioma growth in vivo. Gene Ther. 5: 1187-1194
180. 180 Trojan J., Blossey B. K., Johnson T. R., Rudin S. D., Tykocinski M. and Ilan J. (1992) Loss of tumorigenicity of rat glioblastoma directed by episome-based antisense cDNA transcription of insulin-like growth factor I. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 4874-4878
181. 181 Beutler A. S., Banck M. S. and Aguzzi A. (1997) Curing rat glioblastoma: immunotherapy or graft rejection? Science 276: 20-21
182. 182 Castelli M. G., Chiabrando C., Fanelli R., Martelli L., Butti G., Gaetani P. et al. (1989) Prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis by human intracranial tumors. Cancer Res. 49: 1505-1508
183. 183 Couldwell W. T., Dore Duffy P., Apuzzo M. L. and Antel J. P. (1991) Malignant glioma modulation of immune function: relative contribution of different soluble factors. J. Neuroimmunol. 33: 89-96
184. 184 Fontana A., Kristensen F., Dubs R., Gemsa D. and Weber E. (1982) Production of prostaglandin E and an interleukin-1 like factor by cultured astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. J. Immunol. 129: 2413-2419
185. 185 Kuppner M. C., Sawamura Y., Hamou M. E. and Tribolet N. de (1990) Influence of PGE2-and cAMP-modulating agents on human glioblastoma cell killing by interleukin-2-activated lymphocytes. J. Neurosurg. 72: 619-625
186. 186 Hishii M., Nitta T., Ishida H., Ebato M., Kurosu A., Yagita H. et al. (1995) Human glioma-derived interleukin-10 inhibits antitumor immune responses in vitro. Neurosurgery 37: 1160-1166
187. 187 Jachimezak P., Schwulera U. and Bogdahn U. (1994) In vitro studies of cytokine-mediated interactions between malignant glioma and autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J. Neurosurg. 81: 579-586
188. 188 Barna B. P., Rogers L. R., Thomassen M. J., Barnett G. H. and Estes M. L. (1991) Monocyte tumoricidal activity and tumor necrosis factor production in patients with malignant brain tumors. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 33: 314-318
189. 189 Fries G., Perneczky A. and Kempski O. (1994) Enhanced interleukin-1 beta release and longevity of glioma-associated peripheral blood monocytes in vitro. Neurosurgery 35: 264-270
190. 190 Bruggen P. van der, Traversari C., Chomez P., Lurquin C., De Plaen E., Van den Eynde B. et al. (1991) A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes on a human melanoma. Science 254: 1643-1647
191. 191 Rimoldi D., Romero P. and Carrel S. (1993) The human melanoma antigen-encoding gene, MAGE-1, is expressed by other tumour cells of neuroectodermal origin such as glioblastomas and neuroblastomas. Int. J. Cancer 54: 527-528
192. 192 Houbiers J. G., Nijman H. W., Burg S. H. van der, Drijfhout J. W., Kenemans P., Velde C. J. van de et al. (1993) In vitro induction of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against peptides of mutant and wild-type p53. Eur. J. Immunol. 23: 2072-2077
193. 193 Noguchi Y., Chen Y. T. and Old L. J. (1994) A mouse mutant p53 product recognized by CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 3171-3175
194. 194 Libermann T. A., Nusbaum H. R., Razon N., Kris R., Lax I., Soreq H. et al. (1985) Amplification, enhanced expression and possible rearrangement of FGF receptor gene in primary human brain tumours of glial origin. Nature 313: 144-147
195. 195 June C. H., Bluestone J. A., Nadler L. M. and Thompson C. B. (1994) The B7 and CD28 receptor families. Immunol. Today 15: 321-331
196. 196 Komata T., Tanaka R., Yamamoto K., Oda T., Ono K., Yoshida S. et al. (1997) B7-1(CD80)-transfected human glioma cells and interleukin-12 directly stimulate allogeneic CD8 + T cells. J. Immunother. 20: 256-264
197. 197 Parney I. F., Petruk K. C., Zhang C., Farr Jones M., Sykes D. B. and Chang L. J. (1997) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and B7-2 combination immunogene therapy in an allogeneic Hu-PBL-SCID/beige mouse-human glioblastoma multiforme model. Hum. Gene Ther. 8: 1073-1085
198. 198 Mach B., Steimle V., Martinez Soria E. and Reith W. (1996) Regulation of MHC class II genes: lessons from a disease. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14: 301-331
199. 199 Rohn W., Tang L. P., Dong Y. and Benveniste E. N. (1999) IL-1 beta inhibits IFN-γ-induced class II MHC expression by suppressing transcription of the class II transactivator gene. J. Immunol. 162: 886-896
200. 200 Lowin B., Hahne M., Mattmann C. and Tschopp J. (1994) Cytolytic T-cell cytotoxicity is mediated through perforin and Fas lytic pathways. Nature 370: 650-652
201. 201 Friedman H. S., McLendon R. E., Kerby T., Dugan M., Bigner S. H., Henry A. J. et al. (1998) DNA mismatch repair and O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase analysis and response to Temodal in newly diagnosed malignant glioma. J. Clin. Oncol. 16: 3851-3857
202. 202 Silber J. R., Bobola M. S., Ghatan S., Blank A., Kolstoe D. D. and Berger M. S. (1998) O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity in adult gliomas: relation to patient and tumor characteristics. Cancer Res. 58: 1068-1073
203. 203 Weller M. (1998) Predicting response to cancer chemotherapy: the role of p53. Cell Tissue Res. 292: 435-445
204. 204 Fulci G., Ishii N. and Van Meir E. G. (1998) p53 and brain tumors: from gene mutations to gene therapy. Brain Pathol. 8: 599-613
205. 205 Trepel M., Groseurth P., Malipiero U., Gulbins E., Dichgans J. and Weller M. (1998) Chemosensitivity of human malignant glioma: modulation by p53 gene transfer. J. Neurooncol. 39: 19-32
206. 206 Fueyo J., Gomez Manzano C., Yung W. K., Liu T. J., Alemany R., Bruner J. M. et al. (1998) Suppression of human glioma growth by adenovirus-mediated Rb gene transfer. Neurology 50: 1307-1315
207. 207 Ueki K., Ono Y., Henson J. W., Efird J. T., Deimling A. von and Louis D. N. (1996) CDKN2/p16 or RB alterations occur in the majority of glioblastomas and are inversely correlated. Cancer Res. 56: 150-153
208. 208 Furnari F. B., Huang H. J. and Cavenee W. K. (1998) The phosphoinositol phosphatase activity of PTEN mediates a serum-sensitive G1 growth arrest in glioma cells. Cancer Res. 58: 5002-5008
209. 209 Tamura M., Gu J., Takino T. and Yamada K. M. (1999) Tumor suppressor PTEN inhibition of cell invasion, migration, and growth: differential involvement of focal adhesion kinase and p130Cas. Cancer Res. 59: 442-449
210. 210 Li D. M. and Sun H. (1998) PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 suppresses the tumorigenicity and induces G1 cell cycle arrest in human glioblastoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 15406-15411
211. 211 Maier D., Zhang Z., Taylor E, Hamou M. F., Gratzl O., Van Meir E. G. et al. (1998) Somatic deletion mapping on chromosome 10 and sequence analysis of PTEN/MMAC1 point to the 10q25-26 region as the primary target in low-grade and high-grade gliomas. Oncogene 16: 3331-3335
212. 212 Wick W., Furnari F. B., Naumann U., Cavenee W. K. and Weller M. (1999) PTEN gene transfer in human malignant glioma: sensitization to irradiation and CD95L-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 18: 3936-3943
213. 213 Reed J. C. (1997) Double identity for proteins of the Bcl-2 family. Nature 387: 773-776
214. 214 Weller M., Malipiero U., Aguzzi A., Reed J. C. and Fontana A. (1995) Prolooncogene bcl-2 gene transfer abrogates Fas/ APO-1 antibody-mediated apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells and confers resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and therapeutic irradiation. J. Clin. Invest. 95: 2633-2643
215. 215 Nagata S. (1997) Apoptosis by death factor. Cell 88: 355-365
216. 216 Krammer P. H., Dhein J., Walczak H., Behrmann I., Mariani S., Matiba B. et al. (1994) The role of APO-1-mediated apoptosis in the immune system. Immunol. Rev. 142: 175-191
217. 217 Itoh N., Tsujimoto Y. and Nagata S. (1993) Effect of bcl-2 on Fas antigen-mediated cell death. J. Immunol. 151: 621-627
218. 218 Pitti R. M., Marsters S. A., Lawrence D. A., Roy M., Kischkel F. C., Dowd P. et al. (1998) Genomic amplification of a decoy receptor for Fas ligand in lung and colon cancer. Nature 396: 699-703
219. 219 Nagata S. (1996) Fas ligand and immune evasion. Nat. Med. 2: 1306-1307
220. 220 Saas P., Walker P. R., Hahne M., Quiquerez A. L., Schnuriger V., Perrin G. et al. (1997) Fas ligand expression by astrocytoma in vivo: maintaining immune privilege in the brain? J. Clin. Invest. 99: 1173-1178
221. 221 Weller M., Weinstock C., Will C., Wagenknecht B., Dichgans J., Lang F. et al. (1997) CD9S-dependent T cell killing by glioma cells expressing CD95L: more on tumor immune escape, the CD95 counterattack, and the immune privilege of the brain. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 7: 282-288
222. 222 Gratas C., Tohma Y., Van Meir E. G., Klein M., Tenan M., Ishii N. et al. (1997) Fas ligand expression in glioblastoma cell lines and primary astrocytic brain tumors. Brain Pathol. 7: 863-869
223. 223 Ashkenazi A. and Dixit V. M. (1998) Death receptors: signaling and modulation. Science 281: 1305-1308
224. 224 Golstein P. (1997) Cell death: TRAIL and its receptors. CUTT. Biol. 7: R750-753
225. 225 Leithäuser F., Dhein J., Mechtersheimer G., Koretz K., Bruderlein S., Henne C. et al. (1993) Constitutive and induced expression of APO-1, a new member of the nerve growth factor/tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, in normal and neoplastic cells. Lab. Invest. 69: 415-429
226. 226 French L. E., Hahne M., Viard I., Radlgruber G., Zanone R., Becker K. et al. (1996) Fas and Fas ligand in embryos and adult mice: ligand expression in several immune-privileged tissues and coexpression in adult tissues characterized by apoptotic cell turnover. J. Cell Biol. 133: 335-343
227. 227 Richardson B. C., Lalwani N. D., Johnson K. J. and Marks R. M. (1994) Fas ligation triggers apoptosis in macrophages but not endothelial cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 24: 2640-2645
228. 228 Saas P., Boucraut J., Quiquerez A. L., Schnuriger V., Perrin G., Desplat-Jego S. et al. (1999) CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) as a receptor governing astrocyte apoptotic or inflammatory responses: a key role in brain inflammation? J. Immunol. 162: 2326-2333
229. 229 Choi C., Park J. Y., Lee J., Lim J. H., Shin E. C., Ahn Y. S. et al. (1999) Fas ligand and Fas are expressed constitutively in human astrocytes and the expression increases with IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha, or IFN-gamma. J. Immunol. 162: 1889-1895
230. 230 Nishimura T., Akiyama H., Yonehara S., Kondo H., Ikeda K., Kato M. et al. (1995) Fas antigen expression in brains of patients with Alzheimer-type dementia. Brain Res. 695: 137-145
231. 231 Dowling P., Shang G., Raval S., Menonna J., Cook S. and Husar W. (1996) Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor/ligand system in multiple sclerosis brain. J. Exp. Med. 184: 1513-1518
232. 232 Weller M., Frei K., Malipiero U., Groseurth P., Yonekawa Y., Krammer P. et al. (1995) Fas/APO-1-mediated apoptosis of human malignant glioma. Neurology 45 (Suppl. 4): 859S
233. 233 Tachibana O., Nakazawa H., Lampe J., Watanabe K., Kleihues P. and Ohgaki H. (1995) Expression of Fas/APO-1 during the progression of astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 55: 5528-5530
234. 234 Tohma Y., Gratas C., Van Meir E. G., Desbaillets I., Tenan M., Tachibana O. et al. (1998) Necrogenesis and Fas/APO-1 (CD95) expression in primary (de novo) and secondary glioblastomas. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57: 239-245
235. 235 Wiley S. R., Schooley K., Smolak P. J., Din W. S., Huang C. P., Nicholl J. K. et al. (1995) Identification and characterization of a new member of the TNF family that induces apoptosis. Immunity 3: 673-682
236. 236 Rieger J., Ohgaki H., Kleihues P. and Weller M. (1999) Human astrocytic brain tumors express APO2L/TRAIL. Acta Neuropathol. 97: 1-4
237. 237 Sheridan J. P., Marsters S. A., Pitti R. M., Gurney A., Skubatch M., Baldwin D. et al. (1997) Control of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by a family of signaling and decoy receptors. Science 277: 818-821
238. 238 Pan G., Ni J., Wei Y. F., Yu G., Gentz R. and Dixit V. M. (1997) An antagonist decoy receptor and a death domain-containing receptor for TRAIL. Science 277: 815-818
239. 239 Marsters S. A., Sheridan J. P., Pitti R. M., Huang A., Skubatch M., Baldwin D. et al. (1997) A novel receptor for Apo2L/TRAIL contains a truncated death domain. Curr. Biol. 7: 1003-1006
240. 240 Weller M., Malipiero U., Rensing Ehl A., Barr P. J. and Fontana A. (1995) Fas/APO-1 gene transfer for human malignant glioma. Cancer Res. 55: 2936-2944
241. 241 Winter S., Roth W., Dichgans J. and Weller M. (1998) Synergy of CD95 ligand and teniposide: no role of eleavable complex formation and enhanced CD95 expression. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 341: 323-328
242. 242 Winter S. and Weller M. (1998) Potentiation of CD95L-induced apoptosis of human malignant glioma cells by topotecan involves inhibition of RNA synthesis but not changes in CD95 or CD95L protein expression. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 286: 1374-1382
243. 243 Weller M., Winter S., Schmidt C., Esser P., Fontana A., Dichgans J. et al. (1997) Topoisomerase-I inhibitors for human malignant glioma: differential modulation of p53, p21, bax and bcl-2 expression and of CD95-mediated apoptosis by camptothecin and beta-lapachone. Int. J. Cancer 73: 707-714
244. 244 Hueber A., Winter S. and Weller M. (1998) Chemotherapy primes malignant glioma cells for CD95 ligand-induced apoptosis up-stream of caspase 3 activation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 352: 111-115
245. 245 Müller M., Strand S., Hug H., Heinemann E. M., Walczak H., Hofmann W. J. et al. (1997) Drug-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells is mediated by the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor/ligand system and involves activation of wild-type p53. J. Clin. Invest. 99: 403-413
246. 246 Friesen C., Herr I., Krammer P. H. and Debatin K. M. (1996) Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/FAS) receptor/ligand system in drug-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Nat. Med. 2: 574-577
247. 247 Fulda S., Sieverts H., Friesen C., Herr I. and Debatin K. M. (1997) The CD95 (APO-1/Fas) system mediates drug-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Cancer Res. 57: 3823-3829
248. 248 Eischen C. M., Kottke T. J., Martins L. M., Basi G. S., Tung J. S., Earnshaw W. C. et al. (1997) Comparison of apoptosis in wild-type and Fas-resistant cells: chemotherapy-induced apoptosis is not dependent on Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Blood 90: 935-943
249. 249 Gamen S., Anel A., Lasierra P., Alava M. A., Martinez Lorenzo M. J., Pineiro A. et al. (1997) Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in human T-cell leukemia is mediated by caspase-3 activation in a Fas-independent way. FFBS Lett. 417: 360-364
250. 250 Villunger A., Egle A., Kos M., Hartmann B. L., Geley S., Kofler R. et al. (1997) Drug-induced apoptosis is associated with enhanced Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ligand expression but occurs independently of Fas (Apo-1/CD95) signaling in human T-acute lymphatic leukemia cells. Cancer Res. 57: 3331-3334
251. 251 Ogasawara J., Watanabe Fukunaga R., Adachi M., Matsuzawa A., Kasugai T., Kitamura Y. et al. (1993) Lethal effect of the anti-Fas antibody in mice. Nature 364: 806-809
252. 252 Rensing Ehl A., Frei K., Flury R., Matiba B., Muriani S. M., Weller M. et al. (1995) Local Fas/APO-1 (CD95) ligand-mediated tumor cell killing in vivo. Fur. J. Immunol. 25: 2253-2258
253. 253 Arai H., Gordon D., Nabel E. G. and Nabel G. J. (1997) Gene transfer of Fas ligand induces tumor regression in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 13862-13867
254. 254 Seino K., Kayagaki N., Okumura K. and Yagita H. (1997) Antitumor effect of locally produced CD95 ligand. Nat. Med. 3: 165-170
255. 255 Kondo S., Tanaka Y., Kondo Y., Ishizaka Y., Hitomi M., Haqqi T. et al. (1998) Retroviral transfer of CPP32beta gene into malignant gliomas in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 58: 962-967
256. 256 Kondo S., Ishizaka Y., Okada T., Kondo Y., Hitomi M., Tanaka Y. et al. (1998) FADD gene therapy for malignant gliomas in vitro and in vivo. Hum. Gene Ther. 9: 1599-1608
257. 257 Yu J. S., Sena-Esteves M., Paulus W., Breakefield X. O. and Reeves S. A. (1996) Retroviral delivery and tetracycline-dependent expression of IL-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) in a rat glioma model provides controlled induction of apoptotic death in tumor cells. Cancer Res. 56: 5423-5427
258. 258 Rieger J., Naumann U., Glaser T., Ashkenazi A. and Weller M. (1998) APO2 ligand: a novel lethal weapon against malignant glioma? FEBS Lett. 427: 124-128
259. 259 Snell V., Clodi K., Zhao S., Goodwin R., Thomas E. K., Morris S. W. et al. (1997) Activity of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in haematological malignancies. Br. J. Haematol. 99: 618-624
260. 260 Thomas W. D. and Hersey P. (1998) TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in Fas ligand-resistant melanoma cells and mediates CD4 T cell killing of target cells. J. Immunol. 161: 2195-2200
261. 261 Griffith T. S., Chin W. A., Jackson G. C., Lynch D. H. and Kubin M. Z. (1998) Intracellular regulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human melanoma cells. J. Immunol. 161: 2833-2840
262. 262 Mariani S. M., Matiba B., Armandola E. A. and Krammer P. H. (1997) Interleukin 1 beta-converting enzyme related proteases/caspases are involved in TRAIL-induced apoptosis of myeloma and leukemia cells. J. Cell Biol. 137: 221-229
263. 263 Pitti R. M., Marsters S. A., Ruppert S., Donahue C. J., Moore A. and Ashkenazi A. (1996) Induction of apoptosis by Apo-2 ligand, a new member of the tumor necrosis factor cytokine family. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 12687-12690
264. 264 Walczak H., Miller R. E., Ariail K., Gliniak B., Griffith T. S., Kubin M. et al. (1999) Tumoricidal activity of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vivo. Nat. Med. 5: 157-163