메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 72, Issue 4, 2018, Pages 434-447

Coronary Calcium Score and Cardiovascular Risk

Author keywords

aspirin; atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; coronary artery calcification; coronary heart disease; statins

Indexed keywords

HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MSX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR OSTERIX; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX2; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR SOX9;

EID: 85049732273     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: 15583597     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.05.027     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (626)

References (125)
  • 1
    • 44649133999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease
    • Demer, L.L., Tintut, Y., Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation 117 (2008), 2938–2948.
    • (2008) Circulation , vol.117 , pp. 2938-2948
    • Demer, L.L.1    Tintut, Y.2
  • 2
    • 0036840537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: objectives and design
    • Bild, D.E., Bluemke, D.A., Burke, G.L., et al. Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol 156 (2002), 871–881.
    • (2002) Am J Epidemiol , vol.156 , pp. 871-881
    • Bild, D.E.1    Bluemke, D.A.2    Burke, G.L.3
  • 3
    • 54549116983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Defining normal distributions of coronary artery calcium in women and men (from the Framingham Heart Study)
    • Hoffmann, U., Massaro, J.M., Fox, C.S., Manders, E., O'Donnell, C.J., Defining normal distributions of coronary artery calcium in women and men (from the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 102 (2008), 1136–1141.e1.
    • (2008) Am J Cardiol , vol.102 , pp. 1136-1141.e1
    • Hoffmann, U.1    Massaro, J.M.2    Fox, C.S.3    Manders, E.4    O'Donnell, C.J.5
  • 4
    • 0036342675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of clinically silent atherosclerotic disease and established and novel risk factors for predicting myocardial infarction and cardiac death in healthy middle-aged subjects: rationale and design of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study
    • Schmermund, A., Möhlenkamp, S., Stang, A., et al., for the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study Investigative Group. Assessment of clinically silent atherosclerotic disease and established and novel risk factors for predicting myocardial infarction and cardiac death in healthy middle-aged subjects: rationale and design of the Heinz Nixdorf RECALL Study. Am Heart J 144 (2002), 212–218.
    • (2002) Am Heart J , vol.144 , pp. 212-218
    • Schmermund, A.1    Möhlenkamp, S.2    Stang, A.3
  • 5
    • 0037024204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between coronary calcification assessed by electron beam computed tomography and measures of extracoronary atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study
    • Oei, H.H., Vliegenthart, R., Hak, A.E., et al. The association between coronary calcification assessed by electron beam computed tomography and measures of extracoronary atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Coronary Calcification Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 39 (2002), 1745–1751.
    • (2002) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.39 , pp. 1745-1751
    • Oei, H.H.1    Vliegenthart, R.2    Hak, A.E.3
  • 7
    • 84903165096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • [Published correction appears in: J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:3026]
    • Goff, D.C. Jr., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Bennett, G., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. [Published correction appears in: J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:3026] J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2935–2959.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2935-2959
    • Goff, D.C.1    Lloyd-Jones, D.M.2    Bennett, G.3
  • 8
    • 84979071623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts): developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR)
    • NP1-96
    • Authors/Task Force Members, Piepoli, M.F., Hoes, A.W., et al. 2016 European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: the Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts): developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur J Prev Cardiol, 23, 2016 NP1-96.
    • (2016) Eur J Prev Cardiol , vol.23
    • Piepoli, M.F.1    Hoes, A.W.2
  • 9
    • 80053650216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computed tomography screening for coronary artery calcium in asymptomatic individuals
    • van Kempen, B.J., Spronk, S., Koller, M.T., et al. Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of computed tomography screening for coronary artery calcium in asymptomatic individuals. J Am Coll Cardiol 58 (2011), 1690–1701.
    • (2011) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.58 , pp. 1690-1701
    • van Kempen, B.J.1    Spronk, S.2    Koller, M.T.3
  • 10
    • 84897985503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using the coronary artery calcium score to guide statin therapy: a cost-effectiveness analysis
    • Pletcher, M.J., Pignone, M., Earnshaw, S., et al. Using the coronary artery calcium score to guide statin therapy: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 7 (2014), 276–284.
    • (2014) Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes , vol.7 , pp. 276-284
    • Pletcher, M.J.1    Pignone, M.2    Earnshaw, S.3
  • 11
    • 84925729307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cost-effectiveness of coronary artery calcium testing for coronary heart and cardiovascular disease risk prediction to guide statin allocation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
    • Roberts, E.T., Horne, A., Martin, S.S., et al. Cost-effectiveness of coronary artery calcium testing for coronary heart and cardiovascular disease risk prediction to guide statin allocation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). PLoS ONE, 10, 2015, e0116377.
    • (2015) PLoS ONE , vol.10 , pp. e0116377
    • Roberts, E.T.1    Horne, A.2    Martin, S.S.3
  • 12
    • 84947810788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategies for primary prevention of coronary heart disease based on risk stratification by the ACC/AHA lipid guidelines, ATP III guidelines, coronary calcium scoring, and C-reactive protein, and a global treat-all strategy: a comparative-effectiveness modeling study
    • Galper, B.Z., Wang, Y.C., Einstein, A.J., Strategies for primary prevention of coronary heart disease based on risk stratification by the ACC/AHA lipid guidelines, ATP III guidelines, coronary calcium scoring, and C-reactive protein, and a global treat-all strategy: a comparative-effectiveness modeling study. PLoS ONE, 10, 2015, e0138092.
    • (2015) PLoS ONE , vol.10 , pp. e0138092
    • Galper, B.Z.1    Wang, Y.C.2    Einstein, A.J.3
  • 13
    • 84952690438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing the cost-effectiveness of four novel risk markers for screening asymptomatic individuals to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the US population
    • van Kempen, B.J., Ferket, B.S., Steyerberg, E.W., Max, W., Myriam Hunink, M.G., Fleischmann, K.E., Comparing the cost-effectiveness of four novel risk markers for screening asymptomatic individuals to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the US population. Int J Cardiol 203 (2016), 422–431.
    • (2016) Int J Cardiol , vol.203 , pp. 422-431
    • van Kempen, B.J.1    Ferket, B.S.2    Steyerberg, E.W.3    Max, W.4    Myriam Hunink, M.G.5    Fleischmann, K.E.6
  • 14
    • 85026852638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of coronary artery calcium testing for treatment decisions among statin candidates according to the ACC/AHA cholesterol management guidelines: a cost-effectiveness analysis
    • Hong, J.C., Blankstein, R., Shaw, L.J., et al. Implications of coronary artery calcium testing for treatment decisions among statin candidates according to the ACC/AHA cholesterol management guidelines: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 10 (2017), 938–952.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.10 , pp. 938-952
    • Hong, J.C.1    Blankstein, R.2    Shaw, L.J.3
  • 15
    • 85049754576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blue Cross Blue Shield CT Providers by State 2014
    • Available at: Accessed May 24, 2018
    • Blue Cross Blue Shield CT Providers by State 2014. Available at: http://www.calciumscan.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Blue-Cross-Blue-Shield-CTA-Providers.pdf Accessed May 24, 2018.
  • 16
    • 0344393597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multilineage potential of cells from the artery wall
    • Tintut, Y., Alfonso, Z., Saini, T., et al. Multilineage potential of cells from the artery wall. Circulation 108 (2003), 2505–2510.
    • (2003) Circulation , vol.108 , pp. 2505-2510
    • Tintut, Y.1    Alfonso, Z.2    Saini, T.3
  • 17
    • 0037341318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Osteo/chondrocytic transcription factors and their target genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression in human arterial calcification
    • Tyson, K.L., Reynolds, J.L., McNair, R., Zhang, Q., Weissberg, P.L., Shanahan, C.M., Osteo/chondrocytic transcription factors and their target genes exhibit distinct patterns of expression in human arterial calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23 (2003), 489–494.
    • (2003) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.23 , pp. 489-494
    • Tyson, K.L.1    Reynolds, J.L.2    McNair, R.3    Zhang, Q.4    Weissberg, P.L.5    Shanahan, C.M.6
  • 18
    • 77955475327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cross talk between the bone and immune systems: osteoclasts function as antigen-presenting cells and activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
    • Li, H., Hong, S., Qian, J., Zheng, Y., Yang, J., Yi, Q., Cross talk between the bone and immune systems: osteoclasts function as antigen-presenting cells and activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Blood 116 (2010), 210–217.
    • (2010) Blood , vol.116 , pp. 210-217
    • Li, H.1    Hong, S.2    Qian, J.3    Zheng, Y.4    Yang, J.5    Yi, Q.6
  • 19
    • 0037134453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 8-Isoprostaglandin E2 enhances receptor-activated NFκB ligand (RANKL)-dependent osteoclastic potential of marrow hematopoietic precursors via the cAMP pathway
    • Tintut, Y., Parhami, F., Tsingotjidou, A., Tetradis, S., Territo, M., Demer, L.L., 8-Isoprostaglandin E2 enhances receptor-activated NFκB ligand (RANKL)-dependent osteoclastic potential of marrow hematopoietic precursors via the cAMP pathway. J Biol Chem 277 (2002), 14221–14226.
    • (2002) J Biol Chem , vol.277 , pp. 14221-14226
    • Tintut, Y.1    Parhami, F.2    Tsingotjidou, A.3    Tetradis, S.4    Territo, M.5    Demer, L.L.6
  • 20
    • 51849153694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidized low-density lipoprotein acts synergistically with β-glycerophosphate to induce osteoblast differentiation in primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Bear, M., Butcher, M., Shaughnessy, S.G., Oxidized low-density lipoprotein acts synergistically with β-glycerophosphate to induce osteoblast differentiation in primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells. J Cell Biochem 105 (2008), 185–193.
    • (2008) J Cell Biochem , vol.105 , pp. 185-193
    • Bear, M.1    Butcher, M.2    Shaughnessy, S.G.3
  • 21
    • 1842863965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperlipidemia promotes osteoclastic potential of bone marrow cells ex vivo
    • Tintut, Y., Morony, S., Demer, L.L., Hyperlipidemia promotes osteoclastic potential of bone marrow cells ex vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004), e6–e10.
    • (2004) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.24 , pp. e6-e10
    • Tintut, Y.1    Morony, S.2    Demer, L.L.3
  • 22
    • 33751417865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High glucose increases the expression of Cbfa1 and BMP-2 and enhances the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Chen, N.X., Duan, D., O'Neill, K.D., Moe, S.M., High glucose increases the expression of Cbfa1 and BMP-2 and enhances the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21 (2006), 3435–3442.
    • (2006) Nephrol Dial Transplant , vol.21 , pp. 3435-3442
    • Chen, N.X.1    Duan, D.2    O'Neill, K.D.3    Moe, S.M.4
  • 23
    • 35248883404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin attenuates vascular smooth muscle calcification but increases vascular smooth muscle cell phosphate transport
    • Wang, C.C., Sorribas, V., Sharma, G., Levi, M., Draznin, B., Insulin attenuates vascular smooth muscle calcification but increases vascular smooth muscle cell phosphate transport. Atherosclerosis 195 (2007), e65–e75.
    • (2007) Atherosclerosis , vol.195 , pp. e65-e75
    • Wang, C.C.1    Sorribas, V.2    Sharma, G.3    Levi, M.4    Draznin, B.5
  • 24
    • 0035844031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin enhances the calcification of vascular cells: artery wall as a target of leptin
    • Parhami, F., Tintut, Y., Ballard, A., Fogelman, A.M., Demer, L.L., Leptin enhances the calcification of vascular cells: artery wall as a target of leptin. Circ Res 88 (2001), 954–960.
    • (2001) Circ Res , vol.88 , pp. 954-960
    • Parhami, F.1    Tintut, Y.2    Ballard, A.3    Fogelman, A.M.4    Demer, L.L.5
  • 25
    • 68949158625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of arterial calcification in adiponectin-deficient mice: adiponectin regulates arterial calcification
    • Luo, X.H., Zhao, L.L., Yuan, L.Q., Wang, M., Xie, H., Liao, E.Y., Development of arterial calcification in adiponectin-deficient mice: adiponectin regulates arterial calcification. J Bone Miner Res 24 (2009), 1461–1468.
    • (2009) J Bone Miner Res , vol.24 , pp. 1461-1468
    • Luo, X.H.1    Zhao, L.L.2    Yuan, L.Q.3    Wang, M.4    Xie, H.5    Liao, E.Y.6
  • 26
    • 0021948797 scopus 로고
    • Digital subtraction fluoroscopy: a new method of detecting coronary calcifications with improved sensitivity for the prediction of coronary disease
    • Detrano, R., Markovic, D., Simpfendorfer, C., et al. Digital subtraction fluoroscopy: a new method of detecting coronary calcifications with improved sensitivity for the prediction of coronary disease. Circulation 71 (1985), 725–732.
    • (1985) Circulation , vol.71 , pp. 725-732
    • Detrano, R.1    Markovic, D.2    Simpfendorfer, C.3
  • 27
    • 0016145998 scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcification: clinical implications and angiographic correlates
    • Hamby, R.I., Tabrah, F., Wisoff, B.G., Hartstein, M.L., Coronary artery calcification: clinical implications and angiographic correlates. Am Heart J 87 (1974), 565–570.
    • (1974) Am Heart J , vol.87 , pp. 565-570
    • Hamby, R.I.1    Tabrah, F.2    Wisoff, B.G.3    Hartstein, M.L.4
  • 28
    • 0016077621 scopus 로고
    • The significance of coronary calcification detected by fluoroscopy. A report of 360 patients
    • Bartel, A.G., Chen, J.T., Peter, R.H., Behar, V.S., Kong, Y., Lester, R.G., The significance of coronary calcification detected by fluoroscopy. A report of 360 patients. Circulation 49 (1974), 1247–1253.
    • (1974) Circulation , vol.49 , pp. 1247-1253
    • Bartel, A.G.1    Chen, J.T.2    Peter, R.H.3    Behar, V.S.4    Kong, Y.5    Lester, R.G.6
  • 29
    • 0018750878 scopus 로고
    • Coronary calcification in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease
    • Rifkin, R.D., Parisi, A.F., Folland, E., Coronary calcification in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 44 (1979), 141–147.
    • (1979) Am J Cardiol , vol.44 , pp. 141-147
    • Rifkin, R.D.1    Parisi, A.F.2    Folland, E.3
  • 30
    • 0022500946 scopus 로고
    • Cardiac cinefluoroscopy as an inexpensive aid in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease
    • Detrano, R., Salcedo, E.E., Hobbs, R.E., Yiannikas, J., Cardiac cinefluoroscopy as an inexpensive aid in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 57 (1986), 1041–1046.
    • (1986) Am J Cardiol , vol.57 , pp. 1041-1046
    • Detrano, R.1    Salcedo, E.E.2    Hobbs, R.E.3    Yiannikas, J.4
  • 31
    • 0019192770 scopus 로고
    • The diagnostic and prognostic significance of coronary artery calcification. A report of 800 cases
    • Margolis, J.R., Chen, J.T., Kong, Y., Peter, R.H., Behar, V.S., Kisslo, J.A., The diagnostic and prognostic significance of coronary artery calcification. A report of 800 cases. Radiology 137 (1980), 609–616.
    • (1980) Radiology , vol.137 , pp. 609-616
    • Margolis, J.R.1    Chen, J.T.2    Kong, Y.3    Peter, R.H.4    Behar, V.S.5    Kisslo, J.A.6
  • 32
    • 63049122595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of coronary artery calcium scores between electron beam computed tomography and 64-multidetector computed tomographic scanner
    • Mao, S.S., Pal, R.S., McKay, C.R., et al. Comparison of coronary artery calcium scores between electron beam computed tomography and 64-multidetector computed tomographic scanner. J Comput Assist Tomogr 33 (2009), 175–178.
    • (2009) J Comput Assist Tomogr , vol.33 , pp. 175-178
    • Mao, S.S.1    Pal, R.S.2    McKay, C.R.3
  • 33
    • 79953721924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery and thoracic calcium on noncontrast thoracic CT scans: comparison of ungated and gated examinations in patients from the COPD Gene cohort
    • Budoff, M.J., Nasir, K., Kinney, G.L., et al. Coronary artery and thoracic calcium on noncontrast thoracic CT scans: comparison of ungated and gated examinations in patients from the COPD Gene cohort. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 5 (2011), 113–118.
    • (2011) J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr , vol.5 , pp. 113-118
    • Budoff, M.J.1    Nasir, K.2    Kinney, G.L.3
  • 34
    • 77958535835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ordinal scoring of coronary artery calcifications on low-dose CT scans of the chest is predictive of death from cardiovascular disease
    • [Published correction appears in Radiology 2011;259:617]
    • Shemesh, J., Henschke, C.I., Shaham, D., et al. Ordinal scoring of coronary artery calcifications on low-dose CT scans of the chest is predictive of death from cardiovascular disease. [Published correction appears in Radiology 2011;259:617] Radiology 257 (2010), 541–548.
    • (2010) Radiology , vol.257 , pp. 541-548
    • Shemesh, J.1    Henschke, C.I.2    Shaham, D.3
  • 35
    • 0026474832 scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive definition of anatomic coronary artery disease by ultrafast computed tomographic scanning: a quantitative pathologic comparison study
    • Simons, D.B., Schwartz, R.S., Edwards, W.D., Sheedy, P.F., Breen, J.F., Rumberger, J.A., Noninvasive definition of anatomic coronary artery disease by ultrafast computed tomographic scanning: a quantitative pathologic comparison study. J Am Coll Cardiol 20 (1992), 1118–1126.
    • (1992) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.20 , pp. 1118-1126
    • Simons, D.B.1    Schwartz, R.S.2    Edwards, W.D.3    Sheedy, P.F.4    Breen, J.F.5    Rumberger, J.A.6
  • 36
    • 0028807874 scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study
    • Rumberger, J.A., Simons, D.B., Fitzpatrick, L.A., Sheedy, P.F., Schwartz, R.S., Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation 92 (1995), 2157–2162.
    • (1995) Circulation , vol.92 , pp. 2157-2162
    • Rumberger, J.A.1    Simons, D.B.2    Fitzpatrick, L.A.3    Sheedy, P.F.4    Schwartz, R.S.5
  • 37
    • 0028238395 scopus 로고
    • Relation of coronary calcium determined by electron beam computed tomography and lumen narrowing determined by autopsy
    • Rumberger, J.A., Schwartz, R.S., Simons, D.B., Sheedy, P.F. III, Edwards, W.D., Fitzpatrick, L.A., Relation of coronary calcium determined by electron beam computed tomography and lumen narrowing determined by autopsy. Am J Cardiol 73 (1994), 1169–1173.
    • (1994) Am J Cardiol , vol.73 , pp. 1169-1173
    • Rumberger, J.A.1    Schwartz, R.S.2    Simons, D.B.3    Sheedy, P.F.4    Edwards, W.D.5    Fitzpatrick, L.A.6
  • 38
    • 0037117660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuous probabilistic prediction of angiographically significant coronary artery disease using electron beam tomography
    • Budoff, M.J., Diamond, G.A., Raggi, P., et al. Continuous probabilistic prediction of angiographically significant coronary artery disease using electron beam tomography. Circulation 105 (2002), 1791–1796.
    • (2002) Circulation , vol.105 , pp. 1791-1796
    • Budoff, M.J.1    Diamond, G.A.2    Raggi, P.3
  • 40
    • 0031931187 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology
    • Sangiorgi, G., Rumberger, J.A., Severson, A., et al. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol 31 (1998), 126–133.
    • (1998) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.31 , pp. 126-133
    • Sangiorgi, G.1    Rumberger, J.A.2    Severson, A.3
  • 41
    • 0030744387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of electron beam computed tomography with intracoronary ultrasound and coronary angiography for detection of coronary atherosclerosis
    • Baumgart, D., Schmermund, A., Goerge, G., et al. Comparison of electron beam computed tomography with intracoronary ultrasound and coronary angiography for detection of coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 30 (1997), 57–64.
    • (1997) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.30 , pp. 57-64
    • Baumgart, D.1    Schmermund, A.2    Goerge, G.3
  • 42
    • 0347722500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals
    • [Published correction appears in JAMA 2004;291:563]
    • Greenland, P., LaBree, L., Azen, S.P., Doherty, T.M., Detrano, R.C., Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. [Published correction appears in JAMA 2004;291:563] JAMA 291 (2004), 210–215.
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 210-215
    • Greenland, P.1    LaBree, L.2    Azen, S.P.3    Doherty, T.M.4    Detrano, R.C.5
  • 43
    • 20444373191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C-reactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: the St. Francis Heart Study
    • Arad, Y., Goodman, K.J., Roth, M., Newstein, D., Guerci, A.D., Coronary calcification, coronary disease risk factors, C-reactive protein, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events: the St. Francis Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 (2005), 158–165.
    • (2005) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.46 , pp. 158-165
    • Arad, Y.1    Goodman, K.J.2    Roth, M.3    Newstein, D.4    Guerci, A.D.5
  • 44
    • 23944508844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium score and coronary heart disease events in a large cohort of asymptomatic men and women
    • LaMonte, M.J., FitzGerald, S.J., Church, T.S., et al. Coronary artery calcium score and coronary heart disease events in a large cohort of asymptomatic men and women. Am J Epidemiol 162 (2005), 421–429.
    • (2005) Am J Epidemiol , vol.162 , pp. 421-429
    • LaMonte, M.J.1    FitzGerald, S.J.2    Church, T.S.3
  • 45
    • 2342428983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjects with and without diabetes
    • Raggi, P., Shaw, L.J., Berman, D.S., Callister, T.Q., Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in subjects with and without diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol 43 (2004), 1663–1669.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.43 , pp. 1663-1669
    • Raggi, P.1    Shaw, L.J.2    Berman, D.S.3    Callister, T.Q.4
  • 46
    • 84867352259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality rates in smokers and nonsmokers in the presence or absence of coronary artery calcification
    • McEvoy, J.W., Blaha, M.J., Rivera, J.J., et al. Mortality rates in smokers and nonsmokers in the presence or absence of coronary artery calcification. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 5 (2012), 1037–1045.
    • (2012) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.5 , pp. 1037-1045
    • McEvoy, J.W.1    Blaha, M.J.2    Rivera, J.J.3
  • 47
    • 33645464935 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers
    • Shaw, L.J., Raggi, P., Callister, T.Q., Berman, D.S., Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium screening in asymptomatic smokers and non-smokers. Eur Heart J 27 (2006), 968–975.
    • (2006) Eur Heart J , vol.27 , pp. 968-975
    • Shaw, L.J.1    Raggi, P.2    Callister, T.Q.3    Berman, D.S.4
  • 49
    • 84870794013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium for the prediction of mortality in young adults <45 years old and elderly adults >75 years old
    • Tota-Maharaj, R., Blaha, M.J., McEvoy, J.W., et al. Coronary artery calcium for the prediction of mortality in young adults <45 years old and elderly adults >75 years old. Eur Heart J 33 (2012), 2955–2962.
    • (2012) Eur Heart J , vol.33 , pp. 2955-2962
    • Tota-Maharaj, R.1    Blaha, M.J.2    McEvoy, J.W.3
  • 50
    • 15244348756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic differences in coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
    • Bild, D.E., Detrano, R., Peterson, D., et al. Ethnic differences in coronary calcification: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 111 (2005), 1313–1320.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.111 , pp. 1313-1320
    • Bild, D.E.1    Detrano, R.2    Peterson, D.3
  • 51
    • 33644865949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution of coronary artery calcium by race, gender, and age: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
    • McClelland, R.L., Chung, H., Detrano, R., Post, W., Kronmal, R.A., Distribution of coronary artery calcium by race, gender, and age: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 113 (2006), 30–37.
    • (2006) Circulation , vol.113 , pp. 30-37
    • McClelland, R.L.1    Chung, H.2    Detrano, R.3    Post, W.4    Kronmal, R.A.5
  • 52
    • 21644488169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baseline recruitment and analyses of nonresponse of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study: identifiability of phone numbers as the major determinant of response
    • Stang, A., Moebus, S., Dragano, N., et al., for the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigation Group. Baseline recruitment and analyses of nonresponse of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study: identifiability of phone numbers as the major determinant of response. Eur J Epidemiol 20 (2005), 489–496.
    • (2005) Eur J Epidemiol , vol.20 , pp. 489-496
    • Stang, A.1    Moebus, S.2    Dragano, N.3
  • 53
    • 77957909658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary risk stratification, discrimination, and reclassification improvement based on quantification of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study
    • Erbel, R., Möhlenkamp, S., Moebus, S., et al., for the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigative Group. Coronary risk stratification, discrimination, and reclassification improvement based on quantification of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study. J Am Coll Cardiol 56 (2010), 1397–1406.
    • (2010) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.56 , pp. 1397-1406
    • Erbel, R.1    Möhlenkamp, S.2    Moebus, S.3
  • 54
    • 85044322965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of progression of coronary artery calcification for risk prediction of coronary and cardiovascular events: result of the HNR study (Heinz Nixdorf Recall)
    • Lehmann, N., Erbel, R., Mahabadi, A.A., et al., for the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators. Value of progression of coronary artery calcification for risk prediction of coronary and cardiovascular events: result of the HNR study (Heinz Nixdorf Recall). Circulation 137 (2018), 665–679.
    • (2018) Circulation , vol.137 , pp. 665-679
    • Lehmann, N.1    Erbel, R.2    Mahabadi, A.A.3
  • 55
    • 56449104302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signs of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in relation to risk factor distribution in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNR)
    • Erbel, R., Delaney, J.A., Lehmann, N., et al., for the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; Investigator Group of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. Signs of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in relation to risk factor distribution in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study (HNR). Eur Heart J 29 (2008), 2782–2791.
    • (2008) Eur Heart J , vol.29 , pp. 2782-2791
    • Erbel, R.1    Delaney, J.A.2    Lehmann, N.3
  • 56
    • 84942374230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Rotterdam Study: 2016 objectives and design update
    • Hofman, A., Brusselle, G.G., Darwish Murad, S., et al. The Rotterdam Study: 2016 objectives and design update. Eur J Epidemiol 30 (2015), 661–708.
    • (2015) Eur J Epidemiol , vol.30 , pp. 661-708
    • Hofman, A.1    Brusselle, G.G.2    Darwish Murad, S.3
  • 57
    • 23044460500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly
    • Vliegenthart, R., Oudkerk, M., Hofman, A., et al. Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly. Circulation 112 (2005), 572–577.
    • (2005) Circulation , vol.112 , pp. 572-577
    • Vliegenthart, R.1    Oudkerk, M.2    Hofman, A.3
  • 58
    • 85032262983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of coronary artery calcium score vs age with cardiovascular risk in older adults: an analysis of pooled population-based studies
    • Yano, Y., O'Donnell, C.J., Kuller, L., et al. Association of coronary artery calcium score vs age with cardiovascular risk in older adults: an analysis of pooled population-based studies. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 986–994.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 986-994
    • Yano, Y.1    O'Donnell, C.J.2    Kuller, L.3
  • 59
    • 85006123438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and prognostic implications of coronary artery calcification in low-risk women: a meta-analysis
    • Kavousi, M., Desai, C.S., Ayers, C., et al. Prevalence and prognostic implications of coronary artery calcification in low-risk women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 316 (2016), 2126–2134.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.316 , pp. 2126-2134
    • Kavousi, M.1    Desai, C.S.2    Ayers, C.3
  • 60
    • 85031001930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium distribution is an independent predictor of incident major coronary heart disease events: results from the Framingham Heart Study
    • Ferencik, M., Pencina, K.M., Liu, T., et al. Coronary artery calcium distribution is an independent predictor of incident major coronary heart disease events: results from the Framingham Heart Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 10, 2017, e006592.
    • (2017) Circ Cardiovasc Imaging , vol.10 , pp. e006592
    • Ferencik, M.1    Pencina, K.M.2    Liu, T.3
  • 61
    • 84866312447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yield of screening for coronary artery calcium in early middle-age adults based on the 10-year Framingham Risk Score: the CARDIA study
    • Okwuosa, T.M., Greenland, P., Ning, H., Liu, K., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Yield of screening for coronary artery calcium in early middle-age adults based on the 10-year Framingham Risk Score: the CARDIA study. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 5 (2012), 923–930.
    • (2012) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.5 , pp. 923-930
    • Okwuosa, T.M.1    Greenland, P.2    Ning, H.3    Liu, K.4    Lloyd-Jones, D.M.5
  • 62
    • 84866314862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of coronary artery calcium scanning to screen for coronary atherosclerosis among early middle-age adults
    • Rozanski, A., Berman, D.S., Use of coronary artery calcium scanning to screen for coronary atherosclerosis among early middle-age adults. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 5 (2012), 931–934.
    • (2012) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.5 , pp. 931-934
    • Rozanski, A.1    Berman, D.S.2
  • 63
    • 85019015822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of coronary artery calcium in adults aged 32 to 46 years with incident coronary heart disease and death
    • Carr, J.J., Jacobs, D.R. Jr., Terry, J.G., et al. Association of coronary artery calcium in adults aged 32 to 46 years with incident coronary heart disease and death. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 391–399.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 391-399
    • Carr, J.J.1    Jacobs, D.R.2    Terry, J.G.3
  • 64
    • 85031680067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subclinical atherosclerosis, statin eligibility, and outcomes in African American individuals: the Jackson Heart Study
    • Shah, R.V., Spahillari, A., Mwasongwe, S., et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis, statin eligibility, and outcomes in African American individuals: the Jackson Heart Study. JAMA Cardiol 2 (2017), 644–652.
    • (2017) JAMA Cardiol , vol.2 , pp. 644-652
    • Shah, R.V.1    Spahillari, A.2    Mwasongwe, S.3
  • 65
    • 85018601333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of coronary artery calcium score for cardiovascular disease in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study
    • BJMMR/2016/21449
    • Sung, J.H., Yeboah, J., Lee, J.E., et al. Diagnostic value of coronary artery calcium score for cardiovascular disease in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Br J Med Med Res, 11, 2016 BJMMR/2016/21449.
    • (2016) Br J Med Med Res , vol.11
    • Sung, J.H.1    Yeboah, J.2    Lee, J.E.3
  • 66
    • 77954952929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and coronary artery calcification in the Women's Health Initiative
    • Manson, J.E., Allison, M.A., Carr, J.J., et al. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and coronary artery calcification in the Women's Health Initiative. Menopause 17 (2010), 683–691.
    • (2010) Menopause , vol.17 , pp. 683-691
    • Manson, J.E.1    Allison, M.A.2    Carr, J.J.3
  • 67
    • 0023263185 scopus 로고
    • Coronary risk prediction in adults (the Framingham Heart Study)
    • Wilson, P.W., Castelli, W.P., Kannel, W.B., Coronary risk prediction in adults (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 59:suppl (1987), 91G–94G.
    • (1987) Am J Cardiol , vol.59 , pp. 91G-94G
    • Wilson, P.W.1    Castelli, W.P.2    Kannel, W.B.3
  • 68
    • 84897530282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Joint British Societies’ consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3)
    • JBS3 Board. Joint British Societies’ consensus recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (JBS3). Heart 100:suppl 2 (2014), ii1–67.
    • (2014) Heart , vol.100 , pp. ii1-67
  • 69
    • 84993164234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult
    • Anderson, T.J., Gregoire, J., Pearson, G.J., et al. 2016 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult. Can J Cardiol 32 (2016), 1263–1282.
    • (2016) Can J Cardiol , vol.32 , pp. 1263-1282
    • Anderson, T.J.1    Gregoire, J.2    Pearson, G.J.3
  • 70
    • 84943311828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 10-Year coronary heart disease risk prediction using coronary artery calcium and traditional risk factors: derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) with validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study)
    • McClelland, R.L., Jorgensen, N.W., Budoff, M., et al. 10-Year coronary heart disease risk prediction using coronary artery calcium and traditional risk factors: derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) with validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study). J Am Coll Cardiol 66 (2015), 1643–1653.
    • (2015) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.66 , pp. 1643-1653
    • McClelland, R.L.1    Jorgensen, N.W.2    Budoff, M.3
  • 71
    • 85049747311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MESA. MESA 10-year CHD risk with coronary artery calcification. Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center
    • Available at: Accessed May 23, 2018
    • MESA. MESA 10-year CHD risk with coronary artery calcification. Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center. Available at: https://www.mesa-nhlbi.org/MESACHDRisk/MesaRiskScore/RiskScore.aspx Accessed May 23, 2018.
  • 72
    • 85031820117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular event prediction by machine learning: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • Ambale-Venkatesh, B., Yang, X., Wu, C.O., et al. Cardiovascular event prediction by machine learning: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 121 (2017), 1092–1101.
    • (2017) Circ Res , vol.121 , pp. 1092-1101
    • Ambale-Venkatesh, B.1    Yang, X.2    Wu, C.O.3
  • 73
    • 84902576469 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines
    • [Published corrections appear in: J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;6:2812 and J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:3024–5]
    • Stone, N.J., Robinson, J.G., Lichtenstein, A.H., et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. [Published corrections appear in: J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;6:2812 and J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:3024–5] J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2889–2934.
    • (2014) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.63 , pp. 2889-2934
    • Stone, N.J.1    Robinson, J.G.2    Lichtenstein, A.H.3
  • 74
    • 34249739139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
    • Kronmal, R.A., McClelland, R.L., Detrano, R., et al. Risk factors for the progression of coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic subjects: results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 115 (2007), 2722–2730.
    • (2007) Circulation , vol.115 , pp. 2722-2730
    • Kronmal, R.A.1    McClelland, R.L.2    Detrano, R.3
  • 75
    • 84912103644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators. Progression of coronary artery calcification seems to be inevitable, but predictable - results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study
    • Erbel, R., Lehmann, N., Churzidse, S., et al. Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators. Progression of coronary artery calcification seems to be inevitable, but predictable - results of the Heinz Nixdorf Recall (HNR) study. Eur Heart J 35 (2014), 2960–2971.
    • (2014) Eur Heart J , vol.35 , pp. 2960-2971
    • Erbel, R.1    Lehmann, N.2    Churzidse, S.3
  • 76
    • 84892864191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of smoking and other traditional risk factors on the onset of coronary artery calcification: results of the Heinz Nixdorf recall study
    • Lehmann, N., Möhlenkamp, S., Mahabadi, A.A., et al. Effect of smoking and other traditional risk factors on the onset of coronary artery calcification: results of the Heinz Nixdorf recall study. Atherosclerosis 232 (2014), 339–345.
    • (2014) Atherosclerosis , vol.232 , pp. 339-345
    • Lehmann, N.1    Möhlenkamp, S.2    Mahabadi, A.A.3
  • 77
    • 3042817122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression of coronary artery calcium and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-lowering therapy
    • Raggi, P., Callister, T.Q., Shaw, L.J., Progression of coronary artery calcium and risk of first myocardial infarction in patients receiving cholesterol-lowering therapy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004), 1272–1277.
    • (2004) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.24 , pp. 1272-1277
    • Raggi, P.1    Callister, T.Q.2    Shaw, L.J.3
  • 78
    • 84877285747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression of coronary calcium and incident coronary heart disease events: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)
    • Budoff, M.J., Young, R., Lopez, V.A., et al. Progression of coronary calcium and incident coronary heart disease events: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 61 (2013), 1231–1239.
    • (2013) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.61 , pp. 1231-1239
    • Budoff, M.J.1    Young, R.2    Lopez, V.A.3
  • 79
    • 78650265081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression of coronary artery calcium predicts all-cause mortality
    • Budoff, M.J., Hokanson, J.E., Nasir, K., et al. Progression of coronary artery calcium predicts all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 3 (2010), 1229–1236.
    • (2010) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.3 , pp. 1229-1236
    • Budoff, M.J.1    Hokanson, J.E.2    Nasir, K.3
  • 80
    • 78751691043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium progression: an important clinical measurement? A review of published reports
    • McEvoy, J.W., Blaha, M.J., Defilippis, A.P., et al. Coronary artery calcium progression: an important clinical measurement? A review of published reports. J Am Coll Cardiol 56 (2010), 1613–1622.
    • (2010) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.56 , pp. 1613-1622
    • McEvoy, J.W.1    Blaha, M.J.2    Defilippis, A.P.3
  • 81
    • 84930717043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disagreement between different definitions of coronary artery calcium progression
    • Paixao, A.R., Chakravorty, R., Khera, A., et al. Disagreement between different definitions of coronary artery calcium progression. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 8 (2015), 743–744.
    • (2015) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.8 , pp. 743-744
    • Paixao, A.R.1    Chakravorty, R.2    Khera, A.3
  • 82
    • 84981537832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accelerated progression of coronary artery calcification in hypertension but also prehypertension
    • Lehmann, N., Erbel, R., Mahabadi, A.A., et al. Accelerated progression of coronary artery calcification in hypertension but also prehypertension. J Hypertens 34 (2016), 2233–2242.
    • (2016) J Hypertens , vol.34 , pp. 2233-2242
    • Lehmann, N.1    Erbel, R.2    Mahabadi, A.A.3
  • 83
    • 84865320778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals
    • Yeboah, J., McClelland, R.L., Polonsky, T.S., et al. Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals. JAMA 308 (2012), 788–795.
    • (2012) JAMA , vol.308 , pp. 788-795
    • Yeboah, J.1    McClelland, R.L.2    Polonsky, T.S.3
  • 84
    • 79952975082 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of coronary atherosclerosis and inflammation to predict coronary events and all-cause mortality
    • Möhlenkamp, S., Lehmann, N., Moebus, S., et al., for the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators. Quantification of coronary atherosclerosis and inflammation to predict coronary events and all-cause mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol 57 (2011), 1455–1464.
    • (2011) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.57 , pp. 1455-1464
    • Möhlenkamp, S.1    Lehmann, N.2    Moebus, S.3
  • 86
    • 80051964418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations between C-reactive protein, coronary artery calcium, and cardiovascular events: implications for the JUPITER population from MESA, a population-based cohort study
    • Blaha, M.J., Budoff, M.J., DeFilippis, A.P., et al. Associations between C-reactive protein, coronary artery calcium, and cardiovascular events: implications for the JUPITER population from MESA, a population-based cohort study. Lancet 378 (2011), 684–692.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.378 , pp. 684-692
    • Blaha, M.J.1    Budoff, M.J.2    DeFilippis, A.P.3
  • 87
    • 85020803338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin trials, cardiovascular events, and coronary artery calcification: implications for a trial-based approach to statin therapy in MESA
    • Mortensen, M.B., Falk, E., Li, D., et al. Statin trials, cardiovascular events, and coronary artery calcification: implications for a trial-based approach to statin therapy in MESA. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 11 (2018), 221–230.
    • (2018) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.11 , pp. 221-230
    • Mortensen, M.B.1    Falk, E.2    Li, D.3
  • 88
    • 84995961562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple disease-guided approach to personalize ACC/AHA-recommended statin allocation in elderly people: the BioImage Study
    • Mortensen, M.B., Fuster, V., Muntendam, P., et al. A simple disease-guided approach to personalize ACC/AHA-recommended statin allocation in elderly people: the BioImage Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 881–891.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 881-891
    • Mortensen, M.B.1    Fuster, V.2    Muntendam, P.3
  • 89
    • 84891845203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • Martin, S.S., Blaha, M.J., Blankstein, R., et al. Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circulation 129 (2014), 77–86.
    • (2014) Circulation , vol.129 , pp. 77-86
    • Martin, S.S.1    Blaha, M.J.2    Blankstein, R.3
  • 90
    • 84943303318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of coronary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol management guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)
    • Nasir, K., Bittencourt, M.S., Blaha, M.J., et al. Implications of coronary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol management guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 66 (2015), 1657–1668.
    • (2015) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.66 , pp. 1657-1668
    • Nasir, K.1    Bittencourt, M.S.2    Blaha, M.J.3
  • 91
    • 85014541435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical indications for coronary artery calcium scoring in asymptomatic patients: expert consensus statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography
    • Hecht, H., Blaha, M.J., Berman, D.S., et al. Clinical indications for coronary artery calcium scoring in asymptomatic patients: expert consensus statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 11 (2017), 157–168.
    • (2017) J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr , vol.11 , pp. 157-168
    • Hecht, H.1    Blaha, M.J.2    Berman, D.S.3
  • 92
    • 84994482693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines
    • Mahabadi, A.A., Möhlenkamp, S., Lehmann, N., et al. CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC primary prevention guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 10 (2017), 143–153.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.10 , pp. 143-153
    • Mahabadi, A.A.1    Möhlenkamp, S.2    Lehmann, N.3
  • 93
    • 84959502403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
    • Blaha, M.J., Cainzos-Achirica, M., Greenland, P., et al. Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 133 (2016), 849–858.
    • (2016) Circulation , vol.133 , pp. 849-858
    • Blaha, M.J.1    Cainzos-Achirica, M.2    Greenland, P.3
  • 94
    • 84903612169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of coronary artery calcium testing to guide aspirin utilization for primary prevention: estimates from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • Miedema, M.D., Duprez, D.A., Misialek, J.R., et al. Use of coronary artery calcium testing to guide aspirin utilization for primary prevention: estimates from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 7 (2014), 453–460.
    • (2014) Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes , vol.7 , pp. 453-460
    • Miedema, M.D.1    Duprez, D.A.2    Misialek, J.R.3
  • 95
    • 85021308515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personalizing treatment: between primary and secondary prevention
    • Blaha, M.J., Personalizing treatment: between primary and secondary prevention. Am J Cardiol 118:suppl (2016), 4A–12A.
    • (2016) Am J Cardiol , vol.118 , pp. 4A-12A
    • Blaha, M.J.1
  • 96
    • 85004147077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium to guide a personalized risk-based approach to initiation and intensification of antihypertensive therapy
    • McEvoy, J.W., Martin, S.S., Dardari, Z.A., et al. Coronary artery calcium to guide a personalized risk-based approach to initiation and intensification of antihypertensive therapy. Circulation 135 (2017), 153–165.
    • (2017) Circulation , vol.135 , pp. 153-165
    • McEvoy, J.W.1    Martin, S.S.2    Dardari, Z.A.3
  • 97
    • 79953707176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of coronary artery calcium scanning on coronary risk factors and downstream testing: the EISNER (Early Identification of Subclinical Atherosclerosis by Noninvasive Imaging Research) prospective randomized trial
    • Rozanski, A., Gransar, H., Shaw, L.J., et al. Impact of coronary artery calcium scanning on coronary risk factors and downstream testing: the EISNER (Early Identification of Subclinical Atherosclerosis by Noninvasive Imaging Research) prospective randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 57 (2011), 1622–1632.
    • (2011) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.57 , pp. 1622-1632
    • Rozanski, A.1    Gransar, H.2    Shaw, L.J.3
  • 98
    • 70349167965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induced cardiovascular procedural costs and resource consumption patterns after coronary artery calcium screening: results from the EISNER (Early Identification of Subclinical Atherosclerosis by Noninvasive Imaging Research) study
    • Shaw, L.J., Min, J.K., Budoff, M., et al. Induced cardiovascular procedural costs and resource consumption patterns after coronary artery calcium screening: results from the EISNER (Early Identification of Subclinical Atherosclerosis by Noninvasive Imaging Research) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 54 (2009), 1258–1267.
    • (2009) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.54 , pp. 1258-1267
    • Shaw, L.J.1    Min, J.K.2    Budoff, M.3
  • 99
    • 77953370200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium in relation to initiation and continuation of cardiovascular preventive medications: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
    • Nasir, K., McClelland, R.L., Blumenthal, R.S., et al. Coronary artery calcium in relation to initiation and continuation of cardiovascular preventive medications: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 3 (2010), 228–235.
    • (2010) Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes , vol.3 , pp. 228-235
    • Nasir, K.1    McClelland, R.L.2    Blumenthal, R.S.3
  • 100
    • 85026876917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The identification of calcified coronary plaque is associated with initiation and continuation of pharmacological and lifestyle preventive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Gupta, A., Lau, E., Varshney, R., et al. The identification of calcified coronary plaque is associated with initiation and continuation of pharmacological and lifestyle preventive therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 10 (2017), 833–842.
    • (2017) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.10 , pp. 833-842
    • Gupta, A.1    Lau, E.2    Varshney, R.3
  • 101
    • 84884488278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validation and prognosis of coronary artery calcium scoring in nontriggered thoracic computed tomography: systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Xie, X., Zhao, Y., de Bock, G.H., et al. Validation and prognosis of coronary artery calcium scoring in nontriggered thoracic computed tomography: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6 (2013), 514–521.
    • (2013) Circ Cardiovasc Imaging , vol.6 , pp. 514-521
    • Xie, X.1    Zhao, Y.2    de Bock, G.H.3
  • 102
    • 85002489644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimation of cardiovascular risk on routine chest CT: ordinal coronary artery calcium scoring as an accurate predictor of Agatston score ranges
    • Azour, L., Kadoch, M.A., Ward, T.J., Eber, C.D., Jacobi, A.H., Estimation of cardiovascular risk on routine chest CT: ordinal coronary artery calcium scoring as an accurate predictor of Agatston score ranges. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 11 (2017), 8–15.
    • (2017) J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr , vol.11 , pp. 8-15
    • Azour, L.1    Kadoch, M.A.2    Ward, T.J.3    Eber, C.D.4    Jacobi, A.H.5
  • 103
    • 84898816455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ordinal versus Agatston coronary calcification scoring for cardiovascular disease mortality in community-living individuals
    • Blair, K.J., Allison, M.A., Morgan, C., et al. Comparison of ordinal versus Agatston coronary calcification scoring for cardiovascular disease mortality in community-living individuals. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 30 (2014), 813–818.
    • (2014) Int J Cardiovasc Imaging , vol.30 , pp. 813-818
    • Blair, K.J.1    Allison, M.A.2    Morgan, C.3
  • 104
    • 85064773750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium scores and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk stratification in smokers: MESA
    • [E-pub ahead of print]
    • Leigh, A.M.J., Garg, P., Carr, J., et al. Coronary artery calcium scores and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk stratification in smokers: MESA. J Am Coll Cardiol Img, 2018 Feb 9 [E-pub ahead of print].
    • (2018) J Am Coll Cardiol Img
    • Leigh, A.M.J.1    Garg, P.2    Carr, J.3
  • 105
    • 4143065864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between stress-induced myocardial ischemia and atherosclerosis measured by coronary calcium tomography
    • Berman, D.S., Wong, N.D., Gransar, H., et al. Relationship between stress-induced myocardial ischemia and atherosclerosis measured by coronary calcium tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004), 923–930.
    • (2004) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.44 , pp. 923-930
    • Berman, D.S.1    Wong, N.D.2    Gransar, H.3
  • 106
    • 70350469098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The coronary artery calcium score and stress myocardial perfusion imaging provide independent and complementary prediction of cardiac risk
    • Chang, S.M., Nabi, F., Xu, J., et al. The coronary artery calcium score and stress myocardial perfusion imaging provide independent and complementary prediction of cardiac risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 54 (2009), 1872–1882.
    • (2009) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.54 , pp. 1872-1882
    • Chang, S.M.1    Nabi, F.2    Xu, J.3
  • 107
    • 84969135983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium scoring in addition to single-photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging in symptomatic patients
    • Engbers, E.M., Timmer, J.R., Ottervanger, J.P., Mouden, M., Knollema, S., Jager, P.L., Prognostic value of coronary artery calcium scoring in addition to single-photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging in symptomatic patients. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 9, 2016, e003966.
    • (2016) Circ Cardiovasc Imaging , vol.9 , pp. e003966
    • Engbers, E.M.1    Timmer, J.R.2    Ottervanger, J.P.3    Mouden, M.4    Knollema, S.5    Jager, P.L.6
  • 108
    • 84928238063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining stress-only myocardial perfusion imaging with coronary calcium scanning as a new paradigm for initial patient work-up: an exploratory analysis
    • Uretsky, S., Cohen, R., Argulian, E., et al. Combining stress-only myocardial perfusion imaging with coronary calcium scanning as a new paradigm for initial patient work-up: an exploratory analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 22 (2015), 89–97.
    • (2015) J Nucl Cardiol , vol.22 , pp. 89-97
    • Uretsky, S.1    Cohen, R.2    Argulian, E.3
  • 109
    • 77953324656 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic and clinical benefit of combined coronary calcium and perfusion assessment in patients undergoing PET/CT myocardial perfusion stress imaging
    • Bybee, K.A., Lee, J., Markiewicz, R., et al. Diagnostic and clinical benefit of combined coronary calcium and perfusion assessment in patients undergoing PET/CT myocardial perfusion stress imaging. J Nucl Cardiol 17 (2010), 188–196.
    • (2010) J Nucl Cardiol , vol.17 , pp. 188-196
    • Bybee, K.A.1    Lee, J.2    Markiewicz, R.3
  • 110
    • 84920896602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scoring of coronary artery calcium scans: history, assumptions, current limitations, and future directions
    • Alluri, K., Joshi, P.H., Henry, T.S., Blumenthal, R.S., Nasir, K., Blaha, M.J., Scoring of coronary artery calcium scans: history, assumptions, current limitations, and future directions. Atherosclerosis 239 (2015), 109–117.
    • (2015) Atherosclerosis , vol.239 , pp. 109-117
    • Alluri, K.1    Joshi, P.H.2    Henry, T.S.3    Blumenthal, R.S.4    Nasir, K.5    Blaha, M.J.6
  • 111
    • 84892638663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium density of coronary artery plaque and risk of incident cardiovascular events
    • Criqui, M.H., Denenberg, J.O., Ix, J.H., et al. Calcium density of coronary artery plaque and risk of incident cardiovascular events. JAMA 311 (2014), 271–278.
    • (2014) JAMA , vol.311 , pp. 271-278
    • Criqui, M.H.1    Denenberg, J.O.2    Ix, J.H.3
  • 112
    • 84963516780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the CAC score by addition of regional measures of calcium distribution: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • Blaha, M.J., Budoff, M.J., Tota-Maharaj, R., et al. Improving the CAC score by addition of regional measures of calcium distribution: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 9 (2016), 1407–1416.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.9 , pp. 1407-1416
    • Blaha, M.J.1    Budoff, M.J.2    Tota-Maharaj, R.3
  • 113
    • 84927578556 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of regional distribution of coronary artery calcium to improve the prediction of all-cause mortality
    • Tota-Maharaj, R., Joshi, P.H., Budoff, M.J., et al. Usefulness of regional distribution of coronary artery calcium to improve the prediction of all-cause mortality. Am J Cardiol 115 (2015), 1229–1234.
    • (2015) Am J Cardiol , vol.115 , pp. 1229-1234
    • Tota-Maharaj, R.1    Joshi, P.H.2    Budoff, M.J.3
  • 114
    • 84962360969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low radiation dose calcium scoring: evidence and techniques
    • Baron, K.B., Choi, A.D., Chen, M.Y., Low radiation dose calcium scoring: evidence and techniques. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep, 9, 2016, 12.
    • (2016) Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep , vol.9 , pp. 12
    • Baron, K.B.1    Choi, A.D.2    Chen, M.Y.3
  • 115
    • 85005949893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying small coronary calcification in non-contrast 0.5-mm slice reconstruction to diagnose coronary artery disease in patients with a conventional zero coronary artery calcium score
    • Urabe, Y., Yamamoto, H., Kitagawa, T., et al. Identifying small coronary calcification in non-contrast 0.5-mm slice reconstruction to diagnose coronary artery disease in patients with a conventional zero coronary artery calcium score. J Atheroscler Thromb 23 (2016), 1324–1333.
    • (2016) J Atheroscler Thromb , vol.23 , pp. 1324-1333
    • Urabe, Y.1    Yamamoto, H.2    Kitagawa, T.3
  • 117
    • 84941744748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multisite extracoronary calcification indicates increased risk of coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • Tison, G.H., Guo, M., Blaha, M.J., et al. Multisite extracoronary calcification indicates increased risk of coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 9 (2015), 406–414.
    • (2015) J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr , vol.9 , pp. 406-414
    • Tison, G.H.1    Guo, M.2    Blaha, M.J.3
  • 118
    • 84900406485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a role for coronary artery calcium scoring for management of asymptomatic patients at risk for coronary artery disease? Clinical risk scores are not sufficient to define primary prevention treatment strategies among asymptomatic patients
    • Blaha, M.J., Silverman, M.G., Budoff, M.J., Is there a role for coronary artery calcium scoring for management of asymptomatic patients at risk for coronary artery disease? Clinical risk scores are not sufficient to define primary prevention treatment strategies among asymptomatic patients. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 7 (2014), 398–408.
    • (2014) Circ Cardiovasc Imaging , vol.7 , pp. 398-408
    • Blaha, M.J.1    Silverman, M.G.2    Budoff, M.J.3
  • 119
    • 84959908257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of coronary artery calcium with noncardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
    • Handy, C.E., Desai, C.S., Dardari, Z.A., et al. The association of coronary artery calcium with noncardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 9 (2016), 568–576.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.9 , pp. 568-576
    • Handy, C.E.1    Desai, C.S.2    Dardari, Z.A.3
  • 120
    • 85019349220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coronary artery calcium and risk of dementia in MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)
    • Fujiyoshi, A., Jacobs, D.R. Jr., Fitzpatrick, A.L., et al. Coronary artery calcium and risk of dementia in MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 10, 2017, e005349.
    • (2017) Circ Cardiovasc Imaging , vol.10 , pp. e005349
    • Fujiyoshi, A.1    Jacobs, D.R.2    Fitzpatrick, A.L.3
  • 121
    • 85007021258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rationale and design of the Coronary Artery Calcium Consortium: a multicenter cohort study
    • Blaha, M.J., Whelton, S.P., Al Rifai, M., et al. Rationale and design of the Coronary Artery Calcium Consortium: a multicenter cohort study. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 11 (2017), 54–61.
    • (2017) J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr , vol.11 , pp. 54-61
    • Blaha, M.J.1    Whelton, S.P.2    Al Rifai, M.3
  • 122
    • 84959188539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of long-term healthy arterial aging: coronary artery calcium nondevelopment in the MESA study
    • Whelton, S.P., Silverman, M.G., McEvoy, J.W., et al. Predictors of long-term healthy arterial aging: coronary artery calcium nondevelopment in the MESA study. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 8 (2015), 1393–1400.
    • (2015) J Am Coll Cardiol Img , vol.8 , pp. 1393-1400
    • Whelton, S.P.1    Silverman, M.G.2    McEvoy, J.W.3
  • 123
    • 85049737577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Draft recommendation statement: cardiovascular disease: risk assessment with nontraditional risk factors
    • Available at: Accessed May 23, 2018
    • U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Draft recommendation statement: cardiovascular disease: risk assessment with nontraditional risk factors. Available at: https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/coronary-heart-disease-screening-using-non-traditional-risk-assessment Accessed May 23, 2018.
  • 124
    • 84994111916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Refining statin prescribing in lower-risk individuals: informing risk/benefit decisions
    • Pender, A., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Stone, N.J., Greenland, P., Refining statin prescribing in lower-risk individuals: informing risk/benefit decisions. J Am Coll Cardiol 68 (2016), 1690–1697.
    • (2016) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.68 , pp. 1690-1697
    • Pender, A.1    Lloyd-Jones, D.M.2    Stone, N.J.3    Greenland, P.4
  • 125
    • 84155163079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genome-wide association study for coronary artery calcification with follow-up in myocardial infarction
    • O'Donnell, C.J., Kavousi, M., Smith, A.V., et al. Genome-wide association study for coronary artery calcification with follow-up in myocardial infarction. Circulation 124 (2011), 2855–2864.
    • (2011) Circulation , vol.124 , pp. 2855-2864
    • O'Donnell, C.J.1    Kavousi, M.2    Smith, A.V.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.