Association of exposure to phthalates with endometriosis and uterine leiomyomata: Findings from NHANES, 1999-2004

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 118, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 825-832

  Weuve, Jennifer ^a,b   Hauser, Russ ^b,c   Calafat, Antonia M ^d   Missmer, Stacey A ^b,e   Wise, Lauren A ^f  

^a RUSH UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^d CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^e BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Di(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; Dibutyl phthalate; Endometriosis; Leiomyomata; Mono(2 ethyl 5 hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; Mono(2 ethyl 5 oxohexyl) phthalate; Mono(2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; Monobenzyl phthalate; Monobutyl phthalate; Monoethyl phthalate

Indexed keywords

(2 ETHYL 5 HYDROXYHEXYL)PHTHALIC ACID; DRUG METABOLITE; MONO(2 ETHYL 5 OXOHEXYL)PHTHALIC ACID; MONO(2 ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALIC ACID; MONOBENZYL PHTHALIC ACID; MONOBUTYL PHTHALIC ACID; MONOETHYL PHTHALIC ACID; PHTHALIC ACID DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; PHTHALIC ACID; POLLUTANT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONFOUNDING VARIABLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; NATIONAL HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; TREND STUDY; URINE LEVEL; UTERUS MYOMA; ANALYSIS; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; LEIOMYOMA; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION; POLLUTANT; QUESTIONNAIRE; RISK; STATISTICAL MODEL; TOXICITY; UNITED STATES; URINE; UTERINE NEOPLASMS;

ADULT; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEIOMYOMA; LOGISTIC MODELS; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION SURVEYS; ODDS RATIO; PHTHALIC ACIDS; QUESTIONNAIRES; UNITED STATES; UTERINE NEOPLASMS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 77953284049     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901543     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Adibi JJ, Whyatt RM, Williams PL, Calafat AM, Camann D, Herrick R, et al. 2008. Characterization of phthalate exposure among pregnant women assessed by repeat air and urine samples. Environ Health Perspect 116:467-473.
2. Agarwal DK, Lawrence WH, Autian J. 1985. Antifertility and mutagenic effects in mice from parenteral administration of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). J Toxicol Environ Health 16:71-84.
3. Agarwal DK, Lawrence WH, Turner JE, Autian J. 1989. Effects of parenteral di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) on gonadal biochemistry, pathology, and reproductive performance of mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 26:39-59.
4. Andersen J. 1998. Factors in fibroid growth. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 12:225-243.
5. Arcadi FA, Costa C, Imperatore C, Marchese A, Rapisarda A, Salemi M, et al. 1998. Oral toxicity of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate during pregnancy and suckling in the Long-Evans rat. Food Chem Toxicol 36:963-970.
6. Attia GR, Zeitoun K, Edwards D, Johns A, Carr BR, Bulun SE. 2000. Progesterone receptor isoform A but not B is expressed in endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2897-2902.
7. Baird DD, Dunson DB, Hill MC, Cousins D, Schectman JM. 2003. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:100-107.
8. Baird DD, Saldana TM, Nepomnaschy PA, Hoppin JA, Longnecker MP, Weinberg CR, et al. 2009. Within-person variability in urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations: measurements from specimens after long-term frozen storage. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol; doi:10.1038/jes.2009.17 [Online 11 March 2009].
9. Berman E, Laskey JW. 1993. Altered steroidogenesis in whole-ovary and adrenal culture in cycling rats. Reprod Toxicol 7:349-358.
10. Blount BC, Milgram KE, Silva MJ, Malek NA, Reidy JA, Needham LL, et al. 2000a. Quantitative detection of eight phthalate metabolites in human urine using HPLC-APCI-MS/MS. Anal Chem 72:4127-4134.
11. Blount BC, Silva MJ, Caudill SP, Needham LL, Pirkle JL, Sampson EJ, et al. 2000b. Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population. Environ Health Perspect 108:979-982.
12. Breslow NE, Day NE. 1987. Statistical methods in cancer research. Vol 2. The design and analysis of cohort studies. IARC Sci Publ 82:1-406.
13. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2005. Anallytic and Reporting Guidelines: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_03_04/nhanes_analytic_guidelines_dec_2005.pdf [accessed 4 August 2008].
14. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2009. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Hyattsville, MD:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. Available: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm [accessed 13 July 2009].
15. Cobellis L, Latini G, Felice CD, Razzi S, Paris I, Ruggieri F, et al. 2003. High plasma concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 18:1512-1515.
16. Davis BJ, Maronpot RR, Heindel JJ. 1994a. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses estradiol and ovulation in cycling rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 128:216-223.
17. Davis BJ, Weaver R, Gaines LJ, Heindel JJ. 1994b. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses estradiol production independent of FSH-cAMP stimulation in rat granulosa cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 128:224-228.
18. Dizerega GS, Barber DL, Hodgen GD. 1980. Endometriosis: role of ovarian steroids in initiation, maintenance, and suppression. Fertil Steril 33:649-653.
19. Ema M, Miyawaki E, Kawashima K. 1998. Reproductive effects of butyl benzyl phthalate in pregnant and pseudopregnant rats. Reprod Toxicol 12:127-132.
20. Ema M, Miyawaki E, Kawashima K. 2000. Effects of dibutyl phthalate on reproductive function in pregnant and pseudopregnant rats. Reprod Toxicol 14:13-19.
21. Eskenazi B, Warner ML. 1997. Epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 24:235-258.
22. Farquhar CM, Steiner CA. 2002. Hysterectomy rates in the United States 1990-1997. Obstet Gynecol 99:229-234.
23. Flynn M, Jamison M, Datta S, Myers E. 2006. Health care resource use for uterine fibroid tumors in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 195:955-964.
24. Friedman AJ, Lobel SM, Rein MS, Barbieri RL. 1990. Efficacy and safety considerations in women with uterine leiomyomas treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists: the estrogen threshold hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:1114-1119.
25. Gurates B, Bulun SE. 2003. Endometriosis: the ultimate hormonal disease. Semin Reprod Med 21:125-134.
26. Harris CA, Henttu P, Parker MG, Sumpter JP. 1997. The estrogenic activity of phthalate esters in vitro. Environ Health Perspect 105:802-811.
27. Hauser R, Calafat AM. 2005. Phthalates and human health. Occup Environ Med 62:806-818.
28. Hauser R, Duty S, Godfrey-Bailey L, Calafat AM. 2004. Medications as a source of human exposure to phthalates. Environ Health Perspect 112:751-753.
29. Hernán MA, Hernández-Díaz S, Robins JM. 2004. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiology 15:615-625.
30. Hernández-Díaz S, Mitchell AA, Kelley KE, Calafat AM, Hauser R. 2009. Medications as a potential source of exposure to phthalates in the U.S. population. Environ Health Perspect 117:185-189.
31. Hoppin JA, Brock JW, Davis BJ, Baird DD. 2002. Reproducibility of urinary phthalate metabolites in first morning urine samples. Environ Health Perspect 110:515-518.
32. Hornung RW, Reed L. 1990. Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 5:46-51.
33. Houston DE. 1984. Evidence for the risk of pelvic endometriosis by age, race and socioeconomic status. Epidemiol Rev 6:167-191.
34. Itoh H, Iwasaki M, Hanaoka T, Sasaki H, Tanaka T, Tsugane S. 2009. Urinary phthalate monoesters and endometriosis in infertile Japanese women. Sci Total Environ 408:37-42.
35. Jackson S. 1966. Creatinine in urine as an index of urinary excretion rate. Health Phys 12:843-850.
36. Jung BH, Bai SW, Chung BC. 2004. Endogenous urinary steroids in premenopausal women with uterine leiomyomas. Int J Gynecol Obstet 84:55-60.
37. Kato K, Silva MJ, Brock JW, Reidy JA, Malek NA, Hodge CC, et al. 2003. Quantitative detection of nine phthalate metabolites in human serum using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 27:284-289.
38. Kato K, Silva MJ, Reidy JA, Hurtz D III, Malek NA, Needham LL, et al. 2004. Mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate as biomarkers for human exposure assessment to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environ Health Perspect 112:327-330.
39. Lamb JC, Chapin RE, Teague J, Lawton AD, Reel JR. 1987. Reproductive effects of four phthalic acid esters in the mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 88:255-269.
40. Laskey JW, Berman E. 1993. Steroidogenic assessment using ovary culture in cycling rats: effects of bis(2-diethylhexyl)phthalate on ovarian steroid production. Reprod Toxicol 7:25-33.
41. Lovekamp TN, Davis BJ. 2001. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate suppresses aromatase transcript levels and estradiol production in cultured rat granulosa cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 172:217-224.
42. Luisi S, Latini G, de Felice C, Sanseverino F, di Pasquale D, Mazzeo P, et al. 2006. Low serum concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in women with uterine fibromatosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 22:92-95.
43. Marshall LM, Spiegelman D, Barbieri RL, Goldman MB, Manson JE, Colditz GA, et al. 1997. Variation in the incidence of uterine leiomyoma among premenopausal women by age and race. Obstet Gynecol 90:967-973.
44. Missmer SA, Cramer DW. 2003. The epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 30:1-19.
45. Missmer SA, Hankinson SE, Spiegelman D, Barbieri RL, Malspeis S, Willett WC, et al. 2004a. Reproductive history and endometriosis among premenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 104:965-974.
46. Missmer SA, Hankinson SE, Spiegelman D, Barbieri RL, Marshall LM, Hunter DJ. 2004b. Incidence of laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis by demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors. Am J Epidemiol 160:784-796.
47. Missmer SA, Mohllajee AP. 2008. The etiology of endometriosis: environment. In: Endometriosis 2008 (Rombauts L, Tsaltas J, Maher P, Healy D, eds). Oxford:Blackwell.
48. Picard K, Lhuguenot J-C, Lavier-Canivenc M-C, Chagnon M-C. 2001. Estrogenic activity and metabolism of n-butyl benzyl phthalate in vitro: identification of the active molecule(s). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 172:108-118.
49. Potgieter HC, Magagane F, Bester MJ. 1995. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor status and PgR/ER ratios in normal and myomatous human myometrium. East Afr Med J 72:510-514.
50. Reddy BS, Rozati R, Reddy BVR, Raman N. 2006. Association of phthalate esters with endometriosis in Indian women. BJOG 113:515-520.
51. Rein MS. 2000. Advances in uterine leiomyoma research: the progesterone hypothesis. Environ Health Perspect 108:791-793.
52. Rein MS, Barbieri RL, Friedman AJ. 1995. Progesterone: a critical role in the pathogenesis of uterine myomas. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172:14-18.
53. Rein MS, Nowak RA. 1992. Biology of uterine myomas and myometrium in vitro. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 10:310-319.
54. Schwartz SM. 2001. Epidemiology of uterine leiomyomata. Clin Obstet Gynecol 44:316-326.
55. Schwartz SM, Marshall LM. 2000. Uterine leiomyomata. In: Women Health (Goldman MB, Hatch MC, eds). San Diego:Academic Press, 240-252.
56. Schwartz SM, Marshall LM, Baird DD. 2000. Epidemiologic contributions to understanding the etiology of uterine leiomyomata. Environ Health Perspect 108:821-827.
57. Silva MJ, Barr DB, Reidy JA, Malek NA, Hodge CC, Caudill SP, et al. 2004. Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000. Environ Health Perspect 112:331-338.
58. Silva MJ, Malek NA, Hodge CC, Reidy JA, Kato K, Barr DB, et al. 2003. Improved quantitative detection of 11 urinary phthalate metabolites in humans using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 789:393-404.
59. Simoens S, Hummelshoj L, D'Hooghe T. 2007. Endometriosis: cost estimates and methodological perspective. Hum Reprod Update 13:395-404.
60. Strauss J, Coutifaris C. 1999. The endometrium and myometrium: regulation and dysfunction. In: Reproductive Endocrinology (Yen S, Jaffe JM, Barbieri RL, eds). Philadelphia:W.B. Saunders, 218-256.
61. Taylor RN, Lebovic DI. 2009. Endometriosis. In: Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. 6th ed. (Strauss JF, Barbieri RL, eds). Philadelphia:Saunders Elsevier, 577-596.
62. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2002. Safety Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Released from PVC Medical Devices. Rockville, MD:U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Devices and Radiological Health.
63. Velebil P, Wingo PA, Xia Z, Wilcox LS, Peterson HB. 1995. Rate of hospitalization for gynecologic disorders among reproductive-age women in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 86:764-769.
64. Wilcox LS, Koonin LM, Pokras R, Strauss LT, Xia Z, Peterson HB. 1994. Hysterectomy in the United States, 1988-1990. Obstet Gynecol 83:549-555.
65. Wise LA, Palmer JR, Harlow BL, Spiegelman D, Stewart EA, Adams-Campbell LL, et al. 2004. Reproductive factors, hormonal contraception and risk of uterine leiomyomata in African-American women: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 159:113-123.
66. Wise LA, Palmer JR, Stewart EA, Rosenberg L. 2005. Age-specific incidence rates for self-reported uterine leiomyomata in the Black Women's Health Study. Obstet Gynecol 105:563-568.
67. Zondervan KT, Cardon LR, Kennedy SH. 2002. What makes a good case-control study? Design issues for complex traits such as endometriosis. Hum Reprod 17:1415-1423.