메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2016, Pages

Effect of cocoa and its flavonoids on biomarkers of inflammation: Studies of cell culture, animals and humans

Author keywords

Anti inflammatory flavonoids; Anti inflammatory polyphenols; Cardiovascular disease; Chocolate; Colon cancer; Colon inflammation; Flavanols

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CYTOKINE; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; FLAVONOID; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 6; LIPOXYGENASE; POLYPHENOL; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHASE; PROTEIN KINASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; THEOBROMINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

EID: 84962787519     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20726643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/nu8040212     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (97)

References (110)
  • 1
    • 84942122739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet and inflammation: Possible effects on immunity, chronic diseases, and life span
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Ricordi, C.; García-Contreras, M.; Farnetti, S. Diet and inflammation: Possible effects on immunity, chronic diseases, and life span. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2015, 34 (Suppl S1), 10–13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) J. Am. Coll. Nutr , vol.34 , pp. 10-13
    • Ricordi, C.1    García-Contreras, M.2    Farnetti, S.3
  • 3
    • 1642327680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of chronic inflammation in cardiovascular disease and its regulation by nutrients
    • Osiecki, H. The role of chronic inflammation in cardiovascular disease and its regulation by nutrients. Alter. Med. Rev. 2004, 9, 32–53.
    • (2004) Alter. Med. Rev , vol.9 , pp. 32-53
    • Osiecki, H.1
  • 4
    • 38749112555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation in atherosclerosis: From vascular biology to biomarker discovery and risk prediction
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Packard, R.R.; Libby, P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: From vascular biology to biomarker discovery and risk prediction. Clin. Chem. 2008, 54, 24–38. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) Clin. Chem , vol.54 , pp. 24-38
    • Packard, R.R.1    Libby, P.2
  • 5
    • 2642535951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Willerson, J.T.; Ridker, P.M. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation 2004, 109, 22–210. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.109 , pp. 22-210
    • Willerson, J.T.1    Ridker, P.M.2
  • 6
    • 67849088725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Hansson, G.K. Inflammatory mechanisms in atherosclerosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2009, 7, 328–331. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2009) J. Thromb. Haemost , vol.7 , pp. 328-331
    • Hansson, G.K.1
  • 7
    • 43649109029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation and cancer: Role of nuclear factor-kappaB activation
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Maeda, S.; Omata, M. Inflammation and cancer: Role of nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Cancer Sci. 2008, 99, 836–842. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) Cancer Sci , vol.99 , pp. 836-842
    • Maeda, S.1    Omata, M.2
  • 8
    • 76149109066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory agents as cancer therapeutics
    • [PubMed]
    • Kashfi, K. Anti-inflammatory agents as cancer therapeutics. Adv. Pharmacol. 2009, 57, 31–89. [PubMed]
    • (2009) Adv. Pharmacol , vol.57 , pp. 31-89
    • Kashfi, K.1
  • 9
    • 77950346282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunity, inflammation, and cancer
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Grivennikov, S.I.; Greten, F.R.; Karin, M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 2010, 140, 883–899. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2010) Cell , vol.140 , pp. 883-899
    • Grivennikov, S.I.1    Greten, F.R.2    Karin, M.3
  • 10
    • 79952996039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammatory cytokines in cancer: Tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 6 take the stage
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Grivennikov, S.I.; Karin, M. Inflammatory cytokines in cancer: Tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 6 take the stage. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2011, 70 (Suppl. S1), 104-108. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Ann. Rheum. Dis , vol.70 , pp. 104-108
    • Grivennikov, S.I.1    Karin, M.2
  • 11
    • 78650891130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The importance of natural product characterization in studies of their anti-inflammatory activity
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Gosslau, A.; Li, S.; Ho, C.-T.; Chen, K.Y.; Rawson, N.E. The importance of natural product characterization in studies of their anti-inflammatory activity. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55, 74–82. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Mol. Nutr. Food Res , vol.55 , pp. 74-82
    • Gosslau, A.1    Li, S.2    Ho, C.-T.3    Chen, K.Y.4    Rawson, N.E.5
  • 13
    • 78650858782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by natural dietary compounds. Mol. Nutr
    • Pan, M.-H.; Lai, C.-S.; Wu, J.-C.; Ho, C.T. Molecular mechanisms for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by natural dietary compounds. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55, 32–45.
    • (2011) Food Res , vol.55 , pp. 32-45
    • Pan, M.-H.1    Lai, C.-S.2    Wu, J.-C.3    Ho, C.T.4
  • 14
    • 0344198059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Lee, K.W.; Kim, Y.J.; Lee, H.J.; Lee, C.Y. Cocoa has more phenolic phytochemicals and a higher antioxidant capacity than teas and red wine. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 7292–7295. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2003) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.51 , pp. 7292-7295
    • Lee, K.W.1    Kim, Y.J.2    Lee, H.J.3    Lee, C.Y.4
  • 15
    • 73049087974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The food of the gods: A scientific approach beyond myths and claims
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Rusconi, M.; Conti, A. Theobroma cacao L., the food of the gods: A scientific approach beyond myths and claims. Pharmacol. Res. 2010, 61, 5–13. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2010) Pharmacol. Res , vol.61 , pp. 5-13
    • Rusconi, M.1    Conti, A.2    Theobroma Cacao, L.3
  • 16
    • 0033384588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: Cocoa, dark chocolate, and milk chocolate
    • [CrossRef]
    • Vinson, J.A.; Proch, J.; Zubik, L. Phenol antioxidant quantity and quality in foods: Cocoa, dark chocolate, and milk chocolate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 47, 4821–4824. [CrossRef]
    • (2009) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.47 , pp. 4821-4824
    • Vinson, J.A.1    Proch, J.2    Zubik, L.3
  • 18
    • 0041597204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of the phenolic composition of cocoa (Theobroma cacao)
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Sánchez-Rabaneda, F.; Jáuregui, O.; Casals, I.; Andrés-Lacueva, C.; Izquierdo-Pulido, M.; Lamuela-Raventós, R.M. Liquid chromatographic/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric study of the phenolic composition of cocoa (Theobroma cacao). J. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 38, 35–42. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2003) J. Mass Spectrom , vol.38 , pp. 35-42
    • Sánchez-Rabaneda, F.1    Jáuregui, O.2    Casals, I.3    Andrés-Lacueva, C.4    Izquierdo-Pulido, M.5    Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.6
  • 19
    • 67449086838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa: Antioxidant and immunomodulator
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Ramiro-Puig, E.; Castell, M. Cocoa: Antioxidant and immunomodulator. Br. J. Nutr. 2009, 101, 931–940. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2009) Br. J. Nutr , vol.101 , pp. 931-940
    • Ramiro-Puig, E.1    Castell, M.2
  • 20
    • 0035871988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary catechins and epithelial cancer incidence: The Zutphen elderly study
    • [CrossRef]
    • Arts, C.; Holmann, P.; Bueno de Mesquita, H.; Feskens, E.; Kromhout, D. Dietary catechins and epithelial cancer incidence: The Zutphen elderly study. Int. J. Cancer 2001, 92, 298–302. [CrossRef]
    • (2001) Int. J. Cancer , vol.92 , pp. 298-302
    • Arts, C.1    Holmann, P.2    Bueno de Mesquita, H.3    Feskens, E.4    Kromhout, D.5
  • 21
    • 33746843634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The antioxidant capacity of cocoa products: Contribution to the Spanish diet
    • [CrossRef]
    • Tabernero, M.; Serrano, J.; Saura-Calixto, F. The antioxidant capacity of cocoa products: Contribution to the Spanish diet. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 2006, 41, 28–32. [CrossRef]
    • (2006) Int. J. Food Sci. Tech , vol.41 , pp. 28-32
    • Tabernero, M.1    Serrano, J.2    Saura-Calixto, F.3
  • 22
  • 23
    • 13844281685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies
    • [PubMed]
    • Manach, C.; Williamson, G.; Morand, C.; Scalbert, A.; Rémésy, C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 230S–242S. [PubMed]
    • (2005) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.81 , pp. 230S-242S
    • Manach, C.1    Williamson, G.2    Morand, C.3    Scalbert, A.4    Rémésy, C.5
  • 26
    • 0034493222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of (2)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Baba, S.; Osakabe, N.; Yasuda, A.; Natsume, M.; Takizawa, T.; Nakamura, T.; Terao, J. Bioavailability of (2)-epicatechin upon intake of chocolate and cocoa in human volunteers. Free Radic. Res. 2000, 33, 635–641. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2000) Free Radic. Res , vol.33 , pp. 635-641
    • Baba, S.1    Osakabe, N.2    Yasuda, A.3    Natsume, M.4    Takizawa, T.5    Nakamura, T.6    Terao, J.7
  • 28
    • 23844479261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantify plasma (2)-epicatechin metabolites after ingestion of a standard portion of cocoa beverage in humans
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Roura, E.; Andrés-Lacueva, C.; Jauregui, O.; Badía, E.; Estruch, R.; Izquierdo-Pulido, M.; Lamuela-Raventós, R.M. Rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry assay to quantify plasma (2)-epicatechin metabolites after ingestion of a standard portion of cocoa beverage in humans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 6190–6194. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2005) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.53 , pp. 6190-6194
    • Roura, E.1    Andrés-Lacueva, C.2    Jauregui, O.3    Badía, E.4    Estruch, R.5    Izquierdo-Pulido, M.6    Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.7
  • 29
    • 25444482129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by rats
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Tsang, C.; Auger, C.; Mullen, W.; Bornet, A.; Rouanet, J.M.; Crozier, A.; Teissedre, P.L. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by rats. Br. J. Nutr. 2005, 94, 170–181. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2005) Br. J. Nutr , vol.94 , pp. 170-181
    • Tsang, C.1    Auger, C.2    Mullen, W.3    Bornet, A.4    Rouanet, J.M.5    Crozier, A.6    Teissedre, P.L.7
  • 31
    • 77951209860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Serra, A.; Macia, A.; Romero, M.P.; Valls, J.; Bladé, C.; Arola, L.; Motilva, M.J. Bioavailability of procyanidin dimers and trimers and matrix food effects in in vitro and in vivo models. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 103, 944–952. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2010) Br. J. Nutr , vol.103 , pp. 944-952
    • Serra, A.1    Macia, A.2    Romero, M.P.3    Valls, J.4    Bladé, C.5    Arola, L.6    Motilva, M.J.7
  • 32
    • 82955187036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa-rich diet prevents azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in rats by restraining oxidative stress and cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Rodríguez-Ramiro, I.; Ramos, S.; López-Oliva, E.; Agís-Torres, A.; Gómez-Juaristi, M.; Mateos, R.; Bravo, L.; Goya, L.; Martín, M.A. Cocoa-rich diet prevents azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in rats by restraining oxidative stress and cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2011, 55, 1895–1899. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Mol. Nutr. Food Res , vol.55 , pp. 1895-1899
    • Rodríguez-Ramiro, I.1    Ramos, S.2    López-Oliva, E.3    Agís-Torres, A.4    Gómez-Juaristi, M.5    Mateos, R.6    Bravo, L.7    Goya, L.8    Martín, M.A.9
  • 34
    • 84896709399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbial phenolic metabolites improve glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and protect pancreatic beta cells against oxidative stress via ERKs and PKC pathways
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Fernández-Millán, E.; Ramos, S.; Álvarez, C.; Bravo, L.; Goya, L.; Martín, M.A. Microbial phenolic metabolites improve glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and protect pancreatic beta cells against oxidative stress via ERKs and PKC pathways. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2014, 66, 245–253. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Food Chem. Toxicol , vol.66 , pp. 245-253
    • Fernández-Millán, E.1    Ramos, S.2    Álvarez, C.3    Bravo, L.4    Goya, L.5    Martín, M.A.6
  • 35
    • 55949134395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chocolate at heart: The anti-inflammatory impact of cocoa flavanols
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Selmi, C.; Cocchi, C.A.; Lanfredini, M.; Keen, C.L.; Gershwin, M.E. Chocolate at heart: The anti-inflammatory impact of cocoa flavanols. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008, 52, 1340–1348. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) Mol. Nutr. Food Res , vol.52 , pp. 1340-1348
    • Selmi, C.1    Cocchi, C.A.2    Lanfredini, M.3    Keen, C.L.4    Gershwin, M.E.5
  • 36
    • 84875613674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential for preventive effects of cocoa and cocoa polyphenols in cancer
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Martín, M.A.; Goya, L.; Ramos, R. Potential for preventive effects of cocoa and cocoa polyphenols in cancer. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013, 56, 336–351. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2013) Food Chem. Toxicol , vol.56 , pp. 336-351
    • Martín, M.A.1    Goya, L.2    Ramos, R.3
  • 37
    • 85009801472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventive effects of cocoa and cocoa antioxidants in colon cancer
    • [CrossRef]
    • Martín, M.A.; Goya, L.; Ramos, S. Preventive effects of cocoa and cocoa antioxidants in colon cancer. Diseases 2016, 4. [CrossRef]
    • (2016) Diseases , pp. 4
    • Martín, M.A.1    Goya, L.2    Ramos, S.3
  • 38
    • 84862287505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facilitated cellular uptake and suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by a metabolite of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol)
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Uhlenhut, K.; Högger, P. Facilitated cellular uptake and suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by a metabolite of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2012, 53, 305–313. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2012) Free Radic. Biol. Med , vol.53 , pp. 305-313
    • Uhlenhut, K.1    Högger, P.2
  • 39
    • 48649095089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: Dietary polyphenols and signaling pathways
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Ramos, S. Cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy: Dietary polyphenols and signaling pathways. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008, 52, 507–526. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) Mol. Nutr. Food Res , vol.52 , pp. 507-526
    • Ramos, S.1
  • 40
    • 84962876987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa polyphenols and inflammatory mediators
    • Sies, H.; Schewe, T.; Heiss, C.; Kelm, M. Cocoa polyphenols and inflammatory mediators. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 3045–3125.
    • (2005) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.81 , pp. 3045-3125
    • Sies, H.1    Schewe, T.2    Heiss, C.3    Kelm, M.4
  • 41
    • 48049104552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and cell oxidant production are modulated by hexameric procyanidins in Caco-2 cells
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Erlejman, A.G.; Jaggers, G.; Fraga, C.G.; Oteiza, P.I. TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and cell oxidant production are modulated by hexameric procyanidins in Caco-2 cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2008, 476, 186–195. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) Arch. Biochem. Biophys , vol.476 , pp. 186-195
    • Erlejman, A.G.1    Jaggers, G.2    Fraga, C.G.3    Oteiza, P.I.4
  • 42
    • 84931572962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa procyanidins with different degrees of polymerization possess distinct activities in models of colonic inflammation
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Bitzer, Z.T.; Glisan, S.L.; Dorenkott, M.R.; Goodrich, K.M.; Ye, L.; O’Keefe, S.F.; Lambert, J.D.; Neilson, A.P. Cocoa procyanidins with different degrees of polymerization possess distinct activities in models of colonic inflammation. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2015, 26, 827–831. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) J. Nutr. Biochem , vol.26 , pp. 827-831
    • Bitzer, Z.T.1    Glisan, S.L.2    Dorenkott, M.R.3    Goodrich, K.M.4    Ye, L.5    O’Keefe, S.F.6    Lambert, J.D.7    Neilson, A.P.8
  • 44
    • 84879156061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa polyphenols prevent inflammation in the colon of 2 azoxymethane-treated rats and in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Rodríguez-Ramiro, I.; Ramos, S.; López-Oliva, E.; Agís-Torres, A.; Bravo, L.; Goya, L.; Martín, M.A. Cocoa polyphenols prevent inflammation in the colon of 2 azoxymethane-treated rats and in TNF-α-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Br. J. Nutr. 2013, 110, 206–215. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2013) Br. J. Nutr , vol.110 , pp. 206-215
    • Rodríguez-Ramiro, I.1    Ramos, S.2    López-Oliva, E.3    Agís-Torres, A.4    Bravo, L.5    Goya, L.6    Martín, M.A.7
  • 45
    • 77957908629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa polyphenols suppress TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression by inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) activities in mouse epidermal cells
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Kim, J.E.; Son, J.E.; Jung, S.K.; Kang, N.J.; Lee, C.Y.; Lee, K.W.; Lee, H.J. Cocoa polyphenols suppress TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression by inhibiting phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen activated protein kinase kinase-1 (MEK1) activities in mouse epidermal cells. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 104, 957–964. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2010) Br. J. Nutr , vol.104 , pp. 957-964
    • Kim, J.E.1    Son, J.E.2    Jung, S.K.3    Kang, N.J.4    Lee, C.Y.5    Lee, K.W.6    Lee, H.J.7
  • 46
    • 57349144947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (+)-Catechin inhibits tumour angiogenesis and regulates the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated macrophages
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Guruvayoorappan, C.; Kuttan, G. (+)-Catechin inhibits tumour angiogenesis and regulates the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Innate Immun. 2008, 14, 160–174. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) Innate Immun , vol.14 , pp. 160-174
    • Guruvayoorappan, C.1    Kuttan, G.2
  • 47
    • 0034804398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epicatechin selectively prevents nitration but not oxidation reactions of peroxynitrite
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Schroeder, P.; Klotz, L.O.; Buchczyk, D.P.; Sadik, C.D.; Schewe, T.; Sies, H. Epicatechin selectively prevents nitration but not oxidation reactions of peroxynitrite. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 2001, 285, 782–787. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2001) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm , vol.285 , pp. 782-787
    • Schroeder, P.1    Klotz, L.O.2    Buchczyk, D.P.3    Sadik, C.D.4    Schewe, T.5    Sies, H.6
  • 48
    • 79959312370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of ulcerative colitis in mice after oral administration of a polyphenol-enriched cocoa extract is mediated by the inhibition of STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation in colon cells
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Andújar, M.I.; Recio, C.; Giner, R.M.; Cienfuegos-Jovellanos, E.; Laghi, S.; Muguerza, B.; Ríos, J.L. Inhibition of ulcerative colitis in mice after oral administration of a polyphenol-enriched cocoa extract is mediated by the inhibition of STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation in colon cells. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 6474–6483. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.59 , pp. 6474-6483
    • Andújar, M.I.1    Recio, C.2    Giner, R.M.3    Cienfuegos-Jovellanos, E.4    Laghi, S.5    Muguerza, B.6    Ríos, J.L.7
  • 49
    • 84896354241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Green tea, cocoa, and red wine polyphenols moderately modulate intestinal inflammation and do not increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) production
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Nicod, N.; Chiva-Blanch, G.; Giordano, E.; Dávalos, A.; Parker, R.S.; Visioli, F. Green tea, cocoa, and red wine polyphenols moderately modulate intestinal inflammation and do not increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) production. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 2228–2232. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.62 , pp. 2228-2232
    • Nicod, N.1    Chiva-Blanch, G.2    Giordano, E.3    Dávalos, A.4    Parker, R.S.5    Visioli, F.6
  • 50
    • 75549090203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epicatechin induces NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in HepG2 cells
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Granado-Serrano, A.B.; Martín, M.A.; Haegeman, G.; Goya, L.; Bravo, L. Epicatechin induces NF-κB, activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2p45-related factor-2 (Nrf2) via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signalling in HepG2 cells. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 103, 168–179. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2010) Br. J. Nutr , vol.103 , pp. 168-179
    • Granado-Serrano, A.B.1    Martín, M.A.2    Haegeman, G.3    Goya, L.4    Bravo, L.5
  • 51
    • 79958019384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative effects of dietary flavanols on antioxidant defences and their response to oxidant-induced stress on Caco2 cells
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Rodríguez-Ramiro, I.; Martín, M.A.; Ramos, S.; Bravo, L.; Goya, L. Comparative effects of dietary flavanols on antioxidant defences and their response to oxidant-induced stress on Caco2 cells. Eur. J. Nutr. 2011, 50, 313–322. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Eur. J. Nutr , vol.50 , pp. 313-322
    • Rodríguez-Ramiro, I.1    Martín, M.A.2    Ramos, S.3    Bravo, L.4    Goya, L.5
  • 52
    • 84889651774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cocoa flavanol (_)-epicatechin protects the cortisol response
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Ruijters, E.J.B.; Haenen, G.R.M.M.; Weseler, A.R.; Bast, A. The cocoa flavanol (_)-epicatechin protects the cortisol response. Pharmacol. Res. 2014, 79, 28–33. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Pharmacol. Res , vol.79 , pp. 28-33
    • Ruijters, E.J.B.1    Haenen, G.R.M.M.2    Weseler, A.R.3    Bast, A.4
  • 56
    • 84895073476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary cocoa ameliorates obesity-related inflammation in high fat-fed mice
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Gu, Y.; Yu, S.; Lambert, J.D. Dietary cocoa ameliorates obesity-related inflammation in high fat-fed mice. Eur. J. Nutr. 2014, 53, 149–158. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Eur. J. Nutr , vol.53 , pp. 149-158
    • Gu, Y.1    Yu, S.2    Lambert, J.D.3
  • 57
    • 84895921144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary cocoa reduces metabolic endotoxemia and adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat fed mice
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Gu, Y.; Yu, S.; Park, J.Y.; Harvatine, K.; Lambert, J.D. Dietary cocoa reduces metabolic endotoxemia and adipose tissue inflammation in high-fat fed mice. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2014, 25, 439–445. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) J. Nutr. Biochem , vol.25 , pp. 439-445
    • Gu, Y.1    Yu, S.2    Park, J.Y.3    Harvatine, K.4    Lambert, J.D.5
  • 58
    • 84908123500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa protective effects against abnormal fat storage and oxidative stress induced by a high-fat diet involve PPARα signalling activation
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Fidaleo, M.; Fracassi, A.; Zuorro, A.; Lavecchia, R.; Morenoc, S.; Sartoria, C. Cocoa protective effects against abnormal fat storage and oxidative stress induced by a high-fat diet involve PPARα signalling activation. Food Funct. 2014, 5, 2931–2939. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Food Funct , vol.5 , pp. 2931-2939
    • Fidaleo, M.1    Fracassi, A.2    Zuorro, A.3    Lavecchia, R.4    Morenoc, S.5    Sartoria, C.6
  • 59
    • 84921692456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The flavan-3-ol fraction of cocoa powder suppressed changes associated with early-stage metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed rats
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Osakabe, N.; Hoshi, J.; Kudo, N.; Shibata, M. The flavan-3-ol fraction of cocoa powder suppressed changes associated with early-stage metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-fed rats. Life Sci. 2014, 114, 51–56. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Life Sci , vol.114 , pp. 51-56
    • Osakabe, N.1    Hoshi, J.2    Kudo, N.3    Shibata, M.4
  • 61
    • 84946574873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The blood pressure effect and related plasma levels of flavan-3-ols in spontaneously hypertensive rats
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Quiñones, M.; Margalef, M.; Arola-Arnal, A.; Muguerza, B.; Miguel, M.; Aleixandre, A. The blood pressure effect and related plasma levels of flavan-3-ols in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Food Funct. 2015, 6, 3479–3489. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Food Funct , vol.6 , pp. 3479-3489
    • Quiñones, M.1    Margalef, M.2    Arola-Arnal, A.3    Muguerza, B.4    Miguel, M.5    Aleixandre, A.6
  • 64
    • 84923334381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary cocoa protects against colitis-associated cancer by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Pandurangan, A.K.; Saadatdoust, Z.; Esa, N.M.; Hamzah, H.; Ismail, A. Dietary cocoa protects against colitis-associated cancer by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Biofactors 2015, 41, 1–14. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Biofactors , vol.41 , pp. 1-14
    • Pandurangan, A.K.1    Saadatdoust, Z.2    Esa, N.M.3    Hamzah, H.4    Ismail, A.5
  • 65
    • 84983108500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary cocoa inhibits colitis associated cancer: A crucial involvement of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Saadatdoust, Z.; Pandurangan, A.K.; Sadagopan, S.K.A.; Esa, N.M.; Ismail, A.; Mustafa, M.R. Dietary cocoa inhibits colitis associated cancer: A crucial involvement of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2015, 26, 1547–1558. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) J. Nutr. Biochem , vol.26 , pp. 1547-1558
    • Saadatdoust, Z.1    Pandurangan, A.K.2    Sadagopan, S.K.A.3    Esa, N.M.4    Ismail, A.5    Mustafa, M.R.6
  • 66
    • 0035135225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (+)-Catechin inhibits intestinal tumor formation and suppresses focal adhesion kinase activation in the Min/1 mouse
    • [PubMed]
    • Weyant, M.J.; Carothers, A.M.; Dannenberg, A.J.; Bertagnoll, M.M. (+)-Catechin inhibits intestinal tumor formation and suppresses focal adhesion kinase activation in the Min/1 mouse. Cancer Res. 2001, 61, 118–125. [PubMed]
    • (2001) Cancer Res , vol.61 , pp. 118-125
    • Weyant, M.J.1    Carothers, A.M.2    Dannenberg, A.J.3    Bertagnoll, M.M.4
  • 67
    • 0033556002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotype-phenotype correlation in murine Apc mutation: Differences in enterocyte migration and response to sulindac
    • [PubMed]
    • Mahmoud, N.N.; Kucherlapati, R.; Bilinski, R.T.; Churchill, M.R.; Chadburn, A.; Bertagnolli, M.M. Genotype-phenotype correlation in murine Apc mutation: Differences in enterocyte migration and response to sulindac. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 353–359. [PubMed]
    • (1999) Cancer Res , vol.59 , pp. 353-359
    • Mahmoud, N.N.1    Kucherlapati, R.2    Bilinski, R.T.3    Churchill, M.R.4    Chadburn, A.5    Bertagnolli, M.M.6
  • 68
    • 78651241644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colorectal cancer molecular biology moves into clinical practice
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Pritchard, C.C.; Grady, W.M. Colorectal cancer molecular biology moves into clinical practice. Gut 2011, 60, 116–129. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) Gut , vol.60 , pp. 116-129
    • Pritchard, C.C.1    Grady, W.M.2
  • 69
    • 84880396123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dark chocolate on azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Hong, M.Y.; Nulton, E.; Shelechi, M.; Hernández, L.M.; Nemoseck, T. Effects of dark chocolate on azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci. Nutr. Cancer 2013, 65, 677–685. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2013) Nutr. Cancer , vol.65 , pp. 677-685
    • Hong, M.Y.1    Nulton, E.2    Shelechi, M.3    Hernández, L.M.4    Nemoseck, T.5
  • 70
    • 33947209997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet and cancer: Facts and controversies
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Milner, J.A. Diet and cancer: Facts and controversies. Nutr. Cancer 2006, 56, 216–224. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2006) Nutr. Cancer , vol.56 , pp. 216-224
    • Milner, J.A.1
  • 71
    • 70449638375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cancer protective properties of cocoa: A review of the epidemiologic evidence
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Maskarinec, G. Cancer protective properties of cocoa: A review of the epidemiologic evidence. Nutr. Cancer 2009, 61, 573–579. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2009) Nutr. Cancer , vol.61 , pp. 573-579
    • Maskarinec, G.1
  • 72
    • 84906790006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consumption of both low and high (_)-epicatechin apple puree attenuates platelet reactivity and increases plasma concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites: A randomized controlled trial
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Gasper, A.; Hollands, W.; Casgrain, A.; Saha, S.; Teucher, B.; Dainty, J.R.; Venema, D.P.; Hollman, P.C.; Rein, M.J.; Nelson, R.; et al. Consumption of both low and high (_)-epicatechin apple puree attenuates platelet reactivity and increases plasma concentrations of nitric oxide metabolites: A randomized controlled trial. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2014, 559, 29–37. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Arch. Biochem. Biophys , vol.559 , pp. 29-37
    • Gasper, A.1    Hollands, W.2    Casgrain, A.3    Saha, S.4    Teucher, B.5    Dainty, J.R.6    Venema, D.P.7    Hollman, P.C.8    Rein, M.J.9    Nelson, R.10
  • 73
    • 84891819269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regular consumption of a cocoa product improves the cardiometabolic profile in healthy and moderately hypercholesterolaemic adults
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Sarriá, B.; Martínez-López, S.; Sierra-Cinos, J.L.; García-Diz, L.; Mateos, R.; Bravo, L. Regular consumption of a cocoa product improves the cardiometabolic profile in healthy and moderately hypercholesterolaemic adults. Br. J. Nutr. 2014, 111, 122–134. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Br. J. Nutr , vol.111 , pp. 122-134
    • Sarriá, B.1    Martínez-López, S.2    Sierra-Cinos, J.L.3    García-Diz, L.4    Mateos, R.5    Bravo, L.6
  • 74
    • 39449137843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-10 concentration and coronary heart disease (CHD) event risk in the estrogen replacement and atherosclerosis (ERA) study
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Lakoski, S.G.; Liu, Y.; Brosnihan, K.B.; Herrington, D.M. Interleukin-10 concentration and coronary heart disease (CHD) event risk in the estrogen replacement and atherosclerosis (ERA) study. Atherosclerosis 2008, 197, 443–447. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) Atherosclerosis , vol.197 , pp. 443-447
    • Lakoski, S.G.1    Liu, Y.2    Brosnihan, K.B.3    Herrington, D.M.4
  • 76
    • 84893302441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Realistic intake of a flavanol-rich soluble cocoa product increases HDL-cholesterol without inducing anthropometric changes in healthy and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Martínez-López, S.; Sarriá, B.; Sierra-Cinos, J.L.; Goya, L.; Mateos, R.; Bravo, L. Realistic intake of a flavanol-rich soluble cocoa product increases HDL-cholesterol without inducing anthropometric changes in healthy and moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Food Funct. 2014, 5, 364–374. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Food Funct , vol.5 , pp. 364-374
    • Martínez-López, S.1    Sarriá, B.2    Sierra-Cinos, J.L.3    Goya, L.4    Mateos, R.5    Bravo, L.6
  • 77
    • 84911469160 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of bioactive constituents in functional cocoa products on cardiovascular health in humans
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Sarriá, B.; Martínez-López, S.; Sierra-Cinos, J.L.; García-Diz, L.; Goya, L.; Mateos, R.; Bravo, L. Effects of bioactive constituents in functional cocoa products on cardiovascular health in humans. Food Chem. 2015, 174, 214–218. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Food Chem , vol.174 , pp. 214-218
    • Sarriá, B.1    Martínez-López, S.2    Sierra-Cinos, J.L.3    García-Diz, L.4    Goya, L.5    Mateos, R.6    Bravo, L.7
  • 78
    • 84941556096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitual chocolate consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease among healthy men and women
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Kwok, C.; Boekholdt, S.M.; Lentjes, M.A.; Loke, Y.K.; Luben, R.N.; Yeong, J.K., Wareham, N.J.; Myint, P.K.; Khaw, K.T. Habitual chocolate consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease among healthy men and women. Heart 2015, 101, 1279–1287. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Heart , vol.101 , pp. 1279-1287
    • Kwok, C.1    Boekholdt, S.M.2    Lentjes, M.A.3    Loke, Y.K.4    Luben, R.N.5    Yeong, J.K.6    Wareham, N.J.7    Myint, P.K.8    Khaw, K.T.9
  • 79
    • 84935509803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supplementation of the pure flavonoids epicatechin and quercetin affects some biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in (Pre)hypertensive adults: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Dower, J.I.; Geleijnse, J.M.; Gijsbers, L.; Schalkwijk, C.; Kromhout, D.; Hollman, P.C. Supplementation of the pure flavonoids epicatechin and quercetin affects some biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in (pre)hypertensive adults: A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J. Nutr. 2015, 145, 1459–1463. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) J. Nutr , vol.145 , pp. 1459-1463
    • Dower, J.I.1    Geleijnse, J.M.2    Gijsbers, L.3    Schalkwijk, C.4    Kromhout, D.5    Hollman, P.C.6
  • 80
    • 15744388677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons
    • [PubMed]
    • Grassi, D.; Lippi, C.; Necozione, S.; Desideri, G.; Ferri, C. Short-term administration of dark chocolate is followed by a significant increase in insulin sensitivity and a decrease in blood pressure in healthy persons. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 611–614. [PubMed]
    • (2005) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.81 , pp. 611-614
    • Grassi, D.1    Lippi, C.2    Necozione, S.3    Desideri, G.4    Ferri, C.5
  • 81
    • 57449120731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa consumption for 2 weeks enhances insulin-mediated vasodilatation without improving blood pressure or insulin resistance in essential hypertension
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Muniyappa, R.; Hall, G.; Kolodziej, T.L.; Karne, R.J.; Crandon, S.K.; Quon, M.J. Cocoa consumption for 2 weeks enhances insulin-mediated vasodilatation without improving blood pressure or insulin resistance in essential hypertension. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 88, 1685–1696. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.88 , pp. 1685-1696
    • Muniyappa, R.1    Hall, G.2    Kolodziej, T.L.3    Karne, R.J.4    Crandon, S.K.5    Quon, M.J.6
  • 82
  • 84
    • 33745504721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procyanidin and catechin contents and antioxidant capacity of cocoa and chocolate products
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Gu, L.; House, S.E.; Wu, X.; Ou, B.; Prior, R.L. Procyanidin and catechin contents and antioxidant capacity of cocoa and chocolate products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 4057–4061. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2006) J. Agric. Food Chem , vol.54 , pp. 4057-4061
    • Gu, L.1    House, S.E.2    Wu, X.3    Ou, B.4    Prior, R.L.5
  • 86
    • 84899522823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dark chocolate consumption improves leukocyte adhesion factors and vascular function in overweight men
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Esser, D.; Mars, M.; Oosterink, E.; Stalmach, A.; Müller, M.; Afman, L.A. Dark chocolate consumption improves leukocyte adhesion factors and vascular function in overweight men. FASEB J. 2014, 28, 1464–1473. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) FASEB J , vol.28 , pp. 1464-1473
    • Esser, D.1    Mars, M.2    Oosterink, E.3    Stalmach, A.4    Müller, M.5    Afman, L.A.6
  • 87
    • 84867099926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of cocoa and green tea on biomarkers of glucose regulation, oxidative stress, inflammation and hemostasis in obese adults at risk for insulin resistance
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Stote, K.S.; Clevidence, B.A.; Novotny, J.A.; Henderson, T.; Radecki, S.V.; Baer, D.J. Effect of cocoa and green tea on biomarkers of glucose regulation, oxidative stress, inflammation and hemostasis in obese adults at risk for insulin resistance. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012, 66, 1153–1159. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2012) Eur. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.66 , pp. 1153-1159
    • Stote, K.S.1    Clevidence, B.A.2    Novotny, J.A.3    Henderson, T.4    Radecki, S.V.5    Baer, D.J.6
  • 89
    • 84880690800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa and human health
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Ellam, S.; Williamson, G. Cocoa and human health. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 2013, 33, 105–128. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2013) Ann. Rev. Nutr , vol.33 , pp. 105-128
    • Ellam, S.1    Williamson, G.2
  • 91
    • 33646338220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber intakes andmarkers of systemic inflammation in diabeticwomen
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Qi, L.; Van Dam, R.M.; Liu, S.; Franz, M.; Mantzoros, C.; Hu, F.B. Whole-grain, bran, and cereal fiber intakes andmarkers of systemic inflammation in diabeticwomen. Diabetes Care 2006, 29, 207–211. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , pp. 207-211
    • Qi, L.1    Van Dam, R.M.2    Liu, S.3    Franz, M.4    Mantzoros, C.5    Hu, F.B.6
  • 92
    • 33644857735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole grains, bran, and germ in relation to homocysteine and markers of glycemic control, lipids, and inflammation
    • [PubMed]
    • Jensen, M.K.; Koh-Banerjee, P.; Franz, M.; Sampson, L.; Gronbaek, M.; Rimm, E.B. Whole grains, bran, and germ in relation to homocysteine and markers of glycemic control, lipids, and inflammation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83, 275–283. [PubMed]
    • (2006) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.83 , pp. 275-283
    • Jensen, M.K.1    Koh-Banerjee, P.2    Franz, M.3    Sampson, L.4    Gronbaek, M.5    Rimm, E.B.6
  • 93
    • 34447645490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Whole‘grain intake and its cross-sectional association with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD: The MESA Study
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Lutsey, P.L.; Jacobs, D.R.; Kori, S.; Mayer-Davis, E.; Shea, S.; Steffen, L.M.; Szklo, M.; Tracy, R. Whole‘grain intake and its cross-sectional association with obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, diabetes and subclinical CVD: The MESA Study. Br. J. Nutr. 2007, 98, 397–405. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2007) Br. J. Nutr , vol.98 , pp. 397-405
    • Lutsey, P.L.1    Jacobs, D.R.2    Kori, S.3    Mayer-Davis, E.4    Shea, S.5    Steffen, L.M.6    Szklo, M.7    Tracy, R.8
  • 94
    • 38149000231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of a whole grain-enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with metabolic syndrome
    • [PubMed]
    • Katcher, H.I.; Legro, R.S.; Kunselman, A.R.; Gillies, P.J.; Demers, L.M.; Bagshaw, D.M.; Kris-Etherton, P.M. The effects of a whole grain-enriched hypocaloric diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in men and women with metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87, 79–90. [PubMed]
    • (2008) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.87 , pp. 79-90
    • Katcher, H.I.1    Legro, R.S.2    Kunselman, A.R.3    Gillies, P.J.4    Demers, L.M.5    Bagshaw, D.M.6    Kris-Etherton, P.M.7
  • 95
    • 79955512258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Putting the whole grain puzzle together: Health benefits associated with whole grains—Summary of American Society for Nutrition 2010 Satellite Symposium
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Jonnalagadda, S.S.; Harnack, L.; Liu, R.H.; McKeown, N.; Seal, C.; Liu, S.; Fahey, G.C. Putting the whole grain puzzle together: Health benefits associated with whole grains—Summary of American Society for Nutrition 2010 Satellite Symposium. J. Nutr. 2011, 141, 1011S–1022S. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2011) J. Nutr , vol.141 , pp. 1011S-1022S
    • Jonnalagadda, S.S.1    Harnack, L.2    Liu, R.H.3    McKeown, N.4    Seal, C.5    Liu, S.6    Fahey, G.C.7
  • 96
    • 50549094737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between dietary fiber and markers of systemic inflammation in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Ma, Y.; Hebert, J.R.; Li, W.; Bertone-Johnson, E.R.; Olendzki, B.; Pagoto, S.L.; Tinker, L.; Rosal, M.C.; Ockene, I.S.; Ockene, J.K.; et al. Association between dietary fiber and markers of systemic inflammation in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Nutrition 2008, 24, 941–949. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2008) Nutrition , vol.24 , pp. 941-949
    • Ma, Y.1    Hebert, J.R.2    Li, W.3    Bertone-Johnson, E.R.4    Olendzki, B.5    Pagoto, S.L.6    Tinker, L.7    Rosal, M.C.8    Ockene, I.S.9    Ockene, J.K.10
  • 97
    • 84870441709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regular consumption of cocoa powder with milk increases HDL cholesterol and reduces oxidized LDL levels in subjects at high-risk of cardiovascular disease
    • [PubMed]
    • Khan, N.; Monagas, M.; Andrés-Lacueva, C.; Casas, R.; Urpí-Sardá, M.; Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.; Estruch, R. Regular consumption of cocoa powder with milk increases HDL cholesterol and reduces oxidized LDL levels in subjects at high-risk of cardiovascular disease. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2012, 22, 1046–1053. [PubMed]
    • (2012) Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis , vol.22 , pp. 1046-1053
    • Khan, N.1    Monagas, M.2    Andrés-Lacueva, C.3    Casas, R.4    Urpí-Sardá, M.5    Lamuela-Raventós, R.M.6    Estruch, R.7
  • 99
    • 84864778668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of consuming a cocoa product in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Sarriá, B.; Mateos, R.; Sierra-Cinos, J.L.; Goya, L.; García-Diz, L.; Bravo, L. Hypotensive, hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects of consuming a cocoa product in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans. Food Funct. 2012, 3, 867–874. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2012) Food Funct , vol.3 , pp. 867-874
    • Sarriá, B.1    Mateos, R.2    Sierra-Cinos, J.L.3    Goya, L.4    García-Diz, L.5    Bravo, L.6
  • 100
    • 84878379714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: A randomized controlled trial
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Neufingerl, N.; Zebregs, Y.E.M.P.; Schuring, E.A.H.; Trautwein, E.A. Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013, 97, 1201–1209. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2013) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.97 , pp. 1201-1209
    • Neufingerl, N.1    Zebregs, Y.E.M.P.2    Schuring, E.A.H.3    Trautwein, E.A.4
  • 101
    • 84867015247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effect of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate on biomarkers of glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy, overweight and obese subjects: A randomized clinical trial
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Almoosawi, S.; Tsang, C.; Ostertag, L.M.; Fyfe, L.; Al-Dujaili, E.A.S. Differential effect of polyphenol-rich dark chocolate on biomarkers of glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy, overweight and obese subjects: A randomized clinical trial. Food Funct. 2012, 3, 1035–1043. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2012) Food Funct , vol.3 , pp. 1035-1043
    • Almoosawi, S.1    Tsang, C.2    Ostertag, L.M.3    Fyfe, L.4    Al-Dujaili, E.A.S.5
  • 102
    • 51049107708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate
    • [PubMed]
    • Grassi, D.; Desideri, G.; Necozione, S.; Lippi, C.; Casale, R.; Properzi, G.; Blumberg, J.B.; Ferri, C. Blood pressure is reduced and insulin sensitivity increased in glucose-intolerant, hypertensive subjects after 15 days of consuming high-polyphenol dark chocolate. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 1671–1676. [PubMed]
    • (2008) J. Nutr , vol.138 , pp. 1671-1676
    • Grassi, D.1    Desideri, G.2    Necozione, S.3    Lippi, C.4    Casale, R.5    Properzi, G.6    Blumberg, J.B.7    Ferri, C.8
  • 103
    • 24044554906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of theobromine should be considered in future studies
    • Kelly, C.J. Effects of theobromine should be considered in future studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 82, 483–489.
    • (2005) Am. J. Clin. Nutr , vol.82 , pp. 483-489
    • Kelly, C.J.1
  • 105
    • 20944441872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ingested cocoa can prevent high-fat diet–induced obesity by regulating the expression of genes for fatty acid metabolism
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Matsui, N.; Itoa, R.; Nishimura, E.; Kato, M.; Kamei, M.; Shibata, H.; Kamei, M.; Shibata, H.; Matsumoto, I.; Abe, K.; et al. Ingested cocoa can prevent high-fat diet–induced obesity by regulating the expression of genes for fatty acid metabolism. Nutrition 2005, 21, 594–601. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2005) Nutrition , vol.21 , pp. 594-601
    • Matsui, N.1    Itoa, R.2    Nishimura, E.3    Kato, M.4    Kamei, M.5    Shibata, H.6    Kamei, M.7    Shibata, H.8    Matsumoto, I.9    Abe, K.10
  • 106
    • 84902239715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dark Chocolate: An Obesity Paradox or a Culprit for Weight Gain?
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Farhat, G.; Drummond, S.; Fyfe, L.; Al-Dujaili, E.A.S. Dark Chocolate: An Obesity Paradox or a Culprit for Weight Gain? Phytother. Res. 2014, 28, 791–797. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Phytother. Res , vol.28 , pp. 791-797
    • Farhat, G.1    Drummond, S.2    Fyfe, L.3    Al-Dujaili, E.A.S.4
  • 107
    • 84925955052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cocoa-rich diet attenuates beta cell mass loss and function in young Zucker diabetic fatty rats by preventing oxidative stress and beta cell apoptosis
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Fernández-Millán, E.; Cordero-Herrera, I.; Ramos, S.; Escrivá, F.; Álvarez, C.; Goya, L.; Martín, M.A. Cocoa-rich diet attenuates beta cell mass loss and function in young Zucker diabetic fatty rats by preventing oxidative stress and beta cell apoptosis. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2015, 59, 820–824. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Mol. Nutr. Food Res , vol.59 , pp. 820-824
    • Fernández-Millán, E.1    Cordero-Herrera, I.2    Ramos, S.3    Escrivá, F.4    Álvarez, C.5    Goya, L.6    Martín, M.A.7
  • 108
    • 84878932955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to cocoa flavanols and protection of lipids from oxidative damage and maintenance of normal blood pressure
    • European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to cocoa flavanols and protection of lipids from oxidative damage and maintenance of normal blood pressure. EFSA J. 2010, 8, 1792.
    • (2010) EFSA J , vol.8 , pp. 1792
  • 109
    • 85058775121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to cocoa flavanols and maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation
    • European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to cocoa flavanols and maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation. EFSA J. 2012, 10, 2809.
    • (2012) EFSA J , vol.10
  • 110
    • 84944316805 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular benefits of dark chocolate
    • [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • Higginbotham, E.; Taub, P.R. Cardiovascular benefits of dark chocolate? Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med. 2015, 17, 54–65. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med , vol.17 , pp. 54-65
    • Higginbotham, E.1    Taub, P.R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.