Bridging epidemiology and model organisms to increase understanding of endocrine disrupting chemicals and human health effects

Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Volumn 127, Issue 1-2, 2011, Pages 108-117

  Woodruff, Tracey J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti androgens; Endocrine disrupting chemicals; Epidemiology; Model organisms; Pregnancy; Susceptible periods of development; Thyroid hormones

Indexed keywords

ANTIANDROGEN; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR;

ARTICLE; DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PREGNANCY; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; TOXICITY;

ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS; ANDROGENS; ANIMALS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; FEMALE; GENITALIA, MALE; HUMANS; INFERTILITY, MALE; MALE; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; RATS; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; THYROID GLAND; THYROID HORMONES;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 80054008725     PISSN: 09600760     EISSN: 18791220     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.11.007     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. T.J. Woodruff, J. Schwartz, and L.C. Giudice Research agenda for environmental reproductive health in the 21st century J. Epidemiol. Community Health 64 4 2010 307 310
2. E. Diamanti-Kandarakis, J.P. Bourguignon, L.C. Giudice, R. Hauser, G.S. Prins, A.M. Soto, R.T. Zoeller, and A.C. Gore Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement Endocr. Rev. 30 4 2009 293 342
3. S.Y. Euling, S.G. Selevan, O.H. Pescovitz, and N.E. Skakkebaek Role of environmental factors in the timing of puberty Pediatrics 121 Suppl. 3 2008 S167 S171
4. T.J. Woodruff, A. Carlson, J.M. Schwartz, and L.C. Giudice Proceedings of the Summit on Environmental Challenges to Reproductive Health and Fertility: executive summary Fertil. Steril. 89 2 Suppl. 2008 e1 e20
5. Federal Reserve Board G.17 - Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization, Industrial Production for Chemicals (NAICS=325) 2008 The Federal Reserve Board Data Download Program http://www.federalreserve.gov/datadownload/ Download.aspx?rel=G17&series= 4374e4378caec4376beeaa4874d28776fa28768c28771e&filetype=spreadsheetml& label=include&layout=seriescolumn&from=28701/28701/21919&to=28712/ 28731/22009
6. U.S. E.P.A. What is the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory 2006 US Environmental Protection Agency
7. National Center for Environmental Health Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals 2005 US Department of Health and Human Services Atlanta, GA
8. CDC Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009 National Center for Environmental Health Atlanta, GA
9. M. Porta, E. Puigdomnech, F. Ballester, J. Selva, N. Ribas-Fitó, S. Llop, and T. López Monitoring concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in the general population: the international experience Environ. Int. 34 4 2008 546 561 (Pubitemid 351688987)
10. Artic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), AMAP Assessment 2009: Human Health in the Arctic, Oslo, 2009.
11. Y.L. Guo, G.H. Lambert, C.C. Hsu, and M.M. Hsu Yucheng: health effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 77 3 2004 153 158 (Pubitemid 38678973)
12. M. Harada Congenital Minamata disease: intrauterine methylmercury poisoning Teratology 18 2 1978 285 288 (Pubitemid 9060965)
13. M. Harada Minamata disease: methylmercury poisoning in Japan caused by environmental pollution Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 25 1 1995 1 24
14. D.T. Teitelbaum The toxicology of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP): a brief review Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 5 2 1999 122 126
15. K.P. Stillerman, D. Mattison, L. Giudice, and T.J. Woodruff Environmental exposures and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review of the science Reprod. Sci. 15 7 2008 631 650
16. S.A. Lederman, R.L. Jones, K.L. Caldwell, V. Rauh, S.E. Sheets, D. Tang, S. Viswanathan, M. Becker, J.L. Stein, R.Y. Wang, and F.P. Perera Relation between cord blood mercury levels and early child development in a World Trade Center cohort Environ. Health Perspect. 116 8 2008 1085 1091
17. S. Patandin, C.I. Lanting, P.G.H. Mulder, E.R. Boersma, P.J.J. Sauer, and N. Weisglas-Kuperus Effects of environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins on cognitive abilities in Dutch children at 42 months of age J. Pediatr. 134 1 1999 33 41 (Pubitemid 29048676)
18. P.W. Stewart, E. Lonky, J. Reihman, J. Pagano, B.B. Gump, and T. Darvill The relationship between prenatal PCB exposure and intelligence (IQ) in 9-year-old children Environ. Health Perspect. 116 10 2008 1416 1422
19. H.J. Clewell, and K.S. Crump Quantitative estimates of risk for noncancer endpoints Risk Anal. 25 2 2005 285 289 (Pubitemid 40664358)
20. D.P. Rall, and Thresholds? Environ. Health Perspect. 22 1978 163 165
21. J.F. Holson, J.M. Desesso, C.F. Jacobson, and C.H. Farr Appropriate use of animal models in the assessment of risk during prenatal development: an illustration using inorganic arsenic Teratology 62 1 2000 51 71 (Pubitemid 30440444)
22. A. Arlitt The effect of alcohol on the intelligent behavior of the white rat and its progeny Psychol. Monog. 26 1919 1 50
23. C.A. Kimmel, J.F. Holson, C.J. Hogue, G. Carlo, Reliability of Experimental Studies for Predicting Hazards to Human Development, NCTR Technical Report for Experiment No. 6015, Jefferson, AR, 1984.
24. M.D. Nemec, L.E. Kaufman, D.G. Stump, P. Lindstrom, B.J. Varsho, and J.F. Holson Significance, Reliability, and Interpretation of Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Study Findings, Developmental Reproductive Toxicology: A Practical Approach 2006 Informa Healthcare
25. G.A. Zapponi, I. Marcello, and A. Carere Prevention, ethics and science: lessons from Lorenzo Tomatis Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita 44 1 2008 8 12
26. National Research Council Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment 2000 National Academy Press Washington, DC
27. K. Hemminki, and P. Vineis Extrapolation of the evidence on teratogenicity of chemicals between humans and experimental animals: chemicals other than drugs Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 5 4 1985 251 318 (Pubitemid 15235450)
28. L.M. Newman, E.M. Johnson, and R.E. Staples Assessment of the effectiveness of animal developmental toxicity testing for human safety Reprod. Toxicol. 7 4 1993 359 390
29. I.C.T. Nisbet, and N.J. Karch Chemical Hazards to Human Reproduction 1983 Noyes Data Corp. Park Ridge, NJ
30. D.A. Crain, S.J. Janssen, T.M. Edwards, J. Heindel, S.M. Ho, P. Hunt, T. Iguchi, A. Juul, J.A. McLachlan, J. Schwartz, N. Skakkebaek, A.M. Soto, S. Swan, C. Walker, T.K. Woodruff, T.J. Woodruff, L.C. Giudice, and L.J. Guillette Jr. Female reproductive disorders: the roles of endocrine-disrupting compounds and developmental timing Fertil. Steril. 90 4 2008 911 940
31. F.S. Collins, G.M. Gray, and J.R. Bucher Toxicology. Transforming environmental health protection Science 319 5865 2008 906 907 (Pubitemid 351263750)
32. National Research Council Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and Strategy 2007 The National Academies Press Washington, DC
33. National Institutes of Health Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) 2010 Aug 1, 2010. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/gwas/
34. B. Weinhold Epigenetics: the science of change Environ. Health Perspect. 114 3 2006 A160 A167
35. K.Z. Guyton, A.D. Kyle, J. Aubrecht, V.J. Cogliano, D.A. Eastmond, M. Jackson, N. Keshava, M.S. Sandy, B. Sonawane, L. Zhang, M.D. Waters, and M.T. Smith Improving prediction of chemical carcinogenicity by considering multiple mechanisms and applying toxicogenomic approaches Mutat. Res. 681 2-3 2009 230 240
36. USEPA, ToxCast, 2010.
37. P. Grandjean, D. Bellinger, A. Bergman, S. Cordier, G. Davey-Smith, B. Eskenazi, D. Gee, K. Gray, M. Hanson, P. van den Hazel, J.J. Heindel, B. Heinzow, I. Hertz-Picciotto, H. Hu, T.T. Huang, T.K. Jensen, P.J. Landrigan, I.C. McMillen, K. Murata, B. Ritz, G. Schoeters, N.E. Skakkebaek, S. Skerfving, and P. Weihe The faroes statement: human health effects of developmental exposure to chemicals in our environment Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 102 2 2008 73 75 (Pubitemid 351143418)
38. D.E. Rusyniak, R.B. Furbee, and R. Pascuzzi Historical neurotoxins: what we have learned from toxins of the past about diseases of the present Neurol. Clin. 23 2 2005 337 352 (Pubitemid 40332605)
39. W. Foster, S. Chan, L. Platt, and C. Hughes Detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals in samples of second trimester human amniotic fluid J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 8 2000 2954 2957 (Pubitemid 32269180)
40. D.B. Barr, A. Bishop, and L.L. Needham Concentrations of xenobiotic chemicals in the maternal-fetal unit Reprod. Toxicol. 23 3 2007 260 266 (Pubitemid 46602936)
41. H.B. Rollin, C.V. Rudge, Y. Thomassen, A. Mathee, and J.O. Odland Levels of toxic and essential metals in maternal and umbilical cord blood from selected areas of South Africa - results of a pilot study J. Environ. Monit. 11 3 2009 618 627
42. A.H. Stern, and A.E. Smith An assessment of the cord blood:maternal blood methylmercury ratio: implications for risk assessment Environ. Health Perspect. 111 12 2003 1465 1470 (Pubitemid 37120824)
43. K.M. Crofton, E.S. Craft, J.M. Hedge, C. Gennings, J.E. Simmons, R.A. Carchman, W.H. Carter Jr., and M.J. DeVito Thyroid-hormone-disrupting chemicals: evidence for dose-dependent additivity or synergism Environ. Health Perspect. 113 11 2005 1549 1554 (Pubitemid 41614910)
44. L.E. Gray Jr., V.S. Wilson, T. Stoker, C. Lambright, J. Furr, N. Noriega, K. Howdeshell, G.T. Ankley, and L. Guillette Adverse effects of environmental antiandrogens and androgens on reproductive development in mammals Int. J. Androl. 29 1 2006 96 104 discussion 105-108
45. N. Rajapakse, E. Silva, and A. Kortenkamp Combining xenoestrogens at levels below individual no-observed-effect concentrations dramatically enhances steroid hormone action Environ. Health Perspect. 110 9 2002 917 921
46. C.V. Rider, J. Furr, V.S. Wilson, and L.E. Gray A mixture of seven antiandrogens induces reproductive malformations in rats Int. J. Androl. 31 2 2008 249 262 (Pubitemid 351341384)
47. National Research Council Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment 2008 N.A.o. Science Washington, DC
48. EWG National Tap Water Quality Database 2005 Environmental Working Group Washington, DC
49. NLM, Household Products Database, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. Dec 1, 2010. http://householdproducts.nlm. nih.gov/index.htm.
50. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Data Program; Annual Summary, Calender Year 2006, Washington, DC, 2007.
51. C.P. Dougherty, S. Henricks Holtz, J.C. Reinert, L. Panyacosit, D.A. Axelrad, and T.J. Woodruff Dietary exposures to food contaminants across the United States Environ. Res. 84 2 2000 170 185
52. National Academy of Science Science and Decisions: Advancing Risk Assessment 2008 National Research Council Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA Washington, DC
53. T.J. Woodruff, L. Zeise, D.A. Axelrad, K.Z. Guyton, S. Janssen, M. Miller, G.G. Miller, J.M. Schwartz, G. Alexeeff, H. Anderson, L. Birnbaum, F. Bois, V.J. Cogliano, K. Crofton, S.Y. Euling, P.M. Foster, D.R. Germolec, E. Gray, D.B. Hattis, A.D. Kyle, R.W. Luebke, M.I. Luster, C. Portier, D.C. Rice, G. Solomon, J. Vandenberg, and R.T. Zoeller Meeting report: moving upstream-evaluating adverse upstream end points for improved risk assessment and decision-making Environ. Health Perspect. 116 11 2008 1568 1575
54. L. van der Sluijs Veer, M.J. Kempers, B.F. Last, T. Vulsma, and M.A. Grootenhuis Quality of life, developmental milestones, and self-esteem of young adults with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed by neonatal screening J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 7 2008 2654 2661 (Pubitemid 352008533)
55. R.T. Zoeller, and K.M. Crofton Mode of action: developmental thyroid hormone insufficiency - neurological abnormalities resulting from exposure to propylthiouracil Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 35 8-9 2005 771 781 (Pubitemid 41693600)
56. G.M. de Escobar, M.J. Obregon, and F.E. del Rey Maternal thyroid hormones early in pregnancy and fetal brain development Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 18 2 2004 225 248 (Pubitemid 38807301)
57. J.E. Haddow, G.E. Palomaki, W.C. Allan, J.R. Williams, G.J. Knight, J. Gagnon, C.E. O'Heir, M.L. Mitchell, R.J. Hermos, S.E. Waisbren, J.D. Faix, and R.Z. Klein Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child N. Engl. J. Med. 341 8 1999 549 555 (Pubitemid 29384162)
58. G. Morreale de Escobar, M.J. Obregón, and F. Escobar del Rey Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 2000 3975 3987 (Pubitemid 32055337)
59. V.J. Pop, E.P. Brouwers, H.L. Vader, T. Vulsma, A.L. van Baar, and J.J. de Vijlder Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3-year follow-up study Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 59 3 2003 282 288 (Pubitemid 37046980)
60. J.E. Haddow Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes Obstet. Gynecol. 106 1 2005 198 author reply 198-199
61. V.J. Pop, J.L. Kuijpens, A.L. van Baar, G. Verkerk, M.M. van Son, J.J. de Vijlder, T. Vulsma, W.M. Wiersinga, H.A. Drexhage, and H.L. Vader Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 50 2 1999 149 155
62. D. Glinoer, and J. Rovet Gestational hypothyroxinemia and the beneficial effects of early dietary iodine fortification Thyroid 19 5 2009 431 434
63. S. Heyerdahl, and B. Oerbeck Congenital hypothyroidism: developmental outcome in relation to levothyroxine treatment variables Thyroid 13 11 2003 1029 1038 (Pubitemid 37464556)
64. S.H. LaFranchi, and J. Austin How should we be treating children with congenital hypothyroidism? J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 20 5 2007 559 578 (Pubitemid 46952150)
65. B. Oerbeck, K. Sundet, B.F. Kase, and S. Heyerdahl Congenital hypothyroidism: influence of disease severity and l-thyroxine treatment on intellectual, motor, and school-associated outcomes in young adults Pediatrics 112 4 2003 923 930 (Pubitemid 37248703)
66. J. Rovet, and N. Simic The role of transient hypothyroxinemia of prematurity in development of visual abilities Semin. Perinatol. 32 6 2008 431 437
67. K.A. Selva, A. Harper, A. Downs, P.A. Blasco, and S.H. Lafranchi Neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital hypothyroidism: comparison of initial T4 dose and time to reach target T4 and TSH J. Pediatr. 147 6 2005 775 780 (Pubitemid 41774832)
68. N. Simic, E.V. Asztalos, and J. Rovet Impact of neonatal thyroid hormone insufficiency and medical morbidity on infant neurodevelopment and attention following preterm birth Thyroid 19 4 2009 395 401
69. G. Morreale de Escobar, M.J. Obregon, and F. Escobar del Rey Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85 11 2000 3975 3987 (Pubitemid 32055337)
70. G. Morreale de Escobar The role of thyroid hormone in fetal neurodevelopment J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 13 2001 1453 1462
71. M.E. Gilbert, and C. Paczkowski Propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism in the developing rat impairs synaptic transmission and plasticity in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 145 1 2003 19 29 (Pubitemid 38368638)
72. M.E. Gilbert Alterations in synaptic transmission and plasticity in area CA1 of adult hippocampus following developmental hypothyroidism Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 148 1 2004 11 18 (Pubitemid 38147800)
73. M.E. Gilbert, and L. Sui Dose-dependent reductions in spatial learning and synaptic function in the dentate gyrus of adult rats following developmental thyroid hormone insufficiency Brain Res. 1069 1 2006 10 22 (Pubitemid 43145893)
74. M.E. Gilbert, and L. Sui Developmental exposure to perchlorate alters synaptic transmission in hippocampus of the adult rat Environ. Health Perspect. 116 6 2008 752 760 (Pubitemid 351943931)
75. M.E. Gilbert, L. Sui, M.J. Walker, W. Anderson, S. Thomas, S.N. Smoller, J.P. Schon, S. Phani, and J.H. Goodman Thyroid hormone insufficiency during brain development reduces parvalbumin immunoreactivity and inhibitory function in the hippocampus Endocrinology 148 1 2007 92 102 (Pubitemid 46021441)
76. J.H. Goodman, and M.E. Gilbert Modest thyroid hormone insufficiency during development induces a cellular malformation in the corpus callosum: a model of cortical dysplasia Endocrinology 148 6 2007 2593 2957
77. J.E. Royland, J.S. Parker, and M.E. Gilbert A genomic analysis of subclinical hypothyroidism in hippocampus and neocortex of the developing rat brain J. Neuroendocrinol. 20 12 2008 1319 1338
78. L. Sui, W.L. Anderson, and M.E. Gilbert Impairment in short-term but enhanced long-term synaptic potentiation and ERK activation in adult hippocampal area CA1 following developmental hypothyroidism Toxicol. Sci. 85 1 2010 647 656 (Pubitemid 40614294)
79. L. Sui, and M.E. Gilbert Pre- and postnatal propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism impairs synaptic transmission and plasticity in area CA1 of the neonatal rat hippocampus Endocrinology 144 9 2003 4195 4203 (Pubitemid 37088776)
80. D.S. Sharlin, D. Tighe, M.E. Gilbert, and R.T. Zoeller The balance between oligodendrocyte and astrocyte production in major white matter tracts is linearly related to serum total thyroxine Endocrinology 149 5 2008 2527 2536 (Pubitemid 351574541)
81. K.L. Howdeshell A model of the development of the brain as a construct of the thyroid system Environ. Health Perspect. 110 2002 337 348 (Pubitemid 34669808)
82. F. Brucker-Davis Effects of environmental synthetic chemicals on thyroid function Thyroid 8 9 1998 827 856 (Pubitemid 28535695)
83. K.M. Crofton Thyroid disrupting chemicals: mechanisms and mixtures Int. J. Androl. 31 2 2008 209 223
84. American Thyroid Association Thyroid Function Tests 2010 The American Thyroid Association Falls Church, VA
85. K.D. Burman Commentary. Discordant measurements of serum triiodothyronine (T4), thyroxine (T3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Clin. Chem. 54 7 2008 1246
86. G. Targher, M. Montagnana, G. Salvagno, P. Moghetti, G. Zoppini, M. Muggeo, and G. Lippi Association between serum TSH, free T4 and serum liver enzyme activities in a large cohort of unselected outpatients Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 68 3 2008 481 484 (Pubitemid 351257870)
87. C.D. Klaassen, and A.M. Hood Effects of microsomal enzyme inducers on thyroid follicular cell proliferation and thyroid hormone metabolism Toxicol. Pathol. 29 1 2001 34 40 (Pubitemid 32127321)
88. A. Hood, R. Hashmi, and C.D. Klaassen Effects of microsomal enzyme inducers on thyroid-follicular cell proliferation, hyperplasia, and hypertrophy Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 160 2 1999 163 170 (Pubitemid 29498400)
89. K.L. Caldwell, R. Jones, and J.G. Hollowell Urinary iodine concentration: United States National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002 Thyroid 15 7 2005 692 699 (Pubitemid 41117522)
90. Y. Aoki, R.M. Belin, R. Clickner, R. Jeffries, L. Phillips, K.R. Mahaffey, and T.S.H. Serum Total T(4) in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2002) Thyroid 17 12 2007 1211 1223
91. B.C. Blount, M.J. Silva, S.P. Caudill, L.L. Needham, J.L. Pirkle, E.J. Sampson, G.W. Lucier, R.J. Jackson, and J.W. Brock Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population Environ. Health Perspect. 108 10 2000 979 982
92. T.J.B. Gray, K.R. Butterworth, I.F. Gaunt, P. Grasso, and S.D. Gangolli Short-term toxicity study of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rats Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 15 5 1977 389 399 (Pubitemid 8233567)
93. R.N. Wine, L.-H. Li, L.H. Barnes, D.K. Gulati, and R.E. Chapin Reproductive toxicity of di-n-butylphthalate in a continuous breeding protocol in Sprague-Dawley rats Environ. Health Perspect. 105 1 1997 102 107 (Pubitemid 27142062)
94. E. Mylchreest, R.C. Cattley, and P.M. Foster Male reproductive tract malformations in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate: an antiandrogenic mechanism? Toxicol. Sci. 43 1 1998 47 60 (Pubitemid 28255935)
95. E. Mylchreest, and P.M. Foster DBP exerts its antiandrogenic activity by indirectly interfering with androgen signaling pathways Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 168 2 2000 174 175
96. E. Mylchreest, M. Sar, R.C. Cattley, and P.M. Foster Disruption of androgen-regulated male reproductive development by di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation in rats is different from flutamide Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 156 2 1999 81 95 (Pubitemid 29196571)
97. E. Mylchreest, M. Sar, D.G. Wallace, and P.M.D. Foster Fetal testosterone insufficiency and abnormal proliferation of Leydig cells and gonocytes in rats exposed to di(n-butyl) phthalate Reprod. Toxicol. 16 2002 19 28 (Pubitemid 34303390)
98. E. Mylchreest, D.G. Wallace, R.C. Cattley, and P.M. Foster Dose-dependent alterations in androgen-regulated male reproductive development in rats exposed to di(n-butyl) phthalate during late gestation Toxicol. Sci. 55 1 2000 143 151 (Pubitemid 30252445)
99. National Research Council Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment: The Task Ahead 2008 National Academies Press Washington, DC
100. N.J. Barlow, S.L. Phillips, D.G. Wallace, M. Sar, K.W. Gaido, and P.M. Foster Quantitative changes in gene expression in fetal rat testes following exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate Toxicol. Sci. 73 2 2003 431 441 (Pubitemid 36701745)
101. L.E. Gray Jr., J. Ostby, J. Furr, M. Price, D.N. Veeramachaneni, and L. Parks Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat Toxicol. Sci. 58 2 2000 350 365 (Pubitemid 32042433)
102. K. Liu, K.P. Lehmann, M. Sar, S.S. Young, and K.W. Gaido Gene expression profiling following in utero exposure to phthalate esters reveals new gene targets in the etiology of testicular dysgenesis Biol. Reprod. 73 1 2005 180 192 (Pubitemid 40863613)
103. J. Toppari, H. Virtanen, and N. Skakkebaek Environmental contaminants and the reproductive and fertility effects in the male: possible role of fetal exposure T.J. Woodruff, S.J. Janssen, L.J. Guillette Jr. L.C. Giudice, Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility 2010 Cambridge Press Cambridge, UK
104. R.J. Morris Phthalic acid in the deep sea jellyfish Atolla Nature 227 5264 1970 1264
105. F.L. Mayer, D.L. Stalling, and J.L. Johnson Phthalate esters as environmental contaminants Nature 238 5364 1972 411 413
106. R.G. Taborsky Isolation studies on a lipoidal portion of the bovine pineal gland J. Agric. Food Chem. 15 6 1967 1073 1076
107. R. Hauser, J.D. Meeker, S. Duty, M.J. Silva, and A.M. Calafat Altered semen quality in relation to urinary concentrations of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites Epidemiology 17 6 2006 682 691 (Pubitemid 44655605)
108. B.A. Jonsson, J. Richthoff, L. Rylander, A. Giwercman, and L. Hagmar Urinary phthalate metabolites and biomarkers of reproductive function in young men Epidemiology 16 4 2005 487 493 (Pubitemid 40847832)
109. S.H. Swan, K.M. Main, F. Liu, S.L. Stewart, R.L. Kruse, A.M. Calafat, C.S. Mao, J.B. Redmon, C.L. Ternand, S. Sullivan, and J.L. Teague Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure Environ. Health Perspect. 113 8 2005 1056 1061 (Pubitemid 41149638)
110. S. Sathyanarayana, L. Beard, C. Zhou, and R. Grady Measurement and correlates of ano-genital distance in healthy, newborn infants Int. J. Androl. 33 2 2010 317 323
111. A. Thankamony, K.K. Ong, D.B. Dunger, C.L. Acerini, and I.A. Hughes Anogenital distance from birth to 2 years: a population study Environ. Health Perspect. 117 11 2009 1786 1790
112. K.M. Main, G.K. Mortensen, M.M. Kaleva, K.A. Boisen, I.N. Damgaard, M. Chellakooty, I.M. Schmidt, A.M. Suomi, H.E. Virtanen, D.V. Petersen, A.M. Andersson, J. Toppari, and N.E. Skakkebaek Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age Environ. Health Perspect. 114 2 2006 270 276 (Pubitemid 43193651)
113. S. Christiansen, M. Scholze, M. Axelstad, J. Boberg, A. Kortenkamp, and U. Hass Combined exposure to anti-androgens causes markedly increased frequencies of hypospadias in the rat Int. J. Androl. 31 2 2010 241 248
114. S.H. Swan Environmental phthalate exposure in relation to reproductive outcomes and other health endpoints in humans Environ. Res. 108 2 2008 177 184
115. F. Bray, L. Richiardi, A. Ekbom, E. Pukkala, M. Cuninkova, and H. Moller Trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality in 22 European countries: continuing increases in incidence and declines in mortality Int. J. Cancer 118 12 2006 3099 3111
116. M.N. Shah, S.S. Devesa, K. Zhu, and K.A. McGlynn Trends in testicular germ cell tumours by ethnic group in the United States Int. J. Androl. 30 4 2007 206 213 discussion 213-204 (Pubitemid 47254428)
117. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, American's Children and the Environment, Washington, DC, 2008.
118. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, United States, 2006 MMWR Surveill. Summ. 58 10 2009 1 20
119. P.N. Pastor, and C.A. Reuben Diagnosed attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability: United States, 2004-2006 Vital Health Stat. 10 237 2008 1 14
120. L.J. Paulozzi International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism Environ. Health Perspect. 107 4 1999 297 302 (Pubitemid 29231633)
121. L.T. Vu, K.K. Nobuhara, C. Laurent, and G.M. Shaw Increasing prevalence of gastroschisis: population-based study in California J. Pediatr. 152 6 2008 807 811
122. K.B. Harris, and K.A. Pass Increase in congenital hypothyroidism in New York State and in the United States Mol. Genet. Metab. 91 3 2007 268 277 (Pubitemid 46819123)
123. S.H. Swan, and I. Hertz-Picciotto Reasons for infecundity Fam. Plann. Perspect. 31 3 1999 156 157 (Pubitemid 29270083)
124. K. Brett Fecundity in 2002 NSFG women 15-24 years of age (personal communication) 2008 National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, MD
125. M.J. Davidoff, T. Dias, K. Damus, R. Russell, V.R. Bettegowda, S. Dolan, R.H. Schwarz, N.S. Green, and J. Petrini Changes in the gestational age distribution among U.S. singleton births: impact on rates of late preterm birth, 1992 to 2002 Semin. Perinatol. 30 1 2006 8 15
126. B.L. Dahlstrom, M.E. Engh, G. Bukholm, and P. Oian Changes in the prevalence of pre-eclampsia in Akershus County and the rest of Norway during the past 35 years Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 85 8 2006 916 921 (Pubitemid 44114949)
127. D. Getahun, C. Nath, C.V. Ananth, M.R. Chavez, and J.C. Smulian Gestational diabetes in the United States: temporal trends 1989 through 2004 Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 198 5 2008 525.e1 525.e5
128. L. Aksglaede, K. Sorensen, J.H. Petersen, N.E. Skakkebaek, and A. Juul Recent decline in age at breast development: the Copenhagen Puberty Study Pediatrics 123 5 2009 e932 e939
129. N. Jorgensen, C. Asklund, E. Carlsen, and N.E. Skakkebaek Coordinated European investigations of semen quality: results from studies of Scandinavian young men is a matter of concern Int. J. Androl. 29 1 2006 54 61 discussion 105-108
130. E. Carlsen, A. Giwercman, N. Keiding, and N.E. Skakkebaek Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years BMJ 305 6854 1992 609 613
131. T.J. Woodruff, A. Zota, J. Schwartz, Environmental chemicals in pregnant women in the US: NHANES 2003-2004, Environ. Health Perspect, in press.
132. T.J. Woodruff, S.J. Janssen, L.J. Guillette Jr., and L.C. Giudice Environmental Impacts on Reproductive Health and Fertility 2010 Cambridge University Press New York, NY
133. T.G. Travison A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 1 2007 196 202 (Pubitemid 46075010)