메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 73, Issue 24, 2019, Pages 3168-3209

2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines

Author keywords

ACC AHA Clinical Practice Guidelines; biomarkers; cardiovascular disease; cholesterol; coronary artery calcium score; diabetes mellitus; drug therapy; ezetimibe; Guidelines; hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors statins; hypercholesterolemia; LDL cholesterol; lipids; patient compliance; pharmacological; primary prevention; proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 inhibitor (PCSK9) inhibitors; risk assessment; risk reduction discussion; risk treatment discussion; secondary prevention

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; CHOLESTEROL; EZETIMIBE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FLUINDOSTATIN; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PCSK9 INHIBITOR; PITAVASTATIN; PRAVASTATIN; PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 9; ROSUVASTATIN; SERINE PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SIMVASTATIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; PCSK9 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

EID: 85067085494     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: 15583597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (1169)

References (346)
  • 1
    • 85066981774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
    • Grundy, S.M., Stone, N.J., Bailey, A.L., et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 73 (2019), e285–e350.
    • (2019) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.73 , pp. e285-e350
    • Grundy, S.M.1    Stone, N.J.2    Bailey, A.L.3
  • 2
    • 85067042721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review for the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
    • Wilson, P.W.F., Polonsky, T.S., Miedema, M.D., et al. Systematic review for the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 73 (2019), 3210–3227.
    • (2019) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.73 , pp. 3210-3227
    • Wilson, P.W.F.1    Polonsky, T.S.2    Miedema, M.D.3
  • 3
    • 85066981774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
    • Grundy, S.M., Stone, N.J., Bailey, A.L., et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 73 (2019), e285–e350.
    • (2019) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.73 , pp. e285-e350
    • Grundy, S.M.1    Stone, N.J.2    Bailey, A.L.3
  • 4
    • 78449281377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials
    • Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Emberson, J., et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 376 (2010), 1670–1681.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1670-1681
    • Baigent, C.1    Blackwell, L.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 5
    • 84992634774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin use for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
    • U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Rockville, MD Report No.: 14-05206-EF-2
    • Chou, R., Dana, T., Blazina, I., et al. Statin use for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2016, U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD Report No.: 14-05206-EF-2.
    • (2016)
    • Chou, R.1    Dana, T.2    Blazina, I.3
  • 6
    • 70249094944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
    • Taylor, F., Huffman, M.D., Macedo, A.F., et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, CD004816.
    • (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , pp. CD004816
    • Taylor, F.1    Huffman, M.D.2    Macedo, A.F.3
  • 7
    • 84902576469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • Stone, N.J., Robinson, J.G., Lichtenstein, A.H., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2889–2934.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2889-2934
    • Stone, N.J.1    Robinson, J.G.2    Lichtenstein, A.H.3
  • 8
    • 85015196290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further evolution of the ACC/AHA clinical practice guideline recommendation classification system: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
    • Halperin, J.L., Levine, G.N., Al-Khatib, S.M., et al. Further evolution of the ACC/AHA clinical practice guideline recommendation classification system: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 67 (2016), 1572–1574.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.67 , pp. 1572-1574
    • Halperin, J.L.1    Levine, G.N.2    Al-Khatib, S.M.3
  • 9
    • 57149133676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk prediction
    • Langsted, A., Freiberg, J.J., Nordestgaard, B.G., Fasting and nonfasting lipid levels: influence of normal food intake on lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and cardiovascular risk prediction. Circulation 118 (2008), 2047–2056.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.118 , pp. 2047-2056
    • Langsted, A.1    Freiberg, J.J.2    Nordestgaard, B.G.3
  • 10
    • 79952214780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonfasting lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in individuals with and without diabetes: 58 434 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study
    • Langsted, A., Nordestgaard, B.G., Nonfasting lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in individuals with and without diabetes: 58 434 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study. Clin Chem 57 (2011), 482–489.
    • (2011) Clin Chem , vol.57 , pp. 482-489
    • Langsted, A.1    Nordestgaard, B.G.2
  • 11
    • 65949103417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of LDL cholesterol concentrations by Friedewald calculation and direct measurement in relation to cardiovascular events in 27,331 women
    • Mora, S., Rifai, N., Buring, J.E., et al. Comparison of LDL cholesterol concentrations by Friedewald calculation and direct measurement in relation to cardiovascular events in 27,331 women. Clin Chem 55 (2009), 888–894.
    • (2009) Clin Chem , vol.55 , pp. 888-894
    • Mora, S.1    Rifai, N.2    Buring, J.E.3
  • 12
    • 84871361581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fasting time and lipid levels in a community-based population: a cross-sectional study
    • Sidhu, D., Naugler, C., Fasting time and lipid levels in a community-based population: a cross-sectional study. Arch Intern Med 172 (2012), 1707–1710.
    • (2012) Arch Intern Med , vol.172 , pp. 1707-1710
    • Sidhu, D.1    Naugler, C.2
  • 13
    • 70450081001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease
    • Di Angelantonio, E., Sarwar, N., Perry, P., et al. Major lipids, apolipoproteins, and risk of vascular disease. JAMA 302 (2009), 1993–2000.
    • (2009) JAMA , vol.302 , pp. 1993-2000
    • Di Angelantonio, E.1    Sarwar, N.2    Perry, P.3
  • 14
    • 84906089217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of fasting versus nonfasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on long-term mortality: insight from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES-III)
    • Doran, B., Guo, Y., Xu, J., et al. Prognostic value of fasting versus nonfasting low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels on long-term mortality: insight from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES-III). Circulation 130 (2014), 546–553.
    • (2014) Circulation , vol.130 , pp. 546-553
    • Doran, B.1    Guo, Y.2    Xu, J.3
  • 15
    • 84880620607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Friedewald-estimated versus directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment implications
    • Martin, S.S., Blaha, M.J., Elshazly, M.B., et al. Friedewald-estimated versus directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (2013), 732–739.
    • (2013) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.62 , pp. 732-739
    • Martin, S.S.1    Blaha, M.J.2    Elshazly, M.B.3
  • 16
    • 84887958130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile
    • Martin, S.S., Blaha, M.J., Elshazly, M.B., et al. Comparison of a novel method vs the Friedewald equation for estimating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from the standard lipid profile. JAMA 310 (2013), 2061–2068.
    • (2013) JAMA , vol.310 , pp. 2061-2068
    • Martin, S.S.1    Blaha, M.J.2    Elshazly, M.B.3
  • 17
    • 85046573893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fasting versus nonfasting and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol accuracy
    • Sathiyakumar, V., Park, J., Golozar, A., et al. Fasting versus nonfasting and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol accuracy. Circulation 137 (2018), 10–19.
    • (2018) Circulation , vol.137 , pp. 10-19
    • Sathiyakumar, V.1    Park, J.2    Golozar, A.3
  • 18
    • 85027956925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
    • Miller, M., Stone, N.J., Ballantyne, C., et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123 (2011), 2292–2333.
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.123 , pp. 2292-2333
    • Miller, M.1    Stone, N.J.2    Ballantyne, C.3
  • 19
    • 84902576469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • Stone, N.J., Robinson, J.G., Lichtenstein, A.H., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2889–2934.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2889-2934
    • Stone, N.J.1    Robinson, J.G.2    Lichtenstein, A.H.3
  • 20
    • 84994470337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response with different doses of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin: results from VOYAGER
    • Karlson, B.W., Wiklund, O., Palmer, M.K., et al. Variability of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response with different doses of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin: results from VOYAGER. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2 (2016), 212–217.
    • (2016) Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother , vol.2 , pp. 212-217
    • Karlson, B.W.1    Wiklund, O.2    Palmer, M.K.3
  • 21
    • 85008354353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial differences in the cholesterol-lowering effect of statin
    • Naito, R., Miyauchi, K., Daida, H., Racial differences in the cholesterol-lowering effect of statin. J Atheroscler Thromb 24 (2017), 19–25.
    • (2017) J Atheroscler Thromb , vol.24 , pp. 19-25
    • Naito, R.1    Miyauchi, K.2    Daida, H.3
  • 22
    • 84989187956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy
    • Collins, R., Reith, C., Emberson, J., et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet 388 (2016), 2532–2561.
    • (2016) Lancet , vol.388 , pp. 2532-2561
    • Collins, R.1    Reith, C.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 23
    • 85067079090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American College of Cardiology. American College of Cardiology LDL-C Manager. Available at: Accessed: January 8.
    • American College of Cardiology. American College of Cardiology LDL-C Manager. Available at: http://tools.acc.org/ldl. Accessed: January 8, 2018.
    • (2018)
  • 24
    • 85066971549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products. Available at: Accessed January 8.
    • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/. Accessed January 8, 2018.
    • (2018)
    • Food, U.S.1
  • 25
    • 56749106312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein
    • Ridker, P.M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F.A., et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 359 (2008), 2195–2207.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 2195-2207
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Danielson, E.2    Fonseca, F.A.3
  • 26
    • 0027987849 scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)
    • Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344 (1994), 1383–1389.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1383-1389
  • 27
    • 0032572086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study
    • Downs, J.R., Clearfield, M., Weis, S., et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 279 (1998), 1615–1622.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 1615-1622
    • Downs, J.R.1    Clearfield, M.2    Weis, S.3
  • 28
    • 0342981862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators
    • Sacks, F.M., Pfeffer, M.A., Moye, L.A., et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 335 (1996), 1001–1009.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1001-1009
    • Sacks, F.M.1    Pfeffer, M.A.2    Moye, L.A.3
  • 29
    • 0028883828 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group
    • Shepherd, J., Cobbe, S.M., Ford, I., et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 333 (1995), 1301–1307.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1301-1307
    • Shepherd, J.1    Cobbe, S.M.2    Ford, I.3
  • 30
    • 0032487931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels
    • Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 339 (1998), 1349–1357.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 1349-1357
  • 31
    • 0037031094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360 (2002), 23–33.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 23-33
  • 32
    • 33746895436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack
    • Amarenco, P., Bogousslavsky, J., Callahan, A. 3rd, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 355 (2006), 549–559.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 549-559
    • Amarenco, P.1    Bogousslavsky, J.2    Callahan, A.3
  • 33
    • 11144355354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes
    • Cannon, C.P., Braunwald, E., McCabe, C.H., et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 350 (2004), 1495–1504.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 1495-1504
    • Cannon, C.P.1    Braunwald, E.2    McCabe, C.H.3
  • 34
    • 15944410609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease
    • LaRosa, J.C., Grundy, S.M., Waters, D.D., et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 352 (2005), 1425–1435.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.352 , pp. 1425-1435
    • LaRosa, J.C.1    Grundy, S.M.2    Waters, D.D.3
  • 35
    • 33748952489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial
    • Nakamura, H., Arakawa, K., Itakura, H., et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 368 (2006), 1155–1163.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.368 , pp. 1155-1163
    • Nakamura, H.1    Arakawa, K.2    Itakura, H.3
  • 36
    • 27744603499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial
    • Pedersen, T.R., Faergeman, O., Kastelein, J.J., et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 294 (2005), 2437–2445.
    • (2005) JAMA , vol.294 , pp. 2437-2445
    • Pedersen, T.R.1    Faergeman, O.2    Kastelein, J.J.3
  • 37
    • 84964346181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease
    • Yusuf, S., Bosch, J., Dagenais, G., et al. Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 2021–2031.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.374 , pp. 2021-2031
    • Yusuf, S.1    Bosch, J.2    Dagenais, G.3
  • 38
    • 78449281377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials
    • Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Emberson, J., et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 376 (2010), 1670–1681.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1670-1681
    • Baigent, C.1    Blackwell, L.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 39
    • 33746895436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack
    • Amarenco, P., Bogousslavsky, J., Callahan, A. 3rd, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 355 (2006), 549–559.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , pp. 549-559
    • Amarenco, P.1    Bogousslavsky, J.2    Callahan, A.3
  • 40
    • 0036023515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus 'usual' care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study
    • Athyros, V.G., Papageorgiou, A.A., Mercouris, B.R., et al. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program goal versus 'usual' care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Curr Med Res Opin 18 (2002), 220–228.
    • (2002) Curr Med Res Opin , vol.18 , pp. 220-228
    • Athyros, V.G.1    Papageorgiou, A.A.2    Mercouris, B.R.3
  • 41
    • 78449281377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials
    • Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Emberson, J., et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 376 (2010), 1670–1681.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1670-1681
    • Baigent, C.1    Blackwell, L.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 42
    • 84989187956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy
    • Collins, R., Reith, C., Emberson, J., et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet 388 (2016), 2532–2561.
    • (2016) Lancet , vol.388 , pp. 2532-2561
    • Collins, R.1    Reith, C.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 43
    • 33947608774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions
    • discussion 53-4
    • Group HPSC. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. J Vasc Surg 45 (2007), 645–654 discussion 53-4.
    • (2007) J Vasc Surg , vol.45 , pp. 645-654
  • 44
    • 0027987849 scopus 로고
    • Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)
    • Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344 (1994), 1383–1389.
    • (1994) Lancet , vol.344 , pp. 1383-1389
  • 45
    • 0342981862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators
    • Sacks, F.M., Pfeffer, M.A., Moye, L.A., et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 335 (1996), 1001–1009.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1001-1009
    • Sacks, F.M.1    Pfeffer, M.A.2    Moye, L.A.3
  • 46
    • 0032487931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels
    • Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 339 (1998), 1349–1357.
    • (1998) N Engl J Med , vol.339 , pp. 1349-1357
  • 47
    • 0031030620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts
    • Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous-vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. N Engl J Med 336 (1997), 153–162.
    • (1997) N Engl J Med , vol.336 , pp. 153-162
  • 48
    • 0037031094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360 (2002), 23–33.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.360 , pp. 23-33
  • 49
    • 33746431474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN)
    • Knopp, R.H., d'Emden, M., Smilde, J.G., et al. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care 29 (2006), 1478–1485.
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , pp. 1478-1485
    • Knopp, R.H.1    d'Emden, M.2    Smilde, J.G.3
  • 50
    • 7044222840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: the alliance study
    • Koren, M.J., Hunninghake, D.B., Clinical outcomes in managed-care patients with coronary heart disease treated aggressively in lipid-lowering disease management clinics: the alliance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004), 1772–1779.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.44 , pp. 1772-1779
    • Koren, M.J.1    Hunninghake, D.B.2
  • 51
    • 0037178569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial
    • Serruys, P.W., de Feyter, P., Macaya, C., et al. Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 287 (2002), 3215–3222.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.287 , pp. 3215-3222
    • Serruys, P.W.1    de Feyter, P.2    Macaya, C.3
  • 52
    • 85013231151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atherothrombotic risk stratification and ezetimibe for secondary prevention
    • Bohula, E.A., Morrow, D.A., Giugliano, R.P., et al. Atherothrombotic risk stratification and ezetimibe for secondary prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol 69 (2017), 911–921.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.69 , pp. 911-921
    • Bohula, E.A.1    Morrow, D.A.2    Giugliano, R.P.3
  • 53
    • 84931411520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes
    • Cannon, C.P., Blazing, M.A., Giugliano, R.P., et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 372 (2015), 2387–2397.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.372 , pp. 2387-2397
    • Cannon, C.P.1    Blazing, M.A.2    Giugliano, R.P.3
  • 54
    • 84931411520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes
    • Cannon, C.P., Blazing, M.A., Giugliano, R.P., et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 372 (2015), 2387–2397.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.372 , pp. 2387-2397
    • Cannon, C.P.1    Blazing, M.A.2    Giugliano, R.P.3
  • 55
    • 85033774526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive function in a randomized trial of evolocumab
    • Giugliano, R.P., Mach, F., Zavitz, K., et al. Cognitive function in a randomized trial of evolocumab. N Engl J Med 377 (2017), 633–643.
    • (2017) N Engl J Med , vol.377 , pp. 633-643
    • Giugliano, R.P.1    Mach, F.2    Zavitz, K.3
  • 56
    • 85017341929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease
    • Sabatine, M.S., Giugliano, R.P., Keech, A.C., et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 376 (2017), 1713–1722.
    • (2017) N Engl J Med , vol.376 , pp. 1713-1722
    • Sabatine, M.S.1    Giugliano, R.P.2    Keech, A.C.3
  • 57
    • 85057337718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome
    • Schwartz, G.G., Steg, P.G., Szarek, M., et al. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 379 (2018), 2097–2107.
    • (2018) N Engl J Med , vol.379 , pp. 2097-2107
    • Schwartz, G.G.1    Steg, P.G.2    Szarek, M.3
  • 58
    • 85067042721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review for the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
    • Wilson, P.W.F., Polonsky, T.S., Miedema, M.D., et al. Systematic review for the 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 73 (2019), 3210–3227.
    • (2019) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.73 , pp. 3210-3227
    • Wilson, P.W.F.1    Polonsky, T.S.2    Miedema, M.D.3
  • 59
    • 85033700437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCSK9 inhibitors: economics and policy
    • Hlatky, M.A., Kazi, D.S., PCSK9 inhibitors: economics and policy. J Am Coll Cardiol 70 (2017), 2677–2687.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.70 , pp. 2677-2687
    • Hlatky, M.A.1    Kazi, D.S.2
  • 60
    • 84987653542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
    • Kazi, D.S., Moran, A.E., Coxson, P.G., et al. Cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA 316 (2016), 743–753.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.316 , pp. 743-753
    • Kazi, D.S.1    Moran, A.E.2    Coxson, P.G.3
  • 61
    • 84976319234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of LDL-C lowering with evolocumab in patients with high cardiovascular risk in the United States
    • Gandra, S.R., Villa, G., Fonarow, G.C., et al. Cost-effectiveness of LDL-C lowering with evolocumab in patients with high cardiovascular risk in the United States. Clin Cardiol 39 (2016), 313–320.
    • (2016) Clin Cardiol , vol.39 , pp. 313-320
    • Gandra, S.R.1    Villa, G.2    Fonarow, G.C.3
  • 62
    • 84867773207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin drug interactions and related adverse reactions
    • Bellosta, S., Corsini, A., Statin drug interactions and related adverse reactions. Expert Opin Drug Saf 11 (2012), 933–946.
    • (2012) Expert Opin Drug Saf , vol.11 , pp. 933-946
    • Bellosta, S.1    Corsini, A.2
  • 63
    • 84877664990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin use and clinical outcomes in older men: a prospective population-based study
    • Gnjidic, D., Le Couteur, D.G., Blyth, F.M., et al. Statin use and clinical outcomes in older men: a prospective population-based study. BMJ Open, 3, 2013, e002333.
    • (2013) BMJ Open , vol.3 , pp. e002333
    • Gnjidic, D.1    Le Couteur, D.G.2    Blyth, F.M.3
  • 64
    • 84155172056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and statin use and incident mobility limitation in community-dwelling older adults: the Health, Aging and Body Composition study
    • Gray, S.L., Boudreau, R.M., Newman, A.B., et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and statin use and incident mobility limitation in community-dwelling older adults: the Health, Aging and Body Composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc 59 (2011), 2226–2232.
    • (2011) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.59 , pp. 2226-2232
    • Gray, S.L.1    Boudreau, R.M.2    Newman, A.B.3
  • 65
    • 84859055200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins and their interactions with other lipid-modifying medications: safety issues in the elderly
    • Ho, C.K., Walker, S.W., Statins and their interactions with other lipid-modifying medications: safety issues in the elderly. Ther Adv Drug Saf 3 (2012), 35–46.
    • (2012) Ther Adv Drug Saf , vol.3 , pp. 35-46
    • Ho, C.K.1    Walker, S.W.2
  • 66
    • 44349152880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin use and incident frailty in women aged 65 years or older: prospective findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
    • LaCroix, A.Z., Gray, S.L., Aragaki, A., et al. Statin use and incident frailty in women aged 65 years or older: prospective findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 63 (2008), 369–375.
    • (2008) J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci , vol.63 , pp. 369-375
    • LaCroix, A.Z.1    Gray, S.L.2    Aragaki, A.3
  • 67
    • 84938340869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin treatment and mortality in community-dwelling frail older patients with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective observational study
    • Pilotto, A., Panza, F., Copetti, M., et al. Statin treatment and mortality in community-dwelling frail older patients with diabetes mellitus: a retrospective observational study. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0130946.
    • (2015) PLoS One , vol.10 , pp. e0130946
    • Pilotto, A.1    Panza, F.2    Copetti, M.3
  • 68
    • 84943200768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Older peoples' attitudes regarding polypharmacy, statin use and willingness to have statins deprescribed in Australia
    • Qi, K., Reeve, E., Hilmer, S.N., et al. Older peoples' attitudes regarding polypharmacy, statin use and willingness to have statins deprescribed in Australia. Int J Clin Pharm 37 (2015), 949–957.
    • (2015) Int J Clin Pharm , vol.37 , pp. 949-957
    • Qi, K.1    Reeve, E.2    Hilmer, S.N.3
  • 69
    • 69249219154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin therapy, muscle function and falls risk in community-dwelling older adults
    • Scott, D., Blizzard, L., Fell, J., et al. Statin therapy, muscle function and falls risk in community-dwelling older adults. Qjm 102 (2009), 625–633.
    • (2009) Qjm , vol.102 , pp. 625-633
    • Scott, D.1    Blizzard, L.2    Fell, J.3
  • 70
    • 84954469051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of statin-drug interactions in older people: a systematic review
    • Thai, M., Reeve, E., Hilmer, S.N., et al. Prevalence of statin-drug interactions in older people: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 72 (2016), 513–521.
    • (2016) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.72 , pp. 513-521
    • Thai, M.1    Reeve, E.2    Hilmer, S.N.3
  • 71
    • 77949908687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: LEADe
    • Feldman, H.H., Doody, R.S., Kivipelto, M., et al. Randomized controlled trial of atorvastatin in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: LEADe. Neurology 74 (2010), 956–964.
    • (2010) Neurology , vol.74 , pp. 956-964
    • Feldman, H.H.1    Doody, R.S.2    Kivipelto, M.3
  • 72
    • 0036785184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing cognitive function in elderly populations: the PROSPER study. PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk
    • Houx, P.J., Shepherd, J., Blauw, G.J., et al. Testing cognitive function in elderly populations: the PROSPER study. PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73 (2002), 385–389.
    • (2002) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.73 , pp. 385-389
    • Houx, P.J.1    Shepherd, J.2    Blauw, G.J.3
  • 73
    • 85027731774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between intensity of statin therapy and mortality in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
    • Rodriguez, F., Maron, D.J., Knowles, J.W., et al. Association between intensity of statin therapy and mortality in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 47–54.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 47-54
    • Rodriguez, F.1    Maron, D.J.2    Knowles, J.W.3
  • 74
    • 80053336026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of simvastatin to treat Alzheimer disease
    • Sano, M., Bell, K.L., Galasko, D., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of simvastatin to treat Alzheimer disease. Neurology 77 (2011), 556–563.
    • (2011) Neurology , vol.77 , pp. 556-563
    • Sano, M.1    Bell, K.L.2    Galasko, D.3
  • 75
    • 74849094929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pravastatin and cognitive function in the elderly. Results of the PROSPER study
    • Trompet, S., van Vliet, P., de Craen, A.J., et al. Pravastatin and cognitive function in the elderly. Results of the PROSPER study. J Neurol 257 (2010), 85–90.
    • (2010) J Neurol , vol.257 , pp. 85-90
    • Trompet, S.1    van Vliet, P.2    de Craen, A.J.3
  • 76
    • 84926141742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do statins reduce the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with heart failure? A pooled individual-level reanalysis of CORONA and GISSI-HF
    • Feinstein, M.J., Jhund, P., Kang, J., et al. Do statins reduce the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with heart failure? A pooled individual-level reanalysis of CORONA and GISSI-HF. Eur J Heart Fail 17 (2015), 434–441.
    • (2015) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.17 , pp. 434-441
    • Feinstein, M.J.1    Jhund, P.2    Kang, J.3
  • 77
    • 85048211174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with evolocumab and outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: insights from the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk)
    • Bonaca, M.P., Nault, P., Giugliano, R.P., et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with evolocumab and outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: insights from the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk). Circulation 137 (2018), 338–350.
    • (2018) Circulation , vol.137 , pp. 338-350
    • Bonaca, M.P.1    Nault, P.2    Giugliano, R.P.3
  • 78
    • 84979895500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins in familial hypercholesterolemia: consequences for coronary artery disease and all-cause mortality
    • Besseling, J., Hovingh, G.K., Huijgen, R., et al. Statins in familial hypercholesterolemia: consequences for coronary artery disease and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 252–260.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 252-260
    • Besseling, J.1    Hovingh, G.K.2    Huijgen, R.3
  • 79
    • 84969596203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of sequencing familial hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia
    • Khera, A.V., Won, H.H., Peloso, G.M., et al. Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of sequencing familial hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 67 (2016), 2578–2589.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.67 , pp. 2578-2589
    • Khera, A.V.1    Won, H.H.2    Peloso, G.M.3
  • 80
    • 84986277915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognosis of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia after acute coronary syndromes
    • Nanchen, D., Gencer, B., Muller, O., et al. Prognosis of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 134 (2016), 698–709.
    • (2016) Circulation , vol.134 , pp. 698-709
    • Nanchen, D.1    Gencer, B.2    Muller, O.3
  • 81
    • 84977260322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in US adults with the familial hypercholesterolemia ohenotype
    • Perak, A.M., Ning, H., de Ferranti, S.D., et al. Long-term risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in US adults with the familial hypercholesterolemia ohenotype. Circulation 134 (2016), 9–19.
    • (2016) Circulation , vol.134 , pp. 9-19
    • Perak, A.M.1    Ning, H.2    de Ferranti, S.D.3
  • 82
    • 0028883828 scopus 로고
    • Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group
    • Shepherd, J., Cobbe, S.M., Ford, I., et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 333 (1995), 1301–1307.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 1301-1307
    • Shepherd, J.1    Cobbe, S.M.2    Ford, I.3
  • 83
    • 79959332777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study
    • Versmissen, J., Oosterveer, D.M., Yazdanpanah, M., et al. Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. BMJ, 337, 2008, a2423.
    • (2008) BMJ , vol.337 , pp. a2423
    • Versmissen, J.1    Oosterveer, D.M.2    Yazdanpanah, M.3
  • 84
    • 78449281377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials
    • Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Emberson, J., et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 376 (2010), 1670–1681.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1670-1681
    • Baigent, C.1    Blackwell, L.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 85
    • 84931411520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes
    • Cannon, C.P., Blazing, M.A., Giugliano, R.P., et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 372 (2015), 2387–2397.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.372 , pp. 2387-2397
    • Cannon, C.P.1    Blazing, M.A.2    Giugliano, R.P.3
  • 86
    • 84995785042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Silverman, M.G., Ference, B.A., Im, K., et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 316 (2016), 1289–1297.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.316 , pp. 1289-1297
    • Silverman, M.G.1    Ference, B.A.2    Im, K.3
  • 87
    • 41649107358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia
    • Kastelein, J.J., Akdim, F., Stroes, E.S., et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 358 (2008), 1431–1443.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , pp. 1431-1443
    • Kastelein, J.J.1    Akdim, F.2    Stroes, E.S.3
  • 88
    • 77952525229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colesevelam added to combination therapy with a statin and ezetimibe in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial
    • Huijgen, R., Abbink, E.J., Bruckert, E., et al. Colesevelam added to combination therapy with a statin and ezetimibe in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Clin Ther 32 (2010), 615–625.
    • (2010) Clin Ther , vol.32 , pp. 615-625
    • Huijgen, R.1    Abbink, E.J.2    Bruckert, E.3
  • 89
    • 84940021344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of bile acid sequestrants on the risk of cardiovascular events: a Mendelian randomization analysis
    • Ross, S., D'Mello, M., Anand, S.S., et al. Effect of bile acid sequestrants on the risk of cardiovascular events: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 8 (2015), 618–627.
    • (2015) Circ Cardiovasc Genet , vol.8 , pp. 618-627
    • Ross, S.1    D'Mello, M.2    Anand, S.S.3
  • 90
    • 84983160332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ODYSSEY FH I and FH II: 78 week results with alirocumab treatment in 735 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia
    • Kastelein, J.J., Ginsberg, H.N., Langslet, G., et al. ODYSSEY FH I and FH II: 78 week results with alirocumab treatment in 735 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur Heart J 36 (2015), 2996–3003.
    • (2015) Eur Heart J , vol.36 , pp. 2996-3003
    • Kastelein, J.J.1    Ginsberg, H.N.2    Langslet, G.3
  • 91
    • 85018840957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolemia: the SAFEHEART Registry (Spanish Familial Hypercholesterolemia Cohort Study)
    • Perez de Isla, L., Alonso, R., Mata, N., et al. Predicting cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolemia: the SAFEHEART Registry (Spanish Familial Hypercholesterolemia Cohort Study). Circulation 135 (2017), 2133–2144.
    • (2017) Circulation , vol.135 , pp. 2133-2144
    • Perez de Isla, L.1    Alonso, R.2    Mata, N.3
  • 92
    • 84921483643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab (AMG 145) in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (RUTHERFORD-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Raal, F.J., Stein, E.A., Dufour, R., et al. PCSK9 inhibition with evolocumab (AMG 145) in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (RUTHERFORD-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 385 (2015), 331–340.
    • (2015) Lancet , vol.385 , pp. 331-340
    • Raal, F.J.1    Stein, E.A.2    Dufour, R.3
  • 93
    • 72049130254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of comparative efficacy of increasing dose of Atorvastatin versus Rosuvastatin versus Simvastatin on lowering levels of atherogenic lipids (from VOYAGER)
    • Nicholls, S.J., Brandrup-Wognsen, G., Palmer, M., et al. Meta-analysis of comparative efficacy of increasing dose of Atorvastatin versus Rosuvastatin versus Simvastatin on lowering levels of atherogenic lipids (from VOYAGER). Am J Cardiol 105 (2010), 69–76.
    • (2010) Am J Cardiol , vol.105 , pp. 69-76
    • Nicholls, S.J.1    Brandrup-Wognsen, G.2    Palmer, M.3
  • 94
    • 85011281186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonfasting mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia and risk of acute pancreatitis
    • Pedersen, S.B., Langsted, A., Nordestgaard, B.G., Nonfasting mild-to-moderate hypertriglyceridemia and risk of acute pancreatitis. JAMA Intern Med 176 (2016), 1834–1842.
    • (2016) JAMA Intern Med , vol.176 , pp. 1834-1842
    • Pedersen, S.B.1    Langsted, A.2    Nordestgaard, B.G.3
  • 95
    • 4344683381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Colhoun, H.M., Betteridge, D.J., Durrington, P.N., et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 364 (2004), 685–696.
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.364 , pp. 685-696
    • Colhoun, H.M.1    Betteridge, D.J.2    Durrington, P.N.3
  • 96
    • 0037840242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Collins, R., Armitage, J., Parish, S., et al. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 361 (2003), 2005–2016.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 2005-2016
    • Collins, R.1    Armitage, J.2    Parish, S.3
  • 97
    • 84871202527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events with statins in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis
    • de Vries, F.M., Denig, P., Pouwels, K.B., et al. Primary prevention of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events with statins in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis. Drugs 72 (2012), 2365–2373.
    • (2012) Drugs , vol.72 , pp. 2365-2373
    • de Vries, F.M.1    Denig, P.2    Pouwels, K.B.3
  • 98
    • 33746431474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN)
    • Knopp, R.H., d'Emden, M., Smilde, J.G., et al. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care 29 (2006), 1478–1485.
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , pp. 1478-1485
    • Knopp, R.H.1    d'Emden, M.2    Smilde, J.G.3
  • 99
    • 49249090834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of myocardial infarction in men and women with type 2 diabetes in the UK: a cohort study using the General Practice Research Database
    • Mulnier, H.E., Seaman, H.E., Raleigh, V.S., et al. Risk of myocardial infarction in men and women with type 2 diabetes in the UK: a cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Diabetologia 51 (2008), 1639–1645.
    • (2008) Diabetologia , vol.51 , pp. 1639-1645
    • Mulnier, H.E.1    Seaman, H.E.2    Raleigh, V.S.3
  • 100
    • 84949780475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes and prior coronary heart disease are not necessarily risk equivalent for future coronary heart disease events
    • Rana, J.S., Liu, J.Y., Moffet, H.H., et al. Diabetes and prior coronary heart disease are not necessarily risk equivalent for future coronary heart disease events. J Gen Intern Med 31 (2016), 387–393.
    • (2016) J Gen Intern Med , vol.31 , pp. 387-393
    • Rana, J.S.1    Liu, J.Y.2    Moffet, H.H.3
  • 101
    • 20944448451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in cardiovascular events with atorvastatin in 2,532 patients with type 2 diabetes: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—lipid-lowering arm (ASCOT-LLA)
    • Sever, P.S., Poulter, N.R., Dahlof, B., et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events with atorvastatin in 2,532 patients with type 2 diabetes: Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial—lipid-lowering arm (ASCOT-LLA). Diabetes Care 28 (2005), 1151–1157.
    • (2005) Diabetes Care , vol.28 , pp. 1151-1157
    • Sever, P.S.1    Poulter, N.R.2    Dahlof, B.3
  • 102
    • 33746365582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes in the U.K.: a cohort study using the general practice research database
    • Soedamah-Muthu, S.S., Fuller, J.H., Mulnier, H.E., et al. High risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes in the U.K.: a cohort study using the general practice research database. Diabetes Care 29 (2006), 798–804.
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , pp. 798-804
    • Soedamah-Muthu, S.S.1    Fuller, J.H.2    Mulnier, H.E.3
  • 103
    • 84861076878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global cardiovascular disease risk assessment in United States adults with diabetes
    • Wong, N.D., Glovaci, D., Wong, K., et al. Global cardiovascular disease risk assessment in United States adults with diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 9 (2012), 146–152.
    • (2012) Diab Vasc Dis Res , vol.9 , pp. 146-152
    • Wong, N.D.1    Glovaci, D.2    Wong, K.3
  • 104
    • 84908179151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic examination of the 2013 ACC/AHA pooled cohort risk assessment tool for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
    • Karmali, K.N., Goff, D.C. Jr, Ning, H., et al. A systematic examination of the 2013 ACC/AHA pooled cohort risk assessment tool for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 64 (2014), 959–968.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.64 , pp. 959-968
    • Karmali, K.N.1    Goff, D.C.2    Ning, H.3
  • 105
    • 84898766195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Pooled Cohort risk equations
    • Muntner, P., Colantonio, L.D., Cushman, M., et al. Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Pooled Cohort risk equations. JAMA 311 (2014), 1406–1415.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , pp. 1406-1415
    • Muntner, P.1    Colantonio, L.D.2    Cushman, M.3
  • 106
    • 78449281377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials
    • Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Emberson, J., et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 376 (2010), 1670–1681.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1670-1681
    • Baigent, C.1    Blackwell, L.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 107
    • 56749106312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein
    • Ridker, P.M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F.A., et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 359 (2008), 2195–2207.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 2195-2207
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Danielson, E.2    Fonseca, F.A.3
  • 108
    • 84931411520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes
    • Cannon, C.P., Blazing, M.A., Giugliano, R.P., et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 372 (2015), 2387–2397.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.372 , pp. 2387-2397
    • Cannon, C.P.1    Blazing, M.A.2    Giugliano, R.P.3
  • 109
    • 79959746706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Baigent, C., Landray, M.J., Reith, C., et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 377 (2011), 2181–2192.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.377 , pp. 2181-2192
    • Baigent, C.1    Landray, M.J.2    Reith, C.3
  • 110
    • 84922393340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral neuropathy and the risk of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Brownrigg, J.R., de Lusignan, S., McGovern, A., et al. Peripheral neuropathy and the risk of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heart 100 (2014), 1837–1843.
    • (2014) Heart , vol.100 , pp. 1837-1843
    • Brownrigg, J.R.1    de Lusignan, S.2    McGovern, A.3
  • 111
    • 84887135486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term complications and mortality in young-onset diabetes: type 2 diabetes is more hazardous and lethal than type 1 diabetes
    • Constantino, M.I., Molyneaux, L., Limacher-Gisler, F., et al. Long-term complications and mortality in young-onset diabetes: type 2 diabetes is more hazardous and lethal than type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 36 (2013), 3863–3869.
    • (2013) Diabetes Care , vol.36 , pp. 3863-3869
    • Constantino, M.I.1    Molyneaux, L.2    Limacher-Gisler, F.3
  • 112
    • 85014619872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of type 1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young adulthood
    • Dabelea, D., Stafford, J.M., Mayer-Davis, E.J., et al. Association of type 1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young adulthood. JAMA 317 (2017), 825–835.
    • (2017) JAMA , vol.317 , pp. 825-835
    • Dabelea, D.1    Stafford, J.M.2    Mayer-Davis, E.J.3
  • 113
    • 84974604539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prospective association between diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular disease—a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
    • Guo, V.Y., Cao, B., Wu, X., et al. Prospective association between diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular disease—a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 25 (2016), 1688–1695.
    • (2016) J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis , vol.25 , pp. 1688-1695
    • Guo, V.Y.1    Cao, B.2    Wu, X.3
  • 114
    • 84958038910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases in early-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes in China: a cross-sectional study
    • Huo, X., Gao, L., Guo, L., et al. Risk of non-fatal cardiovascular diseases in early-onset versus late-onset type 2 diabetes in China: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 4 (2016), 115–124.
    • (2016) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , vol.4 , pp. 115-124
    • Huo, X.1    Gao, L.2    Guo, L.3
  • 115
    • 85017107120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence, characteristics, and volumes of coronary plaque determined by computed tomography angiography in young type 2 diabetes mellitus
    • Nezarat, N., Budoff, M.J., Luo, Y., et al. Presence, characteristics, and volumes of coronary plaque determined by computed tomography angiography in young type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 119 (2017), 1566–1571.
    • (2017) Am J Cardiol , vol.119 , pp. 1566-1571
    • Nezarat, N.1    Budoff, M.J.2    Luo, Y.3
  • 116
    • 12144278240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and prognostic significance of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in 68-year-old men with diabetes. Results from the population study ‘Men born in 1914’ from Malmo, Sweden
    • Ogren, M., Hedblad, B., Engstrom, G., et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in 68-year-old men with diabetes. Results from the population study ‘Men born in 1914’ from Malmo, Sweden. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 29 (2005), 182–189.
    • (2005) Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg , vol.29 , pp. 182-189
    • Ogren, M.1    Hedblad, B.2    Engstrom, G.3
  • 117
    • 33745290289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 30-year natural history of type 1 diabetes complications: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study experience
    • Pambianco, G., Costacou, T., Ellis, D., et al. The 30-year natural history of type 1 diabetes complications: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study experience. Diabetes 55 (2006), 1463–1469.
    • (2006) Diabetes , vol.55 , pp. 1463-1469
    • Pambianco, G.1    Costacou, T.2    Ellis, D.3
  • 118
    • 85021717018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China
    • Pang, X.H., Han, J., Ye, W.L., et al. Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease is an independent predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke risks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in China. Int J Endocrinol, 2017, 2017, 9620513.
    • (2017) Int J Endocrinol , vol.2017 , pp. 9620513
    • Pang, X.H.1    Han, J.2    Ye, W.L.3
  • 119
    • 84885996224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Albuminuria and renal function as predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality in a general population of patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register
    • Svensson, M.K., Cederholm, J., Eliasson, B., et al. Albuminuria and renal function as predictors of cardiovascular events and mortality in a general population of patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Diab Vasc Dis Res 10 (2013), 520–529.
    • (2013) Diab Vasc Dis Res , vol.10 , pp. 520-529
    • Svensson, M.K.1    Cederholm, J.2    Eliasson, B.3
  • 120
    • 85050628286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)
    • Budoff, M.J., Young, R., Burke, G., et al. Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Eur Heart J 39 (2018), 2401–2408.
    • (2018) Eur Heart J , vol.39 , pp. 2401-2408
    • Budoff, M.J.1    Young, R.2    Burke, G.3
  • 121
    • 85042595529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychology of clinical decision making - implications for medication use
    • Avorn, J., The psychology of clinical decision making - implications for medication use. N Engl J Med 378 (2018), 689–691.
    • (2018) N Engl J Med , vol.378 , pp. 689-691
    • Avorn, J.1
  • 122
    • 84976361934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents
    • Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Morris, P.B., Ballantyne, C.M., et al. 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 92–125.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 92-125
    • Lloyd-Jones, D.M.1    Morris, P.B.2    Ballantyne, C.M.3
  • 123
    • 85028886889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2017 focused update of the 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways
    • Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Morris, P.B., Ballantyne, C.M., et al. 2017 focused update of the 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol 70 (2017), 1785–1822.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.70 , pp. 1785-1822
    • Lloyd-Jones, D.M.1    Morris, P.B.2    Ballantyne, C.M.3
  • 124
    • 84898766195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease pooled cohort risk equations
    • Muntner, P., Colantonio, L.D., Cushman, M., et al. Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease pooled cohort risk equations. JAMA 311 (2014), 1406–1415.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , pp. 1406-1415
    • Muntner, P.1    Colantonio, L.D.2    Cushman, M.3
  • 125
    • 84899795000 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • Eckel, R.H., Jakicic, J.M., Ard, J.D., et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 129 (2014), S76–S99.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.129 , pp. S76-S99
    • Eckel, R.H.1    Jakicic, J.M.2    Ard, J.D.3
  • 126
    • 84903212216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society
    • Jensen, M.D., Ryan, D.H., Apovian, C.M., et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2985–3023.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2985-3023
    • Jensen, M.D.1    Ryan, D.H.2    Apovian, C.M.3
  • 127
    • 85067083272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Available at: Accessed August 24.
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Available at: https://health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf. Accessed August 24, 2018.
    • (2018)
  • 128
    • 84875787136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet
    • Estruch, R., Ros, E., Salas-Salvado, J., et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med 368 (2013), 1279–1290.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.368 , pp. 1279-1290
    • Estruch, R.1    Ros, E.2    Salas-Salvado, J.3
  • 129
    • 85067027830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th ed. December 2015. Available at: Accessed August 24.
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 8th ed. December 2015. Available at: http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/. Accessed August 24, 2018.
    • (2018)
  • 130
    • 33749065167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summary of American Heart Association diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006
    • Lichtenstein, A.H., Appel, L.J., Brands, M., et al. Summary of American Heart Association diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 (2006), 2186–2191.
    • (2006) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.26 , pp. 2186-2191
    • Lichtenstein, A.H.1    Appel, L.J.2    Brands, M.3
  • 131
    • 17344363191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of reducing dietary saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy subjects: the DELTA Study, protocol 1
    • Ginsberg, H.N., Kris-Etherton, P., Dennis, B., et al. Effects of reducing dietary saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy subjects: the DELTA Study, protocol 1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 (1998), 441–449.
    • (1998) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.18 , pp. 441-449
    • Ginsberg, H.N.1    Kris-Etherton, P.2    Dennis, B.3
  • 132
    • 85028462455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study
    • Dehghan, M., Mente, A., Zhang, X., et al. Associations of fats and carbohydrate intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 18 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet 390 (2017), 2050–2062.
    • (2017) Lancet , vol.390 , pp. 2050-2062
    • Dehghan, M.1    Mente, A.2    Zhang, X.3
  • 133
    • 84994235561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dairy fat and risk of cardiovascular disease in 3 cohorts of US adults
    • Chen, M., Li, Y., Sun, Q., et al. Dairy fat and risk of cardiovascular disease in 3 cohorts of US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 104 (2016), 1209–1217.
    • (2016) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.104 , pp. 1209-1217
    • Chen, M.1    Li, Y.2    Sun, Q.3
  • 134
    • 34248372913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early adult risk factor levels and subsequent coronary artery calcification: the CARDIA Study
    • Loria, C.M., Liu, K., Lewis, C.E., et al. Early adult risk factor levels and subsequent coronary artery calcification: the CARDIA Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 49 (2007), 2013–2020.
    • (2007) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.49 , pp. 2013-2020
    • Loria, C.M.1    Liu, K.2    Lewis, C.E.3
  • 135
    • 85019015822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of cronary artery calcium in adults aged 32 to 46 years with incident coronary heart disease and death
    • Carr, J.J., Jacobs, D.R. Jr, Terry, J.G., et al. Association of cronary artery calcium in adults aged 32 to 46 years with incident coronary heart disease and death. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 391–399.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 391-399
    • Carr, J.J.1    Jacobs, D.R.2    Terry, J.G.3
  • 137
    • 65449147149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee report, 2008. To the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Part A: executive summary
    • Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee report, 2008. To the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Part A: executive summary. Nutr Rev 67 (2009), 114–120.
    • (2009) Nutr Rev , vol.67 , pp. 114-120
  • 138
    • 77951950649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's physical activity guidelines for adults
    • Warburton, D.E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., et al. A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's physical activity guidelines for adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 7, 2010, 39.
    • (2010) Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act , vol.7 , pp. 39
    • Warburton, D.E.1    Charlesworth, S.2    Ivey, A.3
  • 139
    • 77955953923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physical activity and cardiovascular health: lessons learned from epidemiological studies across age, gender, and race/ethnicity
    • Shiroma, E.J., Lee, I.M., Physical activity and cardiovascular health: lessons learned from epidemiological studies across age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Circulation 122 (2010), 743–752.
    • (2010) Circulation , vol.122 , pp. 743-752
    • Shiroma, E.J.1    Lee, I.M.2
  • 140
    • 80051944900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis
    • Sattelmair, J., Pertman, J., Ding, E.L., et al. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation 124 (2011), 789–795.
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.124 , pp. 789-795
    • Sattelmair, J.1    Pertman, J.2    Ding, E.L.3
  • 141
    • 85067003495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American College of Cardiology. ASCVD Risk Predictor Plus. Available at: Accessed September 1.
    • American College of Cardiology. ASCVD Risk Predictor Plus. Available at: http://tools.acc.org/ASCVD-Risk-Estimator-Plus/#!/calculate/estimate/. Accessed September 1, 2018.
    • (2018)
  • 142
    • 84902576469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • Stone, N.J., Robinson, J.G., Lichtenstein, A.H., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2889–2934.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2889-2934
    • Stone, N.J.1    Robinson, J.G.2    Lichtenstein, A.H.3
  • 143
    • 84964346181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease
    • Yusuf, S., Bosch, J., Dagenais, G., et al. Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 2021–2031.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.374 , pp. 2021-2031
    • Yusuf, S.1    Bosch, J.2    Dagenais, G.3
  • 144
    • 78449281377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials
    • Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Emberson, J., et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 376 (2010), 1670–1681.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1670-1681
    • Baigent, C.1    Blackwell, L.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 145
    • 79959746706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Baigent, C., Landray, M.J., Reith, C., et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 377 (2011), 2181–2192.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.377 , pp. 2181-2192
    • Baigent, C.1    Landray, M.J.2    Reith, C.3
  • 146
    • 84979729781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cholesterol lowering with statin-based regimens: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised trials
    • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists C Herrington, W.G., Emberson, J., et al. Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cholesterol lowering with statin-based regimens: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 4 (2016), 829–839.
    • (2016) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , vol.4 , pp. 829-839
    • Herrington, W.G.1    Emberson, J.2
  • 147
    • 84992634774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin use for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
    • U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Rockville, MD Report No.: 14-05206-EF-2
    • Chou, R., Dana, T., Blazina, I., et al. Statin use for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. 2016, U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD Report No.: 14-05206-EF-2.
    • (2016)
    • Chou, R.1    Dana, T.2    Blazina, I.3
  • 148
    • 0032572086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study
    • Downs, J.R., Clearfield, M., Weis, S., et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 279 (1998), 1615–1622.
    • (1998) JAMA , vol.279 , pp. 1615-1622
    • Downs, J.R.1    Clearfield, M.2    Weis, S.3
  • 149
    • 56749106312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein
    • Ridker, P.M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F.A., et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 359 (2008), 2195–2207.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 2195-2207
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Danielson, E.2    Fonseca, F.A.3
  • 150
    • 70249094944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
    • Taylor, F., Huffman, M.D., Macedo, A.F., et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, CD004816.
    • (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , pp. CD004816
    • Taylor, F.1    Huffman, M.D.2    Macedo, A.F.3
  • 151
    • 84964346181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol Lowering in Intermediate-Risk Persons without Cardiovascular Disease
    • Yusuf, S., Bosch, J., Dagenais, G., et al. Cholesterol Lowering in Intermediate-Risk Persons without Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 2021–2031.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.374 , pp. 2021-2031
    • Yusuf, S.1    Bosch, J.2    Dagenais, G.3
  • 152
    • 84995785042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Silverman, M.G., Ference, B.A., Im, K., et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 316 (2016), 1289–1297.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.316 , pp. 1289-1297
    • Silverman, M.G.1    Ference, B.A.2    Im, K.3
  • 153
    • 84908179151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A systematic examination of the 2013 ACC/AHA pooled cohort risk assessment tool for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
    • Karmali, K.N., Goff, D.C. Jr, Ning, H., et al. A systematic examination of the 2013 ACC/AHA pooled cohort risk assessment tool for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 64 (2014), 959–968.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.64 , pp. 959-968
    • Karmali, K.N.1    Goff, D.C.2    Ning, H.3
  • 154
    • 84898766195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease pooled cohort risk equations
    • Muntner, P., Colantonio, L.D., Cushman, M., et al. Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease pooled cohort risk equations. JAMA 311 (2014), 1406–1415.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , pp. 1406-1415
    • Muntner, P.1    Colantonio, L.D.2    Cushman, M.3
  • 155
    • 85028515207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of cholesterol in 2017
    • Krumholz, H.M., Treatment of cholesterol in 2017. JAMA 318 (2017), 417–418.
    • (2017) JAMA , vol.318 , pp. 417-418
    • Krumholz, H.M.1
  • 156
    • 84933073547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinician-patient risk discussion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: importance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines
    • Martin, S.S., Sperling, L.S., Blaha, M.J., et al. Clinician-patient risk discussion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: importance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1361–1368.
    • (2015) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.65 , pp. 1361-1368
    • Martin, S.S.1    Sperling, L.S.2    Blaha, M.J.3
  • 157
    • 80355145120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions
    • Stacey, D., Legare, F., Lewis, K., et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, 2017, CD001431.
    • (2017) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4 , pp. CD001431
    • Stacey, D.1    Legare, F.2    Lewis, K.3
  • 158
    • 84995961562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple disease-guided approach to personalize ACC/AHA-recommended statin allocation in elderly people: the BioImage study
    • Mortensen, M.B., Fuster, V., Muntendam, P., et al. A simple disease-guided approach to personalize ACC/AHA-recommended statin allocation in elderly people: the BioImage study. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 881–891.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 881-891
    • Mortensen, M.B.1    Fuster, V.2    Muntendam, P.3
  • 159
    • 84907331207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discrimination and net reclassification of cardiovascular risk with lipoprotein(a): prospective 15-year outcomes in the Bruneck Study
    • Willeit, P., Kiechl, S., Kronenberg, F., et al. Discrimination and net reclassification of cardiovascular risk with lipoprotein(a): prospective 15-year outcomes in the Bruneck Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 64 (2014), 851–860.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.64 , pp. 851-860
    • Willeit, P.1    Kiechl, S.2    Kronenberg, F.3
  • 160
    • 84943303318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of coronary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol management guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)
    • Nasir, K., Bittencourt, M.S., Blaha, M.J., et al. Implications of coronary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol management guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 66 (2015), 1657–1668.
    • (2015) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.66 , pp. 1657-1668
    • Nasir, K.1    Bittencourt, M.S.2    Blaha, M.J.3
  • 161
    • 84966501366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percent reduction in LDL cholesterol following high-intensity statin therapy: potential implications for guidelines and for the prescription of emerging lipid-lowering agents
    • Ridker, P.M., Mora, S., Rose, L., Percent reduction in LDL cholesterol following high-intensity statin therapy: potential implications for guidelines and for the prescription of emerging lipid-lowering agents. Eur Heart J 37 (2016), 1373–1379.
    • (2016) Eur Heart J , vol.37 , pp. 1373-1379
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Mora, S.2    Rose, L.3
  • 162
    • 85032262983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of coronary artery calcium score vs age with cardiovascular risk in older adults: an analysis of pooled population-based studies
    • Yano, Y., O'Donnell, C.J., Kuller, L., et al. Association of coronary artery calcium score vs age with cardiovascular risk in older adults: an analysis of pooled population-based studies. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 986–994.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 986-994
    • Yano, Y.1    O'Donnell, C.J.2    Kuller, L.3
  • 163
    • 85040000105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium score for long-term risk classification in individuals with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • Malik, S., Zhao, Y., Budoff, M., et al. Coronary artery calcium score for long-term risk classification in individuals with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 1332–1340.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 1332-1340
    • Malik, S.1    Zhao, Y.2    Budoff, M.3
  • 164
    • 84900832381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The severe hypercholesterolemia phenotype: clinical diagnosis, management, and emerging therapies
    • Sniderman, A.D., Tsimikas, S., Fazio, S., The severe hypercholesterolemia phenotype: clinical diagnosis, management, and emerging therapies. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 1935–1947.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 1935-1947
    • Sniderman, A.D.1    Tsimikas, S.2    Fazio, S.3
  • 165
    • 79959694696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B as markers of cardiovascular risk
    • Sniderman, A.D., Williams, K., Contois, J.H., et al. A meta-analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B as markers of cardiovascular risk. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 4 (2011), 337–345.
    • (2011) Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes , vol.4 , pp. 337-345
    • Sniderman, A.D.1    Williams, K.2    Contois, J.H.3
  • 166
    • 85050628286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)
    • Budoff, M.J., Young, R., Burke, G., et al. Ten-year association of coronary artery calcium with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Eur Heart J 39 (2018), 2401–2408.
    • (2018) Eur Heart J , vol.39 , pp. 2401-2408
    • Budoff, M.J.1    Young, R.2    Burke, G.3
  • 167
    • 84864832599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials
    • Mihaylova, B., Emberson, J., Blackwell, L., et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 380 (2012), 581–590.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , pp. 581-590
    • Mihaylova, B.1    Emberson, J.2    Blackwell, L.3
  • 168
    • 85027956925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
    • Miller, M., Stone, N.J., Ballantyne, C., et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123 (2011), 2292–2333.
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.123 , pp. 2292-2333
    • Miller, M.1    Stone, N.J.2    Ballantyne, C.3
  • 169
    • 8344246958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Follow-up lipid tests and physician visits are associated with improved adherence to statin therapy
    • Benner, J.S., Tierce, J.C., Ballantyne, C.M., et al. Follow-up lipid tests and physician visits are associated with improved adherence to statin therapy. Pharmacoeconomics 22:suppl 3 (2004), 13–23.
    • (2004) Pharmacoeconomics , vol.22 , pp. 13-23
    • Benner, J.S.1    Tierce, J.C.2    Ballantyne, C.M.3
  • 170
    • 85027956925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
    • Miller, M., Stone, N.J., Ballantyne, C., et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123 (2011), 2292–2333.
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.123 , pp. 2292-2333
    • Miller, M.1    Stone, N.J.2    Ballantyne, C.3
  • 171
    • 8344246958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Follow-up lipid tests and physician visits are associated with improved adherence to statin therapy
    • Benner, J.S., Tierce, J.C., Ballantyne, C.M., et al. Follow-up lipid tests and physician visits are associated with improved adherence to statin therapy. Pharmacoeconomics 22:suppl 3 (2004), 13–23.
    • (2004) Pharmacoeconomics , vol.22 , pp. 13-23
    • Benner, J.S.1    Tierce, J.C.2    Ballantyne, C.M.3
  • 172
    • 85050396447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Portfolio dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials
    • Chiavaroli, L., Nishi, S.K., Khan, T.A., et al. Portfolio dietary pattern and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 61 (2018), 43–53.
    • (2018) Prog Cardiovasc Dis , vol.61 , pp. 43-53
    • Chiavaroli, L.1    Nishi, S.K.2    Khan, T.A.3
  • 173
    • 77953006109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosuvastatin for primary prevention in older persons with elevated C-reactive protein and low to average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: exploratory analysis of a randomized trial
    • w174
    • Glynn, R.J., Koenig, W., Nordestgaard, B.G., et al. Rosuvastatin for primary prevention in older persons with elevated C-reactive protein and low to average low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels: exploratory analysis of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 152 (2010), 488–496 w174.
    • (2010) Ann Intern Med , vol.152 , pp. 488-496
    • Glynn, R.J.1    Koenig, W.2    Nordestgaard, B.G.3
  • 174
    • 56749106312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein
    • Ridker, P.M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F.A., et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 359 (2008), 2195–2207.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 2195-2207
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Danielson, E.2    Fonseca, F.A.3
  • 175
    • 85020412414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention with statin therapy in the elderly: new meta-analyses from the Contemporary JUPITER and HOPE-3 Randomized Trials
    • Ridker, P.M., Lonn, E., Paynter, N.P., et al. Primary prevention with statin therapy in the elderly: new meta-analyses from the Contemporary JUPITER and HOPE-3 Randomized Trials. Circulation 135 (2017), 1979–1981.
    • (2017) Circulation , vol.135 , pp. 1979-1981
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Lonn, E.2    Paynter, N.P.3
  • 176
    • 84964346181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease
    • Yusuf, S., Bosch, J., Dagenais, G., et al. Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 2021–2031.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.374 , pp. 2021-2031
    • Yusuf, S.1    Bosch, J.2    Dagenais, G.3
  • 177
    • 85029329248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in older men
    • Orkaby, A.R., Gaziano, J.M., Djousse, L., et al. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events and mortality in older men. J Am Geriatr Soc 65 (2017), 2362–2368.
    • (2017) J Am Geriatr Soc , vol.65 , pp. 2362-2368
    • Orkaby, A.R.1    Gaziano, J.M.2    Djousse, L.3
  • 178
    • 84864832599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials
    • Mihaylova, B., Emberson, J., Blackwell, L., et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 380 (2012), 581–590.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , pp. 581-590
    • Mihaylova, B.1    Emberson, J.2    Blackwell, L.3
  • 179
    • 84888357522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefits of statins in elderly subjects without established cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis
    • Savarese, G., Gotto, A.M. Jr, Paolillo, S., et al. Benefits of statins in elderly subjects without established cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (2013), 2090–2099.
    • (2013) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.62 , pp. 2090-2099
    • Savarese, G.1    Gotto, A.M.2    Paolillo, S.3
  • 180
    • 84940450702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly patients: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Teng, M., Lin, L., Zhao, Y.J., et al. Statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in elderly patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drugs Aging 32 (2015), 649–661.
    • (2015) Drugs Aging , vol.32 , pp. 649-661
    • Teng, M.1    Lin, L.2    Zhao, Y.J.3
  • 181
    • 84926376868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial
    • Kutner, J.S., Blatchford, P.J., Taylor, D.H. Jr, et al. Safety and benefit of discontinuing statin therapy in the setting of advanced, life-limiting illness: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 175 (2015), 691–700.
    • (2015) JAMA Intern Med , vol.175 , pp. 691-700
    • Kutner, J.S.1    Blatchford, P.J.2    Taylor, D.H.3
  • 182
    • 84994482693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines
    • Mahabadi, A.A., Mohlenkamp, S., Lehmann, N., et al. CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 10 (2017), 143–153.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.10 , pp. 143-153
    • Mahabadi, A.A.1    Mohlenkamp, S.2    Lehmann, N.3
  • 183
    • 84995961562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple disease-guided approach to personalize ACC/AHA-recommended statin allocation in elderly people: the BioImage study
    • Mortensen, M.B., Fuster, V., Muntendam, P., et al. A simple disease-guided approach to personalize ACC/AHA-recommended statin allocation in elderly people: the BioImage study. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 881–891.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 881-891
    • Mortensen, M.B.1    Fuster, V.2    Muntendam, P.3
  • 184
    • 71149088358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of two diets of varying glycemic index on carotid subclinical atherosclerosis in obese children
    • Iannuzzi, A., Licenziati, M.R., Vacca, M., et al. Comparison of two diets of varying glycemic index on carotid subclinical atherosclerosis in obese children. Heart Vessels 24 (2009), 419–424.
    • (2009) Heart Vessels , vol.24 , pp. 419-424
    • Iannuzzi, A.1    Licenziati, M.R.2    Vacca, M.3
  • 185
    • 70450179599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an exercise intervention using Dance Dance Revolution on endothelial function and other risk factors in overweight children
    • Murphy, E.C., Carson, L., Neal, W., et al. Effects of an exercise intervention using Dance Dance Revolution on endothelial function and other risk factors in overweight children. Int J Pediatr Obes 4 (2009), 205–214.
    • (2009) Int J Pediatr Obes , vol.4 , pp. 205-214
    • Murphy, E.C.1    Carson, L.2    Neal, W.3
  • 186
    • 84896362776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined dyslipidemia in obese children: response to a focused lifestyle approach
    • Pratt, R.E., Kavey, R.E., Quinzi, D., Combined dyslipidemia in obese children: response to a focused lifestyle approach. J Clin Lipidol 8 (2014), 181–186.
    • (2014) J Clin Lipidol , vol.8 , pp. 181-186
    • Pratt, R.E.1    Kavey, R.E.2    Quinzi, D.3
  • 187
    • 84942606908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Providing food to treat adolescents at risk for cardiovascular disease
    • de Ferranti, S.D., Milliren, C.E., Denhoff, E.R., et al. Providing food to treat adolescents at risk for cardiovascular disease. Obesity (Silver Spring) 23 (2015), 2109–2117.
    • (2015) Obesity (Silver Spring) , vol.23 , pp. 2109-2117
    • de Ferranti, S.D.1    Milliren, C.E.2    Denhoff, E.R.3
  • 188
    • 34548256346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of repeated dietary counseling between infancy and 14 years of age on dietary intakes and serum lipids and lipoproteins: the STRIP study
    • Niinikoski, H., Lagstrom, H., Jokinen, E., et al. Impact of repeated dietary counseling between infancy and 14 years of age on dietary intakes and serum lipids and lipoproteins: the STRIP study. Circulation 116 (2007), 1032–1040.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.116 , pp. 1032-1040
    • Niinikoski, H.1    Lagstrom, H.2    Jokinen, E.3
  • 189
    • 17744362078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term safety and efficacy of a cholesterol-lowering diet in children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: seven-year results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC)
    • Obarzanek, E., Kimm, S.Y., Barton, B.A., et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a cholesterol-lowering diet in children with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: seven-year results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC). Pediatrics 107 (2001), 256–264.
    • (2001) Pediatrics , vol.107 , pp. 256-264
    • Obarzanek, E.1    Kimm, S.Y.2    Barton, B.A.3
  • 190
    • 83155187247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent diet and metabolic syndrome in young women: results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) follow-up study
    • Dorgan, J.F., Liu, L., Barton, B.A., et al. Adolescent diet and metabolic syndrome in young women: results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC) follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96 (2011), E1999–E2008.
    • (2011) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.96 , pp. E1999-E2008
    • Dorgan, J.F.1    Liu, L.2    Barton, B.A.3
  • 191
    • 84881493417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Flaxseed in pediatric hyperlipidemia: a placebo-controlled, blinded, randomized clinical trial of dietary flaxseed supplementation for children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia
    • Wong, H., Chahal, N., Manlhiot, C., et al. Flaxseed in pediatric hyperlipidemia: a placebo-controlled, blinded, randomized clinical trial of dietary flaxseed supplementation for children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia. JAMA Pediatr 167 (2013), 708–713.
    • (2013) JAMA Pediatr , vol.167 , pp. 708-713
    • Wong, H.1    Chahal, N.2    Manlhiot, C.3
  • 192
    • 84994131559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adolescent dyslipidemia and standardized lifestyle modification: benchmarking real-world practice
    • Zachariah, J.P., Chan, J., Mendelson, M.M., et al. Adolescent dyslipidemia and standardized lifestyle modification: benchmarking real-world practice. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 2122–2123.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 2122-2123
    • Zachariah, J.P.1    Chan, J.2    Mendelson, M.M.3
  • 193
    • 84979986244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary counseling is associated with an improved lipid profile in children with familial hypercholesterolemia
    • Torvik, K., Narverud, I., Ottestad, I., et al. Dietary counseling is associated with an improved lipid profile in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 252 (2016), 21–27.
    • (2016) Atherosclerosis , vol.252 , pp. 21-27
    • Torvik, K.1    Narverud, I.2    Ottestad, I.3
  • 194
    • 0026674546 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents
    • Koletzko, B., Kupke, I., Wendel, U., Treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents. Acta Paediatr 81 (1992), 682–685.
    • (1992) Acta Paediatr , vol.81 , pp. 682-685
    • Koletzko, B.1    Kupke, I.2    Wendel, U.3
  • 195
    • 0031940599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One-year follow-up of nutrition education for hypercholesterolemic children
    • Tershakovec, A.M., Shannon, B.M., Achterberg, C.L., et al. One-year follow-up of nutrition education for hypercholesterolemic children. Am J Public Health 88 (1998), 258–261.
    • (1998) Am J Public Health , vol.88 , pp. 258-261
    • Tershakovec, A.M.1    Shannon, B.M.2    Achterberg, C.L.3
  • 196
    • 84930180268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe monotherapy in children with heterozygous familial or nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia
    • e1-3
    • Kusters, D.M., Caceres, M., Coll, M., et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe monotherapy in children with heterozygous familial or nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr 166 (2015), 1377–1384 e1-3.
    • (2015) J Pediatr , vol.166 , pp. 1377-1384
    • Kusters, D.M.1    Caceres, M.2    Coll, M.3
  • 197
    • 67651068268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ezetimibe as monotherapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents
    • Yeste, D., Chacon, P., Clemente, M., et al. Ezetimibe as monotherapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 22 (2009), 487–492.
    • (2009) J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab , vol.22 , pp. 487-492
    • Yeste, D.1    Chacon, P.2    Clemente, M.3
  • 198
    • 67349114289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ezetimibe treatment of pediatric patients with hypercholesterolemia
    • Clauss, S., Wai, K.M., Kavey, R.E., et al. Ezetimibe treatment of pediatric patients with hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr 154 (2009), 869–872.
    • (2009) J Pediatr , vol.154 , pp. 869-872
    • Clauss, S.1    Wai, K.M.2    Kavey, R.E.3
  • 199
    • 84983160245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of colesevelam in managing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in adolescents and children
    • Sonnett, T., Robinson, J., Milani, P., et al. Role of colesevelam in managing heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia in adolescents and children. Adolesc Health Med Ther 1 (2010), 53–60.
    • (2010) Adolesc Health Med Ther , vol.1 , pp. 53-60
    • Sonnett, T.1    Robinson, J.2    Milani, P.3
  • 200
    • 80054744511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Child-parent screening for familial hypercholesterolemia
    • Wald, D.S., Kasturiratne, A., Godoy, A., et al. Child-parent screening for familial hypercholesterolemia. J Pediatr 159 (2011), 865–867.
    • (2011) J Pediatr , vol.159 , pp. 865-867
    • Wald, D.S.1    Kasturiratne, A.2    Godoy, A.3
  • 201
    • 84992726174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Child-parent familial hypercholesterolemia screening in primary care
    • Wald, D.S., Bestwick, J.P., Morris, J.K., et al. Child-parent familial hypercholesterolemia screening in primary care. N Engl J Med 375 (2016), 1628–1637.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.375 , pp. 1628-1637
    • Wald, D.S.1    Bestwick, J.P.2    Morris, J.K.3
  • 202
    • 77955499943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Universal versus targeted blood cholesterol screening among youth: the CARDIAC project
    • Ritchie, S.K., Murphy, E.C., Ice, C., et al. Universal versus targeted blood cholesterol screening among youth: the CARDIAC project. Pediatrics 126 (2010), 260–265.
    • (2010) Pediatrics , vol.126 , pp. 260-265
    • Ritchie, S.K.1    Murphy, E.C.2    Ice, C.3
  • 203
    • 0025767301 scopus 로고
    • Screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia by measurement of apolipoproteins in capillary blood
    • Skovby, F., Micic, S., Jepsen, B., et al. Screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia by measurement of apolipoproteins in capillary blood. Arch Dis Child 66 (1991), 844–847.
    • (1991) Arch Dis Child , vol.66 , pp. 844-847
    • Skovby, F.1    Micic, S.2    Jepsen, B.3
  • 204
    • 0024342066 scopus 로고
    • Routine cholesterol surveillance in childhood
    • Garcia, R.E., Moodie, D.S., Routine cholesterol surveillance in childhood. Pediatrics 84 (1989), 751–755.
    • (1989) Pediatrics , vol.84 , pp. 751-755
    • Garcia, R.E.1    Moodie, D.S.2
  • 205
    • 84857619617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)
    • Ned, R.M., Sijbrands, E.J., Cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). PLoS Curr, 3, 2011, RRN1238.
    • (2011) PLoS Curr , vol.3 , pp. RRN1238
    • Ned, R.M.1    Sijbrands, E.J.2
  • 206
    • 84858311039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia
    • Bender, R., Bell, D.A., Hooper, A.J., et al. Screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia. Pathology 44 (2012), 122–128.
    • (2012) Pathology , vol.44 , pp. 122-128
    • Bender, R.1    Bell, D.A.2    Hooper, A.J.3
  • 207
    • 85067030805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (UK). Familial hypercholesterolaemia: identification and management. Available at: Accessed August 24.
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (UK). Familial hypercholesterolaemia: identification and management. Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG71. Accessed August 24, 2018.
    • (2018)
  • 208
    • 84924265457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of and trends in dyslipidemia and blood pressure among US children and adolescents, 1999-2012
    • Kit, B.K., Kuklina, E., Carroll, M.D., et al. Prevalence of and trends in dyslipidemia and blood pressure among US children and adolescents, 1999-2012. JAMA Pediatr 169 (2015), 272–279.
    • (2015) JAMA Pediatr , vol.169 , pp. 272-279
    • Kit, B.K.1    Kuklina, E.2    Carroll, M.D.3
  • 209
    • 84861879641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among US adolescents, 1999-2008
    • May, A.L., Kuklina, E.V., Yoon, P.W., Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among US adolescents, 1999-2008. Pediatrics 129 (2012), 1035–1041.
    • (2012) Pediatrics , vol.129 , pp. 1035-1041
    • May, A.L.1    Kuklina, E.V.2    Yoon, P.W.3
  • 210
    • 84981156416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid screening in childhood and adolescence for detection of multifactorial dyslipidemia: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force
    • Lozano, P., Henrikson, N.B., Morrison, C.C., et al. Lipid screening in childhood and adolescence for detection of multifactorial dyslipidemia: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 316 (2016), 634–644.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.316 , pp. 634-644
    • Lozano, P.1    Henrikson, N.B.2    Morrison, C.C.3
  • 211
    • 84949321606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The agenda for familial hypercholesterolemia: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
    • Gidding, S.S., Champagne, M.A., de Ferranti, S.D., et al. The agenda for familial hypercholesterolemia: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 132 (2015), 2167–2192.
    • (2015) Circulation , vol.132 , pp. 2167-2192
    • Gidding, S.S.1    Champagne, M.A.2    de Ferranti, S.D.3
  • 212
    • 84981250461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid screening in childhood and adolescence for detection of familial hypercholesterolemia: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force
    • Lozano, P., Henrikson, N.B., Dunn, J., et al. Lipid screening in childhood and adolescence for detection of familial hypercholesterolemia: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 316 (2016), 645–655.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.316 , pp. 645-655
    • Lozano, P.1    Henrikson, N.B.2    Dunn, J.3
  • 213
    • 85036555010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular health in African Americans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
    • Carnethon, M.R., Pu, J., Howard, G., et al. Cardiovascular health in African Americans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 136 (2017), e393–e423.
    • (2017) Circulation , vol.136 , pp. e393-e423
    • Carnethon, M.R.1    Pu, J.2    Howard, G.3
  • 214
    • 85020727990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiometabolic abnormalities among normal-weight persons from five racial/ethnic groups in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of two cohort studies
    • Gujral, U.P., Vittinghoff, E., Mongraw-Chaffin, M., et al. Cardiometabolic abnormalities among normal-weight persons from five racial/ethnic groups in the United States: a cross-sectional analysis of two cohort studies. Ann Intern Med 166 (2017), 628–636.
    • (2017) Ann Intern Med , vol.166 , pp. 628-636
    • Gujral, U.P.1    Vittinghoff, E.2    Mongraw-Chaffin, M.3
  • 215
    • 84939521026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of obesity and cardiovascular risk in ethnically and racially diverse populations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
    • Rao, G., Powell-Wiley, T.M., Ancheta, I., et al. Identification of obesity and cardiovascular risk in ethnically and racially diverse populations: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 132 (2015), 457–472.
    • (2015) Circulation , vol.132 , pp. 457-472
    • Rao, G.1    Powell-Wiley, T.M.2    Ancheta, I.3
  • 216
    • 84880830013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of stroke and coronary artery disease in Asia
    • Hata, J., Kiyohara, Y., Epidemiology of stroke and coronary artery disease in Asia. Circ J 77 (2013), 1923–1932.
    • (2013) Circ J , vol.77 , pp. 1923-1932
    • Hata, J.1    Kiyohara, Y.2
  • 217
    • 84877299845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment
    • Group H-TC. HPS2-THRIVE randomized placebo-controlled trial in 25 673 high-risk patients of ER niacin/laropiprant: trial design, pre-specified muscle and liver outcomes, and reasons for stopping study treatment. Eur Heart J 34 (2013), 1279–1291.
    • (2013) Eur Heart J , vol.34 , pp. 1279-1291
  • 218
    • 85015608880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing and refining myocardial infarction risk estimation among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: a study by the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems
    • Feinstein, M.J., Nance, R.M., Drozd, D.R., et al. Assessing and refining myocardial infarction risk estimation among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: a study by the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 155–162.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 155-162
    • Feinstein, M.J.1    Nance, R.M.2    Drozd, D.R.3
  • 219
    • 84909580647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Hispanic/Latino population: lessons from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
    • Daviglus, M.L., Pirzada, A., Talavera, G.A., Cardiovascular disease risk factors in the Hispanic/Latino population: lessons from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Prog Cardiovasc Dis 57 (2014), 230–236.
    • (2014) Prog Cardiovasc Dis , vol.57 , pp. 230-236
    • Daviglus, M.L.1    Pirzada, A.2    Talavera, G.A.3
  • 220
    • 85009860057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of low cardiovascular risk profile among diverse Hispanic/Latino adults in the United States by age, sex, and level of acculturation: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
    • Daviglus, M.L., Pirzada, A., Durazo-Arvizu, R., et al. Prevalence of low cardiovascular risk profile among diverse Hispanic/Latino adults in the United States by age, sex, and level of acculturation: the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. J Am Heart Assoc, 5, 2016, e003929.
    • (2016) J Am Heart Assoc , vol.5 , pp. e003929
    • Daviglus, M.L.1    Pirzada, A.2    Durazo-Arvizu, R.3
  • 221
    • 84959492376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular health among diverse Hispanics/Latinos: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) results
    • Gonzalez, H.M., Tarraf, W., Rodriguez, C.J., et al. Cardiovascular health among diverse Hispanics/Latinos: Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) results. Am Heart J 176 (2016), 134–144.
    • (2016) Am Heart J , vol.176 , pp. 134-144
    • Gonzalez, H.M.1    Tarraf, W.2    Rodriguez, C.J.3
  • 222
    • 85019385350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Class I guidelines for the treatment of cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk: implications for US Hispanics/Latinos based on findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
    • Qureshi, W.T., Kaplan, R.C., Swett, K., et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Class I guidelines for the treatment of cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk: implications for US Hispanics/Latinos based on findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). J Am Heart Assoc, 6, 2017, e005045.
    • (2017) J Am Heart Assoc , vol.6 , pp. e005045
    • Qureshi, W.T.1    Kaplan, R.C.2    Swett, K.3
  • 223
    • 84909632497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Challenges in preventing heart disease in hispanics: early lessons learned from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
    • Schneiderman, N., Chirinos, D.A., Aviles-Santa, M.L., et al. Challenges in preventing heart disease in hispanics: early lessons learned from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). Prog Cardiovasc Dis 57 (2014), 253–261.
    • (2014) Prog Cardiovasc Dis , vol.57 , pp. 253-261
    • Schneiderman, N.1    Chirinos, D.A.2    Aviles-Santa, M.L.3
  • 224
    • 84898618027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic review of health disparities for cardiovascular diseases and associated factors among American Indian and Alaska Native populations
    • Hutchinson, R.N., Shin, S., Systematic review of health disparities for cardiovascular diseases and associated factors among American Indian and Alaska Native populations. PLoS One, 9, 2014, e80973.
    • (2014) PLoS One , vol.9 , pp. e80973
    • Hutchinson, R.N.1    Shin, S.2
  • 225
    • 85058868284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
    • Volgman, A.S., Palaniappan, L.S., Aggarwal, N.T., et al. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians in the United States: epidemiology, risk factors, and treatments: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 138 (2018), e1–e34.
    • (2018) Circulation , vol.138 , pp. e1-e34
    • Volgman, A.S.1    Palaniappan, L.S.2    Aggarwal, N.T.3
  • 226
    • 84954289580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic diversity and association studies in US Hispanic/Latino populations: applications in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
    • Conomos, M.P., Laurie, C.A., Stilp, A.M., et al. Genetic diversity and association studies in US Hispanic/Latino populations: applications in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Am J Hum Genet 98 (2016), 165–184.
    • (2016) Am J Hum Genet , vol.98 , pp. 165-184
    • Conomos, M.P.1    Laurie, C.A.2    Stilp, A.M.3
  • 227
    • 84893240499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Racial/ethnic differences in dyslipidemia patterns
    • Frank, A.T., Zhao, B., Jose, P.O., et al. Racial/ethnic differences in dyslipidemia patterns. Circulation 129 (2014), 570–579.
    • (2014) Circulation , vol.129 , pp. 570-579
    • Frank, A.T.1    Zhao, B.2    Jose, P.O.3
  • 228
    • 84928818233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dyslipidemia in special ethnic populations
    • Pu, J., Romanelli, R., Zhao, B., et al. Dyslipidemia in special ethnic populations. Cardiol Clin 33 (2015), 325–333.
    • (2015) Cardiol Clin , vol.33 , pp. 325-333
    • Pu, J.1    Romanelli, R.2    Zhao, B.3
  • 229
    • 84940188267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using decomposition analysis to identify modifiable racial disparities in the distribution of blood pressure in the United States
    • Basu, S., Hong, A., Siddiqi, A., Using decomposition analysis to identify modifiable racial disparities in the distribution of blood pressure in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 182 (2015), 345–353.
    • (2015) Am J Epidemiol , vol.182 , pp. 345-353
    • Basu, S.1    Hong, A.2    Siddiqi, A.3
  • 230
    • 77955839370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome based on a harmonious definition among adults in the US
    • Ford, E.S., Li, C., Zhao, G., Prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome based on a harmonious definition among adults in the US. J Diabetes 2 (2010), 180–193.
    • (2010) J Diabetes , vol.2 , pp. 180-193
    • Ford, E.S.1    Li, C.2    Zhao, G.3
  • 231
    • 84875685376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes in South Asians: similarities and differences with white Caucasian and other populations
    • Gujral, U.P., Pradeepa, R., Weber, M.B., et al. Type 2 diabetes in South Asians: similarities and differences with white Caucasian and other populations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1281 (2013), 51–63.
    • (2013) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1281 , pp. 51-63
    • Gujral, U.P.1    Pradeepa, R.2    Weber, M.B.3
  • 232
    • 84875641584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type 2 diabetes in East Asians: similarities and differences with populations in Europe and the United States
    • Ma, R.C., Chan, J.C., Type 2 diabetes in East Asians: similarities and differences with populations in Europe and the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1281 (2013), 64–91.
    • (2013) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.1281 , pp. 64-91
    • Ma, R.C.1    Chan, J.C.2
  • 233
    • 84941702063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012
    • Menke, A., Casagrande, S., Geiss, L., et al. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012. JAMA 314 (2015), 1021–1029.
    • (2015) JAMA , vol.314 , pp. 1021-1029
    • Menke, A.1    Casagrande, S.2    Geiss, L.3
  • 234
    • 85016293425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk score overestimation: the impact of individual cardiovascular risk factors and preventive therapies on the performance of the American Heart Association-American College of Cardiology-Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease risk score in a modern multi-ethnic cohort
    • DeFilippis, A.P., Young, R., McEvoy, J.W., et al. Risk score overestimation: the impact of individual cardiovascular risk factors and preventive therapies on the performance of the American Heart Association-American College of Cardiology-Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease risk score in a modern multi-ethnic cohort. Eur Heart J 38 (2017), 598–608.
    • (2017) Eur Heart J , vol.38 , pp. 598-608
    • DeFilippis, A.P.1    Young, R.2    McEvoy, J.W.3
  • 235
    • 84903165096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • Goff, D.C. Jr, Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Bennett, G., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2935–2959.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2935-2959
    • Goff, D.C.1    Lloyd-Jones, D.M.2    Bennett, G.3
  • 236
    • 84898766195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Pooled Cohort risk equations
    • Muntner, P., Colantonio, L.D., Cushman, M., et al. Validation of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Pooled Cohort risk equations. JAMA 311 (2014), 1406–1415.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , pp. 1406-1415
    • Muntner, P.1    Colantonio, L.D.2    Cushman, M.3
  • 237
    • 84966539919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accuracy of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk equation in a large contemporary, multiethnic population
    • Rana, J.S., Tabada, G.H., Solomon, M.D., et al. Accuracy of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk equation in a large contemporary, multiethnic population. J Am Coll Cardiol 67 (2016), 2118–2130.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.67 , pp. 2118-2130
    • Rana, J.S.1    Tabada, G.H.2    Solomon, M.D.3
  • 238
    • 84928026393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of 10-year and lifetime predicted cardiovascular disease risk with subclinical atherosclerosis in South Asians: findings from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study
    • Kandula, N.R., Kanaya, A.M., Liu, K., et al. Association of 10-year and lifetime predicted cardiovascular disease risk with subclinical atherosclerosis in South Asians: findings from the Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) study. J Am Heart Assoc, 3, 2014, e001117.
    • (2014) J Am Heart Assoc , vol.3 , pp. e001117
    • Kandula, N.R.1    Kanaya, A.M.2    Liu, K.3
  • 239
    • 84930902326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and burden of newly detected coronary artery calcium: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • 337–344 e1
    • Alluri, K., McEvoy, J.W., Dardari, Z.A., et al. Distribution and burden of newly detected coronary artery calcium: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr, 9, 2015 337–344 e1.
    • (2015) J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr , vol.9
    • Alluri, K.1    McEvoy, J.W.2    Dardari, Z.A.3
  • 240
    • 85016281259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline versus 2004 NCEP ATP III guideline in the prediction of coronary artery calcification progression in a Korean population
    • Cho, Y.K., Jung, C.H., Kang, Y.M., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline versus 2004 NCEP ATP III guideline in the prediction of coronary artery calcification progression in a Korean population. J Am Heart Assoc, 5, 2016, e003410.
    • (2016) J Am Heart Assoc , vol.5 , pp. e003410
    • Cho, Y.K.1    Jung, C.H.2    Kang, Y.M.3
  • 241
    • 39449111592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic differences in the relationship of carotid atherosclerosis to coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • Manolio, T.A., Arnold, A.M., Post, W., et al. Ethnic differences in the relationship of carotid atherosclerosis to coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 197 (2008), 132–138.
    • (2008) Atherosclerosis , vol.197 , pp. 132-138
    • Manolio, T.A.1    Arnold, A.M.2    Post, W.3
  • 242
    • 84992143280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcification
    • Osawa, K., Nakanishi, R., Budoff, M., Coronary artery calcification. Glob Heart 11 (2016), 287–293.
    • (2016) Glob Heart , vol.11 , pp. 287-293
    • Osawa, K.1    Nakanishi, R.2    Budoff, M.3
  • 243
    • 84897940437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing coronary artery calcium among U.S. South Asians with four racial/ethnic groups: the MASALA and MESA studies
    • Kanaya, A.M., Kandula, N.R., Ewing, S.K., et al. Comparing coronary artery calcium among U.S. South Asians with four racial/ethnic groups: the MASALA and MESA studies. Atherosclerosis 234 (2014), 102–107.
    • (2014) Atherosclerosis , vol.234 , pp. 102-107
    • Kanaya, A.M.1    Kandula, N.R.2    Ewing, S.K.3
  • 244
    • 85049732273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary calcium score and cardiovascular risk
    • Greenland, P., Blaha, M.J., Budoff, M.J., et al. Coronary calcium score and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 72 (2018), 434–447.
    • (2018) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.72 , pp. 434-447
    • Greenland, P.1    Blaha, M.J.2    Budoff, M.J.3
  • 245
    • 33748952489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial
    • Nakamura, H., Arakawa, K., Itakura, H., et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 368 (2006), 1155–1163.
    • (2006) Lancet , vol.368 , pp. 1155-1163
    • Nakamura, H.1    Arakawa, K.2    Itakura, H.3
  • 246
    • 85067067976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does high-intensity pitavastatin therapy further improve clinical outcomes? The REAL-CAD study in 13,054 patients with stable coronary artery disease
    • Kimura, T., Inoue, T., Taguchi, I., et al. Does high-intensity pitavastatin therapy further improve clinical outcomes? The REAL-CAD study in 13,054 patients with stable coronary artery disease. Circulation, 136, 2017, e450.
    • (2017) Circulation , vol.136 , pp. e450
    • Kimura, T.1    Inoue, T.2    Taguchi, I.3
  • 247
    • 84925518081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics in Caucasian and Asian subjects residing in the United States
    • Birmingham, B.K., Bujac, S.R., Elsby, R., et al. Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics in Caucasian and Asian subjects residing in the United States. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 71 (2015), 329–340.
    • (2015) Eur J Clin Pharmacol , vol.71 , pp. 329-340
    • Birmingham, B.K.1    Bujac, S.R.2    Elsby, R.3
  • 248
    • 25844458977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics in white and Asian subjects residing in the same environment
    • Lee, E., Ryan, S., Birmingham, B., et al. Rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics in white and Asian subjects residing in the same environment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78 (2005), 330–341.
    • (2005) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.78 , pp. 330-341
    • Lee, E.1    Ryan, S.2    Birmingham, B.3
  • 249
    • 33846464226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of statins in Asians
    • Liao, J.K., Safety and efficacy of statins in Asians. Am J Cardiol 99 (2007), 410–414.
    • (2007) Am J Cardiol , vol.99 , pp. 410-414
    • Liao, J.K.1
  • 250
    • 33748060192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in Hispanic-Americans with hypercholesterolemia (from the STARSHIP trial)
    • Lloret, R., Ycas, J., Stein, M., et al. Comparison of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in Hispanic-Americans with hypercholesterolemia (from the STARSHIP trial). Am J Cardiol 98 (2006), 768–773.
    • (2006) Am J Cardiol , vol.98 , pp. 768-773
    • Lloret, R.1    Ycas, J.2    Stein, M.3
  • 251
    • 84983527712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creatine kinase in the U.S. population: Impact of demographics, comorbidities, and body composition on the normal range
    • George, M.D., McGill, N.K., Baker, J.F., Creatine kinase in the U.S. population: Impact of demographics, comorbidities, and body composition on the normal range. Medicine (Baltimore), 95, 2016, e4344.
    • (2016) Medicine (Baltimore) , vol.95 , pp. e4344
    • George, M.D.1    McGill, N.K.2    Baker, J.F.3
  • 252
    • 84902576469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • Stone, N.J., Robinson, J.G., Lichtenstein, A.H., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2889–2934.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2889-2934
    • Stone, N.J.1    Robinson, J.G.2    Lichtenstein, A.H.3
  • 253
    • 0029838433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies
    • Hokanson, J.E., Austin, M.A., Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk 3 (1996), 213–219.
    • (1996) J Cardiovasc Risk , vol.3 , pp. 213-219
    • Hokanson, J.E.1    Austin, M.A.2
  • 254
    • 34447511196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women
    • Nordestgaard, B.G., Benn, M., Schnohr, P., et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA 298 (2007), 299–308.
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.298 , pp. 299-308
    • Nordestgaard, B.G.1    Benn, M.2    Schnohr, P.3
  • 255
    • 56149115017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population
    • Freiberg, J.J., Tybjaerg-Hansen, A., Jensen, J.S., et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of ischemic stroke in the general population. JAMA 300 (2008), 2142–2152.
    • (2008) JAMA , vol.300 , pp. 2142-2152
    • Freiberg, J.J.1    Tybjaerg-Hansen, A.2    Jensen, J.S.3
  • 256
    • 84960834625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A VOYAGER meta-analysis of the impact of statin therapy on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with hypertriglyceridemia
    • Karlson, B.W., Palmer, M.K., Nicholls, S.J., et al. A VOYAGER meta-analysis of the impact of statin therapy on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Am J Cardiol 117 (2016), 1444–1448.
    • (2016) Am J Cardiol , vol.117 , pp. 1444-1448
    • Karlson, B.W.1    Palmer, M.K.2    Nicholls, S.J.3
  • 257
    • 84864832599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials
    • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists C Mihaylova, B., Emberson, J., et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 380 (2012), 581–590.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , pp. 581-590
    • Mihaylova, B.1    Emberson, J.2
  • 258
    • 84866710938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and economic benefits observed when follow-up triglyceride levels are less than 500 mg/dL in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia
    • Christian, J.B., Arondekar, B., Buysman, E.K., et al. Clinical and economic benefits observed when follow-up triglyceride levels are less than 500 mg/dL in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol 6 (2012), 450–461.
    • (2012) J Clin Lipidol , vol.6 , pp. 450-461
    • Christian, J.B.1    Arondekar, B.2    Buysman, E.K.3
  • 259
    • 0023679756 scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, lowers cholesterol saturation index of gallbladder bile
    • Duane, W.C., Hunninghake, D.B., Freeman, M.L., et al. Simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, lowers cholesterol saturation index of gallbladder bile. Hepatology 8 (1988), 1147–1150.
    • (1988) Hepatology , vol.8 , pp. 1147-1150
    • Duane, W.C.1    Hunninghake, D.B.2    Freeman, M.L.3
  • 260
    • 84938206373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical nutrition therapy is the essential cornerstone for effective treatment of “refractory” severe hypertriglyceridemia regardless of pharmaceutical treatment: Evidence from a Lipid Management Program
    • Rhodes, K.S., Weintraub, M., Marchlewicz, E.H., et al. Medical nutrition therapy is the essential cornerstone for effective treatment of “refractory” severe hypertriglyceridemia regardless of pharmaceutical treatment: Evidence from a Lipid Management Program. J Clin Lipidol 9 (2015), 559–567.
    • (2015) J Clin Lipidol , vol.9 , pp. 559-567
    • Rhodes, K.S.1    Weintraub, M.2    Marchlewicz, E.H.3
  • 261
    • 84977608896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies and methods to study female-specific cardiovascular health and disease: a guide for clinical scientists
    • Ouyang, P., Wenger, N.K., Taylor, D., et al. Strategies and methods to study female-specific cardiovascular health and disease: a guide for clinical scientists. Biol Sex Differ, 7, 2016, 19.
    • (2016) Biol Sex Differ , vol.7 , pp. 19
    • Ouyang, P.1    Wenger, N.K.2    Taylor, D.3
  • 262
    • 85029682834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and the risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease
    • Grandi, S.M., Vallee-Pouliot, K., Reynier, P., et al. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and the risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 31 (2017), 412–421.
    • (2017) Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol , vol.31 , pp. 412-421
    • Grandi, S.M.1    Vallee-Pouliot, K.2    Reynier, P.3
  • 263
    • 85025458417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • History of gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors in US women
    • Shostrom, D.C.V., Sun, Y., Oleson, J.J., et al. History of gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors in US women. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 8, 2017, 144.
    • (2017) Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) , vol.8 , pp. 144
    • Shostrom, D.C.V.1    Sun, Y.2    Oleson, J.J.3
  • 264
    • 37349063413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preterm delivery and later maternal cardiovascular disease risk
    • Catov, J.M., Newman, A.B., Roberts, J.M., et al. Preterm delivery and later maternal cardiovascular disease risk. Epidemiology 18 (2007), 733–739.
    • (2007) Epidemiology , vol.18 , pp. 733-739
    • Catov, J.M.1    Newman, A.B.2    Roberts, J.M.3
  • 265
    • 85013645279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of age at onset of menopause and time since onset of menopause with cardiovascular outcomes, intermediate vascular traits, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Muka, T., Oliver-Williams, C., Kunutsor, S., et al. Association of age at onset of menopause and time since onset of menopause with cardiovascular outcomes, intermediate vascular traits, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol 1 (2016), 767–776.
    • (2016) JAMA Cardiol , vol.1 , pp. 767-776
    • Muka, T.1    Oliver-Williams, C.2    Kunutsor, S.3
  • 266
    • 84953279187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular disease risk in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Roeters van Lennep, J.E., Heida, K.Y., Bots, M.L., et al. Cardiovascular disease risk in women with premature ovarian insufficiency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol 23 (2016), 178–186.
    • (2016) Eur J Prev Cardiol , vol.23 , pp. 178-186
    • Roeters van Lennep, J.E.1    Heida, K.Y.2    Bots, M.L.3
  • 267
    • 1842714901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central nervous system and limb anomalies in case reports of first-trimester statin exposure
    • Edison, R.J., Muenke, M., Central nervous system and limb anomalies in case reports of first-trimester statin exposure. N Engl J Med 350 (2004), 1579–1582.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 1579-1582
    • Edison, R.J.1    Muenke, M.2
  • 268
    • 34548640412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of congenital anomalies in pregnant users of statin drugs
    • Ofori, B., Rey, E., Berard, A., Risk of congenital anomalies in pregnant users of statin drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 64 (2007), 496–509.
    • (2007) Br J Clin Pharmacol , vol.64 , pp. 496-509
    • Ofori, B.1    Rey, E.2    Berard, A.3
  • 269
    • 53449102830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prenatal exposure to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: effects on fetal and neonatal outcomes
    • Taguchi, N., Rubin, E.T., Hosokawa, A., et al. Prenatal exposure to HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: effects on fetal and neonatal outcomes. Reprod Toxicol 26 (2008), 175–177.
    • (2008) Reprod Toxicol , vol.26 , pp. 175-177
    • Taguchi, N.1    Rubin, E.T.2    Hosokawa, A.3
  • 270
    • 84873728092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pregnancy outcome following maternal exposure to statins: a multicentre prospective study
    • Winterfeld, U., Allignol, A., Panchaud, A., et al. Pregnancy outcome following maternal exposure to statins: a multicentre prospective study. BJOG 120 (2013), 463–471.
    • (2013) BJOG , vol.120 , pp. 463-471
    • Winterfeld, U.1    Allignol, A.2    Panchaud, A.3
  • 271
    • 84908070136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fetal safety of statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Zarek, J., Koren, G., The fetal safety of statins: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 36 (2014), 506–509.
    • (2014) J Obstet Gynaecol Can , vol.36 , pp. 506-509
    • Zarek, J.1    Koren, G.2
  • 272
    • 85012292661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins during pregnancy: a cohort study using the General Practice Research Database to investigate pregnancy loss
    • McGrogan, A., Snowball, J., Charlton, R.A., Statins during pregnancy: a cohort study using the General Practice Research Database to investigate pregnancy loss. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 26 (2017), 843–852.
    • (2017) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf , vol.26 , pp. 843-852
    • McGrogan, A.1    Snowball, J.2    Charlton, R.A.3
  • 273
    • 84979729781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cholesterol lowering with statin-based regimens: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised trials
    • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration Herrington, W., Emberson, J., et al. Impact of renal function on the effects of LDL cholesterol lowering with statin-based regimens: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 4 (2016), 829–839.
    • (2016) Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , vol.4 , pp. 829-839
    • Herrington, W.1    Emberson, J.2
  • 274
    • 79959746706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Baigent, C., Landray, M.J., Reith, C., et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 377 (2011), 2181–2192.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.377 , pp. 2181-2192
    • Baigent, C.1    Landray, M.J.2    Reith, C.3
  • 275
    • 63849163945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis
    • Fellstrom, B.C., Jardine, A.G., Schmieder, R.E., et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 360 (2009), 1395–1407.
    • (2009) N Engl J Med , vol.360 , pp. 1395-1407
    • Fellstrom, B.C.1    Jardine, A.G.2    Schmieder, R.E.3
  • 276
    • 22344458137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis
    • Wanner, C., Krane, V., Marz, W., et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 353 (2005), 238–248.
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , pp. 238-248
    • Wanner, C.1    Krane, V.2    Marz, W.3
  • 277
    • 84959486718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a more severe presentation of acute coronary syndrome and worse short-term outcome
    • Mantel, A., Holmqvist, M., Jernberg, T., et al. Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a more severe presentation of acute coronary syndrome and worse short-term outcome. Eur Heart J 36 (2015), 3413–3422.
    • (2015) Eur Heart J , vol.36 , pp. 3413-3422
    • Mantel, A.1    Holmqvist, M.2    Jernberg, T.3
  • 278
    • 33144455144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excess recurrent cardiac events in rheumatoid arthritis patients with acute coronary syndrome
    • Douglas, K.M., Pace, A.V., Treharne, G.J., et al. Excess recurrent cardiac events in rheumatoid arthritis patients with acute coronary syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 65 (2006), 348–353.
    • (2006) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.65 , pp. 348-353
    • Douglas, K.M.1    Pace, A.V.2    Treharne, G.J.3
  • 279
    • 79955829295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The risk of myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus: a Danish nationwide cohort study
    • Lindhardsen, J., Ahlehoff, O., Gislason, G.H., et al. The risk of myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes mellitus: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 70 (2011), 929–934.
    • (2011) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.70 , pp. 929-934
    • Lindhardsen, J.1    Ahlehoff, O.2    Gislason, G.H.3
  • 280
    • 57149096904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies
    • Avina-Zubieta, J.A., Choi, H.K., Sadatsafavi, M., et al. Risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Rheum 59 (2008), 1690–1697.
    • (2008) Arthritis Rheum , vol.59 , pp. 1690-1697
    • Avina-Zubieta, J.A.1    Choi, H.K.2    Sadatsafavi, M.3
  • 281
    • 0345832283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus—proposed guidelines for risk factor management
    • Wajed, J., Ahmad, Y., Durrington, P.N., et al. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus—proposed guidelines for risk factor management. Rheumatology (Oxford) 43 (2004), 7–12.
    • (2004) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.43 , pp. 7-12
    • Wajed, J.1    Ahmad, Y.2    Durrington, P.N.3
  • 282
    • 34248585897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Westerweel, P.E., Luyten, R.K., Koomans, H.A., et al. Premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 56 (2007), 1384–1396.
    • (2007) Arthritis Rheum , vol.56 , pp. 1384-1396
    • Westerweel, P.E.1    Luyten, R.K.2    Koomans, H.A.3
  • 283
    • 77951099590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: cohort study using the General Practice Research Database
    • Mehta, N.N., Azfar, R.S., Shin, D.B., et al. Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Eur Heart J 31 (2010), 1000–1006.
    • (2010) Eur Heart J , vol.31 , pp. 1000-1006
    • Mehta, N.N.1    Azfar, R.S.2    Shin, D.B.3
  • 284
    • 84990930990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality among persons with HIV in New York City, 2001-2012
    • Hanna, D.B., Ramaswamy, C., Kaplan, R.C., et al. Trends in cardiovascular disease mortality among persons with HIV in New York City, 2001-2012. Clin Infect Dis 63 (2016), 1122–1129.
    • (2016) Clin Infect Dis , vol.63 , pp. 1122-1129
    • Hanna, D.B.1    Ramaswamy, C.2    Kaplan, R.C.3
  • 285
    • 34250671221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease
    • Triant, V.A., Lee, H., Hadigan, C., et al. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 (2007), 2506–2512.
    • (2007) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.92 , pp. 2506-2512
    • Triant, V.A.1    Lee, H.2    Hadigan, C.3
  • 286
    • 85027490312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-1-associated atherosclerosis: unraveling the missing link
    • Kearns, A., Gordon, J., Burdo, T.H., et al. HIV-1-associated atherosclerosis: unraveling the missing link. J Am Coll Cardiol 69 (2017), 3084–3098.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.69 , pp. 3084-3098
    • Kearns, A.1    Gordon, J.2    Burdo, T.H.3
  • 287
    • 85035063519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes morbidity and all-cause mortality among diverse chronic inflammatory disorders
    • Dregan, A., Chowienczyk, P., Molokhia, M., Cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes morbidity and all-cause mortality among diverse chronic inflammatory disorders. Heart 103 (2017), 1867–1873.
    • (2017) Heart , vol.103 , pp. 1867-1873
    • Dregan, A.1    Chowienczyk, P.2    Molokhia, M.3
  • 288
    • 84954078274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus coinfection independently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-positive patients
    • Fernandez-Montero, J.V., Barreiro, P., de Mendoza, C., et al. Hepatitis C virus coinfection independently increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-positive patients. J Viral Hepat 23 (2016), 47–52.
    • (2016) J Viral Hepat , vol.23 , pp. 47-52
    • Fernandez-Montero, J.V.1    Barreiro, P.2    de Mendoza, C.3
  • 289
    • 79955570708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low frequency of primary lipid screening among medicare patients with rheumatoid arthritis
    • Bartels, C.M., Kind, A.J., Everett, C., et al. Low frequency of primary lipid screening among medicare patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 63 (2011), 1221–1230.
    • (2011) Arthritis Rheum , vol.63 , pp. 1221-1230
    • Bartels, C.M.1    Kind, A.J.2    Everett, C.3
  • 290
    • 77950325065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin use in rheumatoid arthritis in relation to actual cardiovascular risk: evidence for substantial undertreatment of lipid-associated cardiovascular risk?
    • Toms, T.E., Panoulas, V.F., Douglas, K.M., et al. Statin use in rheumatoid arthritis in relation to actual cardiovascular risk: evidence for substantial undertreatment of lipid-associated cardiovascular risk?. Ann Rheum Dis 69 (2010), 683–688.
    • (2010) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.69 , pp. 683-688
    • Toms, T.E.1    Panoulas, V.F.2    Douglas, K.M.3
  • 291
    • 0345064200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction
    • Friis-Moller, N., Sabin, C.A., Weber, R., et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 349 (2003), 1993–2003.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.349 , pp. 1993-2003
    • Friis-Moller, N.1    Sabin, C.A.2    Weber, R.3
  • 292
    • 85015608880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing and refining myocardial infarction risk estimation among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: a study by the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems
    • Feinstein, M.J., Nance, R.M., Drozd, D.R., et al. Assessing and refining myocardial infarction risk estimation among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: a study by the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 155–162.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 155-162
    • Feinstein, M.J.1    Nance, R.M.2    Drozd, D.R.3
  • 293
    • 84925667493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of four current risk algorithms in predicting cardiovascular events in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis
    • Arts, E.E., Popa, C., Den Broeder, A.A., et al. Performance of four current risk algorithms in predicting cardiovascular events in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 74 (2015), 668–674.
    • (2015) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.74 , pp. 668-674
    • Arts, E.E.1    Popa, C.2    Den Broeder, A.A.3
  • 294
    • 0034005969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are induced by protease inhibitors independent of changes in body composition in patients with HIV infection
    • Mulligan, K., Grunfeld, C., Tai, V.W., et al. Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance are induced by protease inhibitors independent of changes in body composition in patients with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 23 (2000), 35–43.
    • (2000) J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr , vol.23 , pp. 35-43
    • Mulligan, K.1    Grunfeld, C.2    Tai, V.W.3
  • 295
    • 34250856755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
    • Ledergerber, B., Furrer, H., Rickenbach, M., et al. Factors associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 45 (2007), 111–119.
    • (2007) Clin Infect Dis , vol.45 , pp. 111-119
    • Ledergerber, B.1    Furrer, H.2    Rickenbach, M.3
  • 296
    • 33947128649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study
    • Davis, J.M. 3rd, Maradit Kremers, H., Crowson, C.S., et al. Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 56 (2007), 820–830.
    • (2007) Arthritis Rheum , vol.56 , pp. 820-830
    • Davis, J.M.1    Maradit Kremers, H.2    Crowson, C.S.3
  • 297
    • 79951517914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipid paradox in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of serum lipid measures and systemic inflammation on the risk of cardiovascular disease
    • Myasoedova, E., Crowson, C.S., Kremers, H.M., et al. Lipid paradox in rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of serum lipid measures and systemic inflammation on the risk of cardiovascular disease. Ann Rheum Dis 70 (2011), 482–487.
    • (2011) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.70 , pp. 482-487
    • Myasoedova, E.1    Crowson, C.S.2    Kremers, H.M.3
  • 298
    • 84893779343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired serum cholesterol efflux capacity in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
    • Ronda, N., Favari, E., Borghi, M.O., et al. Impaired serum cholesterol efflux capacity in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 73 (2014), 609–615.
    • (2014) Ann Rheum Dis , vol.73 , pp. 609-615
    • Ronda, N.1    Favari, E.2    Borghi, M.O.3
  • 299
    • 84878606005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in lipoproteins associated with methotrexate or combination therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis trial
    • Navarro-Millan, I., Charles-Schoeman, C., Yang, S., et al. Changes in lipoproteins associated with methotrexate or combination therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: results from the treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis trial. Arthritis Rheum 65 (2013), 1430–1438.
    • (2013) Arthritis Rheum , vol.65 , pp. 1430-1438
    • Navarro-Millan, I.1    Charles-Schoeman, C.2    Yang, S.3
  • 300
    • 70249094944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
    • Taylor, F., Huffman, M.D., Macedo, A.F., et al. Statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013, CD004816.
    • (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , pp. CD004816
    • Taylor, F.1    Huffman, M.D.2    Macedo, A.F.3
  • 301
    • 84933073547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinician-patient risk discussion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: importance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines
    • Martin, S.S., Sperling, L.S., Blaha, M.J., et al. Clinician-patient risk discussion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: importance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1361–1368.
    • (2015) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.65 , pp. 1361-1368
    • Martin, S.S.1    Sperling, L.S.2    Blaha, M.J.3
  • 302
    • 84872093145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function
    • Parker, B.A., Capizzi, J.A., Grimaldi, A.S., et al. Effect of statins on skeletal muscle function. Circulation 127 (2013), 96–103.
    • (2013) Circulation , vol.127 , pp. 96-103
    • Parker, B.A.1    Capizzi, J.A.2    Grimaldi, A.S.3
  • 303
    • 85018989382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adverse events associated with unblinded, but not with blinded, statin therapy in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial and its non-randomised non-blind extension phase
    • Gupta, A., Thompson, D., Whitehouse, A., et al. Adverse events associated with unblinded, but not with blinded, statin therapy in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid-Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial and its non-randomised non-blind extension phase. Lancet 389 (2017), 2473–2481.
    • (2017) Lancet , vol.389 , pp. 2473-2481
    • Gupta, A.1    Thompson, D.2    Whitehouse, A.3
  • 304
    • 84964330289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of evolocumab vs ezetimibe in patients with muscle-related statin intolerance: the GAUSS-3 randomized clinical trial
    • Nissen, S.E., Stroes, E., Dent-Acosta, R.E., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of evolocumab vs ezetimibe in patients with muscle-related statin intolerance: the GAUSS-3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 315 (2016), 1580–1590.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.315 , pp. 1580-1590
    • Nissen, S.E.1    Stroes, E.2    Dent-Acosta, R.E.3
  • 305
    • 84947965019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of alirocumab vs ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients, with a statin rechallenge arm: the ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE randomized trial
    • Moriarty, P.M., Thompson, P.D., Cannon, C.P., et al. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab vs ezetimibe in statin-intolerant patients, with a statin rechallenge arm: the ODYSSEY ALTERNATIVE randomized trial. J Clin Lipidol 9 (2015), 758–769.
    • (2015) J Clin Lipidol , vol.9 , pp. 758-769
    • Moriarty, P.M.1    Thompson, P.D.2    Cannon, C.P.3
  • 306
    • 84895808601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • N-of-1 (single-patient) trials for statin-related myalgia
    • Joy, T.R., Monjed, A., Zou, G.Y., et al. N-of-1 (single-patient) trials for statin-related myalgia. Ann Intern Med 160 (2014), 301–310.
    • (2014) Ann Intern Med , vol.160 , pp. 301-310
    • Joy, T.R.1    Monjed, A.2    Zou, G.Y.3
  • 307
    • 84864861863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular benefits and diabetes risks of statin therapy in primary prevention: an analysis from the JUPITER trial
    • Ridker, P.M., Pradhan, A., MacFadyen, J.G., et al. Cardiovascular benefits and diabetes risks of statin therapy in primary prevention: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Lancet 380 (2012), 565–571.
    • (2012) Lancet , vol.380 , pp. 565-571
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Pradhan, A.2    MacFadyen, J.G.3
  • 308
    • 79959428660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis
    • Preiss, D., Seshasai, S.R., Welsh, P., et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA 305 (2011), 2556–2564.
    • (2011) JAMA , vol.305 , pp. 2556-2564
    • Preiss, D.1    Seshasai, S.R.2    Welsh, P.3
  • 309
    • 77549087054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials
    • Sattar, N., Preiss, D., Murray, H.M., et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomised statin trials. Lancet 375 (2010), 735–742.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.375 , pp. 735-742
    • Sattar, N.1    Preiss, D.2    Murray, H.M.3
  • 310
    • 84875850647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of impact of different types and doses of statins on new-onset diabetes mellitus
    • Navarese, E.P., Buffon, A., Andreotti, F., et al. Meta-analysis of impact of different types and doses of statins on new-onset diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 111 (2013), 1123–1130.
    • (2013) Am J Cardiol , vol.111 , pp. 1123-1130
    • Navarese, E.P.1    Buffon, A.2    Andreotti, F.3
  • 311
    • 0037034257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
    • Knowler, W.C., Barrett-Connor, E., Fowler, S.E., et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 346 (2002), 393–403.
    • (2002) N Engl J Med , vol.346 , pp. 393-403
    • Knowler, W.C.1    Barrett-Connor, E.2    Fowler, S.E.3
  • 312
    • 84927742065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management
    • Stroes, E.S., Thompson, P.D., Corsini, A., et al. Statin-associated muscle symptoms: impact on statin therapy-European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel Statement on Assessment, Aetiology and Management. Eur Heart J 36 (2015), 1012–1022.
    • (2015) Eur Heart J , vol.36 , pp. 1012-1022
    • Stroes, E.S.1    Thompson, P.D.2    Corsini, A.3
  • 314
    • 84902576469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • Stone, N.J., Robinson, J.G., Lichtenstein, A.H., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2889–2934.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2889-2934
    • Stone, N.J.1    Robinson, J.G.2    Lichtenstein, A.H.3
  • 315
    • 78649890465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study: a post-hoc analysis
    • Athyros, V.G., Tziomalos, K., Gossios, T.D., et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study: a post-hoc analysis. Lancet 376 (2010), 1916–1922.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1916-1922
    • Athyros, V.G.1    Tziomalos, K.2    Gossios, T.D.3
  • 316
    • 78650971903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atorvastatin and antioxidants for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the St Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial
    • Foster, T., Budoff, M.J., Saab, S., et al. Atorvastatin and antioxidants for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the St Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol 106 (2011), 71–77.
    • (2011) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.106 , pp. 71-77
    • Foster, T.1    Budoff, M.J.2    Saab, S.3
  • 317
    • 84886254094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on cardiovascular outcomes in coronary heart disease patients with mild-to-moderate baseline elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels
    • Tikkanen, M.J., Fayyad, R., Faergeman, O., et al. Effect of intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin on cardiovascular outcomes in coronary heart disease patients with mild-to-moderate baseline elevations in alanine aminotransferase levels. Int J Cardiol 168 (2013), 3846–3852.
    • (2013) Int J Cardiol , vol.168 , pp. 3846-3852
    • Tikkanen, M.J.1    Fayyad, R.2    Faergeman, O.3
  • 318
    • 84976361934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents
    • Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Morris, P.B., Ballantyne, C.M., et al. 2016 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of non-statin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 92–125.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 92-125
    • Lloyd-Jones, D.M.1    Morris, P.B.2    Ballantyne, C.M.3
  • 319
    • 84919935151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with confirmed statin myopathy
    • Taylor, B.A., Lorson, L., White, C.M., et al. A randomized trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with confirmed statin myopathy. Atherosclerosis 238 (2015), 329–335.
    • (2015) Atherosclerosis , vol.238 , pp. 329-335
    • Taylor, B.A.1    Lorson, L.2    White, C.M.3
  • 320
    • 84920471176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Banach, M., Serban, C., Sahebkar, A., et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Mayo Clin Proc 90 (2015), 24–34.
    • (2015) Mayo Clin Proc , vol.90 , pp. 24-34
    • Banach, M.1    Serban, C.2    Sahebkar, A.3
  • 321
    • 78449281377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials
    • Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Emberson, J., et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 376 (2010), 1670–1681.
    • (2010) Lancet , vol.376 , pp. 1670-1681
    • Baigent, C.1    Blackwell, L.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 322
    • 84989187956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy
    • Collins, R., Reith, C., Emberson, J., et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet 388 (2016), 2532–2561.
    • (2016) Lancet , vol.388 , pp. 2532-2561
    • Collins, R.1    Reith, C.2    Emberson, J.3
  • 323
    • 84964346181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease
    • Yusuf, S., Bosch, J., Dagenais, G., et al. Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 374 (2016), 2021–2031.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.374 , pp. 2021-2031
    • Yusuf, S.1    Bosch, J.2    Dagenais, G.3
  • 324
    • 32444444724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients—the PRIMO study
    • Bruckert, E., Hayem, G., Dejager, S., et al. Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients—the PRIMO study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 19 (2005), 403–414.
    • (2005) Cardiovasc Drugs Ther , vol.19 , pp. 403-414
    • Bruckert, E.1    Hayem, G.2    Dejager, S.3
  • 325
    • 84861747780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding Statin Use in America and Gaps in Patient Education (USAGE): an internet-based survey of 10,138 current and former statin users
    • Cohen, J.D., Brinton, E.A., Ito, M.K., et al. Understanding Statin Use in America and Gaps in Patient Education (USAGE): an internet-based survey of 10,138 current and former statin users. J Clin Lipidol 6 (2012), 208–215.
    • (2012) J Clin Lipidol , vol.6 , pp. 208-215
    • Cohen, J.D.1    Brinton, E.A.2    Ito, M.K.3
  • 326
    • 85015211149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin intolerance and risk of coronary heart events and all-cause mortality following myocardial infarction
    • Serban, M.C., Colantonio, L.D., Manthripragada, A.D., et al. Statin intolerance and risk of coronary heart events and all-cause mortality following myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 69 (2017), 1386–1395.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.69 , pp. 1386-1395
    • Serban, M.C.1    Colantonio, L.D.2    Manthripragada, A.D.3
  • 327
    • 85027453950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continued statin prescriptions after adverse reactions and patient outcomes: a cohort study
    • Zhang, H., Plutzky, J., Shubina, M., et al. Continued statin prescriptions after adverse reactions and patient outcomes: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 167 (2017), 221–227.
    • (2017) Ann Intern Med , vol.167 , pp. 221-227
    • Zhang, H.1    Plutzky, J.2    Shubina, M.3
  • 328
    • 84875727583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discontinuation of statins in routine care settings: a cohort study
    • Zhang, H., Plutzky, J., Skentzos, S., et al. Discontinuation of statins in routine care settings: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 158 (2013), 526–534.
    • (2013) Ann Intern Med , vol.158 , pp. 526-534
    • Zhang, H.1    Plutzky, J.2    Skentzos, S.3
  • 329
    • 0030746239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moderate dose, three-drug therapy with niacin, lovastatin, and colestipol to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dl in patients with hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease
    • Brown, B.G., Bardsley, J., Poulin, D., et al. Moderate dose, three-drug therapy with niacin, lovastatin, and colestipol to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dl in patients with hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 80 (1997), 111–115.
    • (1997) Am J Cardiol , vol.80 , pp. 111-115
    • Brown, B.G.1    Bardsley, J.2    Poulin, D.3
  • 330
    • 77950606908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing the detection and response to adherence problems with cardiovascular medication in primary care through computerized drug management systems: a randomized controlled trial
    • Tamblyn, R., Reidel, K., Huang, A., et al. Increasing the detection and response to adherence problems with cardiovascular medication in primary care through computerized drug management systems: a randomized controlled trial. Med Decis Making 30 (2010), 176–188.
    • (2010) Med Decis Making , vol.30 , pp. 176-188
    • Tamblyn, R.1    Reidel, K.2    Huang, A.3
  • 331
    • 84883392138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of a fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD: the UMPIRE randomized clinical trial
    • Thom, S., Poulter, N., Field, J., et al. Effects of a fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD: the UMPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 310 (2013), 918–929.
    • (2013) JAMA , vol.310 , pp. 918-929
    • Thom, S.1    Poulter, N.2    Field, J.3
  • 332
    • 16644393576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering medication
    • van Driel, M.L., Morledge, M.D., Ulep, R., et al. Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering medication. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12, 2016, CD004371.
    • (2016) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.12 , pp. CD004371
    • van Driel, M.L.1    Morledge, M.D.2    Ulep, R.3
  • 333
    • 85010877159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACC/AHA special report: clinical practice guideline implementation strategies: a summary of systematic reviews by the NHLBI Implementation Science Work Group: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
    • Chan, W.V., Pearson, T.A., Bennett, G.C., et al. ACC/AHA special report: clinical practice guideline implementation strategies: a summary of systematic reviews by the NHLBI Implementation Science Work Group: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 69 (2017), 1076–1092.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.69 , pp. 1076-1092
    • Chan, W.V.1    Pearson, T.A.2    Bennett, G.C.3
  • 334
    • 85115174459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barriers and strategies in guideline implementation-a scoping review
    • Fischer, F., Lange, K., Klose, K., et al. Barriers and strategies in guideline implementation-a scoping review. Healthcare (Basel), 4, 2016.
    • (2016) Healthcare (Basel) , vol.4
    • Fischer, F.1    Lange, K.2    Klose, K.3
  • 335
    • 85030694285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shared decision making interventions: theoretical and empirical evidence with implications for health literacy
    • Stacey, D., Hill, S., McCaffery, K., et al. Shared decision making interventions: theoretical and empirical evidence with implications for health literacy. Stud Health Technol Inform 240 (2017), 263–283.
    • (2017) Stud Health Technol Inform , vol.240 , pp. 263-283
    • Stacey, D.1    Hill, S.2    McCaffery, K.3
  • 336
    • 80355145120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions
    • Stacey, D., Legare, F., Lewis, K., et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, 2017, CD001431.
    • (2017) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4 , pp. CD001431
    • Stacey, D.1    Legare, F.2    Lewis, K.3
  • 337
    • 84901935185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ACC/AHA statement on cost/value methodology in clinical practice guidelines and performance measures: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • Anderson, J.L., Heidenreich, P.A., Barnett, P.G., et al. ACC/AHA statement on cost/value methodology in clinical practice guidelines and performance measures: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 129 (2014), 2329–2345.
    • (2014) Circulation , vol.129 , pp. 2329-2345
    • Anderson, J.L.1    Heidenreich, P.A.2    Barnett, P.G.3
  • 338
    • 85017341929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease
    • Sabatine, M.S., Giugliano, R.P., Keech, A.C., et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 376 (2017), 1713–1722.
    • (2017) N Engl J Med , vol.376 , pp. 1713-1722
    • Sabatine, M.S.1    Giugliano, R.P.2    Keech, A.C.3
  • 339
    • 85033700437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCSK9 inhibitors: economics and policy
    • Hlatky, M.A., Kazi, D.S., PCSK9 inhibitors: economics and policy. J Am Coll Cardiol 70 (2017), 2677–2687.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.70 , pp. 2677-2687
    • Hlatky, M.A.1    Kazi, D.S.2
  • 340
    • 26244432388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins
    • Baigent, C., Keech, A., Kearney, P.M., et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 366 (2005), 1267–1278.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 1267-1278
    • Baigent, C.1    Keech, A.2    Kearney, P.M.3
  • 341
    • 85029156120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of evolocumab therapy for reducing cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
    • Fonarow, G.C., Keech, A.C., Pedersen, T.R., et al. Cost-effectiveness of evolocumab therapy for reducing cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 1069–1078.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 1069-1078
    • Fonarow, G.C.1    Keech, A.C.2    Pedersen, T.R.3
  • 342
    • 84999635134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining when to add nonstatin therapy: a quantitative approach
    • Robinson, J.G., Huijgen, R., Ray, K., et al. Determining when to add nonstatin therapy: a quantitative approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 2412–2421.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 2412-2421
    • Robinson, J.G.1    Huijgen, R.2    Ray, K.3
  • 343
    • 84987653542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
    • Kazi, D.S., Moran, A.E., Coxson, P.G., et al. Cost-effectiveness of PCSK9 inhibitor therapy in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. JAMA 316 (2016), 743–753.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.316 , pp. 743-753
    • Kazi, D.S.1    Moran, A.E.2    Coxson, P.G.3
  • 344
    • 84976319234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of LDL-C lowering with evolocumab in patients with high cardiovascular risk in the United States
    • Gandra, S.R., Villa, G., Fonarow, G.C., et al. Cost-effectiveness of LDL-C lowering with evolocumab in patients with high cardiovascular risk in the United States. Clin Cardiol 39 (2016), 313–320.
    • (2016) Clin Cardiol , vol.39 , pp. 313-320
    • Gandra, S.R.1    Villa, G.2    Fonarow, G.C.3
  • 346
    • 84902576469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • Stone, N.J., Robinson, J.G., Lichtenstein, A.H., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2889–2934.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2889-2934
    • Stone, N.J.1    Robinson, J.G.2    Lichtenstein, A.H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.