Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: Regulation of release and uptake

Basal Ganglia

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 123-148

  Sulzer, David ^a   Cragg, Stephanie J ^b   Rice, Margaret E ^c  

^a NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Addiction; Amperometry; Autoreceptor; Carbon fiber; Diffusion; Dopamine transporter; Drug dependence; Electrochemistry; Fast scan cyclic voltammetry; Heteroreceptor; Microdialysis; NAChRs; Parkinson's disease; Quantal size; Release: uptake; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLCHOLINE; ADENOSINE; AMPHETAMINE; AUTORECEPTOR; CANNABINOID; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; DOPAMINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; GROWTH FACTOR; HETERORECEPTOR; INSULIN; LEVODOPA; NEUROPEPTIDE; NORADRENALIN TRANSPORTER; OPIATE; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; RECEPTOR; SUBSTANCE P; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VESICULAR MONOAMINE TRANSPORTER 2;

BIOACCUMULATION; CALCIUM SIGNALING; DIFFUSION; DOPAMINE METABOLISM; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DOPAMINE SEQUESTRATION; DOPAMINE UPTAKE; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; ELECTRICAL GRADIENT; ENERGY; EXTRACELLULAR SPACE; FIRING RATE; HUMAN; NERVE FIBER; NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; PH; PHYSICAL PHENOMENA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REVIEW; STRIATE CORTEX; SYNAPSE VESICLE;

EID: 84962567496     PISSN: 22105336     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001     Document Type: Review

References (464)

1. Sulzer D. How addictive drugs disrupt presynaptic dopamine neurotransmission. Neuron 2011, 69:628-649.
2. Sulzer D., Sonders M.S., Poulsen N.W., Galli A. Mechanisms of neurotransmitter release by amphetamines: a review. Prog. Neurobiol. 2005, 75:406-433.
3. Nirenberg M.J., Chan J., Liu Y., Edwards R.H., Pickel V.M. Ultrastructural localization of the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 in midbrain dopaminergic neurons: potential sites for somatodendritic storage and release of dopamine. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:4135-4145.
4. Fatt P., Katz B. Some observations on biological noise. Nature 1950, 166:597-598.
5. Fatt P., Katz B. Spontaneous subthreshold activity at motor nerve endings. J. Physiol. 1952, 117:109-128.
6. Del Castillo J., Katz B. Quantal components of the end-plate potential. J. Physiol. 1954, 124:560-573.
7. Fatt P. Biophysics of junctional transmission. Physiol. Rev. 1954, 34:674-710.
8. Hawley M.D., Tatawawadi S.V., Piekarski S., Adams R.N. Electrochemical studies of the oxidation pathways of catecholamines. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89:447-450.
9. Kissinger P.T., Hart J.B., Adams R.N. Voltammetry in brain tissue-a new neurophysiological measurement. Brain Res. 1973, 55:209-213.
10. Adams R.N. In vivo electrochemical measurements in the CNS. Prog. Neurobiol. 1990, 35:297-311.
11. Gonon F., Cespuglio R., Ponchon J.L., Buda M., Jouvet M., Adams R.N., Pujol J.F. In vivo continuous electrochemical determination of dopamine release in rat neostriatum. C R Acad. Sci. Hebd Seances Acad. Sci. D 1978, 286:1203-1206.
12. Kruk Z.L., Armstrong-James M., Millar J. Measurement of the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine ejected during iontophoresis using multibarrel carbon fibre microelectrodes. Life Sci. 1980, 27:2093-2098.
13. Armstrong-James M., Millar J., Kruk Z.L. Quantification of noradrenaline iontophoresis. Nature 1980, 288:181-183.
14. Armstrong-James M., Millar J. Carbon fibre microelectrodes. J. Neurosci. Methods 1979, 1:279-287.
15. Oliver G., Schafer E.A. The physiological effects of extracts of the suprarenal capsules. J. Physiol. 1895, 18:230-276.
16. Leszczyszyn D.J., Jankowski J.A., Viveros O.H., Diliberto E.J., Near J.A., Wightman R.M. Nicotinic receptor-mediated catecholamine secretion from individual chromaffin cells. Chemical evidence for exocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 1990, 265:14736-14737.
17. Staal R.G., Mosharov E.V., Sulzer D. Dopamine neurons release transmitter via a flickering fusion pore. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:341-346.
18. Pothos E.N., Davila V., Sulzer D. Presynaptic recording of quanta from midbrain dopamine neurons and modulation of the quantal size. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:4106-4118.
19. Sulzer D., Pothos E.N. Regulation of quantal size by presynaptic mechanisms. Rev. Neurosci. 2000, 11:159-212.
20. 2+ channels regulate dopamine release from somata of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 373:665-669.
21. Jaffe E.H., Marty A., Schulte A., Chow R.H. Extrasynaptic vesicular transmitter release from the somata of substantia nigra neurons in rat midbrain slices. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:3548-3553.
22. Li H., Waites C.L., Staal R.G., Dobryy Y., Park J., Sulzer D.L., Edwards R.H. Sorting of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 to the regulated secretory pathway confers the somatodendritic exocytosis of monoamines. Neuron 2005, 48:619-633.
23. Puopolo M., Hochstetler S.E., Gustincich S., Wightman R.M., Raviola E. Extrasynaptic release of dopamine in a retinal neuron: activity dependence and transmitter modulation. Neuron 2001, 30:211-225.
24. Chen G., Gavin P.F., Luo G., Ewing A.G. Observation and quantitation of exocytosis from the cell body of a fully developed neuron in Planorbis corneus. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:7747-7755.
25. Sulzer D., Chen T.K., Lau Y.Y., Kristensen H., Rayport S., Ewing A. Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:4102-4108.
26. Kress G.J., Shu H.J., Yu A., Taylor A., Benz A., Harmon S., Mennerick S. Fast phasic release properties of dopamine studied with a channel biosensor. J. Neurosci. 2014, 34:11792-11802.
27. Muller A., Joseph V., Slesinger P.A., Kleinfeld D. Cell-based reporters reveal in vivo dynamics of dopamine and norepinephrine release in murine cortex. Nat. Methods 2014, 11:1245-1252.
28. Rodriguez P.C., Pereira D.B., Borgkvist A., Wong M.Y., Barnard C., Sonders M.S., Zhang H., Sames D., Sulzer D. Fluorescent dopamine tracer resolves individual dopaminergic synapses and their activity in the brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:870-875.
29. Gubernator N.G., Zhang H., Staal R.G., Mosharov E.V., Pereira D.B., Yue M., Balsanek V., Vadola P.A., Mukherjee B., Edwards R.H., Sulzer D., Sames D. Fluorescent false neurotransmitters visualize dopamine release from individual presynaptic terminals. Science 2009, 324:1441-1444.
30. Pereira D.B., Schmitz Y., Mészáros J., Merchant P., Hu G., Li S., Henke A., Lizardi-Ortiz J.E., Karpowicz R.J., Morgenstern T.J., Sonders M.S., Kanter E., Rodriguez P.C., Mosharov E.V., Sames D., Sulzer D. Fluorescent false neurotransmitter reveals functionally silent dopamine vesicle clusters in the striatum. Nat. Neurosci. 2016, 10.1038/nn.4252.
31. Cramer W. Further observations on the thyroid-adrenal apparatus. A histochemical method for the demonstration of adrenalin granules in the suprarenal gland. J. Physiol. 1918, 52:7-10.
32. Hillarp N.-A., Lagerstedt S., Nilson B. The isolation of a granular fraction from the rurarenal medulla, containing the sympathomimetic catecholamines. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1953, 29:251-263.
33. Blaschko H., Welch A.D. Localization of adrenaline in cytoplasmic particles of the bovine adrenal medulla. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1953, 219:17-22.
34. Palade G.E. Electron microscope observations of intraneuronal and neuromuscular synapses. Anat. Rec. 1954, 118:335-336.
35. De Robertis E.D., Bennett H.S. Some features of the submicroscopic morphology of synapses in frog and earthworm. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1955, 1:47-58.
36. Palay S.L. Synapses in the central nervous system. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1956, 2:193-202.
37. Wood J.G. Electron localization of amines in central nervous tissue. Nature 1966, 209:1131-1133.
38. Tranzer J.P., Thoenen H. Electron microscopic localization of 5-hydroxy-dopamine (3,4,5-trihydroxy-phenyl-ethylamine) a new 'false' sympathetic transmitter. Experimentia 1967, 23:743-745.
39. Holtzman E., Freeman A.R., Kashner L.A. Stimulation-dependent alterations in peroxidase uptake at lobster neuromuscular junctions. Science 1971, 173:733-736.
40. Ceccarelli B., Hurlbut W.P., Mauro A. Depletion of vesicles from frog neuromuscular junctions by prolonged tetanic stimulation. J. Cell Biol. 1972, 54:30-38.
41. Ceccarelli B., Hurlbut W.P., Mauro A. Turnover of transmitter and synaptic vesicles at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Cell Biol. 1973, 57:499-524.
42. Heuser J.E., Reese T.S. Evidence for recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane during transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Cell Biol. 1973, 57:315-344.
43. Valtorta F., Meldolesi J., Fesce R. Synaptic vesicles: is kissing a matter of competence?. Trends Cell Biol. 2001, 11:324-328.
44. Williams R.M., Webb W.W. Single granule pH cycling in antigen induced mast cell secretion. J. Cell Sci. 2000, 21:3839-3850.
45. Xu J., Tse F.W. Brefeldin A increases the quantal size and alters the kinetics of catecholamine release from rat adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:19095-19102.
46. Albillos A., Dernick G., Horstmann H., Almers W., Alvarez De Toledo G., Lindau M. The exocytotic event in chromaffin cells revealed by patch amperometry. Nature 1997, 389:509-512.
47. Alvarez De Toledo G., Fernandez J.M. Compound versus multigranular exocytosis in peritoneal mast cells. J. Gen. Physiol. 1990, 95:397-409.
48. Chow R.H., Von Rueden L., Neher E. Delay in vesicle fusion revealed by electrochemical monitoring of single secretory events in adrenal chromaffin cells. Nature 1992, 356:60-63.
49. Zhou Z., Misler S., Chow R.H. Rapid fluctuations in transmitter release from single vesicles in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Biophys. J. 1996, 70:1543-1552.
50. Chapochnikov N.M., Takago H., Huang C.H., Pangrsic T., Khimich D., Neef J., Auge E., Gottfert F., Hell S.W., Wichmann C., Wolf F., Moser T. Uniquantal release through a dynamic fusion pore is a candidate mechanism of hair cell exocytosis. Neuron 2014, 83:1389-1403.
51. Omiatek D.M., Dong Y., Heien M.L., Ewing A.G. Only a fraction of quantal content is released during exocytosis as revealed by electrochemical cytometry of secretory vesicles. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2010, 1:234-245.
52. Fulop T., Smith C. Physiological stimulation regulates the exocytic mode through calcium activation of protein kinase C in mouse chromaffin cells. Biochem. J. 2006, 399:111-119.
53. 2+ and protein kinase C via distinct mechanisms. EMBO J. 1998, 17:4340-4345.
54. Chen X.K., Wang L.C., Zhou Y., Cai Q., Prakriya M., Duan K.L., Sheng Z.H., Lingle C., Zhou Z. Activation of GPCRs modulates quantal size in chromaffin cells through G(betagamma) and PKC. Nat. Neurosci. 2005, 8:1160-1168.
55. Staal R.G., Hananiya A., Sulzer D. PKC theta activity maintains normal quantal size in chromaffin cells. J. Neurochem. 2008, 105:1635-1641.
56. Doreian B.W., Fulop T.G., Meklemburg R.L., Smith C.B. Cortical F-actin, the exocytic mode, and neuropeptide release in mouse chromaffin cells is regulated by myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate and myosin II. Mol. Biol. Cell 2009, 20:3142-3154.
57. Doreian B.W., Fulop T.G., Smith C.B. Myosin II activation and actin reorganization regulate the mode of quantal exocytosis in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:4470-4478.
58. Berberian K., Torres A.J., Fang Q., Kisler K., Lindau M. F-actin and myosin II accelerate catecholamine release from chromaffin granules. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:863-870.
59. Sulzer D., Holtzman E. Acidification and endosome-like compartments in the presynaptic terminals of frog retinal photoreceptors. J. Neurocytol. 1989, 18:529-540.
60. Saheki Y., De Camilli P. Synaptic vesicle endocytosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012, 4:a005645.
61. Kokotos A.C., Cousin M.A. Synaptic vesicle generation from central nerve terminal endosomes. Traffic 2015, 16:229-240.
62. Elhamdani A., Azizi F., Artalejo C.R. Double patch clamp reveals that transient fusion (kiss-and-run) is a major mechanism of secretion in calf adrenal chromaffin cells: high calcium shifts the mechanism from kiss-and-run to complete fusion. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:3030-3036.
63. 2+, GTP, and dynamin but not clathrin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1995, 92:8328-8332.
64. Artalejo C.R., Elhamdani A., Palfrey H.C. Sustained stimulation shifts the mechanism of endocytosis from dynamin-1-dependent rapid endocytosis to clathrin- and dynamin-2-mediated slow endocytosis in chromaffin cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002, 99:6358-6363.
65. Holroyd P., Lang T., Wenzel D., De Camilli P., Jahn R. Imaging direct, dynamin-dependent recapture of fusing secretory granules on plasma membrane lawns from PC12 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002, 99:16806-16811.
66. Daly C., Sugimori M., Moreira J.E., Ziff E.B., Llinas R. Synaptophysin regulates clathrin-independent endocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97:6120-6125.
67. 2+-dependent formation of a dynamin-synaptophysin complex: potential role in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:9010-9015.
68. Watanabe S., Rost B.R., Camacho-Perez M., Davis M.W., Sohl-Kielczynski B., Rosenmund C., Jorgensen E.M. Ultrafast endocytosis at mouse hippocampal synapses. Nature 2013, 504:242-247.
69. Hernandez D., Torres C.A., Setlik W., Cebrian C., Mosharov E.V., Tang G., Cheng H.C., Kholodilov N., Yarygina O., Burke R.E., Gershon M., Sulzer D. Regulation of presynaptic neurotransmission by macroautophagy. Neuron 2012, 74:277-284.
70. Omiatek D.M., Bressler A.J., Cans A.S., Andrews A.M., Heien M.L., Ewing A.G. The real catecholamine content of secretory vesicles in the CNS revealed by electrochemical cytometry. Sci. Rep. 2013, 3:1447.
71. Edwards R.H. The neurotransmitter cycle and quantal size. Neuron 2007, 55:835-858.
72. Van Der Kloot W., Molgo J. Quantal acetylcholine release at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction. Physiol. Rev. 1994, 74:899-991.
73. Van Der Kloot W. The regulation of quantal size. Prog. Neurobiol. 1991, 36:93-130.
74. Johnson R.G. Accumulation of biological amines into chromaffin granules: a model for hormone and neurotransmitter transport. Physiol. Rev. 1988, 68:232-307.
75. Njus D., Kelley P.M., Harnadek G.J. Bioenergetics of secretory vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1986, 853:237-265.
76. Nakanishi-Matsui M., Futai M. Stochastic proton pumping ATPases: from single molecules to diverse physiological roles. IUBMB Life 2006, 58:318-322.
77. Drory O., Nelson N. The emerging structure of vacuolar ATPases. Physiol. (Bethesda) 2006, 21:317-325.
78. Hiesinger P.R., Fayyazuddin A., Mehta S.Q., Rosenmund T., Schulze K.L., Zhai R.G., Verstreken P., Cao Y., Zhou Y., Kunz J., Bellen H.J. The v-ATPase V0 subunit a1 is required for a late step in synaptic vesicle exocytosis in Drosophila. Cell 2005, 121:607-620.
79. Peters C., Bayer M.J., Buhler S., Andersen J.S., Mann M., Mayer A. Trans-complex formation by proteolipid channels in the terminal phase of membrane fusion. Nature 2001, 409:581-588.
80. Miesenbock G. Synapto-pHluorins: genetically encoded reporters of synaptic transmission. Cold Spring Harb. Protoc. 2012, 2012:213-217.
81. Onoa B., Li H., Gagnon-Bartsch J.A., Elias L.A., Edwards R.H. Vesicular monoamine and glutamate transporters select distinct synaptic vesicle recycling pathways. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:7917-7927.
82. Sankaranarayanan S., De Angelis D., Rothman J.E., Ryan T.A. The use of pHluorins for optical measurements of presynaptic activity. Biophys. J. 2000, 79:2199-2208.
83. Markov D., Mosharov E.V., Setlik W., Gershon M.D., Sulzer D. Secretory vesicle rebound hyperacidification and increased quantal size resulting from prolonged methamphetamine exposure. J. Neurochem. 2008, 107:1709-1721.
84. Pothos E.N., Mosharov E., Liu K.P., Setlik W., Haburcak M., Baldini G., Gershon M.D., Tamir H., Sulzer D. Stimulation-dependent regulation of the pH, volume and quantal size of bovine and rodent secretory vesicles. J. Physiol. 2002, 542:453-476.
85. Mani M., Ryan T.A. Live imaging of synaptic vesicle release and retrieval in dopaminergic neurons. Front. Neural. Circuits 2009, 3:3.
86. Freyberg Z., Sonders M.S., Aguilar J., Hiranita T., Karam C., Flores J., Pizzo A., Zhang Y., Farino Z., Chen A., Martin C., Kopajtic T., Fei H., Hu G., Lin Y., Mosharov E., Mccabe B., Freyberg R., Wimalasena K., Hsin L.W., Sames D., Krantz D., Katz J., Sulzer D., Javitch J. Mechanisms of amphetamine action illuminated through in vivo optical monitoring of dopamine synaptic vesicles. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7:10652.
87. Lee M., Gubernator N.G., Sulzer D., Sames D. Development of pH-responsive fluorescent false neurotransmitters. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132:8828-8830.
88. Sulzer D., Rayport S. Amphetamine and other psychostimulants reduce pH gradients in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and chromaffin granules: a mechanism of action. Neuron 1990, 5:797-808.
89. Camacho M., Machado J.D., Montesinos M.S., Criado M., Borges R. Intragranular pH rapidly modulates exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Neurochem. 2006, 96:324-334.
90. Maron R., Stern Y., Kanner B.I., Schuldiner S. Functional asymmetry of the amine transporter from chromaffin granules. J. Biol. Chem. 1983, 258:11476-11481.
91. Pifl C., Drobny H., Reither H., Hornykiewicz O., Singer E.A. Mechanism of the dopamine-releasing actions of amphetamine and cocaine: plasmalemmal dopamine transporter versus vesicular monoamine transporter. Mol. Pharmacol. 1995, 47:368-373.
92. Amara S.G., Kuhar M.J. Neurotransmitter transporters: recent progress. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 1993, 16:73-93.
93. Anderson B.B., Chen G., Gutman D.A., Ewing A.G. Dopamine levels of two classes of vesicles are differentially depleted by amphetamine. Brain Res. 1998, 788:294-301.
94. Jones S.R., Gaindetdinov R.R., Wightman R.M., Caron M.G. Mechanisms of amphetamine action revealed in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:1979-1986.
95. Schmitz Y., Lee C.J., Schmauss C., Gonon F., Sulzer D. Amphetamine distorts stimulation-dependent dopamine overflow: effects on D2 autoreceptors, transporters, and synaptic vesicle stores. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:5916-5924.
96. Covey D.P., Juliano S.A., Garris P.A. Amphetamine elicits opposing actions on readily releasable and reserve pools for dopamine. PLoS One 2013, 8:e60763.
97. Tucker K.R., Block E.R., Levitan E.S. Action potentials and amphetamine release antipsychotic drug from dopamine neuron synaptic VMAT vesicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015, 112:E4485-E4494.
98. Finnegan J.M., et al. Vesicular quantal size measured by amperometry at chromaffin, mast, pheochromocytoma, and pancreatic beta-cells. J. Neurochem. 1996, 66:1914-1923.
99. Colliver T.L., Pyott S.J., Achalabun M., Ewing A.G. VMAT-Mediated changes in quantal size and vesicular volume. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:5276-5282.
100. Han W., Li D., Stout A.K., Takimoto K., Levitan E.S. Ca2+-induced deprotonation of peptide hormones inside secretory vesicles in preparation for release. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:900-905.
101. Elhamdani A., Palfrey H.C., Artalejo C.R. Quantal size is dependent on stimulation frequency and calcium entry in calf chromaffin cells. Neuron 2001, 31:819-830.
102. Camacho M., Machado J.D., Alvarez J., Borges R. Intravesicular calcium release mediates the motion and exocytosis of secretory organelles: a study with adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:22383-22389.
103. Machado J.D., Morales A., Gomez J.F., Borges R. cAmp modulates exocytotic kinetics and increases quantal size in chromaffin cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 2001, 60:514-520.
104. Hnasko T.S., Chuhma N., Zhang H., Goh G.Y., Sulzer D., Palmiter R.D., Rayport S., Edwards R.H. Vesicular glutamate transport promotes dopamine storage and glutamate corelease in vivo. Neuron 2010, 65:643-656.
105. Rayport S., Sulzer D. Visualization of antipsychotic drug binding to living mesolimbic neurons reveals D2 receptor, acidotropic, and lipophilic components. J. Neurochem. 1995, 65:691-703.
106. Tischbirek C.H., Wenzel E.M., Zheng F., Huth T., Amato D., Trapp S., Denker A., Welzel O., Lueke K., Svetlitchny A., Rauh M., Deusser J., Schwab A., Rizzoli S.O., Henkel A.W., Muller C.P., Alzheimer C., Kornhuber J., Groemer T.W. Use-dependent inhibition of synaptic transmission by the secretion of intravesicularly accumulated antipsychotic drugs. Neuron 2012, 74:830-844.
107. Jentsch T.J., Poet M., Fuhrmann J.C., Zdebik A.A. Physiological functions of CLC Cl- channels gleaned from human genetic disease and mouse models. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 2005, 67:779-807.
108. Krapivinsky G., Mochida S., Krapivinsky L., Cibulsky S.M., Clapham D.E. The TRPM7 ion channel functions in cholinergic synaptic vesicles and affects transmitter release. Neuron 2006, 52:485-496.
109. Tamir H., Liu K.P., Adlersberg M., Hsuing S., Gershon M.D. Acidification of serotonin-containing secretory vesicles induced by a plasma membrane calcium receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 1996, 271:6441-6450.
110. Barasch J., Gershon M.D., Nunez E.A., Tamir H., Al-Awqati Q. Thyrotropin induced the acidification of secretory granules of parafollicular cells by increasing the chloride conductance of the granular membrane. J. Cell Biol. 1988, 107:2137-2147.
111. Matsuda J.J., Filali M.S., Volk K.A., Collins M.M., Moreland J.G., Lamb F.S. Overexpression of CLC-3 in HEK293T cells yields novel currents that are pH dependent. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2008, 294:C251-262.
112. Maritzen T., Keating D.J., Neagoe I., Zdebik A.A., Jentsch T.J. Role of the vesicular chloride transporter ClC-3 in neuroendocrine tissue. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:10587-10598.
113. Fremeau R.T., Troyer M.D., Pahner I., Nygaard G.O., Tran C.H., Reimer R.J., Bellocchio E.E., Fortin D., Storm-Mathisen J., Edwards R.H. The expression of vesicular glutamate transporters defines two classes of excitatory synapse. Neuron 2001, 31:247-260.
114. Sulzer D., Joyce M.P., Lin L., Geldwert D., Haber S.N., Hattori T., Rayport S. Dopamine neurons make glutamatergic synapses in vitro. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:4588-4602.
115. Trudeau L.E., Hnasko T.S., Wallen-Mackenzie A., Morales M., Rayport S., Sulzer D. The multilingual nature of dopamine neurons. Prog. Brain Res. 2014, 211:141-164.
116. Stuber G.D., Roitman M.F., Phillips P.E., Carelli R.M., Wightman R.M. Rapid dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens during contingent and noncontingent cocaine administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005, 30:853-863.
117. Tecuapetla F., Patel J.C., Xenias H., English D., Tadros I., Shah F., Berlin J., Deisseroth K., Rice M.E., Tepper J.M., Koos T. Glutamatergic signaling by mesolimbic dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:7105-7110.
118. Zhang S., Qi J., Li X., Wang H.L., Britt J.P., Hoffman A.F., Bonci A., Lupica C.R., Morales M. Dopaminergic and glutamatergic microdomains in a subset of rodent mesoaccumbens axons. Nat. Neurosci. 2015, 18:386-392.
119. Tritsch N.X., Ding J.B., Sabatini B.L. Dopaminergic neurons inhibit striatal output through non-canonical release of GABA. Nature 2012, 490:262-266.
120. Stamatakis A.M., Jennings J.H., Ung R.L., Blair G.A., Weinberg R.J., Neve R.L., Boyce F., Mattis J., Ramakrishnan C., Deisseroth K., Stuber G.D. A unique population of ventral tegmental area neurons inhibits the lateral habenula to promote reward. Neuron 2013, 80:1039-1053.
121. Tritsch N.X., Oh W.J., Gu C., Sabatini B.L. Midbrain dopamine neurons sustain inhibitory transmission using plasma membrane uptake of GABA, not synthesis. Elife 2014, 3:e01936.
122. Helle K.B., Reed R.K., Pihl K.E., Serck-Hanssen G. Osmotic properties of the chromogranins and relation to osmotic pressure in catecholamine storage granules. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1985, 123:21-33.
123. Taupenot L., Harper K.L., O'connor D.T. The chromogranin-secretogranin family. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348:1134-1149.
124. Montero-Hadjadje M., Vaingankar S., Elias S., Tostivint H., Mahata S.K., Anouar Y. Chromogranins A and B and secretogranin II: evolutionary and functional aspects. Acta Physiol. (Oxf.) 2008, 192:309-324.
125. Westerink R.H. Targeting exocytosis: ins and outs of the modulation of quantal dopamine release. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2006, 5:57-77.
126. Machado J.D., Diaz-Vera J., Dominguez N., Alvarez C.M., Pardo M.R., Borges R. Chromogranins A and B as regulators of vesicle cargo and exocytosis. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 2010, 30:1181-1187.
127. Diaz-Vera J., Camacho M., Machado J.D., Dominguez N., Montesinos M.S., Hernandez-Fernaud J.R., Lujan R., Borges R. Chromogranins A and B are key proteins in amine accumulation, but the catecholamine secretory pathway is conserved without them. FASEB J. 2012, 26:430-438.
128. Montesinos M.S., Machado J.D., Camacho M., Diaz J., Morales Y.G., Alvarez De La Rosa D., Carmona E., Castaneyra A., Viveros O.H., O'connor D.T., Mahata S.K., Borges R. The crucial role of chromogranins in storage and exocytosis revealed using chromaffin cells from chromogranin A null mouse. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:3350-3358.
129. Marszalek P.E., Farrell B., Verdugo P., Fernandez J.M. Kinetics of release of serotonin from isolated secretory granules. I. Amperometric detection of serotonin from electroporated granules. Biophys. J. 1997, 73:1160-1168.
130. Borges R., Travis E.R., Hochstetler S.E., Wightman R.M. Effects of external osmotic pressure on vesicular secretion from bovine adrenal medullary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272:8325-8331.
131. Jankowski J.A., Finnegan J.M., Wightman R.M. Extracellular ionic composition alters kinetics of vesicular release of catecholamines and quantal size during exocytosis at adrenal medullary cells. J. Neurochem. 1994, 63:1739-1747.
132. Pihel K., Travis E.R., Borges R., Wightman R.M. Exocytotic release from individual granules exhibits similar properties at mast and chromaffin cells. Biophys. J. 1996, 71:1633-1640.
133. Pothos E.N., Przedborski S., Davila V., Schmitz Y., Sulzer D. D2-Like dopamine autoreceptor activation reduces quantal size in PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:5575-5585.
134. Kehr W., Carlsson A., Lindqvist M., Magnusson T., Atack C. Evidence for a receptor-mediated feedback control of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1972, 24:744-747.
135. Zivkovic B., Guidotti A. Changes of kinetic constant of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase elicited by neuroleptics that impair the function of dopamine receptors. Brain Res. 1974, 79:505-509.
136. Lerner P., Nose P., Gordon E.K., Lovenberg W. Haloperidol: effect of long-term treatment on rat striatal dopamine synthesis and turnover. Science 1977, 197:181-183.
137. Kapatos G., Zigmond M.J. Effect of haloperidol on dopamine synthesis and tyrosine hydroxylase in striatal synaptosomes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1979, 208:468-475.
138. Haubrich D.R., Pflueger A.B. The autoreceptor control of dopamine synthesis: an in vitro and in vivo comparison of dopamine agonists. Mol. Pharmacol. 1982, 21:114-120.
139. Zivkovic B., Guidotti A., Revuelta A., Costa E. Effect of thioridazine, clozapine and other antipsychotics on the kinetic state of tyrosine hydroxylase and on the turnover rate of dopamine in striatum and nucleus accumbens. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1975, 194:37-46.
140. Kumer S.C., Vrana K.E. Intricate regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase activity and gene expression. J. Neurochem. 1996, 67:443-462.
141. Flatmark T. Catecholamine biosynthesis and physiological regulation in neuroendocrine cells. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2000, 168:1-17.
142. Pereira D.B., Sulzer D. Mechanisms of dopamine quantal size regulation. Front. Biosci. 2012, 17:2740-2767.
143. Chen X., Xu L., Radcliffe P., Sun B., Tank A.W. Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA translation by cAMP in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Mol. Pharmacol. 2008, 73:1816-1828.
144. Birkmayer W., Hornykiewicz O. Der l-3,4-dioxyphenylalanin (DOPA) Effekt bei der Parkinson-akinesia. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 1961, 73:787-788.
145. Mosharov E.V., Borgkvist A., Sulzer D. Presynaptic effects of levodopa and their possible role in dyskinesia. Mov. Disord. 2014.
146. Gong L.W., Hafez I., Alvarez De Toledo G., Lindau M. Secretory vesicles membrane area is regulated in tandem with quantal size in chromaffin cells. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:7917-7921.
147. Pothos E., Desmond M., Sulzer D. l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine increases the quantal size of exocytotic dopamine release in vitro. J. Neurochem. 1996, 66:629-636.
148. Colliver T.L., Hess E.J., Pothos E.N., Sulzer D., Ewing A.G. Quantitative and statistical analysis of the shape of amperometric spikes recorded from two populations of cells. J. Neurochem. 2000, 74:1086-1097.
149. Garris P.A., Ciolkowski E.L., Pastore P., Wightman R.M. Efflux of dopamine from the synaptic cleft in the nucleus accumbens of the rat brain. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:6084-6093.
150. Carlsson A., Hillarp N.-A., Waldeck A. A Mg + +-ATP dependent storage mechanism in the amine granules of the adrenal medullla. Med. Exp. 1962, 6:47-53.
151. Kirshner N. Uptake of catecholamines by a particulate fraction of the adrenal medulla. J. Biol. Chem. 1962, 237.
152. Kozminski K.D., Gutman D.A., Davila V., Sulzer D., Ewing A.G. Voltammetric and pharmacological characterization of dopamine release from single exocytotic events at rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70:3123-3130.
153. Pothos E.N., Larsen K.E., Krantz D.E., Liu Y., Haycock J.W., Setlik W., Gershon M.D., Edwards R.H., Sulzer D. Synaptic vesicle transporter expression regulates vesicle phenotype and quantal size. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:7297-7306.
154. Croft B.G., Fortin G.D., Corera A.T., Edwards R.H., Beaudet A., Trudeau L.E., Fon E.A. Normal biogenesis and cycling of empty synaptic vesicles in dopamine neurons of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 knockout mice. Mol. Biol. Cell 2005, 16:306-315.
155. Ishikawa S., Taira T., Niki T., Takahashi-Niki K., Maita C., Maita H., Ariga H., Iguchi-Ariga S.M. Oxidative status of DJ-1-dependent activation of dopamine synthesis through interaction of tyrosine hydroxylase and 4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine (l-DOPA) decarboxylase with DJ-1. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:28832-28844.
156. Cartier E.A., Parra L.A., Baust T.B., Quiroz M., Salazar G., Faundez V., Egana L., Torres G.E. A biochemical and functional protein complex involving dopamine synthesis and transport into synaptic vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:1957-1966.
157. Bowling K.M., Huang Z., Xu D., Ferdousy F., Funderburk C.D., Karnik N., Neckameyer W., O'donnell J.M. Direct binding of GTP cyclohydrolase and tyrosine hydroxylase: regulatory interactions between key enzymes in dopamine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283:31449-31459.
158. Wang Y.M., Gainetdinov R.R., Fumagalli F., Xu F., Jones S.R., Bock C.B., Miller G.W., Wightman R.M., Caron M.G. Knockout of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 gene results in neonatal death and supersensitivity to cocaine and amphetamine. Neuron 1997, 19:1285-1296.
159. Takahashi N., Miner L.L., Sora I., Ujike H., Revay R.S., Kostic V., Jackson-Lewis V., Przedborski S., Uhl G.R. VMAT2 knockout mice: heterozygotes display reduced amphetamine-conditioned reward enhanced amphetamine locomotion, and enhanced MPTP toxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:9938-9943.
160. Mooslehner K.A., Chan P.M., Xu W., Liu L., Smadja C., Humby T., Allen N.D., Wilkinson L.S., Emson P.C. Mice with very low expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 gene survive into adulthood: potential mouse model for parkinsonism. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2001, 21:5321-5331.
161. Patel J., Mooslehner K.A., Chan P.M., Emson P.C., Stamford J.A. Presynaptic control of striatal dopamine neurotransmission in adult vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) mutant mice. J. Neurochem. 2003, 85:898-910.
162. Desnos C., Laran M.P., Scherman D. Regulation of the chromaffin granule catecholamine transporter in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells: stimulus-biosynthesis coupling. J. Neurochem. 1992, 59:2105-2112.
163. Henry J.P., Botton D., Sagne C., Isambert M.F., Desnos C., Blanchard V., Raisman-Vozari R., Krejci E., Massoulie J., Gasnier B. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the vesicular monoamine transporter from chromaffin granules. J. Exp. Biol. 1994, 196:251-262.
164. Krejci E., Gasnier B., Botton D., Isambert M.F., Sagne C., Gagnon J., Massoulie J., Henry J.P. Expression and regulation of the bovine vesicular monoamine transporter gene. FEBS Lett. 1993, 335:27-32.
165. Ahnert-Hilger G., Nurnberg B., Exner T., Schafer T., Jahn R. The heterotrimeric G protein Go2 regulates catecholamine uptake by secretory vesicles. EMBO J. 1998, 17:406-413.
166. Holtje M., Von Jagow B., Pahner I., Lautenschlager M., Hortnagl H., Nurnberg B., Jahn R., Ahnert-Hilger G. The neuronal monoamine transporter VMAT2 is regulated by the trimeric GTPase Go(2). J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:2131-2141.
167. Holtje M., Winter S., Walther D., Pahner I., Hortnagl H., Ottersen O.P., Bader M., Ahnert-Hilger G. The vesicular monoamine content regulates VMAT2 activity through Galphaq in mouse platelets. Evidence for autoregulation of vesicular transmitter uptake. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:15850-15858.
168. Fleckenstein A.E., Volz T.J., Hanson G.R. Psychostimulant-induced alterations in vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function: neurotoxic and therapeutic implications. Neuropharmacology 2009, 56(Suppl. 1):133-138.
169. Sandoval V., Riddle E.L., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E. Methylphenidate redistributes vesicular monoamine transporter-2: role of dopamine receptors. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:8705-8710.
170. Brown J.M., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E. Cocaine-induced increases in vesicular dopamine uptake: role of dopamine receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 298:1150-1153.
171. Truong J.G., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E. Apomorphine increases vesicular monoamine transporter-2 function: implications for neurodegeneration. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 492:143-147.
172. Truong J.G., Newman A.H., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E. Dopamine D2 receptor activation increases vesicular dopamine uptake and redistributes vesicular monoamine transporter-2 protein. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 504:27-32.
173. Brown J.M., Riddle E.L., Sandoval V., Weston R.K., Hanson J.E., Crosby M.J., Ugarte Y.V., Gibb J.W., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E. A single methamphetamine administration rapidly decreases vesicular dopamine uptake. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002, 302:497-501.
174. Boger H.A., Mannangatti P., Samuvel D.J., Saylor A.J., Bender T.S., Mcginty J.F., Fortress A.M., Zaman V., Huang P., Middaugh L.D., Randall P.K., Jayanthi L.D., Rohrer B., Helke K.L., Granholm A.C., Ramamoorthy S. Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on dopaminergic function and motor behavior during aging. Genes Brain Behav. 2011, 10:186-198.
175. Bosse K.E., Maina F.K., Birbeck J.A., France M.M., Roberts J.J., Colombo M.L., Mathews T.A. Aberrant striatal dopamine transmitter dynamics in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-deficient mice. J. Neurochem. 2012, 120:385-395.
176. Rice M.E., Cragg S.J., Greenfield S.A. Characteristics of electrically evoked somatodendritic dopamine release in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 1997, 77:853-862.
177. Phillips P.E., Stamford J.A. Differential recruitment of N-, P- and Q-type voltage-operated calcium channels in striatal dopamine release evoked by 'regular' and 'burst' firing. Brain Res. 2000, 884:139-146.
178. Brimblecombe K.R., Gracie C.J., Platt N.J., Cragg S.J. Gating of dopamine transmission by calcium and axonal N-, Q-, T- and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels differs between striatal domains. J. Physiol. 2015, 593:929-946.
179. Cardozo D.L., Bean B.P. Voltage-dependent calcium channels in rat midbrain dopamine neurons: modulation by dopamine and GABAB receptors. J. Neurophysiol. 1995, 74:1137-1148.
180. 2+ channels contrasted with strong regulation of axonal dopamine release. J. Neurochem. 2006, 96:645-655.
181. Chen B.T., Patel J.C., Moran K.A., Rice M.E. Differential calcium dependence of axonal versus somatodendritic dopamine release, with characteristics of both in the ventral tegmental area. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2011, 5:39.
182. Patel J.C., Witkovsky P., Avshalumov M.V., Rice M.E. Mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores facilitates somatodendritic dopamine release. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:6568-6579.
183. Lee C.R., Patel J.C., O'neill B., Rice M.E. Inhibitory and excitatory neuromodulation by hydrogen peroxide: translating energetics to information. J. Physiol. 2015.
184. Fujita Y., Shirataki H., Sakisaka T., Asakura T., Ohya T., Kotani H., Yokoyama S., Nishioka H., Matsuura Y., Mizoguchi A., Scheller R.H., Takai Y. Tomosyn: a syntaxin-1-binding protein that forms a novel complex in the neurotransmitter release process. Neuron 1998, 20:905-915.
185. Ashery U., Bielopolski N., Barak B., Yizhar O. Friends and foes in synaptic transmission: the role of tomosyn in vesicle priming. Trends Neurosci. 2009, 32:275-282.
186. Wang C.T., Lu J.C., Bai J., Chang P.Y., Martin T.F., Chapman E.R., Jackson M.B. Different domains of synaptotagmin control the choice between kiss-and-run and full fusion. Nature 2003, 424:943-947.
187. Grabner C.P., Price S.D., Lysakowski A., Fox A.P. Mouse chromaffin cells have two populations of dense core vesicles. J. Neurophysiol. 2005, 94:2093-2104.
188. Grabner C.P., Price S.D., Lysakowski A., Cahill A.L., Fox A.P. Regulation of large dense-core vesicle volume and neurotransmitter content mediated by adaptor protein 3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103:10035-10040.
189. Voglmaier S.M., Kam K., Yang H., Fortin D.L., Hua Z., Nicoll R.A., Edwards R.H. Distinct endocytic pathways control the rate and extent of synaptic vesicle protein recycling. Neuron 2006, 51:71-84.
190. Venton B.J., Seipel A.T., Phillips P.E., Wetsel W.C., Gitler D., Greengard P., Augustine G.J., Wightman R.M. Cocaine increases dopamine release by mobilization of a synapsin-dependent reserve pool. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:3206-3209.
191. Kile B.M., Guillot T.S., Venton B.J., Wetsel W.C., Augustine G.J., Wightman R.M. Synapsins differentially control dopamine and serotonin release. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:9762-9770.
192. Abeliovich A., Schmitz Y., Farinas I., Choi-Lundberg D., Ho W.H., Castillo P.E., Shinsky N., Verdugo J.M., Armanini M., Ryan A., Hynes M., Phillips H., Sulzer D., Rosenthal A. Mice lacking alpha-synuclein display functional deficits in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Neuron 2000, 25:239-252.
193. Yavich L., Tanila H., Vepsalainen S., Jakala P. Role of alpha-synuclein in presynaptic dopamine recruitment. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:11165-11170.
194. Yavich L., Oksman M., Tanila H., Kerokoski P., Hiltunen M., Van Groen T., Puolivali J., Mannisto P.T., Garcia-Horsman A., Macdonald E., Beyreuther K., Hartmann T., Jakala P. Locomotor activity and evoked dopamine release are reduced in mice overexpressing A30P-mutated human alpha-synuclein. Neurobiol. Dis. 2005, 20:303-313.
195. Senior S.L., Ninkina N., Deacon R., Bannerman D., Buchman V.L., Cragg S.J., Wade-Martins R. Increased striatal dopamine release and hyperdopaminergic-like behaviour in mice lacking both alpha-synuclein and gamma-synuclein. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2008, 27:947-957.
196. Fortin D.L., Troyer M.D., Nakamura K., Kubo S., Anthony M.D., Edwards R.H. Lipid rafts mediate the synaptic localization of alpha-synuclein. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:6715-6723.
197. Larsen K.E., Schmitz Y., Troyer M.D., Mosharov E., Dietrich P., Quazi A.Z., Savalle M., Nemani V., Chaudhry F.A., Edwards R.H., Stefanis L., Sulzer D. Alpha-synuclein overexpression in PC12 and chromaffin cells impairs catecholamine release by interfering with a late step in exocytosis. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:11915-11922.
198. Anwar S., Peters O., Millership S., Ninkina N., Doig N., Connor-Robson N., Threlfell S., Kooner G., Deacon R.M., Bannerman D.M., Bolam J.P., Chandra S.S., Cragg S.J., Wade-Martins R., Buchman V.L. Functional alterations to the nigrostriatal system in mice lacking all three members of the synuclein family. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:7264-7274.
199. Janezic S., Threlfell S., Dodson P.D., Dowie M.J., Taylor T.N., Potgieter D., Parkkinen L., Senior S.L., Anwar S., Ryan B., Deltheil T., Kosillo P., Cioroch M., Wagner K., Ansorge O., Bannerman D.M., Bolam J.P., Magill P.J., Cragg S.J., Wade-Martins R. Deficits in dopaminergic transmission precede neuron loss and dysfunction in a new Parkinson model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110:E4016-4025.
200. Taylor T.N., Potgieter D., Anwar S., Senior S.L., Janezic S., Threlfell S., Ryan B., Parkkinen L., Deltheil T., Cioroch M., Livieratos A., Oliver P.L., Jennings K.A., Davies K.E., Ansorge O., Bannerman D.M., Cragg S.J., Wade-Martins R. Region-specific deficits in dopamine but not norepinephrine, signaling in a novel A30 P alpha-synuclein BAC transgenic mouse. Neurobiol. Dis. 2014, 62:193-207.
201. Platt N.J., Gispert S., Auburger G., Cragg S.J. Striatal dopamine transmission is subtly modified in human A53Talpha-synuclein overexpressing mice. PLoS One 2012, 7:e36397.
202. Rice M.E., Patel J.C., Cragg S.J. Dopamine release in the basal ganglia. Neuroscience 2011, 198:112-137.
203. Zhang H., Sulzer D. Regulation of striatal dopamine release by presynaptic auto- and heteroreceptors. Basal Ganglia 2012, 2:5-13.
204. Mansvelder H.D., De Rover M., Mcgehee D.S., Brussaard A.B. Cholinergic modulation of dopaminergic reward areas: upstream and downstream targets of nicotine addiction. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 480:117-123.
205. Cruz H.G., Ivanova T., Lunn M.L., Stoffel M., Slesinger P.A., Luscher C. Bi-directional effects of GABA(B) receptor agonists on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:153-159.
206. Bonci A., Bernardi G., Grillner P., Mercuri N.B. The dopamine-containing neuron: maestro or simple musician in the orchestra of addiction?. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2003, 24:172-177.
207. Margolis E.B., Hjelmstad G.O., Bonci A., Fields H.L. Kappa-opioid agonists directly inhibit midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:9981-9986.
208. Sesack S.R., Aoki C., Pickel V.M. Ultrastructural localization of D2 receptor-like immunoreactivity in midbrain dopamine neurons and their striatal targets. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:88-106.
209. Araujo D.M., Hilt D.C., Miller P.J., Wen D., Jiao S., Lapchak P.A. ret receptor tyrosine kinase immunoreactivity is altered in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive neurons following lesions of the nigrostriatal and septohippocampal pathways. Neuroscience 1997, 80:9-16.
210. Jones I.W., Bolam J.P., Wonnacott S. Presynaptic localisation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta2 subunit immunoreactivity in rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurones. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 439:235-247.
211. Svingos A.L., Chavkin C., Colago E.E., Pickel V.M. Major coexpression of kappa-opioid receptors and the dopamine transporter in nucleus accumbens axonal profiles. Synapse 2001, 42:185-192.
212. Svingos A.L., Clarke C.L., Pickel V.M. Localization of the delta-opioid receptor and dopamine transporter in the nucleus accumbens shell: implications for opiate and psychostimulant cross-sensitization. Synapse 1999, 34:1-10.
213. Paquet M., Tremblay M., Soghomonian J.J., Smith Y. AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor subunits in midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the squirrel monkey: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:1377-1396.
214. Charara A., Heilman C., Levey A.I., Smith Y. Pre- and postsynaptic localization of GABAB receptors in the basal ganglia in monkeys. Neuroscience 2000, 95:127-140.
215. Schmitz Y., Benoit-Marand M., Gonon F., Sulzer D. Presynaptic regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission. J. Neurochem. 2003, 87:273-289.
216. Anzalone A., Lizardi-Ortiz J.E., Ramos M., De Mei C., Hopf F.W., Iaccarino C., Halbout B., Jacobsen J., Kinoshita C., Welter M., Caron M.G., Bonci A., Sulzer D., Borrelli E. Dual control of dopamine synthesis and release by presynaptic and postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:9023-9034.
217. Bello E.P., Mateo Y., Gelman D.M., Noain D., Shin J.H., Low M.J., Alvarez V.A., Lovinger D.M., Rubinstein M. Cocaine supersensitivity and enhanced motivation for reward in mice lacking dopamine D(2) autoreceptors. Nat. Neurosci. 2011, 14:1033-1038.
218. Diaz J., Pilon C., Le Foll B., Gros C., Triller A., Schwartz J.C., Sokoloff P. Dopamine D3 receptors expressed by all mesencephalic dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:8677-8684.
219. Gainetdinov R.R., Grekhova T.V., Sotnikova T.D., Rayevsky K.S. Dopamine D2 and D3 receptor preferring antagonists differentially affect striatal dopamine release and metabolism in conscious rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 261:327-331.
220. 3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature 1990, 347:146-151.
221. Tepper J.M., Sun B.C., Martin L.P., Creese I. Functional roles of dopamine D2 and D3 autoreceptors on nigrostriatal neurons analyzed by antisense knockdown in vivo. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:2519-2530.
222. Zapata A., Witkin J.M., Shippenberg T.S. Selective D3 receptor agonist effects of (+)-PD 128907 on dialysate dopamine at low doses. Neuropharmacology 2001, 41:351-359.
223. Koeltzow T.E., Xu M., Cooper D.C., Hu X.T., Tonegawa S., Wolf M.E., White F.J. Alterations in dopamine release but not dopamine autoreceptor function in dopamine D3 receptor mutant mice. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:2231-2238.
224. Benoit-Marand M., Borrelli E., Gonon F. Inhibition of dopamine release via presynaptic D2 receptors: time course and functional characteristics in vivo. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:9134-9141.
225. L'hirondel M., Cheramy A., Godeheu G., Artaud F., Saiardi A., Borrelli E., Glowinski J. Lack of autoreceptor-mediated inhibitory control of dopamine release in striatal synaptosomes of D2 receptor-deficient mice. Brain Res. 1998, 792:253-262.
226. Mercuri N.B., Saiardi A., Bonci A., Picetti R., Calabresi P., Bernardi G., Borrelli E. Loss of autoreceptor function in dopaminergic neurons from dopamine D2 receptor deficient mice. Neuroscience 1997, 79:323-327.
227. Schmitz Y., Schmauss C., Sulzer D. Altered dopamine release and uptake in mice lacking D2 receptors. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22(18):8002-8009.
228. Patel S., Roberts J., Moorman J., Reavill C. Localization of serotonin-4 receptors in the striatonigral pathway in rat brain. Neuroscience 1995, 69:1159-1167.
229. Joseph J.D., Wang Y.M., Miles P.R., Budygin E.A., Picetti R., Gainetdinov R.R., Caron M.G., Wightman R.M. Dopamine autoreceptor regulation of release and uptake in mouse brain slices in the absence of D(3) receptors. Neuroscience 2002, 112:39-49.
230. Kuzhikandathil E.V., Oxford G.S. Activation of human D3 dopamine receptor inhibits P/Q-type calcium channels and secretory activity in AtT-20 cells. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:1698-1707.
231. Kuzhikandathil E.V., Oxford G.S. Dominant-negative mutants identify a role for GIRK channels in D3 dopamine receptor-mediated regulation of spontaneous secretory activity. J. Gen. Physiol. 2000, 115:697-706.
232. Kuzhikandathil E.V., Yu W., Oxford G.S. Human dopamine D3 and D2L receptors couple to inward rectifier potassium channels in mammalian cell lines. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 1998, 12:390-402.
233. Tang L., Todd R.D., O'malley K.L. Dopamine D2 and D3 receptors inhibit dopamine release. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1994, 270:475-479.
234. Davila V., Yan Z., Craciun L.C., Logothetis D., Sulzer D. D3 dopamine autoreceptors do not activate G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel currents in substantia nigra dopamine neurons. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:5693-5697.
235. Centonze D., Usiello A., Gubellini P., Pisani A., Borrelli E., Bernardi G., Calabresi P. Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated inhibition of dopaminergic neurons in mice lacking D2L receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, 27:723-726.
236. Usiello A., Baik J.H., Rouge-Pont F., Picetti R., Dierich A., Lemeur M., Piazza P.V., Borrelli E. Distinct functions of the two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors. Nature 2000, 408:199-203.
237. Wang Y., Xu R., Sasaoka T., Tonegawa S., Kung M.P., Sankoorikal E.B. Dopamine D2 long receptor-deficient mice display alterations in striatum-dependent functions. J. Neurosci. 2000, 20:8305-8314.
238. Starke K., Gother M., Kilbinger H. Modulation of neurotransmitter release by presynaptic autoreceptors. Physiol. Rev. 1989, 69:864-989.
239. Dwoskin L.P., Zahniser N.R. Robust modulation of [3H]dopamine release from rat striatal slices by D-2 dopamine receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1986, 239:442-453.
240. Cubeddu L.X., Hoffmann I.S. Operational characteristics of the inhibitory feedback mechanism for regulation of dopamine release via presynaptic receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1982, 223:497-501.
241. Cragg S.J., Greenfield S.A. Differential autoreceptor control of somatodendritic and axon terminal dopamine release in substantia nigra, ventral temental area, and striatum. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:1738-1746.
242. Starke K., Reimann W., Zumstein A., Hertting G. Effect of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on release of dopamine in the rabbit caudate nucleus in vitro. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1978, 305:27-36.
243. Kennedy R.T., Jones S.R., Wightman R.M. Dynamic observation of dopamine autoreceptor effects in rat striatal slices. J. Neurochem. 1992, 59:449-455.
244. Palij P., Bull D.R., Sheehan M.J., Millar J., Stamford J., Kruk Z.L., Humphrey P.P. Presynaptic regulation of dopamine release in corpus striatum monitored in vitro in real time by fast cyclic voltammetry. Brain Res. 1990, 509:172-174.
245. Mayer A., Limberger N., Starke K. Transmitter release patterns of noradrenergic dopaminergic, and cholinergic axons in rabbit brain sliceds during short pulse trains, and the operation of presynaptic autoreceptors. Naunyn Schmiedegergs Arch. Pharmacol. 1988, 338:632-643.
246. Lacey M.G., Mercuri N.B., North R.A. Dopamine acts on D2 receptors to increase potassium conductance in neurones of the rat substantia nigra zona compacta. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 1987, 392:397-416.
247. 2 underlies glutamate-dependent inhibition of striatal dopamine release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003, 100:11729-11734.
248. Luscher C., Slesinger P.A. Emerging roles for G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in health and disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2010, 11:301-315.
249. Brimblecombe K.R., Cragg S.J. Substance P weights striatal dopamine transmission differently within the striosome-matrix axis. J. Neurosci. 2015, 35:9017-9023.
250. + channels. J. Neurophysiol. 2002, 87:1046-1056.
251. Imperato A., Di Chiara G. Dopamine release and metabolism in awake rats after systemic neuroleptics as studied by trans-striatal dialysis. J. Neurosci. 1985, 5:297-306.
252. May L.J., Wightman R.M. Effects of D-2 antagonists on frequence-dependent stimulated dopamine overflow in nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen. J. Neurochem. 1989, 53:898-906.
253. Suaud-Chagny M.F., Ponec J., Gonon F. Presynaptic autoinhibition of the electrically evoked dopamine release studied in the rat olfactory tubercle by in vivo electrochemistry. Neuroscience 1991, 45:641-652.
254. Phillips P.E., Hancock P.J., Stamford J.A. Time window of autoreceptor-mediated inhibition of limbic and striatal dopamine release. Synapse 2002, 44:15-22.
255. Cragg S.J. Variable dopamine release probability and short-term plasticity between functional domains of the primate striatum. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:4378-4385.
256. 2. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:2744-2750.
257. Kulagina N.V., Zigmond M.J., Michael A.C. Glutamate regulates the spontaneous and evoked release of dopamine in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 2001, 102:121-128.
258. Wu Y., Pearl S.M., Zigmond M.J., Michael A.C. Inhibitory glutamatergic regulation of evoked dopamine release in striatum. Neuroscience 2000, 96:65-72.
259. Bernard V., Bolam J.P. Subcellular and subsynaptic distribution of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor in the neostriatum and globus pallidus of the rat: co-localization at synapses with the GluR2/3 subunit of the AMPA receptor. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1998, 10:3721-3736.
260. Chen Q., Veenman L., Knopp K., Yan Z., Medina L., Song W.J., Surmeier D.J., Reiner A. Evidence for the preferential localization of glutamate receptor-1 subunits of AMPA receptors to the dendritic spines of medium spiny neurons in rat striatum. Neuroscience 1998, 83:749-761.
261. 2: a dynamic neuromodulator. Neuroscientist 2011, 17:389-406.
262. Bao L., Avshalumov M.V., Patel J.C., Lee C.R., Miller E.W., Chang C.J., Rice M.E. Mitochondria are the source of hydrogen peroxide for dynamic brain-cell signaling. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:9002-9010.
263. 2 generation in striatal medium spiny neurons but not dopamine axons: one source of a retrograde signal that can inhibit dopamine release. J. Neurophysiol. 2008, 100:1590-1601.
264. ATP channels. J. Neurochem. 2011, 118:721-736.
265. Spanos M., Gras-Najjar J., Letchworth J.M., Sanford A.L., Toups J.V., Sombers L.A. Quantitation of hydrogen peroxide fluctuations and their modulation of dopamine dynamics in the rat dorsal striatum using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2013, 4:782-789.
266. Paquet M., Smith Y. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the monkey striatum: subsynaptic association with glutamatergic and dopaminergic afferents. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:7659-7669.
267. Zhang H., Sulzer D. Glutamate spillover in the striatum depresses dopaminergic transmission by activating group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:10585-10592.
268. Smolders I., De Klippel N., Sarre S., Ebinger G., Michotte Y. Tonic GABA-ergic modulation of striatal dopamine release studied by in vivo microdialysis in the freely moving rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 284:83-91.
269. Pitman K.A., Puil E., Borgland S.L. GABAB modulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2014, 40:3472-3480.
270. Threlfell S., Clements M.A., Khodai T., Pienaar I.S., Exley R., Wess J., Cragg S.J. Striatal muscarinic receptors promote activity dependence of dopamine transmission via distinct receptor subtypes on cholinergic interneurons in ventral versus dorsal striatum. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:3398-3408.
271. Ronken E., Mulder A.H., Schoffelmeer A.N. Interacting presynaptic kappa-opioid and GABAA receptors modulate dopamine release from rat striatal synaptosomes. J. Neurochem. 1993, 61:1634-1639.
272. Zoli M., Moretti M., Zanardi A., Mcintosh J.M., Clementi F., Gotti C. Identification of the nicotinic receptor subtypes expressed on dopaminergic terminals in the rat striatum. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:8785-8789.
273. Wonnacott S., Kaiser S., Mogg A., Soliakov L., Jones I.W. Presynaptic nicotinic receptors modulating dopamine release in the rat striatum. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 393:51-58.
274. Azam L., Winzer-Serhan U.H., Chen Y., Leslie F.M. Expression of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit mRNAs within midbrain dopamine neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 2002, 444:260-274.
275. Le Novere N., Zoli M., Changeux J.P. Neuronal nicotinic receptor alpha 6 subunit mRNA is selectively concentrated in catecholaminergic nuclei of the rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1996, 8:2428-2439.
276. Quik M., Polonskaya Y., Kulak J.M., Mcintosh J.M. Vulnerability of 125I-alpha-conotoxin MII binding sites to nigrostriatal damage in monkey. J. Neurosci. 2001, 21:5494-5500.
277. Exley R., Clements M.A., Hartung H., Mcintosh J.M., Cragg S.J. Alpha6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors dominate the nicotine control of dopamine neurotransmission in nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008, 33:2158-2166.
278. Exley R., Cragg S.J. Presynaptic nicotinic receptors: a dynamic and diverse cholinergic filter of striatal dopamine neurotransmission. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 153(Suppl. 1):S283-297.
279. Exley R., Mcintosh J.M., Marks M.J., Maskos U., Cragg S.J. Striatal alpha5 nicotinic receptor subunit regulates dopamine transmission in dorsal striatum. J. Neurosci. 2012, 32:2352-2356.
280. Exley R., Maubourguet N., David V., Eddine R., Evrard A., Pons S., Marti F., Threlfell S., Cazala P., Mcintosh J.M., Changeux J.P., Maskos U., Cragg S.J., Faure P. Distinct contributions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha4 and subunit alpha6 to the reinforcing effects of nicotine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108:7577-7582.
281. Exley R., Clements M.A., Hartung H., Mcintosh J.M., Franklin M., Bermudez I., Cragg S.J. Striatal dopamine transmission is reduced after chronic nicotine with a decrease in alpha6-nicotinic receptor control in nucleus accumbens. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2013.
282. Kaiser S., Wonnacott S. alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive nicotinic receptors indirectly modulate [(3)H]dopamine release in rat striatal slices via glutamate release. Mol. Pharmacol. 2000, 58:312-318.
283. Zhou F.M., Liang Y., Dani J.A. Endogenous nicotinic cholinergic activity regulates dopamine release in the striatum. Nat. Neurosci. 2001, 4:1224-1229.
284. Rice M.E., Cragg S.J. Nicotine amplifies reward-related dopamine signals in striatum. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:583-584.
285. Zhang H., Sulzer D. Frequency-dependent modulation of dopamine release by nicotine. Nat. Neurosci. 2004, 7:581-582.
286. Patel J.C., Rossignol E., Rice M.E., Machold R.P. Opposing regulation of dopaminergic activity and exploratory motor behavior by forebrain and brainstem cholinergic circuits. Nat. Commun. 2012, 3:1172.
287. Pontieri F.E., Tanda G., Orzi F., Di Chiara G. Effects of nicotine on the nucleus accumbens and similarity to those of addictive drugs. Nature 1996, 382:255-257.
288. Cheer J.F., Wassum K.M., Sombers L.A., Heien M.L., Ariansen J.L., Aragona B.J., Phillips P.E., Wightman R.M. Phasic dopamine release evoked by abused substances requires cannabinoid receptor activation. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:791-795.
289. Cachope R., Mateo Y., Mathur B.N., Irving J., Wang H.L., Morales M., Lovinger D.M., Cheer J.F. Selective activation of cholinergic interneurons enhances accumbal phasic dopamine release: setting the tone for reward processing. Cell Rep. 2012, 2:33-41.
290. Threlfell S., Lalic T., Platt N.J., Jennings K.A., Deisseroth K., Cragg S.J. Striatal dopamine release is triggered by synchronized activity in cholinergic interneurons. Neuron 2012, 75:58-64.
291. Wang L., Zhang X., Xu H., Zhou L., Jiao R., Liu W., Zhu F., Kang X., Liu B., Teng S., Wu Q., Li M., Dou H., Zuo P., Wang C., Wang S., Zhou Z. Temporal components of cholinergic terminal to dopaminergic terminal transmission in dorsal striatum slices of mice. J. Physiol. 2014, 592:3559-3576.
292. Dewey S.L., Smith G.S., Logan J., Brodie J.D., Simkowitz P., Macgregor R.R., Fowler J.S., Volkow N.D., Wolf A.P. Effects of central cholinergic blockade on striatal dopamine release measured with positron emission tomography in normal human subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1993, 90:11816-11820.
293. De Klippel N., Sarre S., Ebinger G., Michotte Y. Effect of M1- and M2-muscarinic drugs on striatal dopamine release and metabolism: an in vivo microdialysis study comparing normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Brain Res. 1993, 630:57-64.
294. Kemel M.L., Desban M., Glowinski J., Gauchy C. Distinct presynaptic control of dopamine release in striosomal and matrix areas of the cat caudate nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1989, 86:9006-9010.
295. 3H]dopamine release in vitro by endogenous acetylcholine. Brain Res. 1982, 61-69.
296. Raiteri M., Leardi R., Marchi M. Heterogeneity of presynaptic muscarinic receptors regulating neurotransmitter release in the rat brain. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1984, 228:209-214.
297. 4C]acetylcholine release from rat neostriatal slices: selective antagonism by gallamine but not pirenzepine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1986, 128:291-294.
298. Smolders I., Bogaert L., Ebinger G., Michotte Y. Muscarinic modulation of striatal dopamine, glutamate, and GABA release, as measured with in vivo microdialysis. J. Neurochem. 1997, 1942-1948.
299. Xu M., Mizobe F., Yamamoto T., Kato T. Differential effects of M1- and M2-muscarinic drugs on striatal dopamine release and metabolism in freely moving rats. Brain Res. 1989, 495:232-242.
300. Kudernatsch M., Sutor B. Cholinergic modulation of dopamine overflow in the rat neostriatum: a fast cyclic voltammetric study in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 1994, 181:107-112.
301. Wess J. Molecular biology of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Crit. Rev. Neurobiol. 1996, 10:69-99.
302. Vilaro M.T., Palacios J.M., Mengod G. Localization of m5 muscarinic receptor mRNA in rat brain examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neurosci. Lett. 1990, 114:154-159.
303. Weiner D.M., Levey A.I., Brann M.R. Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor mRNAs in rat basal ganglia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990, 87:7050-7054.
304. Zhang W., Yamada M., Gomeza J., Basile A.S., Wess J. Multiple muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes modulate striatal dopamine release, as studied with M1-M5 muscarinic receptor knock-out mice. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:6347-6352.
305. Ding J., Guzman J.N., Tkatch T., Chen S., Goldberg J.A., Ebert P.J., Levitt P., Wilson C.J., Hamm H.E., Surmeier D.J. RGS4-dependent attenuation of M4 autoreceptor function in striatal cholinergic interneurons following dopamine depletion. Nat. Neurosci. 2006, 9:832-842.
306. 2+ currents in rat neostriatal cholinergic interneurons through a fast, membrane-delimited G-protein pathway. J. Neurosci. 1996, 16:2592-2604.
307. Alcantara A.A., Mrzljak L., Jakab R.L., Levey A.I., Hersch S.M., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Muscarinic m1 and m2 receptor proteins in local circuit and projection neurons of the primate striatum: anatomical evidence for cholinergic modulation of glutamatergic prefronto-striatal pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 434:445-460.
308. Weiner D.M., Levey A.I., Brann M.R. Expression of muscarinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor mRNAs in rat basal ganglia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990, 87:7050-7054.
309. Bendor J., Lizardi-Ortiz J.E., Westphalen R.I., Brandstetter M., Hemmings H.C., Sulzer D., Flajolet M., Greengard P. AGAP1/AP-3-dependent endocytic recycling of M5 muscarinic receptors promotes dopamine release. EMBO J. 2010, 29:2813-2826.
310. Shin J.H., Adrover M.F., Wess J., Alvarez V.A. Muscarinic regulation of dopamine and glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015, 112:8124-8129.
311. Trovero F., Herve D., Desban M., Glowinski J., Tassin J.-P. Striatal opiate mu-receptors are not located on dopamine nerve endings in the rat. Neuroscience 1990, 39:313-321.
312. Schlosser B., Kudernatsch M.B., Sutor B., Ten Bruggencate G. Delta, mu and kappa opioid receptor agonists inhibit dopamine overflow in rat neostriatal slices. Neurosci. Lett. 1995, 191:126-130.
313. Britt J.P., Mcgehee D.S. Presynaptic opioid and nicotinic receptor modulation of dopamine overflow in the nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:1672-1681.
314. Lessard A., Pickel V.M. Subcellular distribution and plasticity of neurokinin-1 receptors in the rat substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2005, 135:1309-1323.
315. Crittenden J.R., Graybiel A.M. Basal ganglia disorders associated with imbalances in the striatal striosome and matrix compartments. Front. Neuroanat. 2011, 5:59.
316. Werther G.A., Hogg A., Oldfield B.J., Mckinley M.J., Figdor R., Allen A.M., Mendelsohn F.A. Localization and characterization of insulin receptors in rat brain and pituitary gland using in vitro autoradiography and computerized densitometry. Endocrinology 1987, 121:1562-1570.
317. Figlewicz D.P., Evans S.B., Murphy J., Hoen M., Baskin D.G. Expression of receptors for insulin and leptin in the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) of the rat. Brain Res. 2003, 964:107-115.
318. Schoffelmeer A.N., Drukarch B., De Vries T.J., Hogenboom F., Schetters D., Pattij T. Insulin modulates cocaine-sensitive monoamine transporter function and impulsive behavior. J. Neurosci. 2011, 31:1284-1291.
319. Stouffer M.A., Woods C.A., Patel J.C., Lee C.R., Witkovsky P., Bao L., Machold R.P., Jones K.T., De Vaca S.C., Reith M.E., Carr K.D., Rice M.E. Insulin enhances striatal dopamine release by activating cholinergic interneurons and thereby signals reward. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6:8543.
320. Mebel D.M., Wong J.C., Dong Y.J., Borgland S.L. Insulin in the ventral tegmental area reduces hedonic feeding and suppresses dopamine concentration via increased reuptake. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2012, 36:2336-2346.
321. Labouebe G., Liu S., Dias C., Zou H., Wong J.C., Karunakaran S., Clee S.M., Phillips A.G., Boutrel B., Borgland S.L. Insulin induces long-term depression of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons via endocannabinoids. Nat. Neurosci. 2013, 16:300-308.
322. Cordeira J.W., Frank L., Sena-Esteves M., Pothos E.N., Rios M. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates hedonic feeding by acting on the mesolimbic dopamine system. J. Neurosci. 2010, 30:2533-2541.
323. Dluzen D.E., Story G.M., Xu K., Kucera J., Walro J.M. Alterations in nigrostriatal dopaminergic function within BDNF mutant mice. Exp. Neurol. 1999, 160:500-507.
324. Goggi J., Pullar I.A., Carney S.L., Bradford H.F. Modulation of neurotransmitter release induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat brain striatal slices in vitro. Brain Res. 2002, 941:34-42.
325. Kramer E.R., Liss B. GDNF-Ret signaling in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and its implication for Parkinson disease. FEBS Lett. 2015, 589:3760-3772.
326. Gash D.M., Zhang Z., Cass W.A., Ovadia A., Simmerman L., Martin D., Russell D., Collins F., Hoffer B.J., Gerhardt G.A. Morphological and functional effects of intranigrally administered GDNF in normal rhesus monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 1995, 363:345-358.
327. Salvatore M.F., Zhang J.L., Large D.M., Wilson P.E., Gash C.R., Thomas T.C., Haycock J.W., Bing G., Stanford J.A., Gash D.M., Gerhardt G.A. Striatal GDNF administration increases tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the rat striatum and substantia nigra. J. Neurochem. 2004, 90:245-254.
328. Kumar A., Kopra J., Varendi K., Porokuokka L.L., Panhelainen A., Kuure S., Marshall P., Karalija N., Harma M.A., Vilenius C., Lillevali K., Tekko T., Mijatovic J., Pulkkinen N., Jakobson M., Jakobson M., Ola R., Palm E., Lindahl M., Stromberg I., Voikar V., Piepponen T.P., Saarma M., Andressoo J.O. GDNF overexpression from the native locus reveals its role in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system function. PLoS Genet. 2015, 11:e1005710.
329. Zhu S., Zhao C., Wu Y., Yang Q., Shao A., Wang T., Wu J., Yin Y., Li Y., Hou J., Zhang X., Zhou G., Gu X., Wang X., Bustelo X.R., Zhou J. Identification of a Vav2-dependent mechanism for GDNF/Ret control of mesolimbic DAT trafficking. Nat. Neurosci. 2015, 18:1084-1093.
330. Lodge D.J., Grace A.A. Acute and chronic corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor blockade inhibits cocaine-induced dopamine release: correlation with dopamine neuron activity. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2005, 314:201-206.
331. Lemos J.C., Wanat M.J., Smith J.S., Reyes B.A., Hollon N.G., Van Bockstaele E.J., Chavkin C., Phillips P.E. Severe stress switches CRF action in the nucleus accumbens from appetitive to aversive. Nature 2012, 490:402-406.
332. Glass M., Faull R.L., Dragunow M. Localisation of the adenosine uptake site in the human brain: a comparison with the distribution of adenosine A1 receptors. Brain Res. 1996, 710:79-91.
333. Mahan L.C., Mcvittie L.D., Smyk-Randall E.M., Nakata H., Monsma F.J., Gerfen C.R., Sibley D.R. Cloning and expression of an A1 adenosine receptor from rat brain. Mol. Pharmacol. 1991, 40:1-7.
334. Rivkees S.A., Price S.L., Zhou F.C. Immunohistochemical detection of A1 adenosine receptors in rat brain with emphasis on localization in the hippocampal formation, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Brain Res. 1995, 677:193-203.
335. Hettinger B.D., Lee A., Linden J., Rosin D.L. Ultrastructural localization of adenosine A2A receptors suggests multiple cellular sites for modulation of GABAergic neurons in rat striatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 2001, 431:331-346.
336. Rosin D.L., Hettinger B.D., Lee A., Linden J. Anatomy of adenosine A2A receptors in brain: morphological substrates for integration of striatal function. Neurology 2003, 61:S12-18.
337. Jin S., Johansson B., Fredholm B.B. Effects of adenosine A1 and A2 receptor activation on electrically evoked dopamine and acetylcholine release from rat striatal slices. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1993, 267:801-808.
338. Quarta D., Borycz J., Solinas M., Patkar K., Hockemeyer J., Ciruela F., Lluis C., Franco R., Woods A.S., Goldberg S.R., Ferre S. Adenosine receptor-mediated modulation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens depends on glutamate neurotransmission and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor stimulation. J. Neurochem. 2004, 91:873-880.
339. Golembiowska K., Zylewska A. Agonists of A1 and A2A adenosine receptors attenuate methamphetamine-induced overflow of dopamine in rat striatum. Brain Res. 1998, 806:202-209.
340. Szabo B., Muller T., Koch H. Effects of cannabinoids on dopamine release in the corpus striatum and the nucleus accumbens in vitro. J. Neurochem. 1999, 73:1084-1089.
341. ATP channels. Neurochem. Int. 2008, 52:80-88.
342. Fusco F.R., Martorana A., Giampa C., De March Z., Farini D., D'angelo V., Sancesario G., Bernardi G. Immunolocalization of CB1 receptor in rat striatal neurons: a confocal microscopy study. Synapse 2004, 53:159-167.
343. Matsuda L.A., Bonner T.I., Lolait S.J. Localization of cannabinoid receptor mRNA in rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 1993, 327:535-550.
344. Romero J., Garcia-Palomero E., Castro J.G., Garcia-Gil L., Ramos J.A., Fernandez-Ruiz J.J. Effects of chronic exposure to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol on cannabinoid receptor binding and mRNA levels in several rat brain regions. Mol. Brain Res. 1997, 46:100-108.
345. Fitzgerald M.L., Shobin E., Pickel V.M. Cannabinoid modulation of the dopaminergic circuitry: implications for limbic and striatal output. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2012, 38:21-29.
346. Cheer J.F., Wassum K.M., Heien M.L., Phillips P.E., Wightman R.M. Cannabinoids enhance subsecond dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens of awake rats. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:4393-4400.
347. Lupica C.R., Riegel A.C. Endocannabinoid release from midbrain dopamine neurons: a potential substrate for cannabinoid receptor antagonist treatment of addiction. Neuropharmacology 2005, 48:1105-1116.
348. Matyas F., Urban G.M., Watanabe M., Mackie K., Zimmer A., Freund T.F., Katona I. Identification of the sites of 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis and action imply retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at both GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses in the ventral tegmental area. Neuropharmacology 2008, 54:95-107.
349. Riegel A.C., Lupica C.R. Independent presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms regulate endocannabinoid signaling at multiple synapses in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 2004, 24:11070-11078.
350. Oleson E.B., Beckert M.V., Morra J.T., Lansink C.S., Cachope R., Abdullah R.A., Loriaux A.L., Schetters D., Pattij T., Roitman M.F., Lichtman A.H., Cheer J.F. Endocannabinoids shape accumbal encoding of cue-motivated behavior via CB1 receptor activation in the ventral tegmentum. Neuron 2012, 73:360-373.
351. Hartung H., Threlfell S., Cragg S.J. Nitric oxide donors enhance the frequency dependence of dopamine release in nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011, 36:1811-1822.
352. Kiss J.P., Hennings E.C., Zsilla G., Vizi E.S. A possible role of nitric oxide in the regulation of dopamine transporter function in the striatum. Neurochem. Int. 1999, 34:345-350.
353. Grenhoff J., Aston-Jones G., Svensson T.H. Nicotinic effects on the firing pattern of midbrain dopamine neurons. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1986, 128:351-358.
354. Nisell M., Nomikos G.G., Svensson T.H. Infusion of nicotine in the ventral tegmental area or the nucleus accumbens of the rat differentially affects accumbal dopamine release. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1994, 75:348-352.
355. Corrigall W.A., Coen K.M., Adamson K.L. Self-administered nicotine activates the mesolimbic dopamine system through the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res. 1994, 653:278-284.
356. Msghina M., Gonon F., Stjarne L. Intermittent release of noradrenaline by single pulses and release during short trains at high frequencies from sympathetic nerves in rat tail artery. Neuroscience 1993, 57:887-890.
357. Gonon F., Msghina M., Stjarne L. Kinetics of noradrenaline released by sympathetic nerves. Neuroscience 1993, 56:535-538.
358. Nirenberg M.J., Chan J., Pohorille A., Vaughan R.A., Uhl G.R., Kuhar M.J., Pickel V.M. The dopamine transporter: comparative ultrastructure of dopaminergic axons in limbic and motor compartments of the nucleus accumbens. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:6899-6907.
359. Nirenberg M.J., Vaughan R.A., Uhl G.R., Kuhar M.J., Pickel V.M. The dopamine transporter is localized to dendritic and axonal plasma membranes of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. J. Neurosci. 1996, 15:436-447.
360. Uhl G.R. Dopamine transporter: basic science and human variation of a key molecule for dopaminergic function, locomotion, and parkinsonism. Mov. Disord. 2003, 18(Suppl. 7):S71-80.
361. Gonon F.G., Buda M.J. Regulation of dopamine release by impulse flow and by autoreceptors as studied by in vivo voltammetry in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 1985, 14:765-774.
362. Church W.H., Justice J.B., Neill D.B. Detecting behaviorally relevant changes in extracellular dopamine with microdialysis. Brain Res. 1987, 412:397-399.
363. Carboni E., Imperato A., Perezzani L., Di-Chiara G. Amphetamine cocaine, phencyclidine and nomifensine increase extracellular dopamine concentrations preferentially in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats. Neuroscience 1989, 28:653-661.
364. Wightman R.M., Zimmerman J.B. Control of dopamine extracellular concentration in rat striatum by impulse flow and uptake. Brain Res. Rev. 1990, 15:135-144.
365. Dugast C., Suaud-Chagny M.F., Gonon F. Continuous in vivo monitoring of evoked dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens by amperometry. Neuroscience 1994, 62:647-654.
366. Giros B., Jaber M., Jones S.R., Wightman R.M., Caron M.G. Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature 1996, 379:606-612.
367. Jones S.R., Gainetdinov R.R., Jaber M., Giros B., Wightman R.M., Caron M.G. Profound neuronal plasticity in response to inactivation of the dopamine transporter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998, 95:4029-4034.
368. Benoit-Marand M., Jaber M., Gonon F. Release and elimination of dopamine in vivo in mice lacking the dopamine transporter: functional consequences. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2000, 12:2985-2992.
369. Suaud-Chagny M.F., Dugast C., Chergui K., Msghina M., Gonon F. Uptake of dopamine released by impulse flow in the rat mesolimbic and striatal systems in vivo. J. Neurochem. 1995, 65:2603-2611.
370. Cragg S.J., Rice M.E. DAncing past the DAT at a DA synapse. Trends Neurosci. 2004, 27:270-277.
371. Rice M.E., Cragg S.J. Dopamine spillover after quantal release: rethinking dopamine transmission in the nigrostriatal pathway. Brain Res. Rev. 2008, 58:303-313.
372. Garris P.A., Wightman R.M. Different kinetics govern dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and striatum: an in vivo voltammetric study. J. Neurosci. 1994, 14:442-450.
373. Garris P.A., Wightman R.M. Distinct pharmacological regulation of evoked dopamine efflux in the amygdala and striatum of the rat in vivo. Synapse 1995, 20:269-279.
374. Mundorf M.L., Joseph J.D., Austin C.M., Caron M.G., Wightman R.M. Catecholamine release and uptake in the mouse prefrontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 2001, 79:130-142.
375. Cragg S.J., Rice M.E., Greenfield S.A. Heterogeneity of electrically evoked dopamine release and reuptake in substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and striatum. J. Neurophysiol. 1997, 77:863-873.
376. Borgkvist A., Malmlof T., Feltmann K., Lindskog M., Schilstrom B. Dopamine in the hippocampus is cleared by the norepinephrine transporter. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012, 15:531-540.
377. Cragg S.J., Clarke D.J., Greenfield S.A. Real-time dynamics of dopamine released from neuronal transplants in experimental Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 2000, 164:145-153.
378. Bergstrom B.P., Garris P.A. Passive stabilization of striatal extracellular dopamine across the lesion spectrum encompassing the presymptomatic phase of Parkinson's disease: a voltammetric study in the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat. J. Neurochem. 2003, 87:1224-1236.
379. Jennings K.A., Platt N.J., Cragg S.J. The impact of a parkinsonian lesion on dynamic striatal dopamine transmission depends on nicotinic receptor activation. Neurobiol. Dis. 2015, 82:262-268.
380. Pothos E.N., Sulzer D. Modulation of quantal dopamine release by psychostimulants. Adv. Pharmacol. 1998, 42:198-202.
381. Federici M., Latagliata E.C., Ledonne A., Rizzo F.R., Feligioni M., Sulzer D., Dunn M., Sames D., Gu H., Nistico R., Puglisi-Allegra S., Mercuri N.B. Paradoxical abatement of striatal dopaminergic transmission by cocaine and methylphenidate. J. Biol. Chem. 2014, 289:264-274.
382. Pothos E.N., Sulzer D., Hoebel B.G. Plasticity of quantal size in ventral midbrain dopamine neurons: possible implications for the neurochemistry of feeding and reward. Appetite 1998, 31:405.
383. Jaber M., Dumartin B., Sagne C., Haycock J.W., Roubert C., Giros B., Bloch B., Caron M.G. Differential regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the basal ganglia of mice lacking the dopamine transporter [In Process Citation]. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1999, 11:3499-3511. [MEDLINE record in process].
384. Kimmel H.L., Joyce A.R., Carroll F.I., Kuhar M.J. Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors influence dopamine transporter synthesis and degradation in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2001, 298:129-140.
385. Kimmel H.L., Carroll F.I., Kuhar M.J. Withdrawal from repeated cocaine alters dopamine transporter protein turnover in the rat striatum. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003, 304:15-21.
386. Lu W., Wolf M.E. Expression of dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 mRNAs in rat midbrain after repeated amphetamine administration. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 1997, 49:137-148.
387. Shilling P.D., Kelsoe J.R., Segal D.S. Dopamine transporter mRNA is up-regulated in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area of amphetamine-sensitized rats. Neurosci. Lett. 1997, 236:131-134.
388. Gulley J.M., Zahniser N.R. Rapid regulation of dopamine transporter function by substrates, blockers and presynaptic receptor ligands. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 479:139-152.
389. Schmitt K.C., Reith M.E. Regulation of the dopamine transporter: aspects relevant to psychostimulant drugs of abuse. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2010, 1187:316-340.
390. Cervinski M.A., Foster J.D., Vaughan R.A. Psychoactive substrates stimulate dopamine transporter phosphorylation and down-regulation by cocaine-sensitive and protein kinase C-dependent mechanisms. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:40442-40449.
391. Kokoshka J.M., Vaughan R.A., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E. Nature of methamphetamine-induced rapid and reversible changes in dopamine transporters. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 361:269-275.
392. Saunders C., Ferrer J.V., Shi L., Chen J., Merrill G., Lamb M.E., Leeb-Lundberg L.M., Carvelli L., Javitch J.A., Galli A. Amphetamine-induced loss of human dopamine transporter activity: an internalization-dependent and cocaine-sensitive mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97:6850-6855.
393. Chi L., Reith M.E. Substrate-induced trafficking of the dopamine transporter in heterologously expressing cells and in rat striatal synaptosomal preparations. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003, 307:729-736.
394. Sorkina T., Doolen S., Galperin E., Zahniser N.R., Sorkin A. Oligomerization of dopamine transporters visualized in living cells by fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:28274-28283.
395. Gulley J.M., Doolen S., Zahniser N.R. Brief, repeated exposure to substrates down-regulates dopamine transporter function in Xenopus oocytes in vitro and rat dorsal striatum in vivo. J. Neurochem. 2002, 83:400-411.
396. Kahlig K.M., Javitch J.A., Galli A. Amphetamine regulation of dopamine transport. Combined measurements of transporter currents and transporter imaging support the endocytosis of an active carrier. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:8966-8975.
397. Johnson L.A., Guptaroy B., Lund D., Shamban S., Gnegy M.E. Regulation of amphetamine-stimulated dopamine efflux by protein kinase C beta. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:10914-10919.
398. Furman C.A., Chen R., Guptaroy B., Zhang M., Holz R.W., Gnegy M. Dopamine and amphetamine rapidly increase dopamine transporter trafficking to the surface: live-cell imaging using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:3328-3336.
399. Kokoshka J.M., Metzger R.R., Wilkins D.G., Gibb J.W., Hanson G.R., Fleckenstein A.E. Methamphetamine treatment rapidly inhibits serotonin but not glutamate, transporters in rat brain. Brain Res. 1998, 799:78-83.
400. Richards T.L., Zahniser N.R. Rapid substrate-induced down-regulation in function and surface localization of dopamine transporters: rat dorsal striatum versus nucleus accumbens. J. Neurochem. 2009, 108:1575-1584.
401. Daws L.C., Callaghan P.D., Moron J.A., Kahlig K.M., Shippenberg T.S., Javitch J.A., Galli A. Cocaine increases dopamine uptake and cell surface expression of dopamine transporters. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2002, 290:1545-1550.
402. Little K.Y., Elmer L.W., Zhong H., Scheys J.O., Zhang L. Cocaine induction of dopamine transporter trafficking to the plasma membrane. Mol. Pharmacol. 2002, 61:436-445.
403. Gorentla B.K., Vaughan R.A. Differential effects of dopamine and psychoactive drugs on dopamine transporter phosphorylation and regulation. Neuropharmacology 2005, 49:759-768.
404. Foster J.D., Cervinski M.A., Gorentla B.K., Vaughan R.A. Regulation of the dopamine transporter by phosphorylation. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2006, 197-214.
405. Zhu S.J., Kavanaugh M.P., Sonders M.S., Amara S.G., Zahniser N.R. Activation of protein kinase C inhibits uptake, currents and binding associated with the human dopamine transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1997, 282:1358-1365.
406. Melikian H.E., Buckley K.M. Membrane trafficking regulates the activity of the human dopamine transporter. J. Neurosci. 1999, 19:7699-7710.
407. Daniels G.M., Amara S.G. Regulated trafficking of the human dopamine transporter. Clathrin-mediated internalization and lysosomal degradation in response to phorbol esters. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:35794-35801.
408. Chang M.Y., Lee S.H., Kim J.H., Lee K.H., Kim Y.S., Son H., Lee Y.S. Protein kinase C-mediated functional regulation of dopamine transporter is not achieved by direct phosphorylation of the dopamine transporter protein. J. Neurochem. 2001, 77:754-761.
409. Granas C., Ferrer J., Loland C.J., Javitch J.A., Gether U. N-terminal truncation of the dopamine transporter abolishes phorbol ester- and substance P receptor-stimulated phosphorylation without impairing transporter internalization. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278:4990-5000.
410. Meiergerd S.M., Patterson T.A., Schenk J.O. D2 receptors may modulate the function of the striatal transporter for dopamine: kinetic evidence from studies in vitro and in vivo. J. Neurochem. 1993, 61:764-767.
411. Cass W.A., Gerhardt G.A. Direct in vivo evidence that D2 dopamine receptors can modulate dopamine uptake. Neurosci. Lett. 1994, 176:259-263.
412. Mayfield R.D., Zahniser N.R. Dopamine D2 receptor regulation of the dopamine transporter expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes is voltage-independent. Mol. Pharmacol. 2001, 59:113-121.
413. Wu Q., Reith M.E., Walker Q.D., Kuhn C.M., Carroll F.I., Garris P.A. Concurrent autoreceptor-mediated control of dopamine release and uptake during neurotransmission: an in vivo voltammetric study. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:6272-6281.
414. Wieczorek W.J., Kruk Z.L. A quantitative comparison on the effects of benztropine, cocaine and nomifensine on electrically evoked dopamine overflow and rate of re-uptake in the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens in the rat brain slice. Brain Res. 1994, 657:42-50.
415. Batchelor M., Schenk J.O. Protein kinase A activity may kinetically upregulate the striatal transporter for dopamine. J. Neurosci. 1998, 18:10304-10309.
416. Rothblat D.S., Schneider J.S. Regionally specific effects of haloperidol and clozapine on dopamine reuptake in the striatum. Neurosci. Lett. 1997, 228:119-122.
417. Bolan E.A., Kivell B., Jaligam V., Oz M., Jayanthi L.D., Han Y., Sen N., Urizar E., Gomes I., Devi L.A., Ramamoorthy S., Javitch J.A., Zapata A., Shippenberg T.S. D2 receptors regulate dopamine transporter function via an extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2-dependent and phosphoinositide 3 kinase-independent mechanism. Mol. Pharmacol. 2007, 71:1222-1232.
418. Moron J.A., Zakharova I., Ferrer J.V., Merrill G.A., Hope B., Lafer E.M., Lin Z.C., Wang J.B., Javitch J.A., Galli A., Shippenberg T.S. Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates dopamine transporter surface expression and dopamine transport capacity. J. Neurosci. 2003, 23:8480-8488.
419. Dickinson S.D., Sabeti J., Larson G.A., Giardina K., Rubinstein M., Kelly M.A., Grandy D.K., Low M.J., Gerhardt G.A., Zahniser N.R. Dopamine D2 receptor-deficient mice exhibit decreased dopamine transporter function but no changes in dopamine release in dorsal striatum. J. Neurochem. 1999, 72:148-156.
420. Freund T.F., Powell J.F., Smith A.D. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with identified striatonigral neurons, with particular reference to dendritic spines. Neuroscience 1984, 13:1189-1215.
421. Yung K.K., Bolam J.P., Smith A.D., Hersch S.M., Ciliax B.J., Levey A.I. Immunocytochemical localization of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia of the rat: light and electron microscopy. Neuroscience 1995, 65:709-730.
422. Caillé I., Dumartin B., Bloch B. Ultrastructural localization of D1 dopamine receptor immunoreactivity in the rat striatonigral neurons and its relation with dopaminergic innervation. Brain Res. 1996, 730:17-31.
423. Hersch S.M., Ciliax B.J., Gutekunst C.A., Rees H.D., Heilman C.J., Yung K.K., Bolam J.P., Ince E., Yi H., Levey A.I. Electron microscopic analysis of D1 and D2 dopamine receptor proteins in the dorsal striatum and their synaptic relationships with motor corticostriatal afferents. J. Neurosci. 1995, 15:5222-5237.
424. Pickel V.M., Nirenberg M.J., Milner T.A. Ultrastructural view of central catecholaminergic transmission: immunocytochemical localization of synthesizing enzymes, transporters and receptors. J. Neurocytol. 1996, 25:843-856.
425. Hersch S.M., Yi H., Heilman C.J., Edwards R.H., Levey A.I. Subcellular localization and molecular topology of the dopamine transporter in the striatum and substantia nigra. J. Comp. Neurol. 1997, 388:211-227.
426. Doucet G., Descarries L., Garcia S. Quantification of the dopamine innervation in adult rat neostriatum. Neuroscience 1986, 19:427-445.
427. Descarries L., Watkins K.C., Garcia S., Bosler O., Doucet G. Dual character, asynaptic and synaptic, of the dopamine innervation in adult rat neostriatum: a quantitative autoradiographic and immunocytochemical analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 1996, 375:167-186.
428. Venton B.J., Zhang H., Garris P.A., Phillips P.E., Sulzer D., Wightman R.M. Real-time decoding of dopamine concentration changes in the caudate-putamen during tonic and phasic firing. J. Neurochem. 2003, 87:1284-1295.
429. Gonon F., Burie J.B., Jaber M., Benoit-Marand M., Dumartin B., Bloch B. Geometry and kinetics of dopaminergic transmission in the rat striatum and in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Prog. Brain Res. 2000, 125:291-302.
430. Peters J.L., Miner L.H., Michael A.C., Sesack S.R. Ultrastructure at carbon fiber microelectrode implantation sites after acute voltammetric measurements in the striatum of anesthetized rats. J. Neurosci. Methods 2004, 137:9-23.
431. Richfield E.K., Penney J.B., Young A.B. Anatomical and affinity state comparisons between dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 1989, 30:767-777.
432. Svenningsson P., Fourreau L., Bloch B., Fredholm B.B., Gonon F., Le Moine C. Opposite tonic modulation of dopamine and adenosine on c-fos gene expression in striatopallidal neurons. Neuroscience 1999, 89:827-837.
433. Gonon F. Prolonged and extrasynaptic excitatory action of dopamine mediated by D1 receptors in the rat striatum in vivo. J. Neurosci. 1997, 17:5972-5978.
434. Cragg S.J., Baufreton J., Xue Y., Bolam J.P., Bevan M.D. Synaptic release of dopamine in the subthalamic nucleus. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2004, 20:1788-1802.
435. Grace A.A., Bunney B.S. The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: burst firing. J. Neurosci. 1984, 4:2877-2890.
436. Grace A.A., Bunney B.S. The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: single spike firing. J. Neurosci. 1984, 4:2866-2876.
437. Schultz W., Apicella P., Ljungberg T. Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task. J. Neurosci. 1993, 13:900-913.
438. Mirenowicz J., Schultz W. Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli. Nature 1996, 379:449-451.
439. Hyland B.I., Reynolds J.N., Hay J., Perk C.G., Miller R. Firing modes of midbrain dopamine cells in the freely moving rat. Neuroscience 2002, 114:475-492.
440. Gonon F. Nonlinear relationship between impulse flow and dopamine release by rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons as studied by in vivo electrochemistry. Neuroscience 1988, 24:19-28.
441. Chergui K., Suaud-Chagny M.F., Gonon F. Nonlinear relationship between impulse flow, dopamine release and dopamine elimination in the rat brain in vivo. Neuroscience 1994, 62:641-645.
442. Wilson C.J., Young S.J., Groves P.M. Statistical properties of neuronal spike trains in the substantia nigra: cell types and their interactions. Brain Res. 1977, 136:243-260.
443. Grace A.A., Bunney B.S. Intracellular and extracellular electrophysiology of nigral dopaminergic neurons. 1. Identification and characterization. Neuroscience 1983, 10:301-315.
444. Matsuda W., Furuta T., Nakamura K.C., Hioki H., Fujiyama F., Arai R., Kaneko T. Single nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons form widely spread and highly dense axonal arborizations in the neostriatum. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:444-453.
445. Gonon F., Buda M. Regulation of dopamine release by impulse flow and by autoreceptors as studied by in vivo voltammetry in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 1985, 14:765-774.
446. Katz B., Miledi R. The role of calcium in neuromuscular facilitation. J. Physiol. 1968, 195:481-492.
447. Robinson D.L., Phillips P.E., Budygin E.A., Trafton B.J., Garris P.A., Wightman R.M. Sub-second changes in accumbal dopamine during sexual behavior in male rats. Neuroreport 2001, 12:2549-2552.
448. Robinson D.L., Heien M.L., Wightman R.M. Frequency of dopamine concentration transients increases in dorsal and ventral striatum of male rats during introduction of conspecifics. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:10477-10486.
449. Robinson D.L., Wightman R.M. Nomifensine amplifies subsecond dopamine signals in the ventral striatum of freely-moving rats. J. Neurochem. 2004, 90:894-903.
450. Suaud-Chagny M.F., Chergui K., Chouvet G., Gonon F. Relationship between dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens and the discharge activity of dopaminergic neurons during local in vivo application of amino acids in the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 1992, 49:63-72.
451. Overton P.G., Clark D. Burst firing in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Brain Res. Rev. 1997, 25:312-334.
452. Chergui K., Charlety P.J., Akaoka H., Saunier C.F., Brunet J.L., Buda M., Svensson T.H., Chouvet G. Tonic activation of NMDA receptors causes spontaneous burst discharge of rat midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1993, 5:137-144.
453. Sombers L.A., Beyene M., Carelli R.M., Wightman R.M. Synaptic overflow of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens arises from neuronal activity in the ventral tegmental area. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29:1735-1742.
454. Pan W.X., Schmidt R., Wickens J.R., Hyland B.I. Dopamine cells respond to predicted events during classical conditioning: evidence for eligibility traces in the reward-learning network. J. Neurosci. 2005, 25:6235-6242.
455. Day J.J., Roitman M.F., Wightman R.M., Carelli R.M. Associative learning mediates dynamic shifts in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens. Nat. Neurosci. 2007, 10:1020-1028.
456. Ungless M.A., Magill P.J., Bolam J.P. Uniform inhibition of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area by aversive stimuli. Science 2004, 303:2040-2042.
457. Roitman M.F., Wheeler R.A., Wightman R.M., Carelli R.M. Real-time chemical responses in the nucleus accumbens differentiate rewarding and aversive stimuli. Nat. Neurosci. 2008, 11:1376-1377.
458. Brischoux F., Chakraborty S., Brierley D.I., Ungless M.A. Phasic excitation of dopamine neurons in ventral VTA by noxious stimuli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2009, 106:4894-4899. Epub 2009 Mar 4894.
459. Lammel S., Lim B.K., Ran C., Huang K.W., Betley M.J., Tye K.M., Deisseroth K., Malenka R.C. Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental area. Nature 2012, 491:212-217.
460. Margolis E.B., Coker A.R., Driscoll J.R., Lemaitre A.I., Fields H.L. Reliability in the identification of midbrain dopamine neurons. PLoS One 2010, 5:e15222.
461. Anstrom K.K., Miczek K.A., Budygin E.A. Increased phasic dopamine signaling in the mesolimbic pathway during social defeat in rats. Neuroscience 2009, 161:3-12. Epub 2009 Mar 2017.
462. Matsumoto M., Hikosaka O. Two types of dopamine neuron distinctly convey positive and negative motivational signals. Nature 2009, 459:837-841.
463. Brown H.D., McCutcheon J.E., Cone J.J., Ragozzino M.E., Roitman M.F. Primary food reward and reward-predictive stimuli evoke different patterns of phasic dopamine signaling throughout the striatum. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2011, 34:1997-2006.
464. Martel P., Leo D., Fulton S., Bérard M., Trudeau L.E. Role of Kv1 potassium channels in regulating dopamine release and presynaptic D2 receptor function. PLoS One 2011, 6:e20402.