Physiological aspects of female fertility: Role of the environment, modern lifestyle, and genetics

Physiological Reviews

Volumn 96, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 873-909

  Hart, Roger J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; ARSENIC; ATRAZINE; CADMIUM; CATECHOL METHYLTRANSFERASE; CHLORPHENOTANE; CHROMIUM; COPPER; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; FOLLITROPIN; GENISTEIN; GHRELIN; GONADORELIN; INSULIN; LEAD; LEPTIN; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; MANGANESE; MERCURY; METHOXYCHLOR; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1; PHOSPHOLIPID HYDROPEROXIDE GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; PHTHALIC ACID; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; TERATOGENIC AGENT; ZINC;

ANEUPLOIDY; ARTICLE; BLASTOMA; CELIAC DISEASE; CHLAMYDIASIS; CILIARY DYSKINESIA; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DIET RESTRICTION; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENDOMETRIUM POLYP; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXERCISE; FALLOPIAN TUBE; FEMALE FERTILITY; FERTILIZATION; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; GONORRHEA; HUMAN; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM; LEIOMYOMA; MATERNAL OBESITY; MITOSIS; MOSAICISM; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NEURAL TUBE DEFECT; NIDATION; NONHUMAN; OLIGOSPERMIA; OVARY CYST; OVARY FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT; OVARY FOLLICLE MATURATION; OVARY INSUFFICIENCY; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; OVULATION; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PREGNANCY; PREMATURE OVARIAN FAILURE; PRIMORDIAL GERM CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALPINGITIS; SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SMOKING; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; SUBCLINICAL HYPOTHYROIDISM; THROMBOPHILIA; UTERUS MYOMA; AGE; COMPLICATION; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; FERTILITY; GENETICS; INFERTILITY, FEMALE; LIFESTYLE; MATERNAL AGE; OBESITY; REPRODUCTION;

AGE FACTORS; ENVIRONMENT; FEMALE; FERTILITY; HUMANS; INFERTILITY, FEMALE; LIFE STYLE; MATERNAL AGE; OBESITY; POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME; REPRODUCTION;

EID: 84983775976     PISSN: 00319333     EISSN: 15221210     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2015     Document Type: Article

References (391)

1. Abbott DH, Barnett DK, Bruns CM, Dumesic DA. Androgen excess fetal programming of female reproduction: a developmental aetiology for polycystic ovary syndrome? Hum Reprod Update 11: 357-374, 2005.
2. Agarwal A, Aponte-Mellado A, Premkumar BJ, Shaman A, Gupta S. The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction: a review. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 10: 49, 2012.
3. Ahmad A, Ahmed A, Patrizio P. Cystic fibrosis and fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 25: 167-172, 2013.
4. Al-Khateeb GM, Sater MS, Finan RR, Mustafa FE, Al-Busaidi AS, Al-Sulaiti MA, Almawi WY. Analysis of interleukin-18 promoter polymorphisms and changes in interleukin-18 serum levels underscores the involvement of interleukin-18 in recurrent spontaneous miscarriage. Fertil Steril 96: 921-926, 2011.
5. Alak BM, Coskun S, Friedman CI, Kennard EA, Kim MH, Seifer DB. Activin A stimulates meiotic maturation of human oocytes and modulates granulosa cell steroidogenesis in vitro. Fertil Steril 70: 1126-1130, 1998.
6. Alborzi S, Keramati P, Younesi M, Samsami A, Dadras N. The impact of laparoscopic cystectomy on ovarian reserve in patients with unilateral and bilateral endometriomas. Fertil Steril 101: 427-434, 2014.
7. Allahbadia GN, Saradogan E, Djahanbakhch O. The Fallopian Tube. Kent, UK: Ashnan, 2009.
8. Allersma T, Farquhar C, Cantineau AE. Natural cycle in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for subfertile couples. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 8: CD010550, 2013.
9. Alliance JH, Hobot PA. Evidence Based Guidelines for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Melbourne: Jean Hailes for Women’s Health on behalf of the PCOS Australian Alliance, 2015.
10. Anderson JL, Mertens CJ, Grajewski B, Luo L, Tseng CY, Cassinelli RT 2nd. Flight attendant radiation dose from solar particle events. Aviation Space Environ Med 85: 828-832, 2014.
11. Arakawa C, Yoshinaga J, Mizumoto Y, Abe M. Preliminary study on measurement of human fecundity applicability of time to pregnancy with Japanese subjects. Jpn J Public Health 50: 414-419, 2003.
12. Arita A, Costa M. Epigenetics in metal carcinogenesis: nickel, arsenic, chromium and cadmium. Metallomics 1: 222-228, 2009.
13. Artal R, Catanzaro RB, Gavard JA, Mostello DJ, Friganza JC. A lifestyle intervention of weight-gain restriction: diet and exercise in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32: 596-601, 2007.
14. Ashraf MW. Levels of heavy metals in popular cigarette brands and exposure to these metals via smoking. Scientific World J 2012: 729430, 2012.
15. Aune D, Saugstad OD, Henriksen T, Tonstad S. Maternal body mass index and the risk of fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 311: 1536-1546, 2014.
16. Aviles M, Gutierrez-Adan A, Coy P. Oviductal secretions: will they be key factors for the future ARTs? Mol Hum Reprod 16: 896-906, 2010.
17. Aziz M, Sidelmann JJ, Faber J, Wissing MM, Naver KV, Mikkelsen AL, Nilas L, Skouby SO. Polycystic ovary syndrome: cardiovascular risk factors according to specific phenotypes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 94: 1082-1089, 2015.
18. Azziz R. PCOS in 2015: New insights into the genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Nature Rev Endocrinol 12: 74-75, 2016.
19. Azziz R, Carmina E, Dewailly D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Escobar-Morreale HF, Futterweit W, Janssen OE, Legro RS, Norman RJ, Taylor AE, Witchel SF, Task Force on the Phenotype of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome of The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society. The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report. Fertil Steril 91: 456 -488, 2009.
20. Baerwald AR, Adams GP, Pierson RA. Ovarian antral folliculogenesis during the human menstrual cycle: a review. Hum Reprod Update 18: 73-91, 2012.
21. Baird DT. Evidence in vivo for the two-cell hypothesis of oestrogen synthesis by the sheep Graafian follicle. J Reprod Fertil 50: 183-185, 1977.
22. Baker TG. A quantitative and cytological study of germ cells in human ovaries. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B 158: 417-433, 1963.
23. Balen AH. Ovulation induction in the management of anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 373: 77-82, 2013.
24. Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL, Ehrmann DA, Cara JF, Cuttler L, Levitsky LL, Rosenthal IM. Ovarian hyperandrogynism as a result of congenital adrenal virilizing disorders: evidence for perinatal masculinization of neuroendocrine function in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79: 1328-1333, 1994.
25. Barnhart K, Dunsmoor-Su R, Coutifaris C. Effect of endometriosis on in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 77: 1148-1155, 2002.
26. Barrett ES, Sobolewski M. Polycystic ovary syndrome: do endocrine-disrupting chemicals play a role? Semin Reprod Med 32: 166-176, 2014.
27. Basavarajappa MS, Craig ZR, Hernandez-Ochoa I, Paulose T, Leslie TC, Flaws JA. Methoxychlor reduces estradiol levels by altering steroidogenesis and metabolism in mouse antral follicles in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 253: 161-169, 2011.
28. Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, Herzog H, Cohen MA, Dakin CL, Wren AM, Brynes AE, Low MJ, Ghatei MA, Cone RD, Bloom SR. Gut hormone PYY(3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature 418: 650-654, 2002.
29. Bellver J, Martinez-Conejero JA, Labarta E, Alama P, Melo MA, Remohi J, Pellicer A, Horcajadas JA. Endometrial gene expression in the window of implantation is altered in obese women especially in association with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 95: 2335-2341, 2011.
30. Bellver J, Melo MA, Bosch E, Serra V, Remohi J, Pellicer A. Obesity and poor reproductive outcome: the potential role of the endometrium. Fertil Steril 88: 446-451, 2007.
31. Ben-Nagi J, Miell J, Yazbek J, Holland T, Jurkovic D. The effect of hysteroscopic polypectomy on the concentrations of endometrial implantation factors in uterine flushings. Reprod Biomed Online 19: 737-744, 2009.
32. Bentov Y, Yavorska T, Esfandiari N, Jurisicova A, Casper RF. The contribution of mitochondrial function to reproductive aging. J Assist Reprod Genet 28: 773-783, 2011.
33. Berga S, Naftolin F. Neuroendocrine control of ovulation. Gynecol Endocrinol 28 Suppl 1: 9-13, 2012.
34. Berga SL, Daniels TL, Giles DE. Women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea but not other forms of anovulation display amplified cortisol concentrations. Fertil Steril 67: 1024-1030, 1997.
35. Berga SL, Marcus MD, Loucks TL, Hlastala S, Ringham R, Krohn MA. Recovery of ovarian activity in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea who were treated with cognitive behavior therapy. Fertil Steril 80: 976-981, 2003.
36. Bhattacharya P, Keating AF. Impact of environmental exposures on ovarian function and role of xenobiotic metabolism during ovotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 261: 227-235, 2012.
37. Bhattacharya S, Johnson N, Tijani HA, Hart R, Pandey S, Gibreel AF. Female infertility. BMJ Clin Evid pii: 0819, 2010.
38. Birnie AM, Keoghane SR. Radiation exposure to a pregnant urological surgeon: what is safe? BJU Int 115: 683-685, 2015.
39. Bloom MS, Kim D, Vom Saal FS, Taylor JA, Cheng G, Lamb JD, Fujimoto VY. Bisphenol A exposure reduces the estradiol response to gonadotropin stimulation during in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril 96: 672-677, 2011.
40. Boadi WY, Shurtz-Swirski R, Barnea ER, Urbach J, Brandes JM, Philo E, Yannai S. Secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin in superfused young placental tissue exposed to cadmium. Arch Toxicol 66: 95-99, 1992.
41. Boomsma CM, Eijkemans MJ, Hughes EG, Visser GH, Fauser BC, Macklon NS. A meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 12: 673-683, 2006.
42. Boucher JG, Boudreau A, Ahmed S, Atlas E. In vitro effects of bisphenol A beta-Dglucuronide (BPA-G) on adipogenesis in human and murine preadipocytes. Environ Health Perspect 123: 1287-1293, 2015.
43. Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, Pouly JL, Fernandez H, Gerbaud L, Job-Spira N. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol 157: 185-194, 2003.
44. Brown J, Farquhar C. Endometriosis: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD009590, 2014.
45. Burger HG, Cahir N, Robertson DM, Groome NP, Dudley E, Green A, Dennerstein L. Serum inhibins A and B fall differentially as FSH rises in perimenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol 48: 809-813, 1998.
46. Burger HG, Hale GE, Dennerstein L, Robertson DM. Cycle and hormone changes during perimenopause: the key role of ovarian function. Menopause 15: 603-612, 2008.
47. Cai LY, Izumi S, Suzuki T, Goya K, Nakamura E, Sugiyama T, Kobayashi H. Dioxins in ascites and serum of women with endometriosis: a pilot study. Hum Reprod 26: 117-126, 2011.
48. Cakmak H, Taylor HS. Implantation failure: molecular mechanisms and clinical treatment. Hum Reprod Update 17: 242-253, 2011.
49. Camlin NJ, McLaughlin EA, Holt JE. Through the smoke: use of in vivo and in vitro cigarette smoking models to elucidate its effect on female fertility. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 281: 266-275, 2014.
50. Care AS, Diener KR, Jasper MJ, Brown HM, Ingman WV, Robertson SA. Macrophages regulate corpus luteum development during embryo implantation in mice. J Clin Invest 123: 3472-3487, 2013.
51. Carlsson IB, Scott JE, Visser JA, Ritvos O, Themmen AP, Hovatta O. Anti-Mullerian hormone inhibits initiation of growth of human primordial ovarian follicles in vitro. Hum Reprod 21: 2223-2227, 2006.
52. Caserta D, Di Segni N, Mallozzi M, Giovanale V, Mantovani A, Marci R, Moscarini M. Bisphenol A and the female reproductive tract: an overview of recent laboratory evidence and epidemiological studies. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 12: 37, 2014.
53. Cermik D, Selam B, Taylor HS. Regulation of HOXA-10 expression by testosterone in vitro and in the endometrium of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 238-243, 2003.
54. Cha J, Sun X, Dey SK. Mechanisms of implantation: strategies for successful pregnancy. Nature Med 18: 1754-1767, 2012.
55. Chan HC, Shi QX, Zhou CX, Wang XF, Xu WM, Chen WY, Chen AJ, Ni Y, Yuan YY. Critical role of CFTR in uterine bicarbonate secretion and the fertilizing capacity of sperm. Mol Cell Endocrinol 250: 106-113, 2006.
56. Chao HH, Zhang XF, Chen B, Pan B, Zhang LJ, Li L, Sun XF, Shi QH, Shen W. Bisphenol A exposure modifies methylation of imprinted genes in mouse oocytes via the estrogen receptor signaling pathway. Histochem Cell Biol 137: 249-259, 2012.
57. Chappel S. The role of mitochondria from mature oocyte to viable blastocyst. Obstet Gynecol Int 2013: 183024, 2013.
58. Cheng EY, Hunt PA, Naluai-Cecchini TA, Fligner CL, Fujimoto VY, Pasternack TL, Schwartz JM, Steinauer JE, Woodruff TJ, Cherry SM, Hansen TA, Vallente RU, Broman KW, Hassold TJ. Meiotic recombination in human oocytes. PLoS Genet 5: e1000661, 2009.
59. Choy CM, Lam CW, Cheung LT, Briton-Jones CM, Cheung LP, Haines CJ. Infertility, blood mercury concentrations and dietary seafood consumption: a case-control study. BJOG 109: 1121-1125, 2002.
60. Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical implications. Ann Intern Med 129: 229-240, 1998.
61. Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum Reprod 13: 1502-1505, 1998.
62. Clift D, Schuh M. Restarting life: fertilization and the transition from meiosis to mitosis. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 14: 549-562, 2013.
63. Cobellis L, Latini G, De Felice C, Razzi S, Paris I, Ruggieri F, Mazzeo P, Petraglia F. High plasma concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 18: 1512-1515, 2003.
64. Codner E, Merino PM, Tena-Sempere M. Female reproduction and type 1 diabetes: from mechanisms to clinical findings. Hum Reprod Update 18: 568-585, 2012.
65. Comninos AN, Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS. The relationship between gut and adipose hormones, and reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 20: 153-174, 2014.
66. Conneely OM, Mulac-Jericevic B, DeMayo F, Lydon JP, O’Malley BW. Reproductive functions of progesterone receptors. Recent Prog Horm Res 57: 339-355, 2002.
67. Cordts EB, Christofolini DM, Dos Santos AA, Bianco B, Barbosa CP. Genetic aspects of premature ovarian failure: a literature review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 283: 635-643, 2011.
68. Cosby NC, Dukelow WR. Toxicology of maternally ingested trichloroethylene (TCE) on embryonal and fetal development in mice and of TCE metabolites on in vitro fertilization. Fundam Appl Toxicol 19: 268-274, 1992.
69. Cragin LA, Kesner JS, Bachand AM, Barr DB, Meadows JW, Krieg EF, Reif JS. Menstrual cycle characteristics and reproductive hormone levels in women exposed to atrazine in drinking water. Environ Res 111: 1293-1301, 2011.
70. Craig J, Orisaka M, Wang H, Orisaka S, Thompson W, Zhu C, Kotsuji F, Tsang BK. Gonadotropin and intra-ovarian signals regulating follicle development and atresia: the delicate balance between life and death. Front Biosci 12: 3628-3639, 2007.
71. Cramer DW, Welch WR, Cassells S, Scully RE. Mumps, menarche, menopause, and ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 147: 1-6, 1983.
72. Crujeiras AB, Casanueva FF. Obesity and the reproductive system disorders: epigenetics as a potential bridge. Hum Reprod Update 21: 249-261, 2015.
73. Cummins JM. Fertilization and elimination of the paternal mitochondrial genome. Hum Reprod 15 Suppl 2: 92-101, 2000.
74. D’Aiuto F, Parkar M, Andreou G, Suvan J, Brett PM, Ready D, Tonetti MS. Periodontitis and systemic inflammation: control of the local infection is associated with a reduction in serum inflammatory markers. J Dent Res 83: 156-160, 2004.
75. D’Angelo A, Brown J, Amso NN. Coasting (withholding gonadotrophins) for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002811, 2011.
76. Darville T, Hiltke TJ. Pathogenesis of genital tract disease due to Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infectious Dis 201 Suppl 2: S114-125, 2010.
77. De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, Amino N, Barbour L, Cobin RH, Eastman CJ, Lazarus JH, Luton D, Mandel SJ, Mestman J, Rovet J, Sullivan S. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97: 2543-2565, 2012.
78. De Souza MJ, Leidy HJ, O’Donnell E, Lasley B, Williams NI. Fasting ghrelin levels in physically active women: relationship with menstrual disturbances and metabolic hormones. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 3536-3542, 2004.
79. De Souza MJ, Miller BE, Loucks AB, Luciano AA, Pescatello LS, Campbell CG, Lasley BL. High frequency of luteal phase deficiency and anovulation in recreational women runners: blunted elevation in follicle-stimulating hormone observed during lutealfollicular transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 4220-4232, 1998.
80. Dechanet C, Anahory T, Mathieu Daude JC, Quantin X, Reyftmann L, Hamamah S, Hedon B, Dechaud H. Effects of cigarette smoking on reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 17: 76-95, 2011.
81. Dessolle L, Darai E, Cornet D, Rouzier R, Coutant C, Mandelbaum J, Antoine JM. Determinants of pregnancy rate in the donor oocyte model: a multivariate analysis of 450 frozen-thawed embryo transfers. Hum Reprod 24: 3082-3089, 2009.
82. Devoto L, Fuentes A, Kohen P, Cespedes P, Palomino A, Pommer R, Munoz A, Strauss JF 3rd. The human corpus luteum: life cycle and function in natural cycles. Fertil Steril 92: 1067-1079, 2009.
83. Devoto L, Kohen P, Munoz A, Strauss JF 3rd. Human corpus luteum physiology and the luteal-phase dysfunction associated with ovarian stimulation. Reprod Biomed Online 18 Suppl 2: 19-24, 2009.
84. Devoto L, Vega M, Kohen P, Castro O, Carvallo P, Palomino A. Molecular regulation of progesterone secretion by the human corpus luteum throughout the menstrual cycle. J Reprod Immunol 55: 11-20, 2002.
85. Dey SK, Lim H, Das SK, Reese J, Paria BC, Daikoku T, Wang H. Molecular cues to implantation. Endocr Rev 25: 341-373, 2004.
86. Ding YS, Trommel JS, Yan XJ, Ashley D, Watson CH. Determination of 14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mainstream smoke from domestic cigarettes. Environ Sci Technol 39: 471-478, 2005.
87. Doherty DA, Newnham JP, Bower C, Hart R. Implications of polycystic ovary syndrome for pregnancy and for the health of offspring. Obstet Gynecol 125: 1397-1406, 2015.
88. Domecq JP, Prutsky G, Mullan RJ, Hazem A, Sundaresh V, Elamin MB, Phung OJ, Wang A, Hoeger K, Pasquali R, Erwin P, Bodde A, Montori VM, Murad MH. Lifestyle modification programs in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: 4655-4663, 2013.
89. Dorrington JH, Moon YS, Armstrong DT. Estradiol-17beta biosynthesis in cultured granulosa cells from hypophysectomized immature rats; stimulation by follicle-stimulating hormone. Endocrinology 97: 1328-1331, 1975.
90. Duffy JM, Arambage K, Correa FJ, Olive D, Farquhar C, Garry R, Barlow DH, Jacobson TZ. Laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4: CD011031, 2014.
91. Dumesic DA, Abbott DH. Implications of polycystic ovary syndrome on oocyte development. Semin Reprod Med 26: 53-61, 2008.
92. Dumesic DA, Meldrum DR, Katz-Jaffe MG, Krisher RL, Schoolcraft WB. Oocyte environment: follicular fluid and cumulus cells are critical for oocyte health. Fertil Steril 103: 303-316, 2015.
93. Ehrlich S, Williams PL, Missmer SA, Flaws JA, Berry KF, Calafat AM, Ye X, Petrozza JC, Wright D, Hauser R. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and implantation failure among women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Environ Health Perspect 120: 978-983, 2012.
94. Ehrlich S, Williams PL, Missmer SA, Flaws JA, Ye X, Calafat AM, Petrozza JC, Wright D, Hauser R. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations and early reproductive health outcomes among women undergoing IVF. Hum Reprod 27: 3583-3592, 2012.
95. Erden O, Imir A, Guvenal T, Muslehiddinoglu A, Arici S, Cetin M, Cetin A. Investigation of the effects of heparin and low molecular weight heparin on E-cadherin and laminin expression in rat pregnancy by immunohistochemistry. Hum Reprod 21: 3014-3018, 2006.
96. Eroschenko VP, Swartz WJ, Ford LC. Decreased superovulation in adult mice following neonatal exposures to technical methoxychlor. Reprod Toxicol 11: 807-814, 1997.
97. Evans JJ, Anderson GM. Balancing ovulation and anovulation: integration of the reproductive and energy balance axes by neuropeptides. Hum Reprod Update 18: 313-332, 2012.
98. Evans JP. Sperm-egg interaction. Annu Rev Physiol 74: 477-502, 2012.
99. Ezzati M. The role of dynein and its mutations in the ciliary activity of human fallopian tubes. In: The Fallopian Tube, edited by Allahbadia GN, Saradogan E, and Djahanbakhch O. Kent, UK: Anshan, 2009.
100. Ezzati M, Djahanbakhch O, Arian S, Carr BR. Tubal transport of gametes and embryos: a review of physiology and pathophysiology. J Assist Reprod Genet 31: 1337-1347, 2014.
101. Feldkamp ML, Botto LD, Carey JC. Reflections on the etiology of structural birth defects: established teratogens and risk factors. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 103: 652-655, 2015.
102. Ferk P, Pohar Perme M, Teran N, Gersak K. Androgen receptor gene (CAG)(n) polymorphism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 90: 860-863, 2008.
103. Fernandez M, Bourguignon N, Lux-Lantos V, Libertun C. Neonatal exposure to bisphenol a and reproductive and endocrine alterations resembling the polycystic ovarian syndrome in adult rats. Environ Health Perspect 118: 1217-1222, 2010.
104. Florea AM, Yamoah EN, Dopp E. Intracellular calcium disturbances induced by arsenic and its methylated derivatives in relation to genomic damage and apoptosis induction. Environ Health Perspect 113: 659-664, 2005.
105. Ford PJ, Raphael SL, Cullinan MP, Jenkins AJ, West MJ, Seymour GJ. Why should a doctor be interested in oral disease? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 8: 1483-1493, 2010.
106. Forsdike RA, Hardy K, Bull L, Stark J, Webber LJ, Stubbs S, Robinson JE, Franks S. Disordered follicle development in ovaries of prenatally androgenized ewes. J Endocrinol 192: 421-428, 2007.
107. Fortuno C, Labarta E. Genetics of primary ovarian insufficiency: a review. J Assist Reprod Genet 31: 1573-1585, 2014.
108. Fragouli E, Bianchi V, Patrizio P, Obradors A, Huang Z, Borini A, Delhanty JD, Wells D. Transcriptomic profiling of human oocytes: association of meiotic aneuploidy and altered oocyte gene expression. Mol Hum Reprod 16: 570-582, 2010.
109. Franasiak JM, Forman EJ, Hong KH, Werner MD, Upham KM, Treff NR, Scott RT Jr. The nature of aneuploidy with increasing age of the female partner: a review of 15,169 consecutive trophectoderm biopsies evaluated with comprehensive chromosomal screening. Fertil Steril 101: 656-663, 2014.
110. Freour T, Dessolle L, Lammers J, Lattes S, Barriere P. Comparison of embryo morphokinetics after in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection in smoking and nonsmoking women. Fertil Steril 99: 1944-1950, 2013.
111. Frisch RE, McArthur JW. Menstrual cycles: fatness as a determinant of minimum weight for height necessary for their maintenance or onset. Science 185: 949-951, 1974.
112. Fuentes A, Munoz A, Barnhart K, Arguello B, Diaz M, Pommer R. Recent cigarette smoking and assisted reproductive technologies outcome. Fertil Steril 93: 89-95, 2010.
113. Galusca B, Prevost G, Germain N, Dubuc I, Ling Y, Anouar Y, Estour B, Chartrel N. Neuropeptide Y and alpha-MSH circadian levels in two populations with low body weight: anorexia nervosa and constitutional thinness. PLoS One 10: e0122040, 2015.
114. Gardner DK, Meseguer M, Rubio C, Treff NR. Diagnosis of human preimplantation embryo viability. Hum Reprod Update 21: 727-747, 2015.
115. Gardner DK, Wale PL, Collins R, Lane M. Glucose consumption of single post-compaction human embryos is predictive of embryo sex and live birth outcome. Hum Reprod 26: 1981-1986, 2011.
116. Gaskins AJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Lawson CC, Schernhammer ES, Missmer SA, Chavarro JE. Work schedule and physical factors in relation to fecundity in nurses. Occup Environ Med 72: 777-783, 2015.
117. Gaskins AJ, Rich-Edwards JW, Missmer SA, Rosner B, Chavarro JE. Association of fecundity with changes in adult female weight. Obstet Gynecol 126: 850-858, 2015.
118. Ge ZJ, Luo SM, Lin F, Liang QX, Huang L, Wei YC, Hou Y, Han ZM, Schatten H, Sun QY. DNA methylation in oocytes and liver of female mice and their offspring: effects of high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Environ Health Perspect 122: 159-164, 2014.
119. Ge ZJ, Schatten H, Zhang CL, Sun QY. Oocyte ageing and epigenetics. Reproduction 149: R103-114, 2015.
120. Genbacev O, Bass KE, Joslin RJ, Fisher SJ. Maternal smoking inhibits early human cytotrophoblast differentiation. Reprod Toxicol 9: 245-255, 1995.
121. Genbacev O, McMaster MT, Lazic J, Nedeljkovic S, Cvetkovic M, Joslin R, Fisher SJ. Concordant in situ and in vitro data show that maternal cigarette smoking negatively regulates placental cytotrophoblast passage through the cell cycle. Reprod Toxicol 14: 495-506, 2000.
122. George JT, Seminara SB. Kisspeptin and the hypothalamic control of reproduction: lessons from the human. Endocrinology 153: 5130-5136, 2012.
123. Glueck CJ, Wang P, Fontaine RN, Sieve-Smith L, Tracy T, Moore SK. Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity: an independent risk factor for the high miscarriage rate during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metab Clin Exp 48: 1589-1595, 1999.
124. Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. EDC-2: The Endocrine Society’s Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 36: E1-E150, 2015.
125. Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J, Zoeller RT. Executive Summary to EDC-2: The Endocrine Society’s Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Endocr Rev 36: 593-602, 2015.
126. Gormack AA, Peek JC, Derraik JG, Gluckman PD, Young NL, Cutfield WS. Many women undergoing fertility treatment make poor lifestyle choices that may affect treatment outcome. Hum Reprod 30: 1617-1624, 2015.
127. Goswami D, Conway GS. Premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod Update 11: 391-410, 2005.
128. Gougeon A. Dynamics of follicular growth in the human: a model from preliminary results. Hum Reprod 1: 81-87, 1986.
129. Grodnitskaya EE, Kurtser MA. Homocysteine metabolism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 28: 186-189, 2012.
130. Grondahl ML, Yding Andersen C, Bogstad J, Nielsen FC, Meinertz H, Borup R. Gene expression profiles of single human mature oocytes in relation to age. Hum Reprod 25: 957-968, 2010.
131. Guelinckx I, Devlieger R, Vansant G. Reproductive outcome after bariatric surgery: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update 15: 189-201, 2009.
132. Guglielmino MR, Santonocito M, Vento M, Ragusa M, Barbagallo D, Borzi P, Casciano I, Banelli B, Barbieri O, Astigiano S, Scollo P, Romani M, Purrello M, Di Pietro C. TAp73 is downregulated in oocytes from women of advanced reproductive age. Cell Cycle 10: 3253-3256, 2011.
133. Halasz M, Szekeres-Bartho J. The role of progesterone in implantation and trophoblast invasion. J Reprod Immunol 97: 43-50, 2013.
134. Halse RE, Wallman KE, Dimmock JA, Newnham JP, Guelfi KJ. Home-based exercise improves fitness and exercise attitude and intention in women with GDM. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47: 1698-1704, 2015.
135. Handyside AH. Molecular origin of female meiotic aneuploidies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1822: 1913-1920, 2012.
136. Hansen M, Bower C, Milne E, de Klerk N, Kurinczuk JJ. Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects-a systematic review. Hum Reprod 20: 328-338, 2005.
137. Hart R. Preservation of fertility in adults and children diagnosed with cancer. BMJ 337: a2045, 2008.
138. Hart R, Doherty DA. The potential implications of a PCOS diagnosis on a woman’s long-term health using data linkage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100: 911-919, 2015.
139. Hart R, Doherty DA. The potential implications of a PCOS diagnosis on a woman’s long-term health using data linkage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab jc20143886, 2014.
140. Hart R, Doherty DA, Frederiksen H, Keelan JA, Hickey M, Sloboda D, Pennell CE, Newnham JP, Skakkebaek NE, Main KM. The influence of antenatal exposure to phthalates on subsequent female reproductive development in adolescence: a pilot study. Reproduction 147: 379-390, 2014.
141. Hart R, Doherty DA, Norman RJ, Franks S, Dickinson JE, Hickey M, Sloboda DM. Serum antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels are elevated in adolescent girls with polycystic ovaries and the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Fertil Steril 94: 1118-1121, 2010.
142. Hart R, Doherty DA, Pennell CE, Newnham IA, Newnham JP. Periodontal disease: a potential modifiable risk factor limiting conception. Hum Reprod 27: 1332-1342, 2012.
143. Hart R, Doherty DA, Pennell CE, Newnham IA, Newnham JP. Periodontal disease: a potential modifiable risk factor limiting conception. Hum Reprod 27: 1332-1342, 2012.
144. Hart R, Khalaf Y, Yeong CT, Seed P, Taylor A, Braude P. A prospective controlled study of the effect of intramural uterine fibroids on the outcome of assisted conception. Hum Reprod 16: 2411-2417, 2001.
145. Hart R, Norman RJ. The longer-term health outcomes for children born as a result of IVF treatment. Part I-General health outcomes. Hum Reprod Update 19: 232-243, 2013.
146. Hart R, Sloboda DM, Doherty DA, Norman RJ, Atkinson HC, Newnham JP, Dickinson JE, Hickey M. Circulating maternal testosterone concentrations at 18 weeks of gestation predict circulating levels of antimullerian hormone in adolescence: a prospective cohort study. Fertil Steril 94: 1544-1547, 2010.
147. Hart RJ, Hickey M, Maouris P, Buckett W. Excisional surgery versus ablative surgery for ovarian endometriomata. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004992, 2008.
148. Heggland I, Irgens A, Tollanes M, Romundstad P, Syversen T, Svendsen K, Melo I, Hilt B. Pregnancy outcomes among female dental personnel-a registry-based retrospective cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health 37: 539-546, 2011.
149. Hewitt JK, Jayasinghe Y, Amor DJ, Gillam LH, Warne GL, Grover S, Zacharin MR. Fertility in Turner syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 79: 606-614, 2013.
150. Hickey M, Sloboda DM, Atkinson HC, Doherty DA, Franks S, Norman RJ, Newnham JP, Hart R. The relationship between maternal and umbilical cord androgen levels and polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 3714-3720, 2009.
151. Hjordt Hansen MV, Dalsgaard T, Hartwell D, Skovlund CW, Lidegaard O. Reproductive prognosis in endometriosis. A national cohort study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 93: 483-489, 2014.
152. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, Hannon WH, Gunter EW, Spencer CA, Braverman LE. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 489-499, 2002.
153. Holubcova Z, Blayney M, Elder K, Schuh M. Human oocytes. Error-prone chromosome- mediated spindle assembly favors chromosome segregation defects in human oocytes. Science 348: 1143-1147, 2015.
154. Homburg R, Hendriks ML, Konig TE, Anderson RA, Balen AH, Brincat M, Child T, Davies M, D’Hooghe T, Martinez A, Rajkhowa M, Rueda-Saenz R, Hompes P, Lambalk CB. Clomifene citrate or low-dose FSH for the first-line treatment of infertile women with anovulation associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized multinational study. Hum Reprod 27: 468-473, 2012.
155. Hooser SB, Douds DP, DeMerell DG, Hoyer PB, Sipes IG. Long-term ovarian and gonadotropin changes in mice exposed to 4-vinylcyclohexene. Reprod Toxicol 8: 315-323, 1994.
156. Huang RC, Mori TA, Beilin LJ. Early life programming of cardiometabolic disease in the Western Australian pregnancy cohort (Raine) study. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 39: 973-978, 2012.
157. Hughes E, Brown J, Collins JJ, Farquhar C, Fedorkow DM, Vandekerckhove P. Ovulation suppression for endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD000155, 2007.
158. Hulboy DL, Rudolph LA, Matrisian LM. Matrix metalloproteinases as mediators of reproductive function. Mol Hum Reprod 3: 27-45, 1997.
159. Hunt PA, Lawson C, Gieske M, Murdoch B, Smith H, Marre A, Hassold T, VandeVoort CA. Bisphenol A alters early oogenesis and follicle formation in the fetal ovary of the rhesus monkey. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109: 17525-17530, 2012.
160. Igawa Y, Keating AF, Rajapaksa KS, Sipes IG, Hoyer PB. Evaluation of ovotoxicity induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and its 3,4-diol metabolite utilizing a rat in vitro ovarian culture system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 234: 361-369, 2009.
161. Ikezuki Y, Tsutsumi O, Takai Y, Kamei Y, Taketani Y. Determination of bisphenol A concentrations in human biological fluids reveals significant early prenatal exposure. Hum Reprod 17: 2839-2841, 2002.
162. Isling LK, Boberg J, Jacobsen PR, Mandrup KR, Axelstad M, Christiansen S, Vinggaard AM, Taxvig C, Kortenkamp A, Hass U. Late-life effects on rat reproductive system after developmental exposure to mixtures of endocrine disrupters. Reproduction 147: 465-476, 2014.
163. Ivanov P, Tsvyatkovska T, Konova E, Komsa-Penkova R. Inherited thrombophilia and IVF failure: the impact of coagulation disorders on implantation process. Am J Reprod Immunol 68: 189-198, 2012.
164. Jablonska O, Shi Z, Valdez KE, Ting AY, Petroff BK. Temporal and anatomical sensitivities to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin leading to premature acyclicity with age in rats. Int J Androl 33: 405-412, 2010.
165. Jensen TK, Scheike T, Keiding N, Schaumburg I, Grandjean P. Fecundability in relation to body mass and menstrual cycle patterns. Epidemiology 10: 422-428, 1999.
166. Jick H, Porter J. Relation between smoking and age of natural menopause. Report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Boston University Medical Center. Lancet 1: 1354-1355, 1977.
167. Johansson K, Cnattingius S, Naslund I, Roos N, Trolle Lagerros Y, Granath F, Stephansson O, Neovius M. Outcomes of pregnancy after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 372: 814-824, 2015.
168. Jungheim ES, Schon SB, Schulte MB, DeUgarte DA, Fowler SA, Tuuli MG. IVF outcomes in obese donor oocyte recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 28: 2720-2727, 2013.
169. Kadhel P, Monnier P, Boucoiran I, Chaillet N, Fraser WD. Organochlorine pollutants and female fertility: a systematic review focusing on in vitro fertilization studies. Reprod Sci 19: 1246-1259, 2012.
170. Kallen CB, Arakane F, Christenson LK, Watari H, Devoto L, Strauss JF 3rd. Unveiling the mechanism of action and regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. Mol Cell Endocrinol 145: 39-45, 1998.
171. Kandaraki E, Chatzigeorgiou A, Livadas S, Palioura E, Economou F, Koutsilieris M, Palimeri S, Panidis D, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Endocrine disruptors and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): elevated serum levels of bisphenol A in women with PCOS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: E480-484, 2011.
172. Karavan JR, Pepling ME. Effects of estrogenic compounds on neonatal oocyte development. Reprod Toxicol 34: 51-56, 2012.
173. Kaufman F, Kogut MD, Donnell GN, Koch H, Goebelsmann U. Ovarian failure in galactosaemia. Lancet 2: 737-738, 1979.
174. Kawato H, Tabata T, Minoura H, Murabayashi N, Ma N, Wang DF, Sagawa N. Factor XII gene expression in endometrial stromal cells during decidualisation. Reprod Fertil Dev 21: 840-847, 2009.
175. Kezele PR, Nilsson EE, Skinner MK. Insulin but not insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition. Mol Cell Endocrinol 192: 37-43, 2002.
176. Khadzhieva MB, Lutcenko NN, Volodin IV, Morozova KV, Salnikova LE. Association of oxidative stress-related genes with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. Free Radical Res 48: 534-541, 2014.
177. Khan S, Beigh S, Chaudhari BP, Sharma S, Aliul Hasan Abdi S, Ahmad S, Ahmad F, Parvez S, Raisuddin S. Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Bisphenol A is a factor of its hepatotoxicity in rats. Environ Toxicol toxicology 2015 doi: 10.1002/tox.22193.
178. Kline J, Levin B, Kinney A, Stein Z, Susser M, Warburton D. Cigarette smoking and spontaneous abortion of known karyotype. Precise data but uncertain inferences. Am J Epidemiol 141: 417-427, 1995.
179. Knight PG, Satchell L, Glister C. Intra-ovarian roles of activins and inhibins. Mol Cell Endocrinol 359: 53-65, 2012.
180. Knoll M, Talbot P. Cigarette smoke inhibits oocyte cumulus complex pick-up by the oviduct in vitro independent of ciliary beat frequency. Reprod Toxicol 12: 57-68, 1998.
181. Koch HM, Calafat AM. Human body burdens of chemicals used in plastic manufacture. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 364: 2063-2078, 2009.
182. Konstantinidis M, Alfarawati S, Hurd D, Paolucci M, Shovelton J, Fragouli E, Wells D. Simultaneous assessment of aneuploidy, polymorphisms, and mitochondrial DNA content in human polar bodies and embryos with the use of a novel microarray platform. Fertil Steril 102: 1385-1392, 2014.
183. Kristensen SG, Andersen K, Clement CA, Franks S, Hardy K, Andersen CY. Expression of TGF-beta superfamily growth factors, their receptors, the associated SMADs and antagonists in five isolated size-matched populations of pre-antral follicles from normal human ovaries. Mol Hum Reprod 20: 293-308, 2014.
184. Krog M, Prior M, Carlsen E, Loft A, Forman J, Pinborg A, Andersen AN. Fertilization failure after IVF in 304 couples-a case-control study on predictors and long-term prognosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 184: 32-37, 2015.
185. Kroon B, Johnson N, Chapman M, Yazdani A, Hart R, Australasian CCEPoTeg. Fibroids in infertility- consensus statement from ACCEPT (Australasian CREI Consensus Expert Panel on Trial evidence). Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 51: 289-295, 2011.
186. Krotz SP, Carson SA, Tomey C, Buster JE. Phthalates and bisphenol do not accumulate in human follicular fluid. J Assist Reprod Genet 29: 773-777, 2012.
187. Kurkowiak M, Zietkiewicz E, Witt M. Recent advances in primary ciliary dyskinesia genetics. J Med Genet 52: 1-9, 2015.
188. Kwik M, Karia S, Boothroyd C. RANZCOG CREI Consensus Statement on treatment of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 55: 413-419, 2015.
189. Landgren BM, Collins A, Csemiczky G, Burger HG, Baksheev L, Robertson DM. Menopause transition: Annual changes in serum hormonal patterns over the menstrual cycle in women during a nine-year period prior to menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 2763-2769, 2004.
190. Lane M, Gardner DK. Embryo culture medium: which is the best? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 21: 83-100, 2007.
191. Larsen U, Vaupel JW. Hutterite fecundability by age and parity: strategies for frailty modeling of event histories. Demography 30: 81-102, 1993.
192. Lathi RB, Liebert CA, Brookfield KF, Taylor JA, vom Saal FS, Fujimoto VY, Baker VL. Conjugated bisphenol A in maternal serum in relation to miscarriage risk. Fertil Steril 102: 123-128, 2014.
193. Layman LC. The genetic basis of female reproductive disorders: etiology and clinical testing. Mol Cell Endocrinol 370: 138-148, 2013.
194. Leary C, Leese HJ, Sturmey RG. Human embryos from overweight and obese women display phenotypic and metabolic abnormalities. Hum Reprod 30: 122-132, 2015.
195. Lechniak D, Pers-Kamczyc E, Pawlak P. Timing of the first zygotic cleavage as a marker of developmental potential of mammalian embryos. Reprod Biol 8: 23-42, 2008.
196. Legro RS, Brzyski RG, Diamond MP, Coutifaris C, Schlaff WD, Casson P, Christman GM, Huang H, Yan Q, Alvero R, Haisenleder DJ, Barnhart KT, Bates GW, Usadi R, Lucidi S, Baker V, Trussell JC, Krawetz SA, Snyder P, Ohl D, Santoro N, Eisenberg E, Zhang H, Network NRM. Letrozole versus clomiphene for infertility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 371: 119-129, 2014.
197. Legro RS, Dodson WC, Kris-Etherton PM, Kunselman AR, Stetter CM, Williams NI, Gnatuk CL, Estes SJ, Fleming J, Allison KC, Sarwer DB, Coutifaris C, Dokras A. Randomized controlled trial of preconception interventions in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100: 4048-4058, 2015.
198. Lerchbaum E, Rabe T. Vitamin D and female fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 26: 145-150, 2014.
199. Lessey BA, Young SL. Integrins and other cell adhesion molecules in endometrium and endometriosis. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 15: 291-299, 1997.
200. Liu Y, Li GP, Sessions BR, Rickords LF, White KL, Bunch TD. Nicotine induces multinuclear formation and causes aberrant embryonic development in bovine. Mol Reprod Dev 75: 801-809, 2008.
201. Luzzo KM, Wang Q, Purcell SH, Chi M, Jimenez PT, Grindler N, Schedl T, Moley KH. High fat diet induced developmental defects in the mouse: oocyte meiotic aneuploidy and fetal growth retardation/brain defects. PLoS One 7: e49217, 2012.
202. Lyons RA, Djahanbakhch O, Saridogan E, Naftalin AA, Mahmood T, Weekes A, Chenoy R. Peritoneal fluid, endometriosis, and ciliary beat frequency in the human fallopian tube. Lancet 360: 1221-1222, 2002.
203. Lyons RA, Saridogan E, Djahanbakhch O. The reproductive significance of human Fallopian tube cilia. Hum Reprod Update 12: 363-372, 2006.
204. Macaldowie A, Lee E, Chambers G. Assisted Reproductive Technology in Australia and New Zealand 2013. Sydney: National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Univ. of New South Wales, 2015.
205. Macaldowie A, Wang Y, Chambers G, Sullivan E. Assisted Reproductive Technology in Australia and New Zealand 2011. Sydney: Univ. of New South Wales, 2013.
206. Machtinger R, Orvieto R. Bisphenol A, oocyte maturation, implantation, and IVF outcome: review of animal and human data. Reprod Biomed Online 29: 404-410, 2014.
207. MacLennan M, Crichton JH, Playfoot CJ, Adams IR. Oocyte development, meiosis and aneuploidy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 45: 68-76, 2015.
208. Magli MC, Gianaroli L, Ferraretti AP, Gordts S, Fredericks V, Crippa A. Paternal contribution to aneuploidy in preimplantation embryos. Reprod Biomed Online 18: 536-542, 2009.
209. Manova K, Huang EJ, Angeles M, De Leon V, Sanchez S, Pronovost SM, Besmer P, Bachvarova RF. The expression pattern of the c-kit ligand in gonads of mice supports a role for the c-kit receptor in oocyte growth and in proliferation of spermatogonia. Dev Biol 157: 85-99, 1993.
210. Martinez-Zamora MA, Mattioli L, Parera J, Abad E, Coloma JL, van Babel B, Galceran MT, Balasch J, Carmona F. Increased levels of dioxin-like substances in adipose tissue in patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis. Hum Reprod 30: 1059-1068, 2015.
211. Master JS, Thouas GA, Harvey AJ, Sheedy JR, Hannan NJ, Gardner DK, Wlodek ME. Low female birth weight and advanced maternal age programme alterations in nextgeneration blastocyst development. Reproduction 149: 497-510, 2015.
212. May-Panloup P, Chretien MF, Jacques C, Vasseur C, Malthiery Y, Reynier P. Low oocyte mitochondrialDNAcontent in ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod 20: 593-597, 2005.
213. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, Kleinberg DL, Montori VM, Schlechte JA, Wass JA, Endocrine S. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 273-288, 2011.
214. Merchant-Larios H, Centeno B. Morphogenesis of the ovary from the sterile W/Wv mouse. Prog Clin Biol Res 59B: 383-392, 1981.
215. Meseguer M, Herrero J, Tejera A, Hilligsoe KM, Ramsing NB, Remohi J. The use of morphokinetics as a predictor of embryo implantation. Hum Reprod 26: 2658-2671, 2011.
216. Milesi MM, Alarcon R, Ramos JG, Munoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH, Varayoud J. Neonatal exposure to low doses of endosulfan induces implantation failure and disrupts uterine functional differentiation at the pre-implantation period in rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 401: 248-259, 2015.
217. Minge CE, Bennett BD, Norman RJ, Robker RL. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist rosiglitazone reverses the adverse effects of diet-induced obesity on oocyte quality. Endocrinology 149: 2646-2656, 2008.
218. Misra M, Miller KK, Tsai P, Gallagher K, Lin A, Lee N, Herzog DB, Klibanski A. Elevated peptide YY levels in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91: 1027-1033, 2006.
219. Misso ML, Costello MF, Garrubba M, Wong J, Hart R, Rombauts L, Melder AM, Norman RJ, Teede HJ. Metformin versus clomiphene citrate for infertility in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 19: 2-11, 2013.
220. Misso ML, Teede HJ, Hart R, Wong J, Rombauts L, Melder AM, Norman RJ, Costello MF. Status of clomiphene citrate and metformin for infertility in PCOS. Trends Endocrinol Metab 23: 533-543, 2012.
221. Misso ML, Wong JL, Teede HJ, Hart R, Rombauts L, Melder AM, Norman RJ, Costello MF. Aromatase inhibitors for PCOS: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 18: 301-312, 2012.
222. Mitchell C, Prabhu M. Pelvic inflammatory disease: current concepts in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. Infect Dis Clinic N Am 27: 793-809, 2013.
223. Mitchell JA, Hammer RE. Effects of nicotine on oviducal blood flow and embryo development in the rat. J Reprod Fertil 74: 71-76, 1985.
224. Moran L, Teede H. Metabolic features of the reproductive phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 15: 477-488, 2009.
225. Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, Norman RJ. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Hum Reprod Update 16: 347-363, 2010.
226. Morris SN, Missmer SA, Cramer DW, Powers RD, McShane PM, Hornstein MD. Effects of lifetime exercise on the outcome of in vitro fertilization. Obstet Gynecol 108: 938-945, 2006.
227. Murdoch WJ. Proteolytic and cellular death mechanisms in ovulatory ovarian rupture. Biol Signals Receptors 9: 102-114, 2000.
228. Murri M, Luque-Ramirez M, Insenser M, Ojeda-Ojeda M, Escobar-Morreale HF. Circulating markers of oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 19: 268-288, 2013.
229. Muzii L, Di Tucci C, Di Feliciantonio M, Marchetti C, Perniola G, Panici PB. The effect of surgery for endometrioma on ovarian reserve evaluated by antral follicle count: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 29: 2190-2198, 2014.
230. Naderpoor N, Shorakae S, de Courten B, Misso ML, Moran LJ, Teede HJ. Metformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and metaanalysis. Hum Reprod Update 21: 560-574, 2015.
231. Navarro VM, Kaiser UB. Metabolic influences on neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obesity 20: 335-341, 2013.
232. Nelen WL, Steegers EA, Eskes TK, Blom HJ. Genetic risk factor for unexplained recurrent early pregnancy loss. Lancet 350: 861, 1997.
233. Neri A, Marcus SL. Effect of nicotine on the motility of the oviducts in the rhesus monkey: a preliminary report. J Reprod Fertil 31: 91-97, 1972.
234. Newnham JP, Newnham IA, Ball CM, Wright M, Pennell CE, Swain J, Doherty DA. Treatment of periodontal disease during pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 114: 1239-1248, 2009.
235. Nikas G, Psychoyos A. Uterine pinopodes in peri-implantation human endometrium. Clinical relevance. Ann NY Acad Sci 816: 129-142, 1997.
236. Nilsson EE, Kezele P, Skinner MK. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) promotes the primordial to primary follicle transition in rat ovaries. Mol Cell Endocrinol 188: 65-73, 2002.
237. No ACO. Exposure to toxic environmental agents. Obstet Gynecol 122: 931-935, 2013.
238. Norman RJ. The power of one and its cost. Med J Aust 195: 564-565, 2011.
239. Norman RJ, Clark AM. Obesity and reproductive disorders: a review. Reprod Fertil Dev 10: 55-63, 1998.
240. Okabe M. The cell biology of mammalian fertilization. Development 140: 4471-4479, 2013.
241. Oktay K, Bedoschi G. Oocyte cryopreservation for fertility preservation in postpubertal female children at risk for premature ovarian failure due to accelerated follicle loss in turner syndrome or cancer treatments. J Pediatr Adolescent Gynecol 27: 342-346, 2014.
242. Oktem O, Urman B. Understanding follicle growth in vivo. Hum Reprod 25: 2944-2954, 2010.
243. Owusu-Edusei K Jr, Bohm MK, Chesson HW, Kent CK. Chlamydia screening and pelvic inflammatory disease: Insights from exploratory time-series analyses. Am J Prevent Med 38: 652-657, 2010.
244. Pal L, Zhang K, Zeitlian G, Santoro N. Characterizing the reproductive hormone milieu in infertile women with diminished ovarian reserve. Fertil Steril 93: 1074-1079, 2010.
245. Palioura E, Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Rev Endocr Metab Disorders. In press.
246. Palomba S, Falbo A, Chiossi G, Tolino A, Tucci L, La Sala GB, Zullo F. Early trophoblast invasion and placentation in women with different PCOS phenotypes. Reprod Biomed Online 29: 370-381, 2014.
247. Palomba S, Falbo A, La Sala GB. Effects of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with gonadotrophins for in vitro fertilisation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BJOG 120: 267-276, 2013.
248. Palomba S, Russo T, Falbo A, Di Cello A, Amendola G, Mazza R, Tolino A, Zullo F, Tucci L, La Sala GB. Decidual endovascular trophoblast invasion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an experimental case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97: 2441-2449, 2012.
249. Papathanasiou A, Djahanbakhch O, Saridogan E, Lyons RA. The effect of interleukin-6 on ciliary beat frequency in the human fallopian tube. Fertil Steril 90: 391-394, 2008.
250. Parisi MA, Spong CY, Zajicek A, Guttmacher AE. We don’t know what we don’t study: the case for research on medication effects in pregnancy. Am J Med Genet C Med Genet 157C: 247-250, 2011.
251. Paszkowski T, Clarke RN, Hornstein MD. Smoking induces oxidative stress inside the Graafian follicle. Hum Reprod 17: 921-925, 2002.
252. Patel S, Zhou C, Rattan S, Flaws JA. The Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on the Ovary. Biol Reprod 93: 20, 2015.
253. Persani L, Rossetti R, Cacciatore C, Fabre S. Genetic defects of ovarian TGF-beta-like factors and premature ovarian failure. J Endocrinol Invest 34: 244-251, 2011.
254. Persani L, Rossetti R, Di Pasquale E, Cacciatore C, Fabre S. The fundamental role of bone morphogenetic protein 15 in ovarian function and its involvement in female fertility disorders. Hum Reprod Update 20: 869-883, 2014.
255. Petersen GL, Schmidt L, Pinborg A, Kamper-Jorgensen M. The influence of female and male body mass index on live births after assisted reproductive technology treatment: a nationwide register-based cohort study. Fertil Steril 99: 1654-1662, 2013.
256. Pigny P, Merlen E, Robert Y, Cortet-Rudelli C, Decanter C, Jonard S, Dewailly D. Elevated serum level of anti-mullerian hormone in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship to the ovarian follicle excess and to the follicular arrest. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88: 5957-5962, 2003.
257. Pineles BL, Park E, Samet JM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of miscarriage and maternal exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 179: 807-823, 2014.
258. Pinilla L, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Millar RP, Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins and reproduction: physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms. Physiol Rev 92: 1235-1316, 2012.
259. Plasschaert RN, Bartolomei MS. Genomic imprinting in development, growth, behavior and stem cells. Development 141: 1805-1813, 2014.
260. Pocar P, Fiandanese N, Secchi C, Berrini A, Fischer B, Schmidt JS, Schaedlich K, Rhind SM, Zhang Z, Borromeo V. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in CD-1 mice: reproductive toxicity and intergenerational transmission. Toxicol Sci 126: 213-226, 2012.
261. Pollack AZ, Buck Louis GM, Chen Z, Sun L, Trabert B, Guo Y, Kannan K. Bisphenol A, benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters, and phthalates in relation to uterine leiomyoma. Environ Res 137: 101-107, 2015.
262. Polotsky AJ, Allshouse AA, Casson PR, Coutifaris C, Diamond MP, Christman GM, Schlaff WD, Alvero R, Trussell JC, Krawetz SA, Santoro N, Eisenberg E, Zhang H, Legro RS. Impact of male and female weight, smoking, and intercourse frequency on live birth in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100: 2405-2412, 2015.
263. Potdar N, Gelbaya TA, Konje JC, Nardo LG. Adjunct low-molecular-weight heparin to improve live birth rate after recurrent implantation failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 19: 674-684, 2013.
264. Potts M, Psychoyos A. Evolution of the ultrastructure of the ovoendometrial connections under the influence of estrogen in the rat during experimental retardation of nidation. Comptes Rendus hebdomadaires des seances de l’Academie des sciences Serie D: Sciences naturelles 264: 370-373, 1967.
265. Practice Committee of American Society For Reproductive Medicine. Increased maternal cardiovascular mortality associated with pregnancy in women with Turner syndrome. Fertil Steril 97: 282-284, 2012.
266. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil Steril 90: S188-193, 2008.
267. Qiao J, Feng HL. Extra- and intra-ovarian factors in polycystic ovary syndrome: impact on oocyte maturation and embryo developmental competence. Hum Reprod Update 17: 17-33, 2011.
268. Qin JZ, Pang LH, Li MJ, Fan XJ, Huang RD, Chen HY. Obstetric complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 11: 56, 2013.
269. Radin RG, Hatch EE, Rothman KJ, Mikkelsen EM, Sorensen HT, Riis AH, Wise LA. Active and passive smoking and fecundability in Danish pregnancy planners. Fertil Steril 102: 183-191, 2014.
270. Ramesh A, Archibong AE, Niaz MS. Ovarian susceptibility to benzo[a]pyrene: tissue burden of metabolites and DNA adducts in F-344 rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 73: 1611-1625, 2010.
271. Ramlau-Hansen CH, Thulstrup AM, Nohr EA, Bonde JP, Sorensen TI, Olsen J. Subfecundity in overweight and obese couples. Hum Reprod 22: 1634-1637, 2007.
272. Rana P, Kazmi I, Singh R, Afzal M, Al-Abbasi FA, Aseeri A, Singh R, Khan R, Anwar F. Ectopic pregnancy: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 288: 747-757, 2013.
273. Regan L, Rai R. Thrombophilia and pregnancy loss. J Reprod Immunol 55: 163-180, 2002.
274. Retamales I, Carrasco I, Troncoso JL, Las Heras J, Devoto L, Vega M. Morphofunctional study of human luteal cell subpopulations. Hum Reprod 9: 591-596, 1994.
275. Reynier P, May-Panloup P, Chretien MF, Morgan CJ, Jean M, Savagner F, Barriere P, Malthiery Y. Mitochondrial DNA content affects the fertilizability of human oocytes. Mol Hum Reprod 7: 425-429, 2001.
276. Rice S, Elia A, Jawad Z, Pellatt L, Mason HD. Metformin inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) action in human granulosa cells: relevance to polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98: E1491-1500, 2013.
277. Ristovska G, Laszlo HE, Hansell AL. Reproductive outcomes associated with noise exposure: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 7931-7952, 2014.
278. Rittenberg V, Seshadri S, Sunkara SK, Sobaleva S, Oteng-Ntim E, El-Toukhy T. Effect of body mass index on IVF treatment outcome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online 23: 421-439, 2011.
279. Rivera OE, Varayoud J, Rodriguez HA, Munoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH. Neonatal exposure to bisphenol A or diethylstilbestrol alters the ovarian follicular dynamics in the lamb. Reprod Toxicol 32: 304-312, 2011.
280. Robinson JE, Birch RA, Foster DL, Padmanabhan V. Prenatal exposure of the ovine fetus to androgens sexually differentiates the steroid feedback mechanisms that control gonadotropin releasing hormone secretion and disrupts ovarian cycles. Arch Sex Behav 31: 35-41, 2002.
281. Robker RL, Akison LK, Bennett BD, Thrupp PN, Chura LR, Russell DL, Lane M, Norman RJ. Obese women exhibit differences in ovarian metabolites, hormones, and gene expression compared with moderate-weight women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94: 1533-1540, 2009.
282. Rodriguez HA, Santambrosio N, Santamaria CG, Munoz-de-Toro M, Luque EH. Neonatal exposure to bisphenol A reduces the pool of primordial follicles in the rat ovary. Reprod Toxicol 30: 550-557, 2010.
283. Roque M. Freeze-all policy: is it time for that? J Assisted Reprod Genet 32: 171-176, 2015.
284. Rotterdam EASPCWG. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 81: 19-25, 2004.
285. Rowland AS, Baird DD, Weinberg CR, Shore DL, Shy CM, Wilcox AJ. The effect of occupational exposure to mercury vapour on the fertility of female dental assistants. Occup Environ Med 51: 28-34, 1994.
286. Rubio I, Galan A, Larreategui Z, Ayerdi F, Bellver J, Herrero J, Meseguer M. Clinical validation of embryo culture and selection by morphokinetic analysis: a randomized, controlled trial of the EmbryoScope. Fertil Steril 102: 1287-1294, 2014.
287. Rutkowska A, Rachon D. Bisphenol A (BPA) and its potential role in the pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Gynecol Endocrinol 30: 260-265, 2014.
288. Rzymski P, Rzymski P, Tomczyk K, Niedzielski P, Jakubowski K, Poniedzialek B, Opala T. Metal status in human endometrium: relation to cigarette smoking and histological lesions. Environ Res 132: 328-333, 2014.
289. Rzymski P, Tomczyk K, Rzymski P, Poniedzialek B, Opala T, Wilczak M. Impact of heavy metals on the female reproductive system. Ann Agricultural Environmental Med 22: 259-264, 2015.
290. Sallam HN, Garcia-Velasco JA, Dias S, Arici A. Long-term pituitary down-regulation before in vitro fertilization (IVF) for women with endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD004635, 2006.
291. Sander VA, Hapon MB, Sicaro L, Lombardi EP, Jahn GA, Motta AB. Alterations of folliculogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 124: 58-64, 2011.
292. Santillan I, Lozano I, Illan J, Verdu V, Coca S, Bajo-Arenas JM, Martinez F. Where and when should natural killer cells be tested in women with repeated implantation failure? J Reprod Immunol 108: 142-148, 2015.
293. Saradogan E, Djahanbakhch O. Hormonal control of the fallopian tube. In: The Fallopain Tube, edited by Allahbadia GN, Saradogan E, and Djahanbakhch O. Kent: Anshan, 2009.
294. Savaris RF, Groll JM, Young SL, DeMayo FJ, Jeong JW, Hamilton AE, Giudice LC, Lessey BA. Progesterone resistance in PCOS endometrium: a microarray analysis in clomiphene citrate-treated and artificial menstrual cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96: 1737-1746, 2011.
295. Schatten H, Sun QY. The role of centrosomes in mammalian fertilization and its significance for ICSI. Mol Hum Reprod 15: 531-538, 2009.
296. Schatten H, Sun QY, Prather R. The impact of mitochondrial function/dysfunction on IVF and new treatment possibilities for infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 12: 111, 2014.
297. Schieve LA, Tatham L, Peterson HB, Toner J, Jeng G. Spontaneous abortion among pregnancies conceived using assisted reproductive technology in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 101: 959-967, 2003.
298. Schliep KC, Mumford SL, Vladutiu CJ, Ahrens KA, Perkins NJ, Sjaarda LA, Kissell KA, Prasad A, Wactawski-Wende J, Schisterman EF. Perceived stress, reproductive hormones, and ovulatory function: a prospective cohort study. Epidemiology 26: 177-184, 2015.
299. Schneider LF, Warren MP. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is associated with elevated ghrelin and disordered eating. Fertil Steril 86: 1744-1749, 2006.
300. Schoenaker DA, Jackson CA, Rowlands JV, Mishra GD. Socioeconomic position, lifestyle factors and age at natural menopause: a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies across six continents. Int J Epidemiol 43: 1542-1562, 2014.
301. Schulte MM, Tsai JH, Moley KH. Obesity and PCOS: the effect of metabolic derangements on endometrial receptivity at the time of implantation. Reprod Sci 22: 6-14, 2015.
302. Schummers L, Hutcheon JA, Bodnar LM, Lieberman E, Himes KP. Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes by prepregnancy body mass index: a population-based study to inform prepregnancy weight loss counseling. Obstet Gynecol 125: 133-143, 2015.
303. Sen A, Kushnir VA, Barad DH, Gleicher N. Endocrine autoimmune diseases and female infertility. Nature Rev Endocrinol 10: 37-50, 2014.
304. Seshadri S, Sunkara SK. Natural killer cells in female infertility and recurrent miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 20: 429-438, 2014.
305. Shang K, Jia X, Qiao J, Kang J, Guan Y. Endometrial abnormality in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Sci 19: 674-683, 2012.
306. Shao R, Zou S, Wang X, Feng Y, Brannstrom M, Stener-Victorin E, Billig H. Revealing the hidden mechanisms of smoke-induced fallopian tubal implantation. Biol Reprod 86: 131, 2012.
307. Sharara FI, Beatse SN, Leonardi MR, Navot D, Scott RT Jr. Cigarette smoking accelerates the development of diminished ovarian reserve as evidenced by the clomiphene citrate challenge test. Fertil Steril 62: 257-262, 1994.
308. Shen Y, Ren ML, Feng X, Cai YL, Gao YX, Xu Q. An evidence in vitro for the influence of bisphenol A on uterine leiomyoma. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 178: 80-83, 2014.
309. Shiloh H, Lahav-Baratz S, Koifman M, Ishai D, Bidder D, Weiner-Meganzi Z, Dirnfeld M. The impact of cigarette smoking on zona pellucida thickness of oocytes and embryos prior to transfer into the uterine cavity. Hum Reprod 19: 157-159, 2004.
310. Shoham Z, Patel A, Jacobs HS. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: safety and effectiveness of stepwise and low-dose administration of purified follicle-stimulating hormone. Fertil Steril 55: 1051-1056, 1991.
311. Shub A, Wong C, Jennings B, Swain JR, Newnham JP. Maternal periodontal disease and perinatal mortality. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 49: 130-136, 2009.
312. Shultis WA, Weil EJ, Looker HC, Curtis JM, Shlossman M, Genco RJ, Knowler WC, Nelson RG. Effect of periodontitis on overt nephropathy and end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30: 306-311, 2007.
313. Sim KA, Partridge SR, Sainsbury A. Does weight loss in overweight or obese women improve fertility treatment outcomes? A systematic review. Obes Rev 15: 839-850, 2014.
314. Simpson JL, Mills JL, Kim H, Holmes LB, Lee J, Metzger B, Knopp R, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Aarons J, Conley M. Infectious processes: an infrequent cause of first trimester spontaneous abortions. Human Reprod 11: 668-672, 1996.
315. Sinko I, Morocz M, Zadori J, Kokavszky K, Rasko I. Effect of cigarette smoking on DNA damage of human cumulus cells analyzed by comet assay. Reprod Toxicol 20: 65-71, 2005.
316. Sivalingam VN, Myers J, Nicholas S, Balen AH, Crosbie EJ. Metformin in reproductive health, pregnancy and gynaecological cancer: established and emerging indications. Hum Reprod Update 20: 2853-867, 2014.
317. Smyth A, Radovic M, Garovic Women VD. Kidney disease, pregnancy. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis disease 20: 402-410, 2013.
318. Soares SR, Simon C, Remohi J, Pellicer A. Cigarette smoking affects uterine receptiveness. Hum Reprod 22: 543-547, 2007.
319. Soave I, Caserta D, Wenger JM, Dessole S, Perino A, Marci R. Environment and Endometriosis: a toxic relationship. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 19: 1964-1972, 2015.
320. Sobinoff AP, Beckett EL, Jarnicki AG, Sutherland JM, McCluskey A, Hansbro PM, McLaughlin EA. Scrambled and fried: cigarette smoke exposure causes antral follicle destruction and oocyte dysfunction through oxidative stress. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 271: 156-167, 2013.
321. Sobinoff AP, Mahony M, Nixon B, Roman SD, McLaughlin EA. Understanding the Villain: DMBA-induced preantral ovotoxicity involves selective follicular destruction and primordial follicle activation through PI3K/Akt and mTOR signaling. Toxicol Sci 123: 563-575, 2011.
322. Sobinoff AP, Sutherland JM, McLaughlin EA. Intracellular signalling during female gametogenesis. Mol Hum Reprod 19: 265-278, 2013.
323. Sofo V, Gotte M, Lagana AS, Salmeri FM, Triolo O, Sturlese E, Retto G, Alfa M, Granese R, Abrao MS. Correlation between dioxin and endometriosis: an epigenetic route to unravel the pathogenesis of the disease. Arch Gynecol Obstet 292: 973-986, 2015.
324. Song S, Zhang L, Zhang H, Wei W, Jia L. Perinatal BPA exposure induces hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and decreased adiponectin production in later life of male rat offspring. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11: 3728-3742, 2014.
325. Souter I, Smith KW, Dimitriadis I, Ehrlich S, Williams PL, Calafat AM, Hauser R. The association of bisphenol-A urinary concentrations with antral follicle counts and other measures of ovarian reserve in women undergoing infertility treatments. Reprod Toxicol 42: 224-231, 2013.
326. Steegers-Theunissen RP, Twigt J, Pestinger V, Sinclair KD. The periconceptional period, reproduction and long-term health of offspring: the importance of one-carbon metabolism. Hum Reprod Update 19: 640-655, 2013.
327. Stepto NK, Cassar S, Joham AE, Hutchison SK, Harrison CL, Goldstein RF, Teede HJ. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome have intrinsic insulin resistance on euglycaemic- hyperinsulaemic clamp. Hum Reprod 28: 777-784, 2013.
328. Stern C, Pertile M, Norris H, Hale L, Baker HW. Chromosome translocations in couples with in-vitro fertilization implantation failure. Hum Reprod 14: 2097-2101, 1999.
329. Stetten G, Escallon CS, South ST, McMichael JL, Saul DO, Blakemore KJ. Reevaluating confined placental mosaicism. Am J Med Genet A 131: 232-239, 2004.
330. Stothard KJ, Tennant PW, Bell R, Rankin J. Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 301: 636-650, 2009.
331. Strandell A, Lindhard A, Waldenstrom U, Thorburn J, Janson PO, Hamberger L. Hydrosalpinx and IVF outcome: a prospective, randomized multicentre trial in Scandinavia on salpingectomy prior to IVF. Hum Reprod 14: 2762-2769, 1999.
332. Sugino N, Suzuki T, Kashida S, Karube A, Takiguchi S, Kato H. Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the human corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle and in early pregnancy: regulation by human chorionic gonadotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 4379-4386, 2000.
333. Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Ozaki Y, Sonta S, Makino T, Suzumori K. Exposure to bisphenol A is associated with recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod 20: 2325-2329, 2005.
334. Susiarjo M, Hassold TJ, Freeman E, Hunt PA. Bisphenol A exposure in utero disrupts early oogenesis in the mouse. PLoS Genet 3: e5, 2007.
335. Sybert VP, McCauley E. Turner’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 351: 1227-1238, 2004.
336. Szekeres-Bartho J, Balasch J. Progestagen therapy for recurrent miscarriage. Hum Reprod Update 14: 27-35, 2008.
337. Tang H, Hunter T, Hu Y, Zhai SD, Sheng X, Hart RJ. Cabergoline for preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2: CD008605, 2012.
338. Taylor TH, Gitlin SA, Patrick JL, Crain JL, Wilson JM, Griffin DK. The origin, mechanisms, incidence and clinical consequences of chromosomal mosaicism in humans. Hum Reprod Update 20: 571-581, 2014.
339. Teede HJ, Joham AE, Paul E, Moran LJ, Loxton D, Jolley D, Lombard C. Longitudinal weight gain in women identified with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of an observational study in young women. Obesity 21: 1526-1532, 2013.
340. Teede HJ, Misso ML, Deeks AA, Moran LJ, Stuckey BG, Wong JL, Norman RJ, Costello MF. Assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: summary of an evidence-based guideline. Med J Aust 195: S65-112, 2011.
341. Teixeira Filho FL, Baracat EC, Lee TH, Suh CS, Matsui M, Chang RJ, Shimasaki S, Erickson GF. Aberrant expression of growth differentiation factor-9 in oocytes of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 1337-1344, 2002.
342. Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, Scambia G, Di Simone N. Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms. Hum Reprod Update 20: 582-593, 2014.
343. Teughels W, Dekeyser C, Van Essche M, Quirynen M. One-stage, full-mouth disinfection: fiction or reality? Periodontol 2000 50: 39-51, 2009.
344. Tonetti MS, D’Aiuto F, Nibali L, Donald A, Storry C, Parkar M, Suvan J, Hingorani AD, Vallance P, Deanfield J. Treatment of periodontitis and endothelial function. N Engl J Med 356: 911-920, 2007.
345. Tso LO, Costello MF, Albuquerque LE, Andriolo RB, Macedo CR. Metformin treatment before and during IVF or ICSI in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11: CD006105, 2014.
346. Turner HH. A syndrome of infantilism, congenital webbed neck, and cubitus valgus. Endocrinology 23: 566-574, 1938.
347. Ujvari U, Hulchiy M, Calaby A, Nybacka A, Bystrom B, Hirschberg AL. Lifestyle intervention up-regulates gene and protein levels of molecules involved in insulin signaling in the endometrium of overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 29: 1526-1535, 2014.
348. Upson K, De Roos AJ, Thompson ML, Sathyanarayana S, Scholes D, Barr DB, Holt VL. Organochlorine pesticides and risk of endometriosis: findings from a populationbased case-control study. Environ Health Perspect 121: 1319-1324, 2013.
349. Upson K, Sathyanarayana S, De Roos AJ, Koch HM, Scholes D, Holt VL. A populationbased case-control study of urinary bisphenol A concentrations and risk of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 29: 2457-2464, 2014.
350. Upson K, Sathyanarayana S, De Roos AJ, Thompson ML, Scholes D, Dills R, Holt VL. Phthalates and risk of endometriosis. Environ Res 126: 91-97, 2013.
351. Vagi SJ, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Sjodin A, Calafat AM, Dumesic D, Gonzalez L, Kato K, Silva MJ, Ye X, Azziz R. Exploring the potential association between brominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates, and bisphenol A in polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study. BMC Endocr Disorders 14: 86, 2014.
352. Vaiman D. Genetic regulation of recurrent spontaneous abortion in humans. Biomed J 38: 11-24, 2015.
353. Valdes-Socin H, Rubio Almanza M, Tome Fernandez-Ladreda M, Debray FG, Bours V, Beckers A. Reproduction, smell, and neurodevelopmental disorders: genetic defects in different hypogonadotropic hypogonadal syndromes. Front Endocrinol 5: 109, 2014.
354. Van den Berg IM, Eleveld C, van der Hoeven M, Birnie E, Steegers EA, Galjaard RJ, Laven JS, van Doorninck JH. Defective deacetylation of histone 4 K12 in human oocytes is associated with advanced maternal age and chromosome misalignment. Hum Reprod 26: 1181-1190, 2011.
355. Van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH. Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 17: 605-619, 2011.
356. Van Kasteren YM, Hundscheid RD, Smits AP, Cremers FP, van Zonneveld P, Braat DD. Familial idiopathic premature ovarian failure: an overrated and underestimated genetic disease? Hum Reprod 14: 2455-2459, 1999.
357. Vega M, Urrutia L, Iniguez G, Gabler F, Devoto L, Johnson MC. Nitric oxide induces apoptosis in the human corpus luteum in vitro. Mol Hum Reprod 6: 681-687, 2000.
358. Vissenberg R, Manders VD, Mastenbroek S, Fliers E, Afink GB, Ris-Stalpers C, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH. Pathophysiological aspects of thyroid hormone disorders/thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies and reproduction. Hum Reprod Update 21: 378-387, 2015.
359. Voet T, Vanneste E, Vermeesch JR. The human cleavage stage embryo is a cradle of chromosomal rearrangements. Cytogenet Genome Res 133: 160-168, 2011.
360. Vrsanska S, Nagyova E, Mlynarcikova A, Fickova M, Kolena J. Components of cigarette smoke inhibit expansion of oocyte-cumulus complexes from porcine follicles. Physiol Res Acad Sci Bohem 52: 383-387, 2003.
361. Walls ML, Hunter T, Ryan JP, Keelan JA, Nathan E, Hart RJ. In vitro maturation as an alternative to standard in vitro fertilization for patients diagnosed with polycystic ovaries: a comparative analysis of fresh, frozen and cumulative cycle outcomes. Hum Reprod 30: 88-96, 2014.
362. Walters KA, Allan CM, Handelsman DJ. Rodent models for human polycystic ovary syndrome. Biol Reprod 86: 149, 141-112, 2012.
363. Welt CK, Chan JL, Bullen J, Murphy R, Smith P, DePaoli AM, Karalis A, Mantzoros CS. Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. N Engl J Med 351: 987-997, 2004.
364. Wetherill YB, Akingbemi BT, Kanno J, McLachlan JA, Nadal A, Sonnenschein C, Watson CS, Zoeller RT, Belcher SM. In vitro molecular mechanisms of bisphenol A action. Reprod Toxicol 24: 178-198, 2007.
365. Weuve J, Hauser R, Calafat AM, Missmer SA, Wise LA. Association of exposure to phthalates with endometriosis and uterine leiomyomata: findings from NHANES, 1999-2004. Environ Health Perspect 118: 825-832, 2010.
366. Wheatcroft NJ, Salt C, Milford-Ward A, Cooke ID, Weetman AP. Identification of ovarian antibodies by immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or immunoblotting in premature ovarian failure. Hum Reprod 12: 2617-2622, 1997.
367. Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, O’Connor JF, Baird DD, Schlatterer JP, Canfield RE, Armstrong EG, Nisula BC. Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. N Engl J Med 319: 189-194, 1988.
368. Wilding M. Can we define maternal age as a genetic disease? Facts Views Vision in ObGyn 6: 105-108, 2014.
369. Williams RC, Barnett AH, Claffey N, Davis M, Gadsby R, Kellett M, Lip GY, Thackray S. The potential impact of periodontal disease on general health: a consensus view. Curr Med Res Opin 24: 1635-1643, 2008.
370. Wilton L. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and chromosome analysis of blastomeres using comparative genomic hybridization. Hum Reprod Update 11: 33-41, 2005.
371. Wilton L, Voullaire L, Sargeant P, Williamson R, McBain J. Preimplantation aneuploidy screening using comparative genomic hybridization or fluorescence in situ hybridization of embryos from patients with recurrent implantation failure. Fertil Steril 80: 860-868, 2003.
372. Wittenberger MD, Hagerman RJ, Sherman SL, McConkie-Rosell A, Welt CK, Rebar RW, Corrigan EC, Simpson JL, Nelson LM. The FMR1 premutation and reproduction. Fertil Steril 87: 456-465, 2007.
373. Woodruff TJ. Bridging epidemiology and model organisms to increase understanding of endocrine disrupting chemicals and human health effects. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 127: 108-117, 2011.
374. Woodruff TJ, Zota AR, Schwartz JM. Environmental chemicals in pregnant women in the United States: NHANES 2003-2004. Environ Health Perspect 119: 878-885, 2011.
375. Wright DL, Afeiche MC, Ehrlich S, Smith K, Williams PL, Chavarro JE, Batsis M, Toth TL, Hauser R. Hair mercury concentrations and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes among women from a fertility clinic. Reprod Toxicol 51: 125-132, 2015.
376. Wyman A, Pinto AB, Sheridan R, Moley KH. One-cell zygote transfer from diabetic to nondiabetic mouse results in congenital malformations and growth retardation in offspring. Endocrinology 149: 466-469, 2008.
377. Xiao JS, Su CM, Zeng XT. Comparisons of GnRH Antagonist versus GnRH Agonist Protocol in Supposed Normal Ovarian Responders Undergoing IVF: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PloS One 9: e106854, 2014.
378. Xiao S, Diao H, Smith MA, Song X, Ye X. Preimplantation exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) affects embryo transport, preimplantation embryo development, and uterine receptivity in mice. Reprod Toxicol 32: 434-441, 2011.
379. Yang X, Wu LL, Chura LR, Liang X, Lane M, Norman RJ, Robker RL. Exposure to lipid-rich follicular fluid is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress and impaired oocyte maturation in cumulus-oocyte complexes. Fertil Steril 97: 1438-1443, 2012.
380. Youssef MA, Van der Veen F, Al-Inany HG, Mochtar MH, Griesinger G, Nagi Mohesen M, Aboulfoutouh I, van Wely M. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist versus HCG for oocyte triggering in antagonist-assisted reproductive technology. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10: CD008046, 2014.
381. Zawadski JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome; towards a rational approach. In: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Boston: Blackwell Scientific, 1992, p. 377-384.
382. Zdravkovic T, Genbacev O, Prakobphol A, Cvetkovic M, Schanz A, McMaster M, Fisher SJ. Nicotine downregulates the L-selectin system that mediates cytotrophoblast emigration from cell columns and attachment to the uterine wall. Reprod Toxicol 22: 69-76, 2006.
383. Zenzes MT. Smoking and reproduction: gene damage to human gametes and embryos. Hum Reprod Update 6: 122-131, 2000.
384. Zenzes MT, Wang P, Casper RF. Cigarette smoking may affect meiotic maturation of human oocytes. Hum Reprod 10: 3213-3217, 1995.
385. Zhang HQ, Zhang XF, Zhang LJ, Chao HH, Pan B, Feng YM, Li L, Sun XF, Shen W. Fetal exposure to bisphenol A affects the primordial follicle formation by inhibiting the meiotic progression of oocytes. Mol Biol Reports 39: 5651-5657, 2012.
386. Zhang L, Shiverick KT. Benzo(a)pyrene, but not 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-pdioxin, alters cell proliferation and c-myc and growth factor expression in human placental choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 231: 117-120, 1997.
387. Zhao Q, Ma Y, Sun NX, Ye C, Zhang Q, Sun SH, Xu C, Wang F, Li W. Exposure to bisphenol A at physiological concentrations observed in Chinese children promotes primordial follicle growth through the PI3K/Akt pathway in an ovarian culture system. Toxicol In Vitro 28: 1424-1429, 2014.
388. Zheng YM, Wang Y, Zhao J, Dai YH, Luo XM, Shen ZJ, Chen X, Yuan W, Shen YP. Association between serum bisphenol-A and recurrent spontaneous abortion: a 1: 2 case-control study, China. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi 33: 841-845, 2012.
389. Zhou W, Liu J, Liao L, Han S, Liu J. Effect of bisphenol A on steroid hormone production in rat ovarian theca-interstitial and granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 283: 12-18, 2008.
390. Zinn AR, Tonk VS, Chen Z, Flejter WL, Gardner HA, Guerra R, Kushner H, Schwartz S, Sybert VP, Van Dyke DL, Ross JL. Evidence for a Turner syndrome locus or loci at Xp11.2-p221 Am J Hum Genet 63: 1757-1766, 1998.
391. Zoeller RT, Brown TR, Doan LL, Gore AC, Skakkebaek NE, Soto AM, Woodruff TJ, Vom Saal FS. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and public health protection: a statement of principles from The Endocrine Society. Endocrinology 153: 4097-4110, 2012.