메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 242-260

Uncertainty Representation in Visualizations of Learning Analytics for Learners: Current Approaches and Opportunities

Author keywords

educational reporting; learning analytics; learning dashboards; open learner models; uncertainty; visual analytics

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; EDUCATION; LEARNING SYSTEMS; VISUALIZATION;

EID: 84961794709     PISSN: 19391382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TLT.2015.2411604     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (94)
  • 1
    • 84879740054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of uncertainty in data visualization
    • J. Dill, R. Earnshaw, D. Kasik, J. Vince, and P. C. Wong, Eds. London, U.K.: Springer
    • K. Brodlie, R. Allendes Osorio, and A. Lopes, "A review of uncertainty in data visualization," in Expanding the Frontiers Visual Analytics and Visualization, J. Dill, R. Earnshaw, D. Kasik, J. Vince, and P. C. Wong, Eds. London, U.K.: Springer, 2012, pp. 81-109.
    • (2012) Expanding the Frontiers Visual Analytics and Visualization , pp. 81-109
    • Brodlie, K.1    Allendes Osorio, R.2    Lopes, A.3
  • 2
    • 84900829097 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparing graphical and verbal representations of measurement error in test score reports
    • Apr
    • R. Zwick, D. Zapata-Rivera, and M. Hegarty, "Comparing graphical and verbal representations of measurement error in test score reports," Educ. Assess., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 116-138, Apr. 2014.
    • (2014) Educ. Assess , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 116-138
    • Zwick, R.1    Zapata-Rivera, D.2    Hegarty, M.3
  • 3
    • 84864106557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bar graphs depicting averages are perceptually misinterpreted: The within-the-bar bias
    • May
    • G. E. Newman and B. J. Scholl, "Bar graphs depicting averages are perceptually misinterpreted: The within-the-bar bias," Psychon. Bull. Rev., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 601-607, May 2012.
    • (2012) Psychon. Bull. Rev , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 601-607
    • Newman, G.E.1    Scholl, B.J.2
  • 4
    • 0027869976 scopus 로고
    • Visualizing uncertainty in soil maps by animation
    • Oct
    • P. F. Fisher, "Visualizing uncertainty in soil maps by animation," Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 20-27, Oct. 1993.
    • (1993) Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization , vol.30 , Issue.2 , pp. 20-27
    • Fisher, P.F.1
  • 5
    • 30544447613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Researchers misunderstand confidence intervals and standard error bars
    • S. Belia, F. Fidler, J. Williams, and G. Cumming, "Researchers misunderstand confidence intervals and standard error bars," Psychol. Methods, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 389-396, 2005.
    • (2005) Psychol. Methods , vol.10 , Issue.4 , pp. 389-396
    • Belia, S.1    Fidler, F.2    Williams, J.3    Cumming, G.4
  • 7
    • 0030328301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depicting error
    • May
    • H. Wainer, "Depicting error," Am. Stat., vol. 50, no. 2, p. 101, May 1996.
    • (1996) Am. Stat , vol.50 , Issue.2 , pp. 101
    • Wainer, H.1
  • 8
    • 30044448759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of display modality on decision-making with uncertainty
    • Oct
    • S. Basapur, A. M. Bisantz, and T. Kesavadas, "The effect of display modality on decision-making with uncertainty," Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 558-561, Oct. 2003.
    • (2003) Proc. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. Annu. Meet , vol.47 , Issue.3 , pp. 558-561
    • Basapur, S.1    Bisantz, A.M.2    Kesavadas, T.3
  • 10
    • 80052630269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visualizing uncertainty about the future
    • Sep
    • D. Spiegelhalter, M. Pearson, and I. Short, "Visualizing uncertainty about the future," Science, vol. 333, no. 6048, pp. 1393-1400, Sep. 2011.
    • (2011) Science , vol.333 , Issue.6048 , pp. 1393-1400
    • Spiegelhalter, D.1    Pearson, M.2    Short, I.3
  • 14
    • 77957259654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chapter 15: Open learner models
    • R. Nkambou, J. Bourdeau, and R. Mizoguchi, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Springer
    • S. Bull and J. Kay, "Chapter 15: Open learner models," in Advances in Intelligent Tutoring Systems, R. Nkambou, J. Bourdeau, and R. Mizoguchi, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2010, pp. 301-322.
    • (2010) Advances in Intelligent Tutoring Systems , pp. 301-322
    • Bull, S.1    Kay, J.2
  • 16
    • 84898817105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing pedagogical interventions to support student use of learning analytics
    • New York, NY, USA
    • A. F. Wise, "Designing pedagogical interventions to support student use of learning analytics," in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Learn. Analytics Knowl., New York, NY, USA, 2014, pp. 203-211.
    • (2014) Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Learn. Analytics Knowl , pp. 203-211
    • Wise, A.F.1
  • 17
    • 20344368424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An Intelligent learning environment with an open learner model for the desktop PC and pocket PC
    • S. Bull and A. T. McEvoy, "An Intelligent learning environment with an open learner model for the desktop PC and pocket PC," in Proc. Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Educ., 2003, pp. 389-391.
    • (2003) Proc. Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Educ , pp. 389-391
    • Bull, S.1    McEvoy, A.T.2
  • 18
    • 84856339985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention Please!: Learning analytics for visualization and recommendation
    • New York, NY, USA
    • E. Duval, "Attention Please!: Learning analytics for visualization and recommendation," in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Learn. Analytics Knowl., New York, NY, USA, 2011, pp. 9-17.
    • (2011) Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Learn. Analytics Knowl , pp. 9-17
    • Duval, E.1
  • 22
    • 70349804180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Narcissus: Group and individual models to support small group work
    • Adaptation, Personalization
    • K. Upton and J. Kay, "Narcissus: group and individual models to support small group work," in Proc. 17th Int. Conf. User Model., Adaptation, Personalization, 2009, pp. 54-65.
    • (2009) Proc. 17th Int. Conf. User Model , pp. 54-65
    • Upton, K.1    Kay, J.2
  • 23
    • 56749155301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolving a social visualization design aimed at increasing participation in a class-based online community
    • Dec
    • J. Vassileva and L. Sun, "Evolving a social visualization design aimed at increasing participation in a class-based online community," Int. J. Coop. Inf. Syst., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 443-466, Dec. 2008.
    • (2008) Int. J. Coop. Inf. Syst , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 443-466
    • Vassileva, J.1    Sun, L.2
  • 24
    • 85013624586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Student models that invite the learner in: The SMILI:() Open learner modelling framework
    • S. Bull and J. Kay, "Student models that invite the learner in: The SMILI:() Open learner modelling framework," Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 89-120, 2007.
    • (2007) Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 89-120
    • Bull, S.1    Kay, J.2
  • 25
    • 0036541444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visualizing uncertainty in multi-spectral remotely sensed imagery
    • Apr
    • L. Bastin, P. F. Fisher, and J. Wood, "Visualizing uncertainty in multi-spectral remotely sensed imagery," Comput. Geosci., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 337-350, Apr. 2002.
    • (2002) Comput. Geosci , vol.28 , Issue.3 , pp. 337-350
    • Bastin, L.1    Fisher, P.F.2    Wood, J.3
  • 26
    • 0003528071 scopus 로고
    • Madison, WI, USA: Univ. Wiscons in Press
    • J. Bertin, Semiology of graphics. Madison, WI, USA: Univ. Wisconsin Press, 1983.
    • (1983) Semiology of Graphics
    • Bertin, J.1
  • 28
    • 78651557395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Information visualization
    • Jul
    • C. Chen, "Information visualization," Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 387-403, Jul. 2010.
    • (2010) Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 387-403
    • Chen, C.1
  • 29
    • 0016512491 scopus 로고
    • Visual complexity in infancy: Contour or numerosity?
    • Jun
    • D. J. Greenberg and S. Z. Blue, "Visual complexity in infancy: Contour or numerosity?" Child Dev., vol. 46, no. 2, p. 357, Jun. 1975.
    • (1975) Child Dev , vol.46 , Issue.2 , pp. 357
    • Greenberg, D.J.1    Blue, S.Z.2
  • 32
    • 0030247914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glyphs for visualizing uncertainty in vector fields
    • Sep
    • C. M. Wittenbrink, A. T. Pang, and S. K. Lodha, "Glyphs for visualizing uncertainty in vector fields," IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 266-279, Sep. 1996.
    • (1996) IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph , vol.2 , Issue.3 , pp. 266-279
    • Wittenbrink, C.M.1    Pang, A.T.2    Lodha, S.K.3
  • 33
    • 57349153419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PhD, Dept. Comput. Sci., Univ. Calgary
    • T. D. Zuk, "Visualizing uncertainty," PhD, Dept. Comput. Sci., Univ. Calgary, 2008.
    • (2008) Visualizing Uncertainty
    • Zuk, T.D.1
  • 34
    • 84861215295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of visual information in numerosity estimation
    • May
    • T. Gebuis and B. Reynvoet, "The role of visual information in numerosity estimation," PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no. 5, p. e37426, May 2012.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. e37426
    • Gebuis, T.1    Reynvoet, B.2
  • 35
    • 33646122011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Displaying uncertainty: Investigating the effects of display format and specificity
    • A. M. Bisantz, S. S. Marsiglio, and J. Munch, "Displaying uncertainty: Investigating the effects of display format and specificity," Hum. Factors, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 777-796, 2005.
    • (2005) Hum. Factors , vol.47 , Issue.4 , pp. 777-796
    • Bisantz, A.M.1    Marsiglio, S.S.2    Munch, J.3
  • 36
    • 84867648033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating sketchiness as a visual variable for the depiction of qualitative uncertainty
    • Dec
    • N. Boukhelifa, A. Bezerianos, T. Isenberg, and J.-D. Fekete, "Evaluating sketchiness as a visual variable for the depiction of qualitative uncertainty," IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph., vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2769-2778, Dec. 2012.
    • (2012) IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph , vol.18 , Issue.12 , pp. 2769-2778
    • Boukhelifa, N.1    Bezerianos, A.2    Isenberg, T.3    Fekete, J.-D.4
  • 37
    • 84864289428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visualization of uncertainty in lattices to support decision-making
    • Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland, Switzerland
    • C. Collins, S. Carpendale, and G. Penn, "Visualization of uncertainty in lattices to support decision-making," in Proc. 9th Joint Eurograph./ IEEE VGTC Conf. Vis., Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland, Switzerland, 2007, pp. 51-58.
    • (2007) Proc. 9th Joint Eurograph./ IEEE VGTC Conf. Vis , pp. 51-58
    • Collins, C.1    Carpendale, S.2    Penn, G.3
  • 38
    • 0023346285 scopus 로고
    • Brushing scatterplots
    • May
    • R. A. Becker and W. S. Cleveland, "Brushing scatterplots," Technometrics, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 127, May 1987.
    • (1987) Technometrics , vol.29 , Issue.2 , pp. 127
    • Becker, R.A.1    Cleveland, W.S.2
  • 39
    • 57349086171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeing things in the clouds: The effect of visual features on tag cloud selections
    • New York, NY, USA
    • S. Bateman, C. Gutwin, and M. Nacenta, "Seeing things in the clouds: The effect of visual features on tag cloud selections," in Proc. 19th ACM Conf. Hypertext Hypermedia, New York, NY, USA, 2008, pp. 193-202.
    • (2008) Proc. 19th ACM Conf. Hypertext Hypermedia , pp. 193-202
    • Bateman, S.1    Gutwin, C.2    Nacenta, M.3
  • 41
    • 85013582408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of model-tracing and constraint-based intelligent tutoring paradigms
    • V. Kodaganallur, R. R. Weitz, and D. Rosenthal, "A comparison of model-tracing and constraint-based intelligent tutoring paradigms," Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 117-144, 2005.
    • (2005) Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 117-144
    • Kodaganallur, V.1    Weitz, R.R.2    Rosenthal, D.3
  • 42
    • 23444452340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecological approach to the design of e-learning environments: Purpose-based capture and use of information about learners
    • G. McCalla, "The ecological approach to the design of e-learning environments: Purpose-based capture and use of information about learners," J. Interact. Media Educ., vol. 2004, no. 7, pp. 1-23, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Interact. Media Educ , vol.2004 , Issue.7 , pp. 1-23
    • McCalla, G.1
  • 43
    • 0000718480 scopus 로고
    • Constraint-based student modelling
    • J. Greer and G. McCalla, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag
    • S. Ohlsson, "Constraint-based student modelling," in Student Modelling: The Key to Individualized Knowledge-Based Instruction, J. Greer and G. McCalla, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 1993, pp. 165-189.
    • (1993) Student Modelling: The Key to Individualized Knowledge-Based Instruction , pp. 165-189
    • Ohlsson, S.1
  • 44
    • 0008975818 scopus 로고
    • Bypassing the intractable problem of student modelling
    • J. A. Self, "Bypassing the intractable problem of student modelling," Artif. Intell., vol. 41, pp. 1-26, 1990.
    • (1990) Artif. Intell , vol.41 , pp. 1-26
    • Self, J.A.1
  • 46
    • 0030120062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Episodic learner modeling
    • G. Weber, "Episodic learner modeling," Cogn. Sci., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 195-236, 1996.
    • (1996) Cogn. Sci , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 195-236
    • Weber, G.1
  • 47
    • 84876033227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Student modeling approaches: A literature review for the last decade
    • Sep
    • K. Chrysafiadi and M. Virvou, "Student modeling approaches: A literature review for the last decade," Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 4715-4729, Sep. 2013.
    • (2013) Expert Syst. Appl , vol.40 , Issue.11 , pp. 4715-4729
    • Chrysafiadi, K.1    Virvou, M.2
  • 48
    • 79959303164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ProTutor: Historic open learner models for pronunciation tutoring
    • Auckland, New Zealand
    • C. Demmans Epp and G. I. McCalla, "ProTutor: Historic open learner models for pronunciation tutoring," in Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Artif. Intel. Educ., Auckland, New Zealand, 2011, vol. 6738, pp. 441-443.
    • (2011) Proc. 15th Int. Conf. Artif. Intel. Educ , vol.6738 , pp. 441-443
    • Demmans Epp, C.1    McCalla, G.I.2
  • 51
    • 77954605151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The state of educational data mining in 2009: A review and future visions
    • R. S. J. D. Baker and K. Yacef, "The state of educational data mining in 2009: A review and future visions," J. Educ. Data Min., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-17, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Educ. Data Min , vol.1 , Issue.1 , pp. 3-17
    • Baker, R.S.J.D.1    Yacef, K.2
  • 54
    • 8344262236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative analysis of cognitive tutoring and constraint-based modelling
    • Johnstown, PA, USA
    • A. Mitrovic, K. R. Koedinger, and B. Martin, "A comparative analysis of cognitive tutoring and constraint-based modelling," in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. User Model., Johnstown, PA, USA, 2003, pp. 313-322.
    • (2003) Proc. 9th Int. Conf. User Model , pp. 313-322
    • Mitrovic, A.1    Koedinger, K.R.2    Martin, B.3
  • 55
    • 82755170505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems, and other tutoring systems
    • K. VanLehn, "The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems, and other tutoring systems," Educ. Psychol., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 197-221, 2011.
    • (2011) Educ. Psychol , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 197-221
    • VanLehn, K.1
  • 56
    • 37249077778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact on learning of generating vs. Selecting descriptions in analyzing algebra example solutions
    • A. Corbett, A. Wagner, S. Lesgold, H. Ulrich, and S. Stevens, "The impact on learning of generating vs. selecting descriptions in analyzing algebra example solutions," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Learn. Sci., 2006, pp. 99-105.
    • (2006) Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Learn. Sci , pp. 99-105
    • Corbett, A.1    Wagner, A.2    Lesgold, S.3    Ulrich, H.4    Stevens, S.5
  • 57
    • 79956311113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visualizing activities for self-reflection and awareness
    • Berlin, Germany
    • S. Govaerts, K. Verbert, J. Klerkx, and E. Duval, "Visualizing activities for self-reflection and awareness," in Proc. Int. Conf. Adv. Web-Based Learn., Berlin, Germany, 2010, vol. 6483, pp. 91-100.
    • (2010) Proc. Int. Conf. Adv. Web-Based Learn , vol.6483 , pp. 91-100
    • Govaerts, S.1    Verbert, K.2    Klerkx, J.3    Duval, E.4
  • 60
    • 85013584658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the effect of open student models on self-assessment
    • Jan
    • A. Mitrovic and B. Martin, "Evaluating the effect of open student models on self-assessment," Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. IJAIED, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 121-144, Jan. 2007.
    • (2007) Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ. IJAIED , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 121-144
    • Mitrovic, A.1    Martin, B.2
  • 61
    • 84961826236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington D.C., Blackboard Inc
    • Blackboard. Washington, D.C., Blackboard Inc, 1997.
    • (1997) Blackboard
  • 62
    • 84961800266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perth Australia: Moodle Trust
    • Moodle. Perth, Australia: Moodle Trust, 2002.
    • (2002) Moodle
  • 65
    • 85013584559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interacting with inspectable Bayesian student models
    • J. D. Zapata-Rivera and J. Greer, "Interacting with inspectable Bayesian student models," Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 127-163, 2004.
    • (2004) Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 127-163
    • Zapata-Rivera, J.D.1    Greer, J.2
  • 66
    • 78650729548 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Layered evaluation of interactive adaptive systems: Framework and formative methods
    • Nov
    • A. Paramythis, S. Weibelzahl, and J. Masthoff, "Layered evaluation of interactive adaptive systems: Framework and formative methods," User Model. User-Adapt. Interact., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 383-453, Nov. 2010.
    • (2010) User Model. User-Adapt. Interact , vol.20 , Issue.5 , pp. 383-453
    • Paramythis, A.1    Weibelzahl, S.2    Masthoff, J.3
  • 72
    • 0032122972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visualization of an imperfect world
    • Jul
    • N. Gershon, "Visualization of an imperfect world," IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 43-45, Jul. 1998.
    • (1998) IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl , vol.18 , Issue.4 , pp. 43-45
    • Gershon, N.1
  • 75
    • 77952231769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of uncertainty visualization on decision making: An empirical evaluation
    • D. A. Riedl, P. W. Kainz, and P. G. A. Elmes, Eds. Berlin, Germany: Springer
    • S. Deitrick and R. Edsall, "The influence of uncertainty visualization on decision making: An empirical evaluation," in Progress in Spatial Data Handling, D. A. Riedl, P. W. Kainz, and P. G. A. Elmes, Eds. Berlin, Germany: Springer 2006, pp. 719-738.
    • (2006) Progress in Spatial Data Handling , pp. 719-738
    • Deitrick, S.1    Edsall, R.2
  • 76
    • 0141502356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A next step: Visualizing errors and uncertainty
    • Sep./Oct
    • C. R. Johnson and A. R. Sanderson, "A next step: Visualizing errors and uncertainty," IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 6-10, Sep./Oct. 2003.
    • (2003) IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl , vol.23 , Issue.5 , pp. 6-10
    • Johnson, C.R.1    Sanderson, A.R.2
  • 78
    • 79960335507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Open social student modeling: Visualizing student models with parallel introspective views
    • Adaption Personalization
    • I.-H. Hsiao, F. Bakalov, P. Brusilovsky, and B. König-Ries, "Open social student modeling: Visualizing student models with parallel introspective views," in Proc. 19th Int. Conf. User Model., Adaption Personalization, 2011, pp. 171-182.
    • (2011) Proc. 19th Int. Conf. User Model , pp. 171-182
    • Hsiao, I.-H.1    Bakalov, F.2    Brusilovsky, P.3    König-Ries, B.4
  • 79
    • 85013621759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Active open learner models as animal companions: Motivating children to learn through interacting with my-pet and our-pet
    • Apr
    • Z.-H. Chen, C.-Y. Chou, Y.-C. Deng, and T.-W. Chan, "Active open learner models as animal companions: Motivating children to learn through interacting with my-pet and our-pet," Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 145-167, Apr. 2007.
    • (2007) Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 145-167
    • Chen, Z.-H.1    Chou, C.-Y.2    Deng, Y.-C.3    Chan, T.-W.4
  • 81
    • 73149119028 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An open learner model to help parents help their children
    • S. J. H. Lee and S. Bull, "An open learner model to help parents help their children," Technol. Instr. Cogn. Learn., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 29-51, 2008.
    • (2008) Technol. Instr. Cogn. Learn , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 29-51
    • Lee, S.J.H.1    Bull, S.2
  • 84
    • 73149109965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learner trust in learner model externalisations
    • N. Ahmad and S. Bull, "Learner trust in learner model externalisations," Frontiers Artif. Intell. Educ., vol. 200, pp. 617-619, 2009.
    • (2009) Frontiers Artif. Intell. Educ , vol.200 , pp. 617-619
    • Ahmad, N.1    Bull, S.2
  • 85
    • 85013581727 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Opening up the interpretation process in an open learner model
    • N. Van Labeke, P. Brna, and R. Morales, "Opening up the interpretation process in an open learner model," Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 305-338, 2007.
    • (2007) Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ , vol.17 , Issue.3 , pp. 305-338
    • Van Labeke, N.1    Brna, P.2    Morales, R.3
  • 86
    • 84983587906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creating personalized systems that people can scrutinize and control: Drivers, principles and experience
    • Jan
    • J. Kay and B. Kummerfeld, "Creating personalized systems that people can scrutinize and control: drivers, principles and experience," ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 24:1-24:42, Jan. 2013.
    • (2013) ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 241-2442
    • Kay, J.1    Kummerfeld, B.2
  • 87
    • 0002968049 scopus 로고
    • Did i say what i think i said, and do you agree with me?': Inspecting and questioning the student model
    • Washington, DC, USA
    • S. Bull and H. Pain, "Did I say what I think I said, and do you agree with me?': Inspecting and questioning the student model," in Proc. World Conf. Artif. Intell. Educ., Washington, DC, USA, 1995, pp. 501-508.
    • (1995) Proc. World Conf. Artif. Intell. Educ , pp. 501-508
    • Bull, S.1    Pain, H.2
  • 89
    • 85139015685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploiting readily available web data for scrutable student models
    • Amsterdam, Netherlands
    • J. Kay and A. Lum, "Exploiting readily available web data for scrutable student models," in Proc. Artif. Intell. Educ., Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2005, pp. 338-345.
    • (2005) Proc. Artif. Intell. Educ , pp. 338-345
    • Kay, J.1    Lum, A.2
  • 90
    • 78651348628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BonPatron: An online spelling, grammar, and expression checker
    • J. Burston, "BonPatron: An online spelling, grammar, and expression checker," Comput. Assist. Lang. Instr. Consort. CALICO J., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 337-347, 2008.
    • (2008) Comput. Assist. Lang. Instr. Consort. CALICO J , vol.25 , Issue.2 , pp. 337-347
    • Burston, J.1
  • 91
    • 33746327452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Student preferences for editing, persuading, and negotiating the open learner model
    • Heidelberg, Germany: Springer
    • A. Mabbott and S. Bull, "Student preferences for editing, persuading, and negotiating the open learner model," in Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2006, pp. 481-490.
    • (2006) Intelligent Tutoring Systems , pp. 481-490
    • Mabbott, A.1    Bull, S.2
  • 92
    • 79960287831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group interaction prompted by a simple assessed open learner model that can be optionally released
    • S. Bull and M. Britland, "Group interaction prompted by a simple assessed open learner model that can be optionally released," in Proc. PING Workshop User Model., 2007, pp. 24-32.
    • (2007) Proc. PING Workshop User Model , pp. 24-32
    • Bull, S.1    Britland, M.2
  • 93
    • 84910082477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Error bars considered harmful: Exploring alternate encodings for mean and error
    • Dec
    • M. Correll and M. Gleicher, "Error bars considered harmful: Exploring alternate encodings for mean and error," IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 2142-2151, Dec. 2014.
    • (2014) IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph , vol.20 , Issue.12 , pp. 2142-2151
    • Correll, M.1    Gleicher, M.2
  • 94
    • 34247133438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Error bars in experimental biology
    • Apr
    • G. Cumming, F. Fidler, and D. L. Vaux, "Error bars in experimental biology," J. Cell Biol., vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 7-11, Apr. 2007.
    • (2007) J. Cell Biol , vol.177 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-11
    • Cumming, G.1    Fidler, F.2    Vaux, D.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.